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Cover letter
A RESEARCH STUDY ON COMMUNITY
PARTICIPATION, AFFORDIBILITY AND WILLINGNESS
TO PAY IN RURAL SANITATION PROGRAMME TO
IMPROVE THE HEALTH STATUS
// Paper name//
WATER SANITATION IS A TOOL FOR CHANGING
THE RURAL SYSTEM SCENERIO IN INDIA
*NAYAN PRAKASH GANDHI, **HEMLATA
GANDHI
* [MA (His), DIM, PGD (Cs), ASESI {New Delhi}](MBA+PGPM FINAL SEM)Aspirant POONA SCHOOL OFBUSINESS,
PUNE(Presented Various Research Paper in, Nat & state Level conf.)
CONTACTNO:+91-9579659412,[email protected]
** DOCTARATE IN MANAGEMENT STUDIES
DISTRICT PROJECT MANAGER, JHALAWAR (RAJ)
CONT EMAIL ID: [email protected]
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Abstract
Safe drinking water; sanitation and good hygiene are
fundamental to health, survival, growth and development. Over
1.1 billion of our fellow citizens do not use drinking water from
improved sources, while 2.6 billion lack basic sanitation. Safe
drinking water and basic sanitation are so obviously essential to
health that they risk being taken for granted. Efforts to prevent
death from diarrhea or to reduce the burden of such diseases as
ascaris, hookworm, schistosomiasis and trachoma are doomed
to failure unless people have access to safe drinking water and
basic sanitation. Lack of basic sanitation indirectly inhibits the
learning abilities of millions of school-aged children who are
infested with intestinal worms transmitted through inadequate
sanitation facilities and poor hygiene. As India moves into the
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next millennium it has many things to be proud of. With a
landmass of 3.29 million square kilometers and a population of
just over a billion India has enormous natural resources, it also
has the second largest pool of technical and scientific personnel
in the world and is one of the fastest growing economies in the
developing world in terms of its GDP growth.
In the five decades since independence, India has witnessed a
significant achievement in many of the millennium development
goals like reduction of extreme hunger and poverty by increasing
self-sufficiency in food grains, increased life expectancy,
sustainable management of its natural resources, rapid expansion
in the urban, energy and industrial sectors, improved child and
maternal health, increased universal primary and higher
education, advancement in the field of science and technology,
increased access to water and sanitation facilities, increased
participation of women in social and political arena and above all
a multicultural and religious vibrant social democracy.
However India is still far behind other developing nations in terms
of achievement in some of the very basic social and economic
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development indicators especially in the rural areas where
majority of our population lives. 65% of its rural areas are without
sanitation facilities and large parts of rural India face acute water
shortage. Some areas are completely deprived of education
facilities particularly secondary and higher education and drop
out of children from schools particularly girls is very high. Infant
and Maternal Mortality rates are very high, and around 0.6-0.7
million children people majority from the backward castes are
involved in manual scavenging.
Concerning to all these important points this paper is all about
Indias rural sector management and development as per
important factor that is water sanitation and hygiene practices
implementation for improvement community participation and
their health and living standard And also assign that what is major
challenges behind this and what are the solutions .This paper also
explores the job opportunity in the social sector concerning to this
important wide sector which have a still unlimited opportunity in
our such type of country .
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SANITATION: Background
A direct relationship exists between water, sanitation, health,
nutrition, and human wellbeing. Consumption of contaminated
drinking water, improper disposal of human excreta, lack of
personal and food hygiene, and improper disposal of solid and
liquid waste have been the major causes of many diseases in
developing countries like India. Persisting high infant mortality
rate (IMR. National average -- 69) and high levels of malnutrition
(national average 41 percent) are also attributed to poor
sanitation. Increasingly, sanitation is being seen as a major issue
in environmental protection. Lack of or inadequate sanitation
impacts on the local economy, productive and school days lost
due to sickness, the overall quality of life for those living in the
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vicinity including the general aesthetics and tourism. The
economic effect on tourism assumes special dimensions in the
case of India, with its immense size, pluralistic diversity and
almost limitless tourism potential a vastly improved sanitation
scenario implies vastly improved tourist volumes and tourism
revenue inflows, robust contribution to increase in employment
and opportunities for the private entrepreneurship in the service
sector Historically, sanitation was a part of town planning even as
far back as 3000 BC. Well laid out drainage and street system
during Indus Valley Civilization, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro
excavation which became diluted over the ages and by the 20th
century; disposal of human and animal excreta was left to nature
in rural areas. In urban areas, sanitation was earlier limited to
disposal of human excreta by cesspools, open ditches, pit latrines,
bucket system etc., including the dehumanizing practice of
removal of night soil by humans hands. Today it connotes a
comprehensive concept, the lack of which impedes human
development. More importantly, young children bear a huge part
of the burden of disease resulting from the lack of hygiene. India,
for example, still loses between 0.4 to 0.5 million children below
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about the associated health hazards. As per the latest Census
data (2001), only 36.4 percent of total population has latrines
within/attached to their houses. However in rural areas, only 21.9
percent of population has latrines within/attached to their houses.
