IT 2351 / NETWORK PROGRAMMING AND MANAGEMENT

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Mailam Engineering CollegeMailam 604 304(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai & Accredited by National Board of Accreditation (NBA), New Delhi)

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGYIII YEAR / VI SEM IT 2351 NETWORK PROGRAMMING AND MANAGEMENT UNIT I ELEMENTARY TCP SOCKET SYLLABUS: Introduction to Socket Programming Overview of TCP/IP Protocols Introduction to Sockets Socket address Structures Byte ordering functions address conversion functions Elementary TCP Sockets socket, connect, bind, listen, accept, read, write, close functions Iterative Server Concurrent Server. PART - A1. Group the OSI layers by function. The seven layers of the OSI model belonging to three subgroups. Physical, data link and network layers are the network support layers; they deal with the physical aspects of moving data from one device to another. Session, presentation and application layers are the user support layers; they allow interoperability among unrelated software systems. The transport layer ensures end-to-end reliable data transmission. 2. The transport layer creates a communication between the source and destination. What are the three events involved in a connection? Creating a connection involves three steps: connection establishment, data transfer and connection release. 3. Define flow control. Flow control refers to a set of procedures used to restrict the amount of data. The sender can send before waiting for acknowledgment. 4. Mention the categories of flow control. There are 2 methods have been developed to control flow of data across communication links. Stop and wait- send one from at a time. Sliding window- send several frames at a time.

Prepared By : Mr. P. Saravanan,MCA.,ME.,(Ph.d) Asso.Prof/IT, MEC

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5. What is the function of stop and wait flow control? In this method, the sender sends one frame and waits for an acknowledgement before sending. 6. Mention the advantage and disadvantage of stop and wait flow control. Advantage: simplicity Disadvantage: inefficiency. 7. What is piggy backing? Piggybacking means combining data to send and acknowledgement of the frame received in one single frame. Piggy backing can save bandwidth because the overhead from a data frame and an ACK frame can be combined into just one frame 8. What are the network support layers and the user support layers? Network support layers: The network support layers are Physical layer, Data link layer and Network layer. These deals with electrical specifications, physical connection, transport timing and reliability. User support layers: The user support layers are: Session layer, Presentation layer, Application layer. These allow interoperability among unrelated software system. 9. What are the responsibilities of network layer? The network layer is responsible for the source-to-destination delivery of packet across multiple network links. The specific responsibilities of network layer include the following: Logical addressing. Routing.

10.What are data grams? In datagram approach, each packet is treated independently from all others. Even when one packet represents just a place of a multi-packet transmission, the network treats it although it existed alone. this technology are referred to as datagram. 11.Define IP address. IP address is the 32-bit number for representing a host or system in the network. One portion of the IP address indicates a networking and the other represents the host in a network. 12.What is function of transport layer? The protocol in the transport layer takes care in the delivery of data from one application program on one device to an application program Packets in

IT 2351 / NETWORK PROGRAMMING AND MANAGEMENT on another device. They act as a link between the upper layer and the services provided by the lower layer. 13.What are the duties of the transport layer? The services provided by the transport layer End-to- end delivery Addressing Reliable delivery Flow control Multiplexing

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14.What is the difference between network layer delivery and the transport layer delivery? Network layer delivery The network layer is responsible for the source-todestination delivery of packet Transport layer delivery The transport layer is responsible for source-to-destination delivery of the entire message.

across multiple network links. 15.What are the four aspects related to the reliable delivery of data? The four aspects are, o o o o Error control Sequence control Loss control Duplication control

16.What is meant by segment? At the sending and receiving end of the transmission, TCP divides long transmissions into smaller data units and packages each into a frame called a segment. 17.What is meant by segmentation? When the size of the data unit received from the upper layer is too long for the network layer datagram or data link layer frame to handle, the transport protocol divides it into smaller usable blocks. The dividing process is called segmentation. 18.What is meant by Concatenation? The size of the data unit belonging to single sessions are so small that several can fit together into a single datagram or frame, the transport protocol combines them into a single data unit. The combining process is called concatenation. 19.What are the types of multiplexing? The types of multiplexing are, Prepared By : Mr. P. Saravanan,MCA.,ME.,(Ph.d) Asso.Prof/IT, MEC

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Upward multiplexing Downward multiplexing

20.What are the two possible transport services? Two basic types of transport services are, o o Connection service Connectionless services

21.The transport layer creates the connection between source and destination. What are the three events involved in the the two end ports. A connection is a single logical path between the source and destination that is associated with all packets in a message. Creating a connection involves three steps: Connection establishment Data transfer & Connection release. connection? For security, the transport layer may create a connection between

22. What is meant by congestion? Congestion in a network occurs if user sends data into the network at a rate greater than that allowed by network resources. 23. What is the purpose of Domain Name System? Domain Name System can map a host name to an IP address and conversely an IP address to host name. 24. Discuss the three main division of the domain name space. Domain name space is divided into three different sections: generic domains, country domains & inverse domain. Generic domain: Define registered hosts according to their generic behavior, uses generic suffixes. Country domain: Uses two characters to identify a country as the last suffix. Inverse domain: Finds the domain name given the IP address. 25. What is the principle difference between connectionless communication and connection oriented communication? Network is a connection oriented. Here user uses the connection and then release the connection. Typically one side makes a proposal other side can accept it. Eg:-Telephone systems. In connectionless each message carries the full destination address and each one is routed through the system independent of all others. The first one send will be the first one to arrive. Eg:-Postal system. 26. State few advantages of IPv6 over IPv4.

IT 2351 / NETWORK PROGRAMMING AND MANAGEMENT Larger address space Better header format New options. Allowance for extension. Support for resource allocation. Support for more security. Four actions are needed to close the connections in both directions:

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27. Explain about Connection Termination. Host A sends a segment announcing its wish for connection establishment. Host B sends a segment acknowledging the request of A. After this the connection is closed in one direction but not in the other direction. When Host B has finished sending its own data, it sends a segment to indicate that it wants to close the connection. Host A acknowledges the request of B. Encapsulation and De-capsulation Buffering Multiplexing and De-multiplexing Pushing Data Urgent Data 28 . What are the TCP operations?

29. What is ephemeral port number? A client program running on the local computer defines itself with a port number, chosen randomly by the TCP software running on the local host. This is called Ephemeral port number. 30.What is Socket address? The combination of an IP address and a port number is called Socket Address. 31. What are elements needed for communications? Local host Local client program Remote host Remote server program. Socket interface is a set of declarations, definitions and procedures for writing client server programs. 33.Give some common APIs that supports to write client-server Prepared By : Mr. P. Saravanan,MCA.,ME.,(Ph.d) Asso.Prof/IT, MEC

32.What is Socket Interface?

