NP 1 Africa Pilot Vol I 14ed 2006

7/23/2019 NP 1 Africa Pilot Vol I 14ed 2006

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NP 1

RECORD OF AMENDMENTS

The table below is to record Section IV Notices to Mariners amendments affecting this volume.Subparagraph numbers in the margin of the body of the book are to assist the user when making amendments to this volume.

Weekly Notices to Mariners (Section IV)

2006 2007 2008 2009

IMPORTANT SEE RELATED ADMIRALTY PUBLICATIONSThis is one of a series of publications produced by the United Kingdom Hydrographic Office which should be consulted by users ofAdmiralty Charts. The full list of such publications is as follows:

Notices to Mariners (Annual, permanent, temporary and preliminary), Chart 5011 (Symbols and abbreviations), The MarinersHandbook (especially Chapters 1 and 2 for important information on the use of UKHO products, their accuracy and limitations),Sailing Directions (Pilots), List of Lights and Fog Signals, List of Radio Signals, Tide Tables and their digital equivalents.

All charts and publications should be kept up to date with the latest amendments.

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NP 1

AFRICA PILOT

VOLUME IArquiplago da MadeiraIslas Canarias

Arquiplago de Cabo VerdeWest coast of Africa from

Cap Spartel to Bakassi Peninsula

FOURTEENTH EDITION2006

PUBLISHED BY THE UNITED KINGDOM HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE

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E Crown Copyright 2006

To be obtained from Agents

for the sale of Admiralty Charts and Publications

Copyright for some of the material inthis publication is owned by the authority

named under the item and permission for itsreproduction must be obtained from the owner.

Previous editions:

First published as Western Coast of Africa 1849. . . . . . . .2nd Edition as Africa Pilot Volume I 1856. . . . . . . . . . . .3rd Edition 1873. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4th Edition 1880. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5th Edition 1890. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6th Edition 1899. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7th Edition 1907. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8th Edition 1920. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9th Edition 1930. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10th Edition 1939. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11th Edition 1953. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12th Edition 1967. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13th Edition 1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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PREFACE

The Fourteenth Edition ofAfrica Pilot Volume Ihas been compiled by Mr Hemant Vora. The United Kingdom Hydrographic Office hasused all reasonable endeavours to ensure that this pilot contains all the appropriate information obtained by and assessed by it at the dateshown below. Information received or assessed after that date will be included inAdmiralty Notics to Mariners where appropriate. If indoubt, see The Mariners Handbook for details of what Admiralty Notics to Mariners are and how to use them.

This edition supersedes the Thirteenth Edition (1982) and Supplement No 8 (2002), which are cancelled.

Information on currents and climate has been based on data supplied by the Met Office, Exeter.

The following sources of information, other than UKHO Publications and Ministry of Defence papers, have been consulted:

BritishFairplay Ports Guide 2004/2005

Lloyds List Ports of the World 2004/2005

Lloyds Shipping Statistics 2004.

Whitakers Almanack 2005

The Statemans Year Book 2005

Cruising Guide to W Africa 1997, RCC Pilotage Foundation.

PortugueseRoteiro da Costa de Portugal, Arquiplago da Madeira, 2001.

SpanishDerrotero de la Costa W de Africa, 1996.

FrenchC4Instructions nautiques, Afrique (cte ouest) 1997.

United StatesPub.143, Sailing Directions W Coast of Europe and N W Africa, 2003.

Pub.123, Sailing Directions S W Coast of Africa, 2001.

Dr D W WilliamsUnited Kingdom National Hydrographer

The United Kingdom Hydrographic OfficeAdmiralty WayTauntonSomerset TA1 2DNEngland16th March 2006

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CONTENTSPages

Preface iii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Contents iv. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Explanatory notes vi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Abbreviations viii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Glossary x. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Index chartlets facing 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER 1

Navigation and regulationsLimits of the book (1.1) 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Navigational dangers and hazards (1.2) 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Traffic and operations (1.5) 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Charts (1.17) 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Aids to navigation (1.22) 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pilotage (1.27) 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Radio facilities (1.28) 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Regulations (1.40) 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Signals (1.56) 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Distress and rescue (1.58) 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Countries and portsArquiplago da Madeira (1.75) 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Islas Canarias (1.85) 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Republic of Cape Verde (1.95) 10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The Kingdom of Morocco (1.105) 11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Islamic Republic of Mauritania (1.115) 12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Republic of Sngal (1.125) 13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Republic of The Gambia (1.135) 14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Republic of GuineaBissau (1.145) 15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Republic of Guinea (1.155) 16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Republic of Sierra Leone (1.165) 16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Republic of Liberia (1.175) 17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Republic of Cte dIvoire (1.185) 18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Republic of Ghana (1.195) 19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Republic of Togo (1.205) 20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Republic of Benin (1.215) 21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Federal Republic of Nigeria (1.225) 22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Principal ports, harbours and anchorages (1.235) 23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Port services summary (1.236) 24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Natural conditionsMaritime topography (1.241) 26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Currents and tidal streams (1.247) 26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sea and swell (1.257) 32. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sea water characteristics (1.262) 32. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Climate and weather (1.266) 35. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Climate tables (1.291) 49. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Meteorological conversion table and scales (1.312) 71. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER 2

Arquiplago da Madeira and Islas Selvagens 73. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER 3

Islas Canarias 85. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER 4

Arquiplago de Cabo Verde 113. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER 5

Cap Spartel to Punta Durnford 135. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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EXPLANATORY NOTES

Admiralty Sailing Directions are intended for use by vessels of 150 gt or more. They amplify charted detail and contain informationneeded for safe navigation which is not available from Admiralty charts, or other hydrographic publications. They are intended to be read inconjunction with the charts quoted in the text.

This volume of the Sailing Directions will be kept up-to-date by the issue of a new edition at intervals of approximately 3 years, without

the use of supplements. In addition important amendments which cannot await the new edition are published in Section IV of the weeklyeditions ofAdmiralty Notices to Mariners. A list of such amendments and notices in force is published quarterly. Those still in force at the endof the year are reprinted in theAnnual Summary of Admiralty Notices to Mariners.