Out of this, only 7.1 percent households have latrines with water
closets, which are the most sanitized toilets.
The day every one of us gets a toilet to use, I shall know
that our country has reached the pinnacle of progress.
Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India
Water supply and sanitation were added to the national agenda
during the countrys first five-year plan (1951-56). It was only in
the early eighties, with the thrust of the International Water and
Sanitation Decade, that Indias first nationwide programme for
rural sanitation, the Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP),
was launched in 1986 in the Ministry of Rural Development with
the objective of improving the quality of life of rural people and to
provide privacy and dignity to women. The programme provided
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large subsidy for construction of sanitary latrines for BPL
households. It was supply driven, highly subsidized, and gave
emphasis on a single construction model. Based on
recommendations of the National Seminar on Rural Sanitation in
September 1992, the programme was again revised to make it an
integrated approach for rural sanitation.
Since its inception and up to the end of the IXth Plan, 9.45 million
latrines were constructed for rural households under the CRSP as
well as corresponding State MNP. The total investment made
under the CRSP was US$ 138 million, and under the State sector
MNP, US$ 232 million.
Despite the massive outlays for sanitation the Programme led to
only a marginal increase in the rural sanitation coverage, with
meager annual increase in the rural sanitation coverage. This was
because there was total lack of community participation
In this traditional, supply driven, subsidy oriented, government
programme. There was poor utilization of whatever toilets were
constructed under the Programme due to many reasons i.e. lack
of awareness, poor construction standards, emphasis on high cost
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designs, absence of participation of beneficiaries, etc. Most of the
States could not provide adequate priority to the sanitation
programme. The CRSP had also neglected school sanitation,
which is considered as one of the vital components of sanitation.
CRSP also failed to have linkages with various local institutions
like ICDS, Mahila Samakhya, women, PRIs, NGOs, research
institutions, SHGs, etc.
With the emergence of the above findings the CRSP was
restructured in 1999 with a provision for phasing out the
allocation-based component by the end of the IXth Plan i.e. 2001-
2002 and moving from a project based mode of implementation
into a peoples campaign towards achieving total sanitation.
The primary responsibility of providing drinking water facilities in
the country rests with State Governments. The efforts of State
Governments are supplemented by Government of India by
providing financial assistance under the Centrally Sponsored
Scheme of Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme (ARWSP).
ARWSP has been under implementation since 1972-73. In 1986,
the National Drinking Water Mission, renamed as Rajiv Gandhi
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National Drinking Water Mission in 1991, was launched and
further in 1999, the Department of Drinking Water Supply was
created, to provide a renewed focus with mission approach to
implement programmes for rural drinking water supply.
Reforms in sanitation along with water supply thus started to gain
in strength from the middle of 1999 onwards. While the low
subsidy policy met with initial resistance, gradually, there is
growing acceptance among implementers and local communities.
The Bharat Nirman Programme was another important step to
taken towards building up a strong Rural India by strengthening
the infrastructure in six areas viz. Housing, Roads, Electrification,
Communication(Telephone), Drinking Water and Irrigation, with
the help of a plan to be implemented in four years, from 2005-06
to 2008-09.
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The sanitation movement got a boost with the advent of the Total
Sanitation Campaign in the country. The Total Sanitation
campaign was launched in April 1999, advocating of a shift from a
high subsidy to a low subsidy regime, a greater household
involvement and demand responsiveness, and providing for the
promotion of a range of toilet options to promote increased
affordability.
