Power Systems Engineering Center

NREL Microgrid Challenge

Blake Lundstrom, P.E. Senior Engineer Power Systems Engineering Center National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden, CO, USA

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Distribution Feeder from Substation

Open for a Utility

Microgrid

DSDG Load Load

DG Load

MicrogridSwitch

Distributed Generation

Distributed Generation

Distributed Storage

Open for a Facility Microgrid

PossibleControl Systems

MicrogridSwitch

Source: IEEE 1547.4 Guide for Design, Operation, and Integration of Distributed Resource Island Systems with Electric Power Systems

Microgrids Overview

“group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources that acts as a single controllable entity with respect to the grid. It can operate in both grid-connected and island-mode”

Source: Office of Electricity, DOE Microgrid Workshop Report, 2011

Definition Benefits

• Reliability: near 100% uptime for critical loads • Security: enable cyber and physical security • Quality: better power quality for sensitive loads • Efficiency: lower energy use and dist. sys. losses • Sustainability: use renewables and cleaner fuels

Source: R. Dohn, “The business case for microgrids,” Siemens.

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• NREL and MIT LL are working together to spark innovation in microgrid controller technologies

• NREL is conducting a dual-stage competitive procurement for a microgrid controller technology to be installed in a permanent microgrid research testbed at the Energy Systems Integration Facility located in Golden, Colorado.

• The top-performing control technology will be installed at ESIF in 2018

• The Microgrid Controller Innovation Challenge is supported by the U.S. DOE’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy's Lab-Bridge pilot program and the Office of Electricity. o Lab-Bridge Pilot Program Mission: increasing access to

national laboratory resources and pushing lab innovations further toward market readiness.

Overview

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Microgrid Evaluations at ESIF Smart buildings & controllable loads

Power Systems Integration Grid Simulators - Microgrids

Energy Systems Integration Fuel Cells, Electrolyzers

Outdoor Test Areas EVs, Power Transformers

Rooftop PV Energy Storage - Residential, Community & Grid Battery Storage, Flywheels & Thermal

HPC & Data Center

Advanced Distribution

Management Systems

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Testing Microgrid Controls – Evaluation Overview

* Pictures from R.O. Salcedo, J.K. Nowocin, C.L. Smith, R.P. Rekha, E.G. Corbett, E.R. Limpaecher, J.M. LaPenta, “Development of a Real-Time Hardware-in-the-Loop Power Systems Simulation Platform to Evaluate Commercial Microgrid Controllers”, Technical Report 1203, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, 2016.

MIT Microgrid Symposium 2017

NREL Stage 1 - CHIL NREL Stage 2 - PHIL

Evaluation Area Weighting

Power Systems – CHIL evaluation 70%

Cybersecurity Evaluation 30%

5 Participants

Evaluation Area Weighting

Power Systems – PHIL evaluation 70%

Cybersecurity – Cyber-Physical testbed evaluation 20%

Price (cost) achieved in RFP 10%

2 Offerors

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• Radial feeder supplying a real-life industrial park with demand varying 4.2-12 MW

• Distribution at MV (13.8 kV) and LV (4.16 kV, 2.4 kV, 460 V, 208 V) with 13 distribution transformers

• 10 Key Loads o 2 Critical Loads – high continuous, PQ, reliability requirements o 4 Priority Loads – buildings that are ideally served, but in

contingencies may be disconnected o 4 Interruptible Loads

• (2) Large (250 hp) Induction Motors • (3) Synchronous Generators (1 MVA, 4 MVA, etc.) with controls • (2) ESS (4 MVA, …) (VSI, Battery with controls) • (2) PV (3.5 MVA, …) (VSI with controls) • (49) CB with Protective Relays • (1) DMS interface • Single phase nodes: 291 • RT Simulation on Opal RT OP6500 – 12 cores utilized, Ts = 100μs

Simulated Microgrid

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Single line diagram

Leveraging the MIT LL “Banshee” Model

For more details see: R.O. Salcedo, J.K. Nowocin, C.L. Smith, R.P. Rekha, E.G. Corbett, E.R. Limpaecher, J.M. LaPenta, “Development of a Real-Time Hardware-in-the-Loop Power Systems Simulation Platform to Evaluate Commercial Microgrid Controllers”, Technical Report 1203, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, 2016.