This volume should not be used without reference to Section IV of the weekly editions of Admiralty Notices to Mariners.

CDROM

Status. A compact disc is provided at the back of this volume. The paper publication of Sailing Directions satisfies the requirements ofChapter V of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea. The CD version does not satisfy these requirements and should onlybe used in conjunction with the paper publication and any amendments affecting the paper publication. Where any discrepancy existsbetween data on the CD and in the paper publication of Sailing Directions, the paper publication (inclusive of amendments) is to be reliedupon.

Disclaimer. Whilst the UKHO has made all reasonable efforts to ensure that the data on the CD was accurate at the time of production, it

has not verified the data for navigational purposes and the CD is not suitable, and is not to be relied upon, for navigation. The use of the CD forthis purpose is at the users own risk. The UKHO accepts no liability (except in the case of death or personal injury caused by the negligenceof the UKHO) whether in contract, tort, under any statute or otherwise and whether or not arising out of any negligence on the part of theUKHO in respect of any inadequacy of any kind whatsoever in the data on the CD or in the means of distribution.

Conditions of release. The material supplied on the CDROM is protected by Crown Copyright. No part of the data may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwisewithout the prior written permission of the UKHO. The copyright material, its derivatives and its outputs may not be sold or distributed orcommercially exploited in either an original or derived form without the prior written permission of the UKHO. For the avoidance of doubt,the supplied material, its derivatives and its outputs shall not be placed, or allowed to be placed, on a computer accessible to Third Partieswhether via the Internet or otherwise. The release of the supplied material in no way implies that the UKHO will supply further material.

References to hydrographic and other publications

The Mariners Handbookgives general information affecting navigation and is complementary to this volume.

Ocean Passages for the WorldandRouteing Charts contain ocean routeing information and should be consulted for other than coastalpassages.

Admiralty List of Lights should be consulted for details of lights, lanbys and fog signals, as these are not fully described in this volume.

Admiralty List of Radio Signals should be consulted for information relating to coast and port radio stations, radio details of pilotageservices, radar beacons and radio direction finding stations, meteorological services, radio aids to navigation, Global Maritime Distress andSafety System (GMDSS) and Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) stations, as these are only briefly referred to in this volume.

Annual Summary of Admiralty Notices to Mariners contains in addition to the temporary and preliminary notices, and amendments andnotices affecting Sailing Directions, a number of notices giving information of a permanent nature covering radio messages and navigationalwarnings, distress and rescue at sea and exercise areas.

The International Code of Signals should be consulted for details of distress and life-saving signals, international ice-breaker signals aswell as international flag signals.

Remarks on subject matter

Buoys are generally described in detail only when they have special navigational significance, or where the scale of the chart is too smallto show all the details clearly.

Chart index diagrams in this volume show only those Admiralty charts of a suitable scale to give good coverage of the area. Marinersshould consult NP 131 Catalogue of Admiralty Charts and Publications for details of larger scale charts.

Chart references in the text normally refer to the largest scale Admiralty chart but occasionally a smaller scale chart may be quoted whereits use is more appropriate.

Firing, practice and exercise areas. Submarine exercise areas are mentioned in Sailing Directions. Other firing, practice and exerciseareas maybe mentioned with limited details. Signals and buoys used in connection with these areas maybe mentioned if significant fornavigation. Attention is invited to the Annual Notice to Mariners on this subject.

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ABBREVIATIONSThe following abbreviations are used in the text:

AIS Automatic Identification SystemALC Articulated loading columnALP Articulated loading platformAMVER Automated Mutual Assistance Vessel Rescue

System

C degrees CelsiusCALM Catenary anchor leg mooringCBM Conventional buoy mooringCDC Certain Dangerous CargoCVTS Cooperative Vessel Traffic System

DF direction findingDG degaussingDGPS Differential Global Positioning SystemDW Deep WaterDSC Digital Selective Callingdwt deadweight tonnage

DZ danger zone

E east (easterly, eastward, eastern, easternmost)EEZ exclusive economic zoneELSBM Exposed location single buoy mooringENE east-north-eastEPIRB Emergency Position Indicating Radio BeaconESE east-south-eastETA estimated time of arrivalETD estimated time of departureEU European Union

feu forty foot equivalent unitfm fathom(s)

FPSO Floating production storage and offloadingvesselFPU Floating production unitFSO Floating storage and offloading vesselft foot (feet)

g/cm3 gram per cubic centimetreGMDSS Global Maritime Distress and Safety SystemGPS Global Positioning SystemGRP glass reinforced plasticgrt gross register tonnagegt gross tonnage

HAT Highest Astronomical TideHF high frequencyHMS Her (His) Majestys Shiphp horse powerhPa hectopascalHSC High Speed CraftHW High Water

IALA International Association of LighthouseAuthorities

IHO International Hydrographic OrganizationIMO International Maritime OrganizationITCZ Intertropical Convergence Zone

JRCC Joint Rescue Coordination Centre

kHz kilohertzkm kilometre(s)kn knot(s)

kW kilowatt(s)

Lanby Large automatic navigation buoyLASH Lighter Aboard ShipLAT Lowest Astronomical TideLF low frequencyLHG Liquefied Hazardous GasLMT Local Mean TimeLNG Liquefied Natural GasLOA Length overallLPG Liquefied Petroleum GasLW Low Water

m metre(s)mb millibar(s)MCTS Marine Communications and Traffic Services

CentresMF medium frequency

MHz megahertzMHHW Mean Higher High WaterMHLW Mean Higher Low WaterMHW Mean High WaterMHWN Mean High Water NeapsMHWS Mean High Water SpringsMLHW Mean Lower High WaterMLLW Mean Lower Low WaterMLW Mean Low WaterMLWN Mean Low Water NeapsMLWS Mean Low Water Springsmm millimetre(s)MMSI Maritime Mobile Service IdentityMRCC Maritime Rescue Co-ordination Centre

MRSC Maritime Rescue Sub-CentreMSI Marine Safety InformationMSL Mean Sea LevelMV Motor VesselMW megawatt(s)MY Motor Yacht