The TSC gives emphasis on Information, Education and
Communication (IEC) for demand generation of sanitation
facilities, providing for stronger back up systems such as trained
masons and building materials through rural sanitary marts and
production centers and including a thrust on school sanitation as
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Why should our cities and villages be unclean and
unhygienic? Can this not be changed visibly by changing the
habits and mindset of each one of us? Shouldnt citizens
themselves initiate a drive for water conservation, energy
conservation, and conservation of our precious cultural
heritage?
Atal Behari Vajpayee
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an entry point for encouraging wider acceptance of sanitation by
rural masses as key strategies. It also lays emphasis on school
sanitation and hygiene education for bringing about attitudinal
and behavioral changes for relevant sanitation and hygiene
practices from a young age.
With the scaling up of TSC combined with higher resource
allocation, the programme implementation has improved
substantially leading to construction of household latrines in more
than 21.7 million rural households. There has been a considerable
increase in the construction of household toilets under TSC and
the corresponding increase in the sanitation coverage.
Corresponding to the increase in adoption of IHHLs, there has
been substantial increase in the rural sanitation coverage from
22% in 2001 to about 44% in 2007 which is a good jump.
Compared to average annual growth rate of only 1 percent during
1981-2001, the average growth rate is more than 3 percent in
first five years of the current decade. However growth rate in the
2006-07 has been more than 6 percent which is quite
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encouraging and gives the confidence of achieving 100%
coverage by 2012.
Although the TSC was launched in 1999, the pace of progress has
been gradual. Rural sanitation being a State subject, it is
necessary that State Governments accord high priority to the
programme. Though most States have included TSC in their
programmes, financial allocations for sanitation often are not
adequate due to lack of priority attached to the programme which
often takes a back seat to water which is a more politically
important area The states where high priority is attached, good
results are coming.
The second reason has been less emphasis on Capacity building
and IEC activities with inadequate capacity building at the cutting
edge level for implementing a demand driven project -giving
emphasis on social mobilization and IEC. The implementation
machinery at the field level, which is quite familiar with working of
the supply driven, target oriented schemes of the government
need to be sensitized further to the challenges of this demand
driven approach. For this change of attitude and ways of
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functioning of the persons responsible for the implementation of
the scheme is needed. Management of this change in approach
requires more attention.
Some of the other challenges are existence of state level high
subsidy schemes in many states, provision of low cost and region
specific technological options, Quality of construction, usage and
operation and maintenance of the sanitation facilities and
Convergence with various other departments at National, State,
district and grassroots level
Relevance of Water AND Sanitation [MAJOR CHALLENGE
FOR INDIA]
India cannot achieve real development if majority of its people
particularly live in an unhealthy and unclean surroundings due to
lack of access to safe water and sanitation. Poor water and
sanitation facilities have many other serious repercussions. A
direct link exists between water, sanitation and, health and
nutrition and human well being .Consumption of contaminated
drinking water, improper disposal of human excreta, lack of
personal and food hygiene and improper disposal of solid and
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liquid waste have been major causes of many diseases in India
and it is estimated that around 30 million people suffer from
water related illnesses. Children particularly girls and women are
the most affected.
Despite significant investments over the last 20 years, India still
faces the most daunting sanitation challenge than any other
country in South Asia. According to an estimate, India stands
second among the worst places in the world for sanitation after
China. Government figure claims that India is all set to achieve
MDG target but still a vast majority of unserved population is poor
rural inhabitants. The rapid urbanization is putting a strain on
already stressed urban sanitation systems in India. Slums are
very rarely connected to citys sanitation infrastructure and the
sanitation situation is deplorable. Effective implementation of
sanitation schemes, increased civil societys participation,
enhancing financial allocation and monitoring progress and
effective targeting seems to be the key to achieve total sanitation
in India.
Sanitation: A Global Crisis
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Sanitation is in crisis. 2.6 billion People worldwide - 40% of the
worlds population - does not have a toilet. Yet, despite the fact
that 5,000 children die every day from diarrheal diseases, there
has been no political action on the issue.
Sanitation is the most neglected and most off-track of the UN
Millennium Development Goals' targets.
