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National Spatial Data Infrastructure:
Concepts and Components
Douglas Nebert
U.S. Federal GeographicData Committee Secretariat
September 2004
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What is a Spatial Data
Infrastructure (SDI)?
The SDI provides a basis for spatial
data discovery, evaluation, andapplicationfor users and
providers within
all levels of government, the commercial
sector, the non-profit sector, academia and
by citizens in general.
--The SDI Cookbook
http://www.gsdi.org
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Who needs access to coordinatedgeographic information?
Land Records Adjudication
Disaster Response
Transportation Management
Water, gas & electric planning
Public Protection
Defense
Natural Resource Management
Telecommunications
InfrastructureEconomic Development
Civic Entrepreneurs
Regional Stewards
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Components of a Spatial DataInfrastructure (SDI)
Policies & Institutional Arrangements(governance, data
privacy & security, datasharing, cost recovery)
People (training, professional development,cooperation,
outreach)
Data (digital base map, thematic, statistical,place names)
Technology (hardware, software, networks,databases, technical
implementation plans)
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Why build an SDI?
Build data once and use it many timesfor many applications
Integrate distributed providers of
data: Cooperative governancePlace-based management
Share costs of data creation andmaintenance
Support sustainable economic, social,and environmental
development
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The outcomes of an NSDI
The participant members (contributors andusers) are known and
can interact
Core and specialized map and data services
are easily discoverable and accessibleDecision-makers and
analysts have readyaccess to the right geo-information for input
toanalytical and visual models indicators,models, trends,
patterns
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Benefits of an NSDI
Development of a private sector involvedwith data sales and
added value
A chance for communities of all sizes and
capabilities to participate in theknowledge economy
A more informed voter/citizen
Increased access to distributed geo-information through
standards
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Creating the motivation
Development of an SDI should be avoluntary and have long-term
vision
Government roles may require both
incentives and directivesCommercial and non-commercial
participants
should find SDI appealing as a market
The correct solution for NSDI must bedefined by the
community
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Government Role in Infrastructure
National Interstate Highway system built for
defense logistics, now baseline for commerceDARPA/ARPA advanced
Internet
infrastructure design, establishing thebackbone
Promotes standards to enable compatiblesolutions
We cannot imagine the fullest extent of howthe NSDI will be
populated or what
applications will live upon it!
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Heres one overview of the
pieces of the NSDI
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The first task is to inventory who has whatdata of what type and
quality
A standardized form of metadata was
published in June 1994 by the FGDC. Aninternational standard now
exists and will beadopted by the US beginning in 2005
Metadata
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Metadata...
Provides documentation of existing internalgeospatial data
resources within anorganisation (inventory)
Permits structured search and comparison ofheld spatial data by
others (catalog)
Provides end-users with adequate informationto take the data and
use it in an appropriatecontext (documentation)
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Metadata FormatsThe FGDC Content Standard for Digital
Geospatial Metadata (CSDGM, 1998) isexpressed in XML for
exchange and text andHTML for presentation
Participants in the Geospatial DataClearinghouse offer other
metadata formats,including Dublin Core, ANZLIC, andexpressions of
ISO 19115
Any metadata format can be presented byrequesting the HTML
format
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Metadata describes existing data holdingsfor order, retrieval,
or local use
Metadata should be used to describe alltypes of data, emphasis
on truth in labeling
Metadata
Geospatial Data
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Special-use thematic layers are built anddescribed as available
geospatial data
Common data layers are being defined inthe Frameworkactivity
Metadata
Framework GEOdata
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Framework supports...
Community development of sets ofspatialfeatures, feature
representation, andattribution to a lowest common denominator
Participant collecting, converting, or
associating information to commonFramework data standards with
anencoding format to facilitate exchange
Multiple representations of real-world
features at different scales and times byfeature identifier and
generalization
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Framework Data Standards
Eleven abstract data content standardsare being promulgated
through the
ANSI process to become American
National Standards in 2005Each thematic content standard has
aninformative annex describing itsimplementation as XML/GML
ApplicationSchemas using OGC Web FeatureServices
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Services
The NSDI includes the services to helpdiscover and interact with
data
Metadata
Framework GEOdata
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This Discovery Service is the core function ofthe
NSDIClearinghousefor geospatial
information and the GOS geodata.govportal
Services
An important common service in SDI isthat of discovering
resources throughmetadata
Discovery Access Processing
Metadata
Framework GEOdata
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NSDI Clearinghouse Network andgeodata.gov portal
Supports uniform, distributed search througha single user
interface to all domesticmetadata collections to find data and
maps
A free advertising mechanism to provideworld access to your
holdings under theprinciple of truth-in-labeling
Search for spatial data through fields and full-
text in the metadata and categorical browsingLinks through to
full data access and onlineweb mapping services, where
available
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Geospatial Data Clearinghouse
The Geospatial Data ClearinghouseNetwork includes nearly 300
distributedcollections of metadata searched via the
Z39.50 protocol, GEO Profilegeodata.gov harvests XML forms
ofdomestic metadata from Z39.50 and
browseable Web directories into asearchable cache
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Services
Discovery Access Processing
This may be made via static files on ftp orvia online data
streaming services. These
services deliver raw data, not maps.