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programs? Some common APIs that supports t o write client-server programs are Socket interface Transport Layer Interface Stream Interface Thread Interface Remote Procedure call 34.Specify the Internet Address structure? An IPV4 address is defined as a structure called in_addr, which structure contains only one field called s_addr if type in_addr_t. The holds an IP address as a 32-bit binary number. struct in_addr { in_addr_t }; 35.What are the three socket types defined by socket interface? The socket interface defines three types of sockets, They are stream socket, the datagram socket and the raw socket. Stream socket allows processes to communicate using TCP/IP.TCP uses a pair of sockets to connect one application program to another across the Internet. Datagram socket allows processes to communicate using UDP.UDP uses a pair of datagram sockets to send a message from application program to another across the Internet. Raw sockets provide access to ICMP or OSPF that directly use services of IP. 36. What is little-endian byte order? A computer system that uses little-endian system stores the least significant byte of data in the starting address of the data unit. 00001010 00010111 00001110 00000110 the s_addr;

00001010 00010111 00001110 00000110

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37. What is Big-Endian byte order? A computer system that uses big-endian system stores the most significant byte of data in the starting address of the data unit. 00001010 00010111 00001110 00000110

00001010 00010111 00001110 00000110

38. What are the Byte Manipulation functions? How they are declared? The most common byte manipulation functions are memset, memcpy, memcmp. Declaration for byte manipulation functions: void *memset (void *dest, int chr, size_t len); void *memcpy (void *dest, const void *src, size_t len); int memcmp (const void *first, const void *second, size_t len); 39. Explain the socket function? The socket function is used by a process to create a socket. It takes three integer arguments and return an integer result. int socket(int family, int type, int protocol); Family Type Protocol -defines the protocol group -defines the type of socket -set to zero for TCP and UDP.

This function returns a socket descriptor, which uniquely defines the created socket if the creation is successful. It returns -1 if there is an error. The socket descriptor is used by other functions to refer to the socket. 40. Explain the bind function? The bind function binds a socket to a local socket address by the local socket address to an already created socket. int bind(int sockfd, const sockaddress *localaddr, socklen_t localaddrlen); sockfd is the socket descriptor. localaddr is the pointer to the Prepared By : Mr. P. Saravanan,MCA.,ME.,(Ph.d) Asso.Prof/IT, MEC adding

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socket address of the local machine and localaddrlen is the length of the local socket address. To use this function, the client first needs to call the socket function in order to use the returned value as the socket descriptor. This function sets values for the local socket address. This function returns an integer, 0 for success and -1 if any error. 41. How an active connection to a remote process is established? The connect function is used by a process (usually a client) to establish an active connection to a remote process (normally a server) int connect(int sockfd, const struct sockaddress *serveraddr, socklen_t serveraddrlen); sockfd is the socket descriptor .serveraddr is the pointer to the remote socket address ;and serveraddrlen is the length of the local socket address. To use this function, the client first needs to call the socket function in order to use the returned value as the socket descriptor. This function sets values for the remote socket address. This function returns an integer, 0 for success and -1 if any error. 42. Explain the listen function? Only the TCP server calls the listen function. It creates a passive socket from an unconnected socket. Before calling the listen function, the socket must already be created and the local address fields set. This function informs the operating system that the server is ready to accept connection through this socket. int listen(int sockfd, int backlog); sockfd is the socket descriptor .backlog is the number of requests that can be queued for this connection. This function returns an integer, 0 for success and -1 if any error. 43. Explain the accept function? The accept function is called by a TCP server to remove the first Connection request from the corresponding queue. If there are no requests the accept function is put to sleep. int accept(int sockfd, struct sockaddress *clientaddr, socklen_t clientaddrlen); This function creates a new socket (child socket)that can be used by a child server to connect to the client. All the information needed for a new socket is provided by the operating system. The return value is the new socket descriptor. 44. Explain sendto system call?

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A connectionless process (process using UDP) issues the sendto system call to send data to a process. ssize_t sendto(int sockfd, const void *buf, size_t buflen, int flags, const struct sockaddress *toaddr, socklen_t toaddrlen); sockfd is the socket descriptor, buf is the pointer to the buffer holding the message to be sent, buflen defines the length of the buffer, and the flags fields specifies out-of-band data or look ahead messages. Normally it is set to zero. Toaddr is the pointer to the socket address of the receiver, and toaddrlen is the length of the socket address. The function returns the number of characters sends if there is no error and 0 otherwise. 45. Explain recvfrom system call? A connectionless process (process using UDP) issues the recvfrom system call to receive from incoming queue, the datagrams send by a remote process. ssize_t recvfrom(int sockfd, const void *buf, size_t buflen, int flags, struct sockaddress *fromaddr, socklen_t *fromaddrlen); sockfd is the socket descriptor, buf is the pointer to the buffer where the message will be stored, buflen defines the length of the buffer, and the flags fields specifies out-of-band data or lookahead messages. Normally it is set to zero. Fromaddr is the pointer to the socket address of the sender, and fromaddrlen is the length of the socket address. This function returns the number of characters send if there is no error and 0 otherwise. 46. Explain read system call? A connection-oriented process (process using TCP) issues the read system call to receive datagrams from a remote process. ssize_t read(int sockfd, const void *buf, size_t buflen); sockfd is the socket descriptor, buf is the pointer to the buffer where the data will be stored and buflen defines the length of the buffer. This function returns the number of bytes received if successful,0 if endof-file condition is detected, and -1 if there is an error. 47. Explain write system call? A connection oriented process (process using TCP) issues the write system call to send datagrams to a remote process. ssize_t write(int sockfd, const void *buf, size_t buflen); sockfd is the socket descriptor, buf is the pointer to the buffer where the data to be sent is stored, buflen defines the length of the buffer. This function returns the number of bytes sent(written) if successful ,and Prepared By : Mr. P. Saravanan,MCA.,ME.,(Ph.d) Asso.Prof/IT, MEC

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-1 if there is an error. 48. How a TCP connection is terminated? The close function is used by a process to close a socket and terminate a TCP connection. int close(int sockfd) The socket descriptor is not valid after this call. This function returns an integer, 0 for success and -1 if any error. 49. What is a parent server? A server running infinitely and accepting connections from clients is called a parent server. 50. What is iterative server? If a client request to a server for a resource, which in turns gives the resource form other server called iterative server. 51. what is concurrent server? If many client access a server called concurrent server. 52. What is a Socket? (DEC 2011 / 2012) The communication structure used for socket programming is called socket. It is an end point of communication to which a name can be bound. Two processes need a socket at each end to communicate each other. The socket values are IP address and Port number. 53.Specify the Socket Address structure? (MAY 2010) The application program that use the TCP/IP protocol suite need a structure called a socket address, which mainly holds an IP address. The structure has five fields. struct sockaddress { uint8_t sin_len; sa_family_t sin_family; in_port_t sin_port; struct in_addr char }; Family Type Protocol Local socket address Remote socket address - defines the protocol group - defines the type of socket - set to zero for TCP and UDP. - defines the local socket address, a structure of type sockaddress. - defines the remote socket address, a sin_zero[8]; sin_addr; with

IT 2351 / NETWORK PROGRAMMING AND MANAGEMENT structure of type 54. What do you mean by socket abstraction? sockaddress.

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(DEC 2007)

The socket is the basic abstraction for network communication in the socket API Defines an endpoint of communication for a process Operating system maintains information about the socket and its connection Application references the socket for sends, receives, etc.