N north (northerly, northward, northern,northernmost)

NATO North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNavtex Navigational Telex SystemNE north-eastNNE north-north-eastNNW north-north-westNo numbernrt nett register tonnageNW north-west

ODAS Ocean Data Acquisition System

PEL Port Entry LightPLEM Pipe line end manifoldPOL Petrol, Oil & LubricantsPSSA Particularly Sensitive Sea AreasPWC Personal watercraft

RCC Rescue Coordination CentreRMS Royal Mail ShipRN Royal Navy

RoRo Rollon, Rolloff RT radio telephony

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GLOSSARY

xii

Foreign word Language English meaningmata P forest, wood, thicket. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .matla A east. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .mdano S dune, sandhill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .mdene, manra, manr A minaret. . . . . . . . .medio S middle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .menhir F large raised stone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .meridional S, P southern. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

mesa or meseta S tableland, plateau. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .milieu F middle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .mnat A harbour, bay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .minqar A point. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .mirjan A coral. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .mogote S hummock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .mle F mole, pier. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .molhe P mole, pier. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .montaa S mountain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .montanha P mountain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .mont F mountain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .monte S, P mount, mountain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .montculo S knoll. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .morro S, P headland, bluff, head of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

breakwatermouillage F anchorage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

moulin F mill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .muelle S pier, jetty, mole. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

nabi, nebi A tomb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .nahr A river. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .natur A tower. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .naufragio S wreck. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .naufrgio P wreck. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .negro S, P black. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .niebla S fog. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .noir F black. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .nord F north. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .norte S, P north. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

o, os P definite article (masc). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .occidental S, P western. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

occidentale F western. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .oeste S, P west. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .oriental S, P eastern. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .orientale F eastern. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .orilla S shore, edge, river bank. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .oued, uad A river. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ouest F west. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

palheiros P fishing village. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .palo S mast, spar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .pan de azcar S sugarloaf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .pantano S swamp, marsh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .parcel P reef, shoal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .paredo P seawall. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .pasaje S passage, ferry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .paso S pass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

passe F channel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .pedra P stone, rock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .pedregal S stony or rocky patch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .pea S, P rock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .penasco S large rock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .pennsula S, P peninsula. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .pen S rocky mountain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .pequeno P small. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .pequeo S small. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .pertuis F opening or strait. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .pescado S fish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .petit F small. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .petn S pinnacle rock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .pic F peak. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .picacho S sharp peak. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .pico S, P peak. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

piedra S stone, rock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .pierre F stone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Foreign word Language English meaningpiloto S, P pilot (official). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .piton F mountain peak. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .placer S shoal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .plateau F tableland or flat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .playa S beach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .pleamar (PM) S high water (HW). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .poblacin S town. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

poblado S village. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .poniente S western. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .pointe F point, headland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ponta P point (of land). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .pontal P promontory, point. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .pont F bridge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ponte P bridge, pier. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .pontcais P pier, jetty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .portinho P small port or harbour. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .porto P port, harbour. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .povoa P large town. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .povoao P village. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .pozo S well, deep hole in seabed or. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

riverprctico S pilot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .praia P beach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

presqule F peninsula. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .preto P black. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .promontorio S promontory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .promontrio P promontory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .puebla S village. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .pueblecito S small town, village. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .pueblo S town. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .puente S bridge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .puerto S port, harbour. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .punta S point. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .puntal S narrow point. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

quai F quay, wharf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .qalat A castle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .qasr A castle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .qornet A peak. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

quebrada S, P ravine, gully, cut, gap. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .quebramar P breakwater. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

rada S roadstead. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .rade F roadstead. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .rampa P ramp, boatslip. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ras, ras, rs A cape, point. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .rcif F reef . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .regato S torrent, stream. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .remolcador S tug. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .restinga S, P reef, spit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ria P inlet, estuary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ra S inlet, estuary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .riachuelo S rivulet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ribera S shore, river bank. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ribero P brook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

rio P river. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ro S river. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .rivire F river. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .roca S rock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .rocha P rock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .roche F rock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .rocalloso S pebbly, stony. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .roche F rock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .rochedo P rocky place. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .rochel S rocky patch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .rocher P, F rock, usually above water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .rodal S shoal, usually rocky and of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

some extentrojo S red. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .rompeolas S breakwater. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .rompientes S breakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

roquerio S rocky shoal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .rouge F red. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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GLOSSARY

xiv

Arabic Romanization Examples and Remarks

Final Medial Initial Independent

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17/417

GLOSSARY

xvi

Arabic Romanization Examples and Remarks

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GLOSSARY

xvii

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NOTES

xviii

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NP 67

WEST COAST OF SPAIN

AND PORTUGAL PILOT

NP45MEDPILOT

VOLI

Continued on Index 1(b)

NORTH

ATLANTIC

OCEAN

ARQUIPLAGO DECABO VERDE

ISLAS CANARIAS

Cabo Spartel

I. de Maderia

Lanzarote

Fuerteventura

Gran Canaria

Tenerife

CapRhir

C. Tarfaya

C. Bojador

C. Blanc

C. Verga

Pta.Durnford

Bissau

Santiago

Bavista

SantoAnto

So Nicolau

A F R I C A

Anza-Agadir

Essaouira

Safi

Casablanca

Layoune

Ad Dakhla

Nouakchott

Nouadhibou

Dakar

Saint-Louis

Banjul

Port Kamsar

Conakry

3132

1147

3135

3134

3133

366

0306

3132

3133

3134

3135

Rabat

2

3

4

5

5

6

7

8

35

30

25

25 20 Longitude 15 West from Greenwich 10 5

25 20 15 10 5

20

15

10

35

30

25

20

15

10

Chapter Index Diagram

NP 1(a)Africa Pilot Vol I

xix

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1

LAWS AND REGULATIONS APPERTAINING TO NAVIGATION

While, in the interests of the safety of shipping, the United Kingdom Hydrographic Office makes every endeavour to include in its

hydrographic publications details of the laws and regulations of all countries appertaining to navigation, it must be clearly understood:

(a) that no liability whatsoever can be accepted for failure to publish details of any particular law or regulation, and

(b) that publication of details of a law or regulation is solely for the safety and convenience of shipping and implies no recognition

of the international validity of the law or regulation.