Sanitation is vital for poverty reduction. There is compelling
evidence that sanitation brings the single greatest return on
investment of any development intervention
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In the developing world, the costs of not investing in sanitation
and water are huge - infant deaths, lost work days, and missed
school days are estimated to have an economic cost of around
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LACK OF
SANITATION
SPREAD OF DISEASES
ILL HEALTH /
EXPENDITURE ON
MEDICINE
LOW INCOME / LESS EXPENDITURE ON
NUTRITION, SANITATION AND EDUCATION
VICIOUS
POVERTY
CYCLE
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$38 billion per year, with sanitation accounting for 92% of this
value.
India stands second among the worst places in the world for
sanitation as a total number of people lacking access to sanitation
after China. Other south Asian countries are Bangladesh (4th rank
- total population lacking access to sanitation is 84,912,000) and
Pakistan (7th rank - total population lacking access to sanitation is
63,468,000).
Drinking Water:
Fresh water is a finite and valuable resource, essential to sustain
life, development and the environment. Water is a precious
resource and vital for life. Access to a safe and affordable water
supply of drinking water is universally recognized as a basic
human need for the present and a pre-condition for the
development and care of the next. Water shortage, poor quality,
or unreliable supplies have profound effects on peoples well
being.
Providing water alone is not enough, it should be safe and
constant efforts are required to ensure its quality. Water quality
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affects human health. Coupled with unsanitary conditions and
lack of good hygiene practices, water can be accountable for
various diseases like, ascaris, hookworm, trachoma, cholera,
typhoid, diarrhea, jaundice etc. Thus, there are significant health
associated benefits from improvements in water supply. Improved
access safe water supply is an essential ingredient in facilitating
the socio-economic development of rural communities.
Though it has been established that the government makes
efforts to provide safe water to the people, improper distribution,
and the lack of proper maintenance and improper installation of
hand pumps have made them defunct or not suitable for drinking
purpose.
It has been found that people frequently dip their fingers in water
vessels as they removed a glass of water. Without proper hand
washing this will contaminate drinking water. (Unwashed) water
vessels are frequently dipped into storage tanks to retrieve water.
In the home, pots are usually kept on the floor, uncovered. As
chlorination is not uniform, it is very likely that drinking water is
thus rendered unfit for consumption.
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It has been mostly seen that people usually take water from the
pots through cups or glasses by dipping their hands into the water
vessel. This action lets the bacteria and other infection enter the
water and pollute it. This action and the drinking of the water in
this fashion mostly affect the children and suffer from water
borne diseases.
With the TSC program implemented in the district through IEC
and social communication and marketing many adopted safe
methods of handling of drinking water. Many of them have started
using the long handle ladle for drinking water purpose.
This data
has been
tabulated
taking into
considering the 480 families of all the six villages of the three
blocks. It has been seen that though large number have the long
handle ladle at home they are using while taking water from the
pots.
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Use of Long Handle Ladle
V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6
69 67 63 64 63 41
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0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
6 0
7 0
V 1 V 2 V 3 V 4 V 5 V 6
U s e o f L o n g H a n d
V
V
V
V
V
V
Most of the storage of the water is on the ground itself. The
household mostly the women bring water from a distant source or
water tank and store the water in an earthen pot or bucket. In
most of the families it has been seen the water brought from the
source are generally uncovered and kept at the floor or on the
ground itself. Thus the drinking gets contaminated from the
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source itself to the storage place due to improper method of
storage.
Some of the families having water connection take water directly
from the source itself. During the survey it has also seen that in
79 families they keep the drinking water pots/buckets on a raised
platform. Keeping water on the raised platform decreases the
incidence of contamination of the water.
It has been seen that in Rajasthan water is a scarce resource
familys use water very carefully. Storing water for drinking for
many days also increases the incidence of contamination.
Storage of Water
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Table 17
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On
Ground
Above
platform
Direct from
Source Others
310 79 51 40
Water Storage
0
50
100
150
200
250300
350
On Ground Above
platform
Direct f rom
Source
Others
On Ground
Above platform
Direct f rom Sou
Others
In most of the families it has been seen that they take water from
the wells home itself. Though water from wells is not hygienic
they use it. 195 families use water from hand pump to be used in
drinking and other purpose. 57 families use tap water in their
household.
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From the analysis it was seen that HH taking water from a safe
source were less influenced by water borne diseases rather than
families with unsafe drinking water source.
Water
Availability
Well Tap HP
228 57 195
Water Availability
47%
12%
41%
Well
TapHP
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Table 18
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Action on Sanitation
Sanitation action should start simultaneously with the most
disadvantaged and marginalized as well as with those who
exercise influence on others in the community
Established demand factors (not the assumption that one low
cost size fits all) are the engines for sanitation action.