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Single line diagram - PHIL

Real power hardware: • 270 kVA Grid Simulator • 100 kVA PV Inv. • 250 kW PV simulator • 250kVA ESS inverter • 250 kW emulated battery

(bi-directional DC supply) • 250 kW load bank • ABB CB • 80 kW diesel generator • EV

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HMI & DAQ

• Real time visualization of microgrid status using off-the-shelf RTAC

• Matlab used as test sequence generator and DAQ system

• Matlab Ù Opal-RT communication using UDP

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• Based on Ethernet only • (50) IEC61850 GOOSE messages

(Opal-RT) • (56) Modbus TCP interfaces (Opal-

RT) • Direct Modbus and IEC61850

communication to devices in PHIL

Controller interface

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Load flow validation

Islanded Load flow

Real time

Error [%]

C3– V (pu) 1.00 0.99 0.88 C4– V (pu) 0.99 0.98 0.95 ESS– V (pu) 1.00 1.00 0.31 ESS– P (MW) 0.81 0.84 3.43

ESS– Q (MVAR) 0.88 0.85 3.08

PV– V (pu) 1.00 1.00 0.43 PV– P (MW) 1.00 1.00 0.22

PV– Q (MVAR) 0.00 0.00 0.00

… … … …

SimPowerSystems Load flow

Opal-RT Real-Time execution Steady state comparison

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Transient behavior validation

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Test sequence - stimuli

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 1000

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

t [min]

[PU

]

Irradiance PV1Irradiance PV2Grid energy price

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Test sequence – grid stimuli

6 7 8 9 10 1159.55

59.70

59.85

60.00

60.15

60.30

60.45Grid frequency

[Hz]

6 7 8 9 10 11-5000

-2500

0

2500

5000

7500

10000DMS active power reference tolerances

[kW

]

time [min]

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Test sequence – stimuli

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100mgc.en

dms.disconnectgrid.cutmotor1motor2

fault.pv2fault.pv1

fault.ess2fault.ess1fault.gen3fault.gen2fault.gen1fault.loc6fault.loc5fault.loc4fault.loc3fault.loc2fault.loc1

time [min]

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KPP1 - Resiliency and Reliability Measured by calculating the energy delivered to predetermined categories of load. A penalty will be added for any outage on critical loads. KPP2 - Operation and Maintenance The cost of fuels to run DER’s and values device degradation from use (e.g. causing faster failure, circuit breakers use). KPP3 - Interconnection Contract The price of energy during the test sequence will vary to allow the controller to benefit from various choices (e.g. dispatching energy from battery). KPP4 - Distribution Service Operator (DSO) Commands The microgrid controller can allow additional revenue by providing services to DSO on request. Failing to provide required services will result in a penalty.

Key Performance Parameters (KPP)

KPP5 - Power Quality Voltage and frequency violating IEEE 1547a-2014 clearing times (Tables 1 and 2 of the standard) will be counted. KPP6 - Microgrid Survivability Keeping battery State of Charge (SoC) below the predetermined level during grid connected conditions will result in a penalty. KPP7- Fuel- Free Asset Utilization The amount of energy generated from PV to supply 1MWh of loads in the microgrid and PV energy generation will be measured. KPP8 – Economic operation Dollar sum of KPP1 to KPP7 allowing for overall comparison of various controllers under test

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Energy delivered to Critical loads (EC)

EC [kWh] P11 = 1.00[$/kWh]

Energy delivered to Priority loads (EP)

EP [kWh] P12 = 0.90[$/kWh]]

Energy delivered to Interruptible loads (EI)

EI [kWh] P13 = 0.85[$/kWh]