AFRICA PILOTVOLUME I

CHAPTER 1

NAVIGATION AND REGULATIONSCOUNTRIES AND PORTSNATURAL CONDITIONS

NAVIGATION AND REGULATIONS

LIMITS OF THE BOOK

Charts 4104, 42091.11 This volume contains Sailing Directions for the coastal

waters of the W coast of Africa, lying within the followinglimits:

From Cap Spartel

S and E to

3547N 556W

Bakassi Peninsula 430N 830E

thence SW to 419N 823E

thence S to 400N 823E

thence SW to

but excluding Zafiro Terminal

(NP2)

000 500E

thence W along the equator to 2000W

thence NW to 1145N 4000W

thence N to 3600N 4000W

thence E to Cap Spartel 3547N 556W

2 The above area includes Arquiplago da Madeira andIslas Selvagens (Chapter 2), Islas Canarias (Chapter 3) andArquiplago de Cabo Verde (Chapter 4).

NAVIGATIONAL DANGERS AND HAZARDS

Abnormal refraction1.2

1 Abnormal refraction occurs at times off the West Africancoast, particularly off the coasts of Morocco and

Mauritania, and is sufficient to produce mirage. Thisrefraction is likely to cause errors when using a sextant.

Ocean Data Acquisition System Buoys1.3

1 Ocean Data Acquisition System buoys may beencountered moored off the coasts of the countries coveredby this volume, both offshore and close inshore, includingthe approaches to major ports.

These buoy systems vary considerably in size and maybe either moored or freefloating. As far as possible theposition of moored systems will be promulgated and thosesystems considered to be of a more permanent nature arecharted. The systems should be given a clearance of atleast 1 mile, or 2 miles in the case of vessels towingunderwater gear.

2 Wave Recorder buoys, generally of smaller dimensionsthan ODAS buoys, coloured yellow and exhibiting similarlights, may also be encountered off these coasts. Theyshould be given a berth of at least 5 cables.

For further information on ODAS buoys see TheMariners Handbook. No additional information regardingODAS and Wave Recorder buoys is given elsewhere in thetext of this book unless included in Directions.

Piracy and armed robbery1.4

1 The security of vessels off the West African coast and atsome ports is a serious problem.

In recent years many attacks by gangs of thieves, someof whom were armed, have been reported. These have

taken place generally in the outer anchorages, but somehave been on vessels alongside in harbour and some at sea.In one case a member of the crew was killed.

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CHAPTER 1

2

2 Fire hazard. In addition to loss of property and injuryto crew members, thieves used naked lights for illuminationcreating a serious fire risk.

Regulations to curb the activities of armed thieves are inforce at certain ports and are mentioned later in the text.

Masters are advised to take all possible securitymeasures, to maintain strict antipiracy watches day and

night, and not to permit unauthorised craft to comealongside.In addition, all suspicious craft and piratical attacks

should be reported to IMB Piracy Reporting Centre. SeeAdmiralty List of Radio Signals Volume 1 (1) for furtherinformation.

TRAFFIC AND OPERATIONS

Routes1.5

1 Offshore. Information concerning transoceanic passages

will be found in Ocean Passages for the World.Traffic separation scheme, adopted by the IMO hasbeen established in the W approaches to Strait of Gibraltar,about 14 miles NW of Cap Spartel (5.19).

Fishing

Dangerous marine animals1.6

1 Several forms of dangerous marine animals inhabit thewaters covered by this volume. Certain invertebrates,several fishes, and one species of sea snake are venomousand potentially lethal. Other forms possessing strong jaws

and sharp teeth are capable of inflicting serious wounds.One species, an electric ray, can deliver a powerful electricshock. Still other marine animals contain poisons which,when ingested, may cause serious internal illness.

2 Venomous marine vertebrates are most abundant intropical coastal waters. Jellyfish, such as the Portuguesemanofwar, and lions mane, are occasionally present inlarge numbers in open sea waters where they drift with thecurrent or the wind. Contact with the tentacles of thesejelly fish results in a painful sting, which may occasionallybe fatal.

3 Stinging corals, cone shells, and sea urchins lying on thebottom are a threat to collectors, waders and swimmers.Handling or stepping on any of these species may result inpainful injuries. Stingrays, some of which attain large size,are usually buried in sandy or other soft bottoms. Thesekiteshaped fish have their tails armed with one or morespines which can inflict serious injuries on anyone whosteps on them. Several kinds of poisonous catfish andscorpion fish also inhabit the tropical waters of this area.Caution should be exercised when handling them sincetheir dorsal and pectoral spines may inject a powerfulvenom.

4 Woundinflicting animals such as sharks and barracudasare mostly inhabitants of warm waters. They may bepresent anywhere in the open seas but predominantlyfrequent river mouths, coral reefs and rocky outcrops. Themaneater, bonito, hammerhead, tiger, blue, sand, andseveral kinds of grey sharks are most likely to attack man.

Moray eels, though not likely to attack unless provoked,are particularly abundant in reefs and rocky outcrops of thewarm waters of this area.

5 Crocodiles may inhabit estuarine and swampy regions intropical and subtropical areas and may even be seenswimming along coastal stretches.

The shock generated by the electric ray is unpleasant inthe extreme. These rays are common in sheltered estuarinewaters where they spend much of their time partially buriedin the bottom.

Marine farms1.7

1 Marine farms, which may be either floating orsubmerged, are established at several locations and, whereknown, are charted. They are usually marked bylightbuoys (special) or lights.

Fishing vessels1.8

1 Concentrations of fishing vessels may be met all theyear round off the coast of West Africa and in the SWapproaches to Strait of Gibraltar (see 5.4).

Exercise areasFiring practice and exercise areas1.9

1 Portuguese and Spanish authorities have establishedseveral firing practice and naval exercise areas off thecoasts of Arquiplago da Madeira and Islas Canarias,respectively. The principal types of practice carried out, andthe warning signals used, are similar to those described inAnnual Summary of Admiralty Not ices to Mariners .