55. How shall local and remote socket addresses be obtained. (DEC 2007) REMOTE AND LOCAL ADDRESS Getsockname: Return the local protocol address associated with a socket. int getsockname(int sockfd, struct sockaddr * localaddr, socklen_t *addrlen); Getpeername: Return the remote address associated with a socket. int getpeername(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *peeraddr, socklen_t *addrlen); Both the functions returns 0 if ok else -1 on error. 56.What is the use of bind () system Call? (MAY 2007) adding

The bind function binds a socket to a local socket address by the local socket address to an already created socket. int bind(int sockfd, const sockaddress *localaddr, socklen_t

localaddrlen); sockfd is the socket descriptor. localaddr is the pointer to the socket address of the local machine and localaddrlen is the length of the function in order to use the returned value as the socket descriptor. This Prepared By : Mr. P. Saravanan,MCA.,ME.,(Ph.d) Asso.Prof/IT, MEC local socket address. To use this function, the client first needs to call the socket

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function sets values for the local socket address. This function returns an integer, 0 for success and -1 if any error. 57. Explain the socket structure in brief. (MAY 2009)

Socket Programming to hold information about the address and port and other information. Most socket functions require a pointer to a socket address structure as an argument. 58. Distinguish between an iterative server and concurrent server. (MAY 2009 / 2012)

Concurrent server 1. Many request are processed at a same time 2. It is called when the time taken to completed the request is infinite or long. 3. The request can be of any complexity and duration. 4. Server software must be programmed explicitly to handle requests concurrently.

Iterative server 1. One request is processed at a time 2. When the time taken to complete the process is less this server is used.

3. Easy to implementation

4. Server is locked while dealing with a request.

59. Distinguish between an TCP sockets and UDP sockets TCP SOCKET Reliable, Connection Oriented Protocol Provides packets Can transmit large amount of data Sequencing of packet is guaranteed in TCP. Means the packets that are sent guaranteed delivery of UDP SOCKET

(MAY 2011)

Unreliable, Connection Less Protocol Does not provide guaranteed delivery of packets Can transmit only limited amount of data In UDP it is not guaranteed that the packets will reach in time to the

struct sockaddr IT 2351 / NETWORK PROGRAMMING AND MANAGEMENT uint8_t sa_len; /* length of the structure */ sa_family_t sa_family; /* address family : AF_ XXX value */ is delivered in time destination. char sa_data[14]; /* protocol specific address */ ; 60. Give the structure of struct sockaddr. Name Header Structure : : : sockaddr UNIT-1

(MAY 2011)

61. Define well-known port.

(DEC 2011/2012)

The well-known port numbers are the port numbers that are reserved for assignment by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) for use by the application end points that communicate using the Internet's Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). Port numbers 0 to 1024 are reserved for privileged services and designated as well-known ports. This list of well-known port numbers specifies the port used by the server process as its contact port. 62. Define socket and list out its types. Socket: The communication structure used for socket programming is called socket. It is an end point of communication to which a name can be bound. Two processes need a socket at each end to communicate each other. The socket values are IP address and Port number. Types of Socket: The socket interface defines three types of sockets, They are Prepared By : Mr. P. Saravanan,MCA.,ME.,(Ph.d) Asso.Prof/IT, MEC with (MAY 2007)

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stream socket, the datagram socket and the raw socket. Stream socket allows processes to communicate using TCP/IP. TCP uses a pair of sockets to connect one application program to another across the Internet. Datagram socket allows processes to communicate using UDP. UDP uses a pair of datagram sockets to send a message from the application program to another across the Internet. Raw sockets provide access to ICMP or OSPF that directly use services of IP. 63. Distinguish between TCP Sockets and UDP Sockets. (MAY 2011)

TCP Socket reliable delivery in-order guaranteed connectionoriented bidirectional Structure is SOCK_STREAM

UDP Socket unreliable delivery no order guarantees no notion of connection app indicates dest. for each packet can send or receive Structure is SOCK_DGRAM

64. What is meant by host byte ordering? HOST BYTE ORDER

(MAY 2011)

It is the byte ordering used by a given system. It can be big endian or little endian.

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Prepared By : Mr. P. Saravanan,MCA.,ME.,(Ph.d) Asso.Prof/IT, MEC

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PART B1. Explain the TCP layering in details with neat sketch. Web Clients OVERVIEW OF TCP / IP PROTOCOLS and Servers communicate using the TCP protocol. TCP (MAY 2007)

communicates with the data link layer using IP protocol. The actual flow of information between the client and server goes down the protocol stack on one side across the network and up the protocol stack on other side. CLIENT APPLICATION PROTOCOL TCP PROTOCOL SERVER APPLICATION LAYER TRANSPORT LAYER

IP PROTOCOL ETHERNET PROTOCOL Actual flow between client and server ETHERNET

NETWORK LAYER DATA LAYER

Figure : Client and Server communication on the same Ethernet using TCP TCP : TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL TCP provides connection between clients and server. A TCP client establishes a connection with the server, exchange data with the server and then terminate the connection. TCP provides flow control, reliability, full duplex and also sequences the data by associating a sequence number with every byte that it sends. TCP contains algorithms to estimate the round trip time (RTT) between a client and server dynamically, so that it knows how long to wait for an acknowledgement. TCP always specifies the no. of bytes to be sent by the peer. This is called advertised window.

IT 2351 / NETWORK PROGRAMMING AND MANAGEMENT APPLICATION LAYER

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Application protocols are defined at the top layer, which implement specific user applications and other high-level functions. Since they are at the top of the stack, application protocols are the only ones that do not provide services to a higher layer; they make use of services provided by the layers below. 1. FTP-FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL: the TCP\IP standard protocols for a transferring file s from one machine to another machine.ftp differ from the other applications because is use to connections to transfer a file: control connection data connection. 2. SMTP-SIMPLE MAIL TRANSFER PROTOCOL: THE TCP\IP Standard protocol for transferring electronic message from one machine to another machine. it specify how to mail systems interact and the form of control messages they exchange to transfer mail. 3. SNMP: SIMPLE NETWORK MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL: a protocol use to manage the devices such as hosts, router and printers. 4. TELNET-REMOTE LOGIN: the TCP\IP standard protocol for remote terminal service .TELNET allows an interactive users and the client system to start a login session on a remote system. Once a login system is established, the client process passes the users keystrokes to the server process. 5. TFTP-TRIVIAL FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL: it is a simple file transfer protocol it is not complex as FTP. It does not have much code consumes less memory, it can be used small machine .there is no security provisions. TFTP is UDP not TCP. 6. DNS DOMAIN NAME SERVICE: the online distributed database system used to map host names into IP address. TRANSPORT LAYER The Transport layer (also known as the Host-to-Host Transport layer) is responsible for providing the Application layer with session and datagram communication services. The core protocols of the Transport layer are Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). Either of these two protocols are used by the application layer process, the choice depends on the application's transmission reliability requirements. The mechanisms used by the Transport layer to determine whether data has been Prepared By : Mr. P. Saravanan,MCA.,ME.,(Ph.d) Asso.Prof/IT, MEC

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correctly delivered are: Acknowledgement responses Sequencing Flow control