Energy Critical loads Outage (ECO)

ECO [kWh] P15 = 4.50 [$/kWh]

Energy Priority loads Outage (ECO)

EPO [kWh] P16 = 2.25 [$/kWh]

Energy left in ESS at the end of the sequence compared to initial state of charge

EESS [kWh] P17 = 1.00 [$/kWh]

KPP1 – Resiliency and Reliability

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 900

5000

10000

15000kW served by load class

MIPC

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90-2

-1

0x 10

4 kW outage by load class

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90-4000-2000

020004000

time [min]

KPP1 summary values [$]

M I P C

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KPP2 – Operational and Maintenance costs

Used Fuel - Diesel (FD) FD [gal] P21 = 74.55 [$/gal]

Used Fuel- Natural Gas (FNG)

FNG [m3] P22 = 4.18 [$/m3]

Number of Diesel starts (ND)

ND P23 = 10 00[$]

Number Combined Heat & Power re-starts (NCHP)

NCHP P24 = 10.00 [$]

Number of Battery cycles (NB)

NB P25 = 10.00 [$]

Number of Circuit Breaker cycles (NCB)

NCB P26 = 1.00 [$]

Energy delivered as Heat (EH)

EH [MBtu] P28 = 147.00 [$/MBtu]

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95-10000

-5000

0Fuel costs per hour [$/h]

Diesel1Diesel3CHP2

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 950

500

1000CB switches count [unit]

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95-10000

-5000

0

5000KPP2 summary values [$]

time [min]

Diesel1 NG2 Diesel3 Heat2 CB switch

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KPP3 – Interconnection contract

Exported Energy (EE) EE [kWh] PE [$/kWh] (p31)

Exported Energy Over limit (E E0)

EE0 [kWh] PEO [$/kWh] (p32=p31*kEO)

Energy imported (bought from grid. EB)

EB [kWh] PB [$/kWh] (p31)

Energy imported over limit (bought from grid, EBO)

EBO [kWh] PBO [$/kWh] (p33=p31*kBO)

Reactive power over limit penalty

ERP [kVArh]

P33 = 0.50 [$/kVArh]

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19-5000

05000

100001500020000

Active power at POI [kW]

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19-6000-4000-2000

0200040006000

Reactive power at POI [kVAr]

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19-2000

-1800

-1600

-1400

-1200KPP3 summary values [$]

time [min]

EBO EB EE EEO ERP

Active Power Import Limit = 12 MW Active Power Export Limit = 6 MW Reactive Power Limit = 5 MVAr

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Meeting dispatch command premium (DP). Power imported from Grid to μG

TDP min

P41 = 23.60 [$/min]

Meeting demand command premium (DM). Power exported from μG to Grid

TDM min

P41 = 23.60 [$/min]

Following Volt/Var support premium (VV)

TVV min

P43 = 290.00 [$/min]

Following Demand response curve (Freq/kW, FkW)

TFkW min

P44 = 149.50 [$/min]

Meeting power factor request (PF)

TPF min

P46 = 11.21 [$/min]

Violating planned disconnect request (DR)

TDR min

P45 = 19.50 [$/min]

Unplanned disconnect – failure to disconnect (UD)

TUD min

P47 = 26.40 [$/min]

KPP4 – Grid services

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 160

2000

4000

6000

8000

Active power at POI [kW]

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16-6000-3000

0300060009000

Reactive power at POI [kVAr]

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 160

100

200

300KPP4 summary values [$]

time [min]

TTD/M

TFkW

TPF

TVV

TDR

TUD

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KPP5 – Power quality

• Voltage monitored on every bus

• According to IEEE 1547a-2014

* Table 1 from IEEE1547a-2014 standard

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KPP5 – Power quality

• Frequency monitored on every bus

• According to IEEE 1547a-2014

* Table 2 from IEEE1547a-2014 standard

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KPP6 – Microgrid survivability