Detailed descriptions are not given in the text of the bookas warnings of firing practices and exercises are publishedin the local notices to mariners and are broadcast by coastradio stations. Portuguese stations transmit details of theareas on the 1st day of each month. Spanish stations give

48 hours notice of exercises taking place.

Submarine exercises1.10

1 Submarines may exercise in the area covered by thisvolume. Notice of submarine exercises is given only inexceptional circumstances and therefore mariners shouldkeep a good lookout for submarines.

The Mariners Handbook and Annual Summary ofAdmiralty Notices to Mariners give general information onthe characteristics of British submarines and visual signalsused to denote their presence; in general, other countriesconform to this method of signalling.

2 Because submarine navigation lights are, of necessity,

close together and low down, care should be taken not toconfuse them with the lights of fishing vessels or othersmall craft.

Submarine buoys1.11

1 Spanish submarines are fitted with two indicator buoys,one at each end of the vessel, which can be released frominside the submarine in case of necessity when she isunable to to come to the surface.

In Spanish submarines the buoy in the bow is paintedred and yellow, exhibits a white light, and has a telephonewhich can be operated from inside the submarine. Thebuoy in the stern is painted yellow.

2 The buoys are moored to the submarine by a wire cable

not more than 125 m in length. If one of these buoys issighted in waters of a greater depth than 150 m, it can beconcluded that it is adrift.

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3

Each buoy is fitted with a metal plate carrying thefollowing inscription:

SUBMARINO (...) Submarine (name)

AVISEN A LAS AUTO-RIDADES

Inform the authorities

CUIDADO Take care

NE SE TIRE DE LA

BOYA, QUITESE LA

TAPA Y SIGANSE

LAS INSTRUCCIONES

INTERIORES

Do not pull on the buoy,remove the cover andfollow the instructionsgiven inside.

Marine exploitation

Seismic survey operations1.12

1 General information about vessels engaged in seismicsurveys and advice on precautions in the vicinity of thesevessels is given in The Mariners Handbook. The areas inwhich seismic survey operations are taking place arepromulgated from time to time as radio navigationalwarnings (1.36) and in local Notices to Mariners.

Oil and gas fields1.13

1 Offshore oil and gas exploration and production iscarried out in coastal and deepwater areas covered by thisvolume, in particular within Bight of Biafra and along thecoasts of Mauritania, Cte dIvoire and Ghana.

Production platforms and associated structures, includingtanker moorings and storage tankers, generally exhibitMorse (U) lights, aircraft obstruction lights and also soundfog signals. They are sometimes marked by buoys.

2 Unauthorised navigation is prohibited within 500 m ofall such structures, including storage tankers which canswing about their moorings. Tankers manoeuvering in thevicinity of platforms should be given a wide berth.

For further information see The Mariners Handbook.

Submarine pipelines1.14

1 Caution. Gas from a damaged oil or gas pipeline couldcause an explosion or other serious hazard. Pipelines are

not always buried and their presence may effectively reducethe charted depth by as much as 2 m. Where pipelines areclose together, only one may be charted. Mariners shouldnot anchor or trawl in the vicinity of a pipeline; they riskprosecution if damage is caused.

For further information see The Mariners Handbook.

Wellheads1.15

1 Mariners are warned that charted information about thepresence of submerged wellheads and other underwaterobstructions may be incomplete and therefore specialcaution must be exercised by vessels when navigating inareas of offshore oil and gas activity.

Production wells and suspended wells generally projectwell above the level of the seabed. For further informationsee The Mariners Handbook.

Helicopter operations1.16

1 Any ship may need to make use of helicopters either asa matter of routine or in an emergency. Embarkation ofpilots, delivery of essential stores or changing crew byhelicopter are already routine operations for large tankers orbulk carriers off certain ports. These vessels either carry

their own company handbook on helicopter operations, orone issued by the International Chamber of Shipping.However, in an emergency any vessel may be called uponto operate with helicopters. For further information seeAnnual Summary of Admiralty Notices to Mariners and TheMariners Handbook.

CHARTS

General information1.17

1 For the coast of Africa covered by this volume, the onlycharting authority are the former colonial powers whoproduce modern large scale charts for the coastal areas.British Admiralty charts are compiled and corrected fromthem.

2 The primary authoritative charts are those published bythe following countries:

Portugal for Arquiplago da Madeira, Arquiplago deCabo Verde, Guinea and GuineaBissau.

Spain for Islas Canarias and Morocco.France for Morocco, Mauritania, Senegal, Cte

dIvoire, Togo and Benin (formerly Dahomey).3 Orthography throughout the whole area presents a

problem, as every country has changed its form ofgovernment and in many cases consequential changes ofnames have followed. Names on charts may not thereforealways be the latest and where applicable the old and new

names are given in Sailing Directions.4 Chart maintenance for most minor ports depends upon

data received from local authorities which variesconsiderably from country to country. Information is oftenbased only on reports from ships. Charts and publicationsmay therefore not be up to date. Mariners are advised tonavigate with caution and seek information also from othersources that may be available to them.

5 Knowledge of many of the charted offshore banks anddangers has been built up over the years by many shipreports. Few of these features have been properly surveyedby modern methods. Many areas outside the charted bankshave yet to be examined, and it is probable that othersignificant features remain as yet uncharted. See also article

on the use of charts in The Mariners Handbook.

Admiralty charts1.18

1 British Admiralty charts covering the area of theseSailing Directions are adequate for use on passage, forentry into the principal ports and harbours, and to reach arequired pilot station.

Charts are based on the most recent information receivedfrom regional charting authorities.

Foreign charts1.19

1 In certain areas, where the British Admiralty Charts

show insufficient detail for navigating close inshore orwithin inland channels, these Sailing Directions have beenwritten using foreign charts. The text has been written on

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8

Morocco1.62

1 The Ocean Fisheries Department is responsible forcoordinating SAR operations and, within the area coveredby this volume, has MRCCs at Agadir (3541N 519W)and Dakhla (2342N 1556W), and MRSCs at Larache(3512N 609W), Casablanca (3337N 736W), Safi

(3218N 915W), Essaouira (5.224), Tan Tan (2830N1120W) and Layoune (2705N 1326W). Furtherinformation is given in Admiralty List of Radio SignalsVolume 5.