The Transport layer facilitates two types of communication: Connection-oriented (TCP) A connection must be established at the Transport layer of both systems before the application can transmit any data. Connectionless (UDP) All systems do not need to establish a connection with the recipient prior to data exchange. TCP is a more reliable form of data exchange than UDP. NETWORK LAYER The Network Interface layer (also called the Network Access layer) is responsible for placing TCP/IP packets on the network medium and receiving TCP/IP packets off the network medium. TCP/IP was designed to be independent of the network access method, frame format, and medium. In this way, TCP/IP can be used to connect differing network types. This layer include LAN technologies such as Ethernet and Token Ring and WAN technologies such as X.25 and Frame Relay. Independence from any specific network technology gives TCP/IP the ability to be adapted to new technologies such as Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM). DATALINK LAYER It consists of combination of datalink and physical layers that deals with pure hardware (wires, satellite links, network interface cards, etc.) and access methods such as CSMA/CD (carrier sensed multiple access with collision detection). 2. Explain the following system calls in details CONNECT() BIND() LISTEN() ACCEPT() server. THE CONNECT CALL: #include addrlen); (MAY 2007/2009)

The connect function is used by a TCP client to establish a connection with a TCP int connect(int sockfd,const struct sochaddr *servaddr, socklen_t

IT 2351 / NETWORK PROGRAMMING AND MANAGEMENT Return 0 if OK Else -1 on error o o Sockfd-> socket descriptor value.

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Servaddr- pointer to socket address structure . the socket address structure must contain the IP address and port number of the server.

o

Addrlen-> Length o fhte server address.

ERROR CODE: Value in errno EBADF ENOTSOCK EISCONN ETIMEDOUT ECONNREFUSED ENETUNREACH OR EHOSTUNREACH Cause of the error Not a valid socket descriptor If the first argument is not specified. If the socket is already connected. If the connection is not established If the port number specified is not waiting on the server for connection When the destination is unreachable from some intermediate router. BIND FUNCTION:

The bind function assigns a local protocol address to a socket . internet protocol address is a combination of either 32 bit IPV4 address or 128 bits IPv6 address along with a 16 bits TCP or UDP port number int bind(int sockfd, const struct sockaddr *myaddr, socklen_t addrlen); It returns 0 if OK & -1 on error Sockfd- socket description My addr the address of a structure that specifies an ip address and port number. Addrlen- The size of the address structure in bytes. Return 0 if successful & -1 on error. ERROR CODE Value in errno EBADF ENOTSOCK EADDRINUSE EFAULT Cause of the error Not a valid socket descriptor If the first argument is not specified. If the address is already bound to it. If the local address argument pointer is invalid.

Return code:

PROCESS SPECIFIES IP ADDRESS PORT

RESULT

Prepared By : Mr. P. Saravanan,MCA.,ME.,(Ph.d) Asso.Prof/IT, MEC

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Wild card Wild card Local IP address Local IP address

0 Non zero 0 Non Zero

Kernel chooses IP address and port Kernel chooses IP address and process specifies port Process specifies IP address, kernel chooses port Process specifies the IP address & port

THE LISTEN CALL: It is called only by a TCP server and it performs two functions.

1. The listen function converts an unconnected socket into a passive socket indicating that the kernel should accept the incoming connection request directed to this socket. 2. It specifies the maximum number of connection the kernel should queue for this socket. #include int listen (int sockfd, int backlog); It return 0 if OK, -1 on error. The kernel maintains two queues: 1. Incomplete connection queue: It contains an entry for each SYN that arrived from a client for which the server is awaiting completion of the three way handshake. 2. Completed connection queue: It contains an entry for each client with the TCP three way handshake has completed . Sockfd- socket descriptor Backlog- size of incoming connection request. ERROR CODE: Value in errno EBADF ENOTSOCK Cause of the error Not a valid socket descriptor If the first argument is not specified.

THE ACCEPT FUNCTION: The accept is called by the TCP server to return the next completed connection

from the front of the completed connection queue. Accept creates a new socket and return the descriptor of the new socket to the caller. The server can transfer data on the new socket after finishing the server closes it. #include int accept (int sockfd, struct sockaddr *cliaddr, socklen_t addrlen);

IT 2351 / NETWORK PROGRAMMING AND MANAGEMENT Non negative descriptor if OK Else -1 on error Sockfd-> socket descriptor Cliaddr-> client IP address Addrlen-> length of the second argument.

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The connected socket is closed each time while the listening socket remains open for the life of the server. This is supported only in stream. ERROR CODE Value in errno EBADF ENOTSOCK EOPNOTSUPP Cause of the error Not a valid socket descriptor If the first argument is not specified. socket is not a SOCKET_STREAM.

3. Differentiate between the iterative server and concurrent server? (MAY 2007 / 2008) ITERATIVE SERVER: Server: A server is a process which offers services. A server waits for reads and processes a clients request for a server. Types of server: Server can be classified based on following 1. Their communication method (connection less or connection-oriented). 2. The information they maintain(state less or state full); 3. Based on their service(iterative or concurrent). Connection oriented servers: Uses TCP for connection oriented communication Provides reliable transport Servers are simpler Uses a separate socket for each connection.

Connection less servers: Uses UDP for connectionless communication Does not guarantee reliable transport The server and client are complicative.

State less server: Does not maintain any information about the outgoing interaction with each client . Requires long messages. All information about the request must be placed in all messages.

Prepared By : Mr. P. Saravanan,MCA.,ME.,(Ph.d) Asso.Prof/IT, MEC

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They are less efficient. They are more reliable. Example: HTTP.

Stateful server: Maintains information about the status of the ongoing information with the client. Maintains few information between request. Requires smaller messages. Is unreliable of a connection terminates abnormally. Example: FTP. An iterative server serves single client at a time. Handles one request at a time. Client waits for all previous requests to be processed. It is easier to design and implement. It is suitable when the service time for each request is small. It is suitable for simple services such as TIME service. It is not suitable when the service time.

Iterative or sequential server:

Example:

The first client request to get a file of size 200 Mbytes. The second client requests to get a file of 20 bytes between the 2nd client has to wait until the processing of client ends.

CONCURRENT SERVER

A server can handle multiple clients at the same time in parallel, and this type of a server is called a concurrent server.

Concurrent Vs Iterative server

# include in_addr_t inet_addr(const char *strptr); int /inet_aton(const char* strptr, AND MANAGEMENT struct IT 2351 32 bit binary network byte orderedin_addr *addrptr); Returns NETWORK PROGRAMMING IPv4 Address, Returns 1, if string was valid, INADDR_NONE if an error. 0, if an error. Concurrent server Iterative server Many request are processed at a same time It is called when the time taken to completed the request is infinite or long. The request can be of any complexity and duration. Server software must be programmed explicitly to handle requests concurrently.

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One request is processed at a time When the time taken to complete the process is less this server is used.

Easy to implementation Server is locked while dealing with a request.

4. Discuss the syntactical issues of various address conversion functions. (MAY 2008) ADDRESS CONVERSION FUNCTIONS: There are two groups of address conversion functions: 1. inet_aton, inet_addr & inet_ntoa : Converts between ASCII string and network byte ordered binary values. Applicable only for IPv4 Address 2. inet_pton & inet_ntop : Converts presentation to numeric & numeric to presentation. Applicable for both IPV4 & IPV6 address. Conversion between ASCII strings & network byte order: i. inet_aton

o

The function inet_aton converts the character string (dotted decimal string ) pointed by strptr into the 32 bit binary network bytes ordered value which is stored through pointer addrptr. If the addrptr is a null pointer the function performs the conversion but does not store any result.

o

ii. inet_addr: It returns the 32-bit binary network byte order value & INADDR_NONE if error.