• Penalty is issued when SoC is below 40% during grid connected operation

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 1000

20

40

60

80ESS state of charge [kW]

ESS1ESS2

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100-350

-300

-250

-200

-150

-100

-50

0KPP6 summary values [$]

time [min]

ESS1ESS2

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38%

17%

15%

7%

14%

9%Total energy consumed = 21778 kWh

GridGen1NGCHP2Gen3PV1PV2

2%

17%

34%

47%

Consumption by loads = 19624 kWh

MIPC

KPP7 – Free assets utilization

• >25% energy can come from solar in this test pattern

• >43% power can come from solar at peak irradiation

• Solar doesn’t have a cost associated thus it is very favorable to use it

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Cyber Security Evaluation

1. Capable of supporting strong username and passwords

2. Ability to integrate with Single Sign On methodology 3. Ability to receive and transmit encrypted traffic 4. AES 128 or better encryption 5. Ability to implement PI 6. Ability to use digital certificates for authentication 7. Two factor authentication support 8. Authorization for access to data and controls by user

profile 9. Syslog alarming and integration capability 10. Tamper resistance (e.g., last gasp alarm, self-ejection

from system if compromised, immunity from registry overwriting)

11. Secure firmware upgrade methodology 12. Remote access for security management using SSH

Example of Functionality to be Evaluated:

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NREL’s Cyber-Physical Testbed

Secure testbed with power systems SCADA, grid simulation, and an inverter on a routed and firewalled network (one control center + two substations) with five function-specific cybersecurity technologies.

Network

Power

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• Currently at Stage 1 (CHIL) and validating Team #4 • We will publish details about competition winner’s

strategies and analyze various teams’ approaches • Models will be published after procurement:

github.com/mgcp2017/

Next steps

Recommended(Prac,ce(for(Hardware0in0the0Loop((HIL)(Simula,on(Based(Tes,ng(of(Electric(Power(Apparatus(

and(Controls Newly&established*IEEE*WG&P2004&

1*

IEEE(WG(P2004(Basics

•  Chair:*Michael&“Mischa”&Steurer*Florida*State*University,*Tallahassee,*FL,*USA,**•  Co:Chair:*Georg&Lauss,**Austrian*Ins1tute*of*Technology,**Vienna,*Austria*•  Secretary:*Blake&Lundstrom,**Na1onal*Renewable*Energy*Laboratory,**Golden,*CO,*USA*•  Sponsor:*PELS&•  Co:sponsor:*IAS,&IES&•  PAR*ends*12/31/2021&

4*

The(philosophy(of(P2004 •  The*intent*of*WG*P2004*is*to*remain*agnosBc&to&the&specific&realLBme&simulaBon&and&power&amplifier&technologies&but*focus*on*the*structures,&models,&and&procedures&specific&to*conducBng&HIL*based*tes1ng*•  One*challenge*P2004*will*have*to*overcome*is*to*keep*the*document*as*generic*as*possible*so*it*does*not*conflict*with*exis1ng*tes1ng*standards*

• P2004*will*•  Establish*pracBces&for&ROS&model&development&&•  Discuss&HIL&specific&documentaBon,&verificaBon&and&validaBon**

•  Provide*guidance&on&requirements&for&power&amplifiers,&DRTS,&and*HIL&interface&algorithms&for*classes&of&HIL&tesBng&needs&

6*

Contact(IEEE(WG(P2004 •  Email:*P2004WG@ieee.org*•  Chair:*Michael*“Mischa”*Steurer,*steurer@caps.fsu.edu*,*+1:850:644:1629*

•  Co:Chair:*Georg*Lauss,*georg.lauss@ait.ac.at*,*+43:50550:6283*•  Secretary:*Blake*Lundstrom,*blake.lundstrom@nrel.gov*,*+1:303:275:4385*

•  Data*repository*and*web*site:*IEEE*iMeet*work*space*

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How*to*sign*up?*•  Sheet*is*passing*around*right*now*•  Email*Blake*Lundstrom*

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