Mauritania1.63

1 See Admiralty List of Radio Signals Volume 5.

Sngal1.64


The Gambia1.65

1 See Admiralty List of Radio Signals Volume 5.GuineaBissau1.66


Guinea1.67

1 An MRCC exists at Conakry (931N 1343W) and anMRSC at Port Kamsar (1039N 1437W).

Sierra Leone1.68

1 Sierra Leone Ports Authority, Freetown (829 N1314W) is responsible for coordinating SAR operations

in the region and has excellent telephone links with RCCsin developed countries. Further information is given inAdmiralty List of Radio Signals Volume 5.

Liberia1.69


Cte dIvoire1.70


Ghana1.71

1 The Ministry of Transport and Communications hasoverall responsibility of SAR in this region assisted by theGhanian Air Force, Ports and Harbour Authority, Tema andTema Radio. Further information is given in Admiralty Listof Radio Signals Volume 5.

Togo1.72


Benin1.73

1 The Port Authority, Cotonou (621N 226 E), isresponsible for coordinating SAR operations. Furtherinformation is given in Admiralty List of Radio SignalsVolume 5.

Nigeria1.74

1 The National Maritime Authority is responsible forcoordinating SAR operations. MRCCs exist at Lagos(626N 324E), Warri (531N 543E), Port Harcourt(446N 700E) and Oron (449N 813E).

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9

COUNTRIES AND PORTS

ARQUIPLAGO DA MADEIRA

Description1.75

1 Arquiplago da Madeira (3245N 1700W), consisting

of Ilha de Porto Santo, Ilha da Madeira and Ilhas Desertas,lie about 520 miles SW of Lisboa (Lisbon). Ilhas Selvagens(3005N 1600W) lie about 160 miles SSE of Ilha daMadeira.

The total area of the islands is 813 sq km.

National limits1.76

1 Territorial sea: 12 miles.Contiguous zone: 24 miles.EEZ: 200 miles.See Annual Summary of Admiralty Notices to Mariners

No 12 for the latest information and The MarinersHandbook.

History1.77

1 The islands were discovered by the Portuguese in thefifteenth century, at which time they were uninhabited.

Since then with the exception of a period of Spanishdomination between 1581 and 1640, and also of temporaryoccupation of Ilha da Madeira by British troops in the earlypart of the nineteenth century, the group has been underPortuguese Sovereignty.

Government1.78

1 Arquiplago da Madeira is an autonomous region ofPortugal. The Governor resides in Funchal.

Population1.79

1 In 2001, Arquiplago da Madeira had a population of245 011.

Language1.80

1 Portuguese is the official language, but English is muchspoken in Funchal.

Physical features1.81

1 The islands are of volcanic origin.Ilha da Madeira is entirely composed of igneous rocks

ejected during successive marine eruptions, but the lavasare of great antiquity. The basalt and trachytes, resting on aconglomeration of volcanic debris, have been eroded byrains to depths several hundred feet below the originalsurface.

2 The whole of Ilha da Madeira is mountainous but thereare few craters in it. The characteristic features of thisisland are its great elevation, the picturesque outline of itsmountains, the depths and grandeur of the ravines, thenumerous mountain streams, the abundance and purity ofwater, the fertility of the soil, the extreme mildness anduniformity of temperature, and the excellence of its climate.

3 It is the equable climate which constitutes the chief

recommendation of Ilha da Madeira as a winter resort forinvalids. Spring is the least pleasant period on account ofthe prevalent NE winds.

Flora1.82

1 Owing to the mild climate of the group and itsproximity to the European and African continents, the florais very varied.

When discovered, Ilha da Madeira was covered withtimber, but the larger trees have all been cleared by fires,and in the lowlying ground cultivated plants have replacedthe old vegetation. Today the banana, strawberry, mimosa,palm, guava and pear tree are all to be seen growing sideby side.

2 The cultivated area of Ilha da Madeira seldom extendsmore than 2 miles inland on the S side of the island, andmuch less on the N side.

Little cultivation is attempted above an elevation of750 m. Bananas, sugar cane, dates and figs are grown up tothe 200 m level. Hence up to 550 m are vines, and abovethis level are fruit trees, vegetables, cereals, pasture andforest.

Fauna1.83

1 Of the fauna, all the animals have been introduced. Over200 species of birds have been collected, of which aboutone fifth breed on the island. The lizard is the only reptile.

The marine fauna is mainly European.

Industry and trade1.84

1 The chief exports are its renowned wine, fruit,vegetables, embroidery and wickerwork. The principalimports are fuel oils, foodstuffs, cereals, staves for winecasks, motor vehicles, machinery, implements and textiles.

Tourism is the most important industry.

ISLAS CANARIAS


1 Islas Canarias, contained between the parallels of2730N and 2930N and the meridians of 1325W and1810W, consist of seven major islands and several smallerones.

The total area of the islands is 7492 sq km.

National limits1.86

1 Territorial sea: 12 miles.Contiguous zone: 24 miles.

EEZ: 200 miles.See Annual Summary of Admiralty Notices to MarinersNo 12 for the latest information and The MarinersHandbook.

History1.87

1 The existence of Islas Canarias was well known in earlytimes and they were inhabited by a fair race, known as theGuanchas, who were akin to the Berbers of Africa.

The first permanent settlement was made in the earlypart of the fifteenth century by a French nobleman whowas assisted by the King of Castille in the subjection ofthe inhabitants under the condition that the islands shouldbelong to Spain.

2 By the end of the fifteenth century, after numerousencounters with the inhabitants, Spanish rule was finallyestablished.