Awareness about the link between and sanitation and health is
needed to stimulate sanitation demand in most communities,
where the concern is for personal dignity and safety.
Hygiene education that can stimulate demands by awareness of
the link between sanitation and health.
Sanitation solutions that are location- specific, founded by local
needs/conditions/resources and capacities.
Institutional encouragement and protection of the role of women
needs to be established.
A strong convergence between all the functions, departments,
sectors and networks that impinge on sanitation. This should
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include networking with other development sectors and self-help
activities.
Technologies for sanitation that are demand responsive, gender
sensitive, child friendly and supported by local knowledge and
resources.
Water supply issues needs to be addressed with all technical
innovations.
Financial mechanisms for sanitation those are easily accessible to
women, communities and households, respecting demand factors
and encouraging innovation and demonstration.
School sanitation as a major catalyst for community awareness
and action. It is a sector with its own special needs and
opportunities.
O & M recognized as a capacity and function on which
sustainability depends.
M&E indicators developed to track sanitation not only in physical
terms but in terms of empowerment, capacity- building and
changes in health.
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A sound data base created for the sector that can ensure better
choices and decisions.
Entrepreneurship and the private sector recognized as important
keys to accelerated sanitation.
Communication skills developed and shared to encourage and
sustain changes in attitudes and behaviors
Recognize communication for behavior change as the essential
catalyst for sanitation action and build communication capacity at
the grassroots.
Village to village women to women communication is essential for
taking successful demonstrations to scale. There are excellent
examples now available of what women can and have achieved.
Authorities and NGOs/CSOs/CBOs need to facilitate these contacts
for mutual learning. Developing communications skills within
CSOs/NGOs and among the communities they serve.
Media supports are essential in taking the sanitation message into
every sector of public life.
Media outreach for public awareness
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Inadequate Progress in This Major Issue: Factors
Lack of adequate dissemination of appropriate technology.
Lack of political will and administrative support for the
sanitation programme
Lack of awareness among the people, particularly those in
the rural areas, about the need of sanitation and its health
consequences.
Health sector`s inadequate involvement and lack of required
advocacy on its part
Failure to develop a demand driven approach with needed
participation of the people at the grassroots level
Low prestige and recognition
Poor institutional framework
Inadequate and poorly-used resources
In appropriate approaches
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Failure to accept the disadvantages of conventional excreta
management systems
Neglect of consumer preferences
Ineffective promotion and low public awareness
Lowest priority given to women and children
Cultural taboo and beliefs
RECOMMENDATION FOR OVERCOME THIS PROBLEM:
Administration Sanctions and implementation
Huge financial support
Corporate bodys participation should be increase
Technical support should be increase
Local politicians should be participate
Women candidates participation should be increase
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Government should be actively supported and timely evaluate the
project
Media and impressive personality should be enter for awareness
ORGANIZATION INVOLVED IN THIS SECTOR
Water Aid India
DDWS-GoI
Arghyam
SULABH INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SERVICE ORG.
WWF
ASIAN WATER
And many non government organizations are present in this
sector where a social science graduate or civil eng. Graduate or
management graduate can start their career in this prestigious
mobilization sector.
AS a
Project coordinator[at various senior level position]
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Training coordinator
programme manager
Project in charge
Sr. supervisor
Administrator
Sr. accountant
Entrepreneur
CONCLUSION:
Infect there is no doubt that water sanitation and hygiene
practices are essential for not only for rural areas development
also for increase their status in the society and improvement their
standard by going on further progress which would be better for
himself and their society and at last for Indian sector
development and proper management of socio eco resources
which would be better for not only the progress as per their living
standard but also useful for their employability , heath standard,
social standard . by this there is no doubt to say that sanitation is
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a key for Indian rural development in social, educational,
employment, health, economically concern which will show in
current and future trends of Rural management.
References
[1]Central Bureau of Health Intelligence, Ministry of Health and
Family Welfare, 1998-99
[2]WHO and UNICEF year book, 2000
[3]Meeting the MDG drinking Water and Sanitation. The urban and
rural challenge of the decade.
[4]Guideline to Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP)
[6]Annual Report (1999-2000). Ministry of Rural Development,
New Delhi, 2000
[7] Scribd.com
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