A second class of services providesstandardised access to
geospatialinformation
Metadata
Framework GEOdata
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Data Access Concepts
Standardisation of data access impliesseveral things:
Definition of model used for the data to be
exchangedAdoption of an exchange or encoding
format
Agreement on data access protocol(s)Organisations should strive
to identifythe mode(s) of operation to simplify
data exchange
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Data Access Examples
Administrative boundary dataconforming to the GlobalMap
datamodel, packaged as Vector Product
Format (VPF), made accessible over ftpPanchromatic 10m,
single-band,rectified imagery to a specificcoordinate reference
system, packagedas GEOTIFF with LZW compression,made accessible on
CD-ROM
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Services
Discovery Access Processing
A third class of services providesadditional processing on
geospatialinformation
Metadata
Framework GEOdata
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Processing Services
These include capabilities that extendand enhance the delivery
of datathrough processes applied to raw data:
Web Mapping Services (OGC WMS)
Symbolization (OGC SLD)
Coordinate Transformation (OGC WCTS)
Analysis or topologic overlay services
Routing services
G i l bili
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Geospatial InteroperabilityReference Model (GIRM)
Voluntary technical participation in theNSDI is defined through
the GIRM
The GIRM includes data standards,formats, protocols, and
interfacespecifications to maximizeinteroperability
http://gai.fgdc.gov/girm/
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Standardization makes SDI work
Standards touch every SDI activity
Discovery
Standards
Access
Services
Processing
Standards include specifications, formal
standards, and documented practices
Metadata
Framework GEOdata
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FGDC Standards...
Created by FGDC working groups andthematic subcommittees as
nationalstandards, representing community consensusview of data
theme or common approach
Submitted for 90-day public reviewReviewed across disciplines
for uniformity
Published as US Federal Standards
Standards by ISO, OGC, W3C and other
standardization bodies are used FIRST, if
theyexist!http://www.fgdc.gov/standards/standards.html
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Roles of standards bodies
OpenGISConsortium
Software interfaces
(ImplementationSpecifications)
ISO TC 211
Foundations forimplementation.
(Abstract standards)
NationalStandards
Content standards,Authority for data
Endorsedpractices and
specifications
NSDI
OtherNSDIs
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Partnerships extend our capabilities
Standards
Partnerships
Discovery Access
Services
Processing
Metadata
Framework GEOdata
Pa tne ships a e the gl e
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Partnerships are the glue...
FGDC has recognized 40+ geographic data
councils across the country to establish 2-waycoordination
mechanisms
FGDC has funded numerous agencies withseed funding to further
existing efforts
along common linesPartnerships extend local capabilities
intechnology, skills, logistics, and data
The National Map is a partnership designed to
serve Framework data themes fromdistributed participating
organizations formultiple purposes
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Regional consortia
Locally formed, interdependent
Inclusive, voluntary, open
State, local, federal, tribal, academic,private sector
Expanded from existing collaborations
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Best practices
Treat data as strategic, capital assetsand public goods
Collaborate and Coordinate
Align roles, responsibilities andresources for data
stewardship
Organize Effective and EfficientProduction and Stewardship of
Data
Pool and Leverage Investments
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Metadata
Treated together this comprises the NSDI
GEOdata
Clearinghouse (catalog)
Framework
Standards
Partnerships
Metadata
Standards
Partnerships
Discovery Access
Services
Processing
Framework GEOdata
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Initiatives and Future Directions
Geospatial One-Stop and thegeodata.gov portal
An Enterprise Architecture for the NSDI
NSDI/FGDC Future Directions Initiative
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Geospatial One-Stop
One of 24 official E-Governmentinitiatives started in late
2002
Focused on the use and re-use of dataand services between
government(G2G) and the citizen (G2C)
Involves all sectors (federal, state,
local government, academia,commercial)
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How does OneStop support NSDI?
GOS has a timeline for implementation ofNSDI components by all
partners
Deploys a one-stop portal (geodata.gov) forquick access to
community data, services, and
related resourcesStandards are being developed with
multi-sectoral stakeholders as national (ANSI)standards, not FGDC
ones
Goals include measures of costs and savingsthrough cost-sharing
in data acquisition,processing, and service of geospatial data
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Some operational featuresgeodata.gov will speed and simplify
searchand browse of metadata as a replacement forthe domestic NSDI
Gateways
Metadata are harvested from remotecollections into a single
metadata cache tospeed search and ranking
Browsing for geospatial data is made possiblethrough common ISO
19115 Topic Categories
Current portal is an operational prototypebased on research and
development efforts,March-September 2004
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Portal at geodata.gov
Map services can be registered and visualizedin viewer where
links provided in metadata(Online_Linkage)
Other resource types: Data, static maps, and
applications can be registered throughmetadata
Channels (thematic communities) post andarbitrate selected
browseable content
Operational portal is to be awarded bycompetitive procurement in
Q1 2005
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E t i A hit t
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Enterprise Architecture:NSDI as the Enterprise
Develop an Enterprise Architecture for the NSDIto encourage the
identification of geospatial dataservice producers and consumers,
and optimizeresourcing for relevant programs within and
across agency linesDeliverables to include: Common terminology
and scope to effort Business,
Data and Technology Reference models
Validation of Reference Models via active prototypingand
demonstration
A consensus process to evolve reference models viabroad NSDI
Stakeholder / Community involvement
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NSDI Future Directions Initiative
Purpose: Draft a National GeospatialStrategy for the further
development ofthe National Spatial Data Infrastructure
(NSDI)Product: A Plan of Action for the FGDCand the geospatial
community
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Drivers
Revised OMB Circular A-16 (2002)
E-Government Act 2002 (Section 216)
Presidents Management AgendaProposed Legislation
GAO Reports
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Future Direction ActionsMaking Framework Real Framework
Standards
Development
Publishing Metadata
ImplementingStandards/Web Protocols
Urban Areas
Communicating TheMessage
Business Case Strategic
Communications Plan
Training and Education
Partnerships withPurpose Restructure FGDC
Tribal Engagement
State Councils Engaging Non-Geospatial
Organizations
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Douglas Nebert
Federal Geographic Data Committee Secretariat
[email protected]
http://www.fgdc.gov(703) 648-4151
http://www.fgdc.gov/http://www.fgdc.gov/