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History1.97

1 The islands were uninhabited when discovered in 1460by Diogo Gomes, and the first settlers arrived in 1462.

In the latter part of the fifteenth century and thecommencement of the sixteenth century, they werecolonised by the Portuguese by means of slaves obtained

from the neighbouring coast of Africa. The archipelago wasadministered by Portugal from 1587 and gainedindependence in 1975.

2 Repeated droughts during the second half of thetwentieth century prompted heavy emigration as a result ofwhich the expatriate population is greater than its domesticone.

Government1.98

1 The unicameral National Assembly consists of72 members elected for a 5 year term by popular vote.

Population1.99

1 In 2000 the population, composed of Africans,Mixedrace and Europeans, totalled 434 625.

Language1.100

1 Portuguese is the official language although most CapeVerdeans speak crioulo which is a Creole dialect.


1 The islands of Arquiplago de Cabo Verde are allmountainous and volcanic in origin. They are generally aridexcept in the valleys where there is luxurious vegetation,especially in the wet season (August to October).

Ilha de Fogo contains an active volcano. Earthquakes arerare except in Ilha Brava.2 The islands appear to belong to an older geological

epoch than Arquiplago dos Aores or Islas Canarias.Ilha de Santo Anto and Ilha do Fogo consists of scori

and lavas, but in the other islands, granites and syenites arefound; fine metamorphic marbles and sedimentary rocksalso occur. Ilha do Maio is remarkable for the relativeextent of its nonigneous formations.

On the whole the climate, which is hot and dry, ishealthy except during the wet season.

Flora1.102

1 The flora is tropical, and comprises about 70 species ofwild flowers, mosses and ferns peculiar to the islands. treesdo not appear to be indigenous. There are a few baobabsand other trees common to the adjacent part of Africa; alsodracna, eucalyptus and tamarisks.

Fauna1.103

1 The aboriginal fauna presents few distinct varieties.There are no wild animals or venomous reptiles, but thereis a large lizard, elsewhere unknown, which lives on avegetable diet.

Among birds are the guinea hen, quail and a separatevariety of shearwater.

2 Fish, turtle and prawns of different species are very

plentiful, but some of these may be poisonous.There are numerous domestic goats, oxen, pigs and asses

on the islands.

Trade and industry1.104

1 Fishing is an important industry with canning facilitiesat Porto da Praia (4.103) and on Ilha do Sal (4.7). Tourismis also a developing industry in addition to manufacture ofpaint, beer, soft drinks, rum, flour, cigarettes, canned tunaand shoes.

2 Salt is obtained on the islands of Sal, Boa Vista andMaio.Volcanic rock (Pozzolana) is mined for export.The chief exports are bananas, coffee, refined petroleum,

footwear, fish and shellfish.The principal imports are foodstuffs and vehicles.

THE KINGDOM OF MOROCCOGeneral information1.105

1 The Kingdom of Morocco occupies the NW corner ofAfrica, and is bounded on the E by Algeria, on the N bythe Mediterranean Sea, and on the W by the AtlanticOcean. The former Spanish territory of Western Sahara,

extending SW from 2740N to the border with the IslamicRepublic of Mauritania at Cap Blanc (2046N 1703W),was virtually annexed by the Moroccan and MauritanianGovernments in 1976. However, in 1979 Mauritaniarenounced its claim and the whole is now claimed byMorocco, but disputed by the Algerian backed PolisarioFront.

2 A guerrilla war with the Polisario Front, contestingMoroccan sovereignty, ended in 1991 following a UNbrokered ceasefire. The sovereignty of Western Sahararemains unresolved as attempts to hold a UNorganizedreferendum have been repeatedly postponed.

The total area, including Western Sahara (252 120 sq km)and the former Spanish province of Ifni, is approximately

713 578 sq km.National limits1.106

1 Territorial sea: 12 miles.Contiguous zone: 24 miles.EEZ: 200 miles.Fishing rights in the above EEZ are reserved for

Moroccan vessels manned by Moroccan inhabitants.See Annual Summary of Admiralty Notices to Mariners


History1.107

1 The earliest peoples to explore Morocco were thePhoenicians and Carthaginians, who established tradingstations on its coast. The Romans followed, but their swaynever extended beyond the N part, and on the fall of theRoman Empire, the civilisation and language of Rome diedout.

2 Little more is known of Morocco prior to the great waveof Arab conquest in the seventh century. This swept overthe country leaving the Arabs in possession of the townsand plains while the Berbers, the original inhabitants,survived in the mountain regions retaining their ownlanguage and customs, although they were converted toIslam.

3 The Atlantic coast of Morocco was explored by thePortuguese in the fifteenth century, but they made no

settlement.From the Arab conquest to the beginning of the

twentieth century, Morocco was ruled by a series of Arab

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Flora1.142

1 The flora resembles that of West Africa generally; themangrove is common. Other trees are mahogany, rosewood,oil palm and the rubber vine. There are many varieties offern. Cassava and indigo plants are indigenous.

Fauna1.1431 Wild animals are numerous in the interior. The mammals

include the giraffe, antelope lion, hippopotamus andbaboon; the three latter are the most destructive to cattleand crops.

Among the birds are the eagle, parrot, vulture, andbustard, also numerous species common to Europe.

Reptiles include the crocodile, python, tortoise andturtle. The lower reaches of River Gambia abound in fish.


1 Around 78% of the workforce are engaged in the

agricultural industry. Tourism is a well developed industry.Groundnuts are the chief export, followed by fish andseafood, fruit and vegetables. The main imports aremachinery and transport equipment, rice and manufacturedgoods.

REPUBLIC OF GUINEABISSAU


1 The Republic of GuineaBissau, formerly known asPortuguese Guinea, is bordered on the N by the Republicof Sngal and on the E and S by the Republic of Guinea.

The territory includes Arquiplago dos Bijags (7.195). Thetotal area of the country is 36 125 sq km.

National limits1.146

1 Territorial sea: 12 miles.EEZ: 200 miles.See Annual Summary of Admiralty Notices to Mariners


History1.147

1 GuineaBissau was once the kingdom of Gab, a part ofthe ancient African empire of Mali, which becameindependent of the empire in 1546. The territory wasdiscovered in 1446 by Nuno Tristo, one of the explorerssent out by Prince Henry the Navigator. Portuguese Guineaas it became, was administered as part of the Arquiplagode Cabo Verde until 1879 when it became a separateprovince.