Prepared By : Mr. P. Saravanan,MCA.,ME.,(Ph.d) Asso.Prof/IT, MEC

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#include ude int const void *addrptr, char char *strptr, void *addrptr); char *inet_ntop(int family,inet_pton(int family, const *strptr, - returns 1 If ok , size_t len); if not a error. urn pointer to result if OK &0NULL on valid presentation format , 1 for error. iii. inet_ntoa: It converts 32 bits binary network byte ordered IPV4 address into its corresponding dotted decimal string & return pointer to dotted decimal string Conversion between presentation and numeric : These are used for both IPV4 & IPV6 address. P-> Presentation ASCII string n-> numeric binary value i. inet_pton

Family AF_INET

[IPV4]

AF_INET6 [IPV6] If the family is not supported it return the error -1 set to EAFNOSUPPORT. The dotted decimal string stored in strptr is converted and stored through

the pointer addrptr. ii. inet_ntop: It converts from numeric (addrptr) to presentation (strptr).

len -> size of the destination to prevent the function from overflowing the callers buffer. IPV4 - 16 bit - INET_ADDRSTRPTR IPV6 46 bit - INET6_ADDRSTRPTR The problem with inet_ntop is it requires the caller to pass a pointer to a binary address. The addr is normally containedin a socket addr structure requiring the caller to know the formet of the structure and address family. To solve this we use sock_ntop function. General Representation Dotted decimal IPV4 address inet_pton(AF_INET) inet_aton, inet_addr 32-bit binary IPv4 address

IT 2351 / NETWORK PROGRAMMING AND MANAGEMENT inet_pton(AF_INET6) Hexadecimal strings inet_ntop(AF_INET6) 5. Write notes on byte ordering functions. BYTE ORDERING FUNCTIONS The bytes can be stored in memory in two ways 1. Little Endian Byte Ordering 2. Big Endian Byte Ordering LITTLE ENDIAN BYTE ORDERING: LSB or Low order bytes as the starting address. Increasing Memory Address Address A + 1 Address A 128 bit binary IPv4

UNIT-1

mapped or IPv4 compatible IPv6 Address or IPv6 Address (MAY 2008 / DEC 2012)

HIGH ORDER BYTE

LOW ORDER BYTE

MSB

16-BIT VALUE

LSB

Example : 10.23.14.6 can be represented in 32 bit as MSB 00001010 Byte Order: 00001010 A+3 Application: DEC VAX Computers Intel Microprocessors 00010111 A+2 00001110 A+1 00000110 Address A 00010111 00001110 00000110 LSB

BIG ENDIAN BYTE ORDERING: High order bytes or MSB as the starting address. Increasing Memory Address Address A Address A + 1 Prepared By : Mr. P. Saravanan,MCA.,ME.,(Ph.d) Asso.Prof/IT, MEC

Page 25

MSB

16-BIT VALUE

LSB

HIGH ORDER BYTE

LOW ORDER BYTE

Example : 10.23.14.6 can be represented in 32 bit as MSB 00001010 Byte Order: 00001010 Address A Application: PROGRAM: /* program to find host byte order */ int main (int argc, char **argv) { union { short s; char c[sizeof(short)]; } un; un.s=0*0102; printf (%s, CPU_VENDOR_OS); If (sizeof(short)==2) { If (un.c[0]==1 && un.c[1]==2) printf(big endian); elseif (un.c[0]==2 && un.c[1]==1) printf(Little endian); } } IBM Mainframe Computers Motorola Microprocessors 00010111 A+1 00001110 A+2 A+3 00000110 00010111 00001110 00000110 LSB

uint16_t ntohs(uint16_t host16bit value); 32 bit 0000004d5347726170682e43686172742e3800f439b271000000000000000000000000000000000 uint16_t htons(uint16_t host16bit value); 16 bit 32 bit uint32_t ntohl(uint32_t host32bit value); 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 uint32_t htonl(uint32_t host32bit value); returns value AND MANAGEMENT IT 2351 / NETWORK PROGRAMMING in host byte order - returns value in network byte order TYPES OF BYTE FUNCTIONS NETWORK BYTE ORDER Networking protocols can choose their own byte order HOST BYTE ORDER It is the byte ordering used by a given system. It can be big endian or little endian. TCP/IP has the big endian system. UNIT-1

ORDER BASED ON BYTE ORDERING

BYTE CONVERSION FUNCTIONS: htons htonl From host to network byte order host to network short[16 bit int] host to network long [32 bit int]

ntohs ntohl -

From network to host byte order network to host short [16 bit int] network to host long [32 bit int]

Host byte order htons ntohs htonl ntohl Network byte order

Prepared By : Mr. P. Saravanan,MCA.,ME.,(Ph.d) Asso.Prof/IT, MEC

Page 27

6. Explain the Types of Services? Connection Oriented services Connectionless services Connection Oriented and Connectionless services

o In connection oriented method session is created before transmittingdata. It provides a reliable data stream as it ensures the sequential transmission of data. In connection oriented method the process starts from the sender computer by sending a request to start the transfer that is to be acknowledged by the destination device before data can be sent and hence a virtual link is established between sender and receiver. This process is called handshaking.

o After

that

data

is

transferred

sequentially

by

processing

acknowledgements. Sliding window and Stop and wait are used to provide flow control and Cyclic Redundancy Checks are used to provide error detection. These methods can either be implemented in the data link layer or in the transport layer. TCP provides a connection-oriented service.

o In connectionless transmission there is no need to establishconnection. The sender just starts transmitting data that's why it cannot provide the same reliability as offered by connection-oriented method. These techniques are used in the broadcast networks. In these networks there is need of maintaining the state information for the sender and receiver devices that's why it can only offer a small number of services. However the speed of connectionless networks is better than those of connection-oriented ones because they do not provide flow control and error detection. UDP provides connectionless services. o In connection oriented communication one use guided medium. But in

IT 2351 / NETWORK PROGRAMMING AND MANAGEMENT

UNIT-1

connectionless communication there's no need of a cable. It also named as wireless communication.

0100090000037c83080000009de3040000001610000026060f0022205 74d4643010000000000010089e8000000003a000000002000005c1507 005c350700010000006c0000000000000000000000e00200000202000 00000000000000000f6590000dd3e000020454d46000001005c350700 0c0000000100000000000000000000000000000000040000000300004 0010000f000000000000000000000000000000000e2040080a9030046 0000002c00000020000000454d462b014001001c00000010000000021 0c0db01000000600000006000000046000000d8ac0000ccac0000454d 462b224004000c000000000000001e4009000c0000000000000024400 1000c000000000000003040020010000000040000000000803f214007 000c000000000000000840000524ac000018ac00000210c0db0100000 00000000000000000000000000000000001000000ffd8ffe000104a46 494600010101006000600000ffe110bb45786966000049492a0008000 00003001a01050001000000320000001b010500010000003a00000028 010300010000000200000042000000480000000100000048000000010 0000006000301030001000000060000001a0105000100000090000000 1b0105000100000098000000280103000100000002000000010204000 1000000a0000000020204000100000013100000000000004800000001 0000004800000001000000ffd8ffe000104a464946000101010060006 00000ffdb00430006040506050406060506070706080a100a0a09090a 140e0f0c1017141818171416161a1d251f1a1b231c1616202c2023262 7292a29191f2d302d283025282928ffdb0043010707070a080a130a0a 13281a161a28282828282828282828282828282828282828282828282 82828282828282828282828282828282828282828282828282828ffc0 0011080059008003012200021101031101ffc4001f000001050101010 1010100000000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002 010303020403050504040000017d01020300041105122131410613516 107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a16171819 1a25262728292a3435363738393a434445464748494a5354555657585 95a636465666768696a737475767778797a838485868788898a929394Prepared By : Mr. P. Saravanan,MCA.,ME.,(Ph.d) Asso.Prof/IT, MEC

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95969798999aa2a3a4a5a6a7a8a9aab2b3b4b5b6b7b8b9bac2c3c4c5c 6c7c8c9cad2d3d4d5d6d7d8d9dae1e2e3e4e5e6e7e8e9eaf1f2f3f4f5 f6f7f8f9faffc4001f010003010101010101010101000000000000010 2030405060708090a0bffc400b5110002010204040304070504040001 0277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c 109233352f0156272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a353637 38393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737 475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5 a6a7a8a9aab2b3b4b5b6b7b8b9bac2c3c4c5c6c7c8c9cad2d3d4d5d6d 7d8d9dae2e3e4e5e6e7e8e9eaf2f3f4f5f6f7f8f9faffda000c030100 02110311003f00fa4750d6f4c11dc5baeb961697415e305a68c989fa6 4a93d41ec6a92eb36425d3d8f8ab4d2902b0b95df17fa492b8073bbe4 c1e78eb57f52d36f6ee6f321d4bec8caac88d15ba96507dd89efb4f4c 1283208c834342f0ccda469f65689aa4d7296712c1019432ed8d44602 908caa7fd52f2413cb0e8c41562949a563a0b4b982f2d61b9b49a39ed a64592296270c9221190ca4704107208ac4d4b5dd36e2d992cbc49a6d a4c48c4be6c52630c09e09c72011f8e7b56878734a8b41f0f697a45b3 c9241a7dac5691bc98dccb1a0504e38ce0557d634abcd4ed0dbb6a46d 958105ada328c41041e771ec4fd339182010c49db5248b5fd1a490247 ac69eeeec02a8b942493c607349625a2d7f50b65924680410dc05772f b5dde60d827240f917e51c0c700555d3bc3d259ea9a9df1bd134ba8ec 13ef8790abbb6aa907800390339e83df32dc19ad758d4aed63f90da5b 22b30f949124d91f8061f98a892d63fd7465c3e197a7ea8daa2b908fc 631ba9c496dbc2ee283e662319e0027777fbb9e411505e78eecacec8d e4f75682d87fcb450ce3ef6dc704f39c8c7fb2de871baa551bb28b39f dac3f991db515c6ea5e36b6d32d5ee2fa7b686156d858ab1c90402001 c9c13838e8739e957bc39e254d6e484dbb42f1baee3b7a8e0fbe3a823 d3208ec693a7351e769dbb8d548b7ca9ea696872b5d457175296f31ae 26831b8ed0b1cce8b85ce01c0e48ebf80c4369a3ecba9ee9b52beb859 cc8c88d70db103e301429030074efc939e987785ffe41b37fd7ede7fe 94c9599addad9d8788bc3925bd8db89af6e9ac249002a56116b3c9b40 040c1312020820855c8caa95e7a5ad38b7d8e8a8dc67248ded2acdac2 c23b66b99ee8c79fdecec59db273c9efd6add456f0f93e6ed7765772e

IT 2351 / NETWORK PROGRAMMING AND MANAGEMENT

UNIT-1

15b184cf5038ce3393ce7a9ed8025ad56866db6eecc89348170cb27db ef3cb3379f88ee1d4302a06dc86fbbc0381dfa7048ad2b5816dadd618 cc8cab9c1924691bae7966249fc4d733ab697a7d8df6936d0d9a795aa 5fbc7741a47fdeafd9ee24c37cdf3ae46dd8d950b80000ab8eac00338 1d793ef492486e526acd98f75e2082def52dfec5aaca0b32bcb158cac 91e3d4ede41ec5777e5593a3f896f64d67578b51d36eedf4a89e35d3d 934e9cbc8bb7e72d807f8ba0da303d6bac91d6342ef90a392719acdd1 b5ab4d4e6b8b582495aeed153ed0af6b2c182c0e301c0eb827009c0c7 a8cb246783df5293c25a23ebc186b0d63035e865553e798d7ccc85e07 cd9e071e95af543c3daac1aee81a6eaf68b225b5fdb457712ca007549 10300c0123383ce09abf4005616a28d7bab5ddb18d2436f6f04d0640c a33bcaac413eaa807e7ea6b76b2adbfe46ad47febcadbff439ea27ba5 e6690da4fcbf54667f655e7fcf1ff00c797fc6aa4be1ebb92e04bb255 3bb2c05cb004631c00c00e71d8feb9aeceaaea1610df7d9bcf7b95fb3 ccb3a79173243965e81b630debcf28d953dc1ad136b6327152dce76df 44bab785628e290aaf4324dbdbf166249fc4d5ed32c2e60be8e4963da 8b9c9dc0f63ef5bd4526efab1a56d118de1d8c4ba4ce8c58037b77f75 8a9ff8f993b8e6b0750d36ea1d634afed1bbb79c4d7d30b2123ce2485 fc8b82bb181c6ef2f2096c0dbb87271bba1f0bffc8366ff00afdbcffd 2992a878b3fe43de0cff00b0b49ffa43775950fe1c7d11a56fe24bd59 aba2dbcd1da4725df9ab70c0e55e62e42e7e50dc95dd8c676f19ce38a b17f691df5a3dbced3ac6f8c9827785c60e787421874ec7dba558a2b5 333cd1bc1ad6de29b16d5b53bbbad3e7b9905924baa5ef9d0cbe5ccc3 cb2af853e56e5258f201c119c1eb3c2ba2369b0f9f752deb5db7989b6 6d46e2e1447bc94cac8eca24d813715e376ec1c1a3c4bff0021af09ff 00d84dff00f48ee6b7e800a6e15f6b119c7232391c7e9d6b2752d2af2 f2fed6e23d525b65824121862521260338571bb91ce78c67033903150 41a1df45a64367fdb373218e48e4370e18cae56412619b77dd6c6d200 0369c71401b5696d059dac36d690c705b428b1c51448152340301540e 000060015cb5c7c4bf035bdbcb349e30f0f948d4bb08f5089d88033c2 ab124fb0049ed5abe0bd097c31e12d23438ee24b91a7dac76fe748589 90aae0b61998a827385c90a30070055e4b0862d40ddc39899c379a918 0ab33b041bdc63e670b1aa83d8647a600316d7c7de0fbbba86dad7c57Prepared By : Mr. P. Saravanan,MCA.,ME.,(Ph.d) Asso.Prof/IT, MEC

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e1f9ee26711c7147a942ceec4e02a80d9249e0015a16dff2356a3ff5e 56dff00a1cf4d5d136eacf7ff00da3a8b96b67b6fb3bcd983e6937efd 98fbe3ee83d978a75b7fc8d5a8ff00d795b7fe873d44b78fafe8cd21f 0cbd3f546934d1aac8cd22058fef92c004e33cfa71cd297512042ca1d 8160b9e4818c9c7e23f3158d7da55ec9aa59de41784ac374267b67242 30d9246769e4a90b206c72acd18c042ccd59ba6685aad969fae412496 f7126ab34b7459e77fdc349191e50ca9dcaa55006f972a4fca3680c9c e57b58e88e1e94a3cded174fcf5fbb7f3d8eb68ae626d1f556d52d6e9 2e2dc1b482e218e407634e5e481d4c8a13033e5b87dbd78236eec2eee 990496d6ee92ecdc669a41b4e461a4661d8738233efebd69c64dbb346 5528c61152534eff00f07fe07de53f0bff00c8366ffafdbcff00d2992 a878b3fe43de0cffb0b49ff00a437757fc2ff00f20d9bfebf6f3ff4a6 4aa1e2cff90f7833fec2d27fe90ddd4d0fe1c7d1115bf892f5674b451 456a66607897fe435e13ffb09bffe91dcd6fd607897fe435e13ff00b0 9bff00e91dcd6fd00145727ac78ef45d3352fb2b5f69d3048a733edd4 20478a58caed88a3b8f99b2e3a8c15e78390eb1f1ef86e66647d634db 7454055e6d46dceff998638909ce155b9ece3b860003aaa2b9af04ebd a8eb7e0fd1753d4b48b9b6bdbbb48a69a21e5aa866504951e61214f50 09dc0119c1c8a65d78f7c33031dbade9732889e42d1dfc07918c260b8 3b9b271c63e539238c807515956dff2356a3ff5e56dff00a1cf546dfc 6be1dbb6f2ed35bd2e49dc948a317911691b385014364e4f418c9fcaa f5b7fc8d5a8ff00d795b7fe873d44b78fafe8cd21f0cbd3f546ad1455 5bf4bd7fb3ff0067dc5b41b66569fcf81a5df17f12ae1d76b1e30c770 1fdd356665aa28a280327c2ff00f20d9bfebf6f3ff4a64aa1e2cff90f 7833fec2d27fe90ddd5af0faceda637d9e48d31a85d17df197dcbf699 320608c1f7e71e86a96b71dc5f5fe872b4496975637fe7c115c5c2aa5 db186e2268d59773642334a3e5e405e8776cca87f0e3e88d2b7f125ea cea28ac16d435a49f5349f4d823486dda5b3786579c5c30270adf2aec 6185caf3bb7fcadf2b56c2492fd8d64960227f2f73428c1be6c72a09c 03cf1938fc2b53331bc4bff0021af09ff00d84dff00f48ee6b7eb9dd4 7ed533dacf7b690a5dd9dc4b369d04776a0ddca2195021dca36ee5666 0013803248c115afa5cb7935987d4ada3b5b92cc1a18e4f3157070087 c0dc0e370e01c1008041a00b74566df6a1716930536a8ca559f7877da

IT 2351 / NETWORK PROGRAMMING AND MANAGEMENT

UNIT-1

a8b8c966d9b54f20e3393ce338359fa6789edf54489f4e6b5b8592736 c1a3924204823326d63e5fcbf20cf38ec3a902803a2a2b8df0f78ff4f d57c37a6eab2d86b30b5dda4574d145a55dce10ba062aaeb161c0ce03 0e0f51d6b4756d7e4b0b936b32d9413340d2a4925ce464745d980ee4e 18e147f09e41c6403a1acab6ff91ab51ffaf2b6ff00d0e7accf0bf8b6 3f12d9ddde6950c32d9db4f25bb4eb70195d91994ecc039180ac0f42a ebce72069db7fc8d5a8ff00d795b7fe873d44b78fafe8cd21f0cbd3f5 43fc4f23c3e1bd5a585da3912d266475382a421c107b1ae661bbd505c 38966cc1ced6f3d8bf5ee30074fe5d4d765796d15e59cf6d70bba19a3 68dc038ca9183fa1aa4744b52305a523ea3fc2a96926ec4bb38a5fd74 387ff008483514b38bcfbcb68eea7c080b49284932323a8c8f71cf61c 1618b535feaf1e9772f7738491612d98257383b39c77fbdd3daba8ff0 084734ffdd7eeff00d50db1f0bf20c63038e38e2a49342b4911924f35 9186194b6323d2b4ab3528b505632a50946579b17c348c9a592eacbe6 5cdc4ca1860ed799d9723a83861c1e47438359de2cff90f7833fec2d2 7fe90ddd5ef0c9c6993939e2f6f3a0cffcbcc94dd5ed1750bfd1ae55a 65fecdbc7ba2a2027cc1e4cd011938c7fadddc6490bc020e6b9e8ff00 0e3e88deb7f125eacd9a2abd8dd7dae0693c89e0db2c916d9936b1d8e c9b80feeb6ddca7ba907bd526d65135bbdb07865c5b416d37991a3485 8cd248806d504e0796096e98249c0526b5332af897fe435e13ff00b09 bff00e91dcd6fd64ea769f6ebed2e60664934e9fed86311e7ccdd0cd1 6cdc4edc8f3093827ee8fef0356edef7cebfbab6fb35cc7e42a1f3a44 c4726eddc21cf240009f4dc3be4000cfb8f08f86ee6e259ee7c3fa3cd 3cac5e4924b28d99d89c92495c924f7a863f06785de3566f0be8c8480 4ab584395f638047e55d0d140115adbc1676b0db5a431c16d0a2c7145 128548d40c05503800018005605df843c3305acd2c5e13d22e648d19d 618ac600f21032157700b93d06481ea45749450061c1e10f0d5bcd1cd 0787b478a68d83a3a5944acac0e41042f04559b18a76d6afef2585a18 9a28add03b292fb1a425c6d27e53e60c6707839038ce9d152e3769f62 94ac9aee14514551214514500666870cd689756d342ea16e259965cae c90492bc981839e370072073d3239aade21b1b9bbd5fc3135bc45e2b3 d45e79db701e5a1b4b88c1e4f3f3488303279cf4048dca2a611e48a8a e854a5ccf9985145154498daeda5c5cea9e1d96de232476b7ef2cec18Prepared By : Mr. P. Saravanan,MCA.,ME.,(Ph.d) Asso.Prof/IT, MEC

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IT 2351 / NETWORK PROGRAMMING AND MANAGEMENT

UNIT-1

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IT 2351 / NETWORK PROGRAMMING AND MANAGEMENT

UNIT-1

462a5463e51b46482739c0e307a8995fa1ac25156e6e8ccad4b4cf135 e7845342161a747b2d638b79bb63b9d1a3c1fb9c0c2bfaf3b7de95b41 bd6d7351d49f41d265b8b9bd8e7b6bb966fdec0122890744c9c18cb6d 0c01ce3b9359da4f7474aaf4e3f0c9adfa77b79f90ade15bbb8b5d3ee 5bc8b3d46daf9649b636f59adfed427319381d3008e38208e8c6b6ec2 cef23f166a7a84b1c42d6e2dade289849962633213918e3fd671c9e94 d41ab32275e328b8fafe6bfc8d7a2b539028a0028a0028a0028a0028a 0028a0028a0028a0028a0028a0028a0028a002bcc7c3bff2713e24ff0 0b0647ffa0dbd7063be3a3fe3fd247a380f86b7f81fe713d3a8aef3ce 0a2800a2800a2800a2800a2800a2800a2800a2800accf16ffc8a9abff d78cdff00a2cd6388fe0cfd1fe45d2f8d7a9cf7c0ff00f925da3fd26f fd1d257695965ffeeb4bfc2bf23a330ff7babfe27f9b0a2bace40a280 0a2800a2800a2800a2800a2800a2800a2800a2800a2800a280397d7fc 6d65a4f8864d063d1f5cd52f62b48aee65d3ecccab1472bca91963918 24c3271fecd54ff0084fbfea4af19ff00e0afff00b2a003fe13effa92 bc67ff0082bffeca8ff84fbfea4af19ffe0aff00fb2a003fe13eff00a 92bc67ff82bff00eca8ff0084fbfea4af19ff00e0afff00b2a003fe13 effa92bc67ff0082bffeca8ff84fbfea4af19ffe0aff00fb2a00934ff 1f595c6b7a6e9375a0f88b4c9b5299e0b592fac0c71bc8b149315dd93 83b2290ffc06bafa0028a00caf166bd65e1ad11f56bf8ee6585668205 8ede2324924934a90c6aabdc979147e3583ff0009f7fd495e33ff00c1 5fff00654007fc27dff52578cfff00057ffd951ff09f7fd495e33ffc1 5ff00f654007fc27dff0052578cff00f057ff00d951ff0009f7fd495e 33ff00c15fff00654007fc27dff52578cfff00057ffd951ff09f7fd49 5e33ffc15ff00f654007fc27dff0052578cff00f057ff00d95747e1ad 62cbc41e1ed3f5dd359dacf50b68ee602ebb5b63a86191d8e0d006857 98f877fe4e27c49ff0060c8ff00f41b7ae0c77c747fc7fa48f4701f0d 6ff03fce27a7515de79c1450014500145001450014500145001450014 5001599e2dff915357ffaf19bff00459ac71610000026060f00222057 4d464301000000000001000000000000003a000000002000005cf5060 05c35070011fc19fa3fc8ba5f1af539ef81ff00f24bb47fa4dffa3a4a ed2b2cbffdd697f857e474661fef757fc4ff0036713ab6b9e2ebaf1ce a1e1df0ddbe86b169f616b752cba834a59da779d40509d00f23bff7aaPrepared By : Mr. P. Saravanan,MCA.,ME.,(Ph.d) Asso.Prof/IT, MEC

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IT 2351 / NETWORK PROGRAMMING AND MANAGEMENT

UNIT-1

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IT 2351 / NETWORK PROGRAMMING AND MANAGEMENT

UNIT-1

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IT 2351 / NETWORK PROGRAMMING AND MANAGEMENT

UNIT-1

3c7415db848c6a2fde2babdbef4f5f5d11c588938d45ecddb4bfc935a 7a7bccade1fd4b5eb893456bad5ccaba88ba89945b2284f2f76d71c64 b71f4c76cf260b7f106b967a658ead757f1ddadde8935d981adc2a24a 9e56d395f9b07ccf9bb704f1dbd0583c3cea38285afa6ef4f8ff00f91 382189c4aa7cee77b6bb2d748bfd5ec694979e20d36e56defeee264be 92282d999d1a589cb61d8008808c118c8386c6720e29355b5d4d75dd1 e09b5db8756d464f28c6910754fb24870ff0026d27707c71d0faf2318 ac3464e5085d34dadfa2f5daf7ebd8de4b1134a33a96b35daef5f4dfe 5dc6e9dacea53dca697737b8b89f54b9b75b88e2552b1c4bbb0a0e464 f1d73c67db0d9350d74eb50e931ea6abb3537b49263029692336be7a9 e980cbd32060f048ed4e386a1cd2e68e89396efa5d5bf52556c44e2a5 19db551d9793bfe9dbe66d784eeef27f0e89afe7fb4dc452dc44f2ec0 9e679733a0381c0c851d2b26db52d5e4d3b41d563d404abab32ac9079 0ac90f991b3a94c61be4200392723278ac3d852552a5e3a26d2d76dff cba9d33ad53d9c3deb3b27d35d97ddaf42b586a3e20fecbf0eea93eae 92a6a72db24d07d950050cac5b6b75e78ce73d38c74ab3a45ef88b51b 7b6d585c5bdbd9ddc321285d5bca254f97b57603b81c06058e79f615d 13a1868f33e5b5aebabd75b7a6de9b9c91ad8abc63cf7eade8b4d3fcf efb19a9a86bd3e8d1c977ac337dbfc392dee228113ca91447ca9c13c8 939cf7e4638c58b29bc413d947a668f79892d74db7904b29452cf2062 030f2c8280201f2e0fdee49e9b4a8e1637bc6d14efd5f5b77fe9f9094 f13cc9735e4d792eeff4b7fc123f11dedd6afe16d4ef05df9715bdd45 079110568df0d1966dd8dc7963820818038eb5ded7998b84614e304b6 6fe7a44ecc1ca53a92949dee97cb59686a7c37ff0057aeff00d853ff0 06de0ad9f16ff00c8a9abff00d78cdffa2cd78d3fe04ffedefd4f6a5f c58ffdbbf9239ef81fff0024bb47fa4dff00a3a4aed2965ffeeb4bfc2 bf22b30ff007babfe27f9b0a2bace40a28038cd47fe4b7e85ff0062de a5ff00a53635d9d00145001450014500145001450015c6de7fc96ed2f f00ec5bbcff00d29b5a00eca8a0028a0028a0028a0028a00f36f10789 bc3f6dfb42f85f47b8d62ca2d44e81a9c22d9a50242f2cfa7b46b8eb9 658a523d4237a1af49a0028a0028a0028a0028a0028a00e37e3a7fc91 2f1dff00d8b7a87fe93495d9500145001450015e7df14f41d423bdb4f 1b787e6820d534b522613c81239a0192412481dcf523209e720570667Prepared By : Mr. P. Saravanan,MCA.,ME.,(Ph.d) Asso.Prof/IT, MEC

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IT 2351 / NETWORK PROGRAMMING AND MANAGEMENT

UNIT-1

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IT 2351 / NETWORK PROGRAMMING AND MANAGEMENT

UNIT-1

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IT 2351 / NETWORK PROGRAMMING AND MANAGEMENT

UNIT-1

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IT 2351 / NETWORK PROGRAMMING AND MANAGEMENT

UNIT-1

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