2 During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Cacheu(1217N 1610W) (7.159), which was probably founded1470, was the chief slavetrading centre in the area. On theconclusion of this trade, at the beginning of the nineteenthcentury, Bissau, founded as a fort in 1765, became thechief commercial centre.

3 Independence was declared in September 1973, byGuineaBissau after a guerrilla war led by the leftwing

African Party for the Independence of Guinea and CapeVerde, and accepted by Portugal in September 1974.Between 1974 and 2000 the country has experienced

considerable political and military upheaval, including acivil war during 19981999.

Government1.148

1 The Republic of GuineaBissau is administered by aPresident elected by popular vote for a term of 5 years and

a unicameral National Assembly elected by popular vote toserve a maximum of 4 years.

Population1.149

1 In 2005 the population was estimated to be 1 416 027.

Language1.150

1 Portuguese is the official language. Crioulo and otherAfrican languages are also spoken.


1 The greater part of the country is lowland and only inthe SE corner does the elevation exceed 180 m. In the W,the sands and clays, carried down by the rivers from theinterior, have covered most of the older rocks and havealso collected round various submarine reefs so formingArquiplago dos Bijags.

2 Further E, the land increases in height, the valleys aredeeper and broader, and the country is better drained.

In the alluvial districts the soil is often rich and, wherewell drained, is very fertile. The districts in which lateriteis found, are covered by poorer soils.

Swamps cover considerable areas near the coast andabout the rivers.

3 The principal rivers are the Rio Cacheu and Rio Geba,which are navigable by vessels of moderate draught for aconsiderable distance.

The climate is unhealthy for Europeans and malaria isprevalent. The wet season lasts from June to November.

Flora1.152

1 Savannahs of tall grasses cover extensive tracts with afew isolated palms, baobabs and other trees.

In the forests, which lie behind the mangrovefringedbanks of the estuaries, are a great variety of trees such asacacia, palm, date and rain trees; the latter socalled onaccount of the heavy dew which accumulates on theirleaves at night and which is precipitated in the morning.

Fauna1.153

1 The fauna includes numerous species of apes,hippopotamus, wild ox, leopard and crocodile. Birds arenumerous, and the estuaries and creeks are well stockedwith fish.


1 GuineaBissau depends mainly on agriculture andfishing. Because of high costs the development ofpetroleum, phosphate and other mineral resources is not anearterm prospect although offshore oil prospecting hasbegun.

The chief exports are cashew nuts, fish and seafood,peanuts, palm kernel and timber. The principal imports aremanufactured goods, food and fuels.

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REPUBLIC OF GUINEA


1 The Republic of Guinea is bounded on the N by theRepublic of GuineaBissau, on the NE by the Republics ofSngal and Mali, on the E by the Republic of Cte

dIvoire and to the S by the Republics of Sierra Leone andLiberia.The total area of the country is 245 857 sq km.


1 Territorial sea: 12 miles.EEZ: 200 miles.See Annual Summary of Admiralty Notices to Mariners


History1.157

1 In the sixteenth century the NE part of Guinea was part

of the Mali empire. The Portuguese developed ivory andslave trading in the midfifteenth century. In themideighteenth century the French established aprotectorate over the coastal areas. The territory wasrenamed French Guinea in 1890 and, after the Britishceded les de Loos (930N 1347W) (8.31) to the French,in 1904 it became a part of French West Africa.

2 Guinea became an independent republic in October1958, leaving the French community although economicand cultural cooperation were established in 1963.

Republic of Guinea has been badly affected by civilwars in the neighbouring countries of Liberia, Sierra Leoneand Cte dIvoire. In addition to border incursions therehas been a steady influx of refugees which has adversely

affected the economy.

Government1.158

1 The Republic of Guinea is administered by a Presidentand a unicameral National Assembly elected by popularvote.

Population1.159

1 The most important races are Peuls, who predominate,Malinke, Soussou and Kissi.

In 2005 the estimated population was 9 467 866.

Language1.160

1 Besides French there are eight official languages taughtin schools; Fulani, Malink, Susu, Kissi, Kpelle, Loma,Basari and Koniagi.


1 The coastal region is a flat strip of lowlying countrydefined inland by sandstone hills which mark the edge ofthe plateau leading up to Fouta Djallon.

Fouta Djallon is a vast oval plateau, over 1200 m high,which occupies the central part of the territory. The mostimportant West African rivers have their sources in thisplateau; among the rivers are River Gambia and River

Niger.2 From the SE end of Fouta Djallon, a succession of great

plains or low plateaux extend E to Cte dIvoire. Farther S

a chain of mountains extends along the frontiers of theRepublics of Sierra Leone and Liberia.

The chief river of this territory is Rio Nunez (7.247).Other rivers are Rivire Compony (7.244), Rio Pongo(8.19) and Rivire Mellacore (8.72); none of these riversis navigable for any distance from their mouths.

3 The geological formation in the W part of the Republic

of Guinea is mostly palaeozoic sandstone. In Fouta Djallonand other regions, ancient volcanic rocks are found. Mostof the central and E parts consist of old crystalline schistsand gneisses, but in the NE part are schists and quartzites.

les de Loos (8.31) are formed entirely of eruptiverocks.

The climate is humid and malarious, but inland towardsthe highlands the climate improves.

The wet season is from May to October, and the dryseason is from November to April.

Flora1.162

1 The flora comprises palms of various species, the kolatree, timber trees such as mahogany, bamboos, gums andrubber trees.

Fauna1.163

1 Among the fauna are the monkey, antelope, leopard,lion, hippopotamus, bison and elephant. There arenumerous species of birds.

Snakes and crocodiles abound, the latter more especiallyin the river estuaries.


1 The mining industry accounts for over 70% of exports.Guinea possesses almost half the worlds bauxite reserves

and is the second largest bauxite producer. Fishing is adeveloping industry.The chief exports are bauxite, iron ore, aluminium and

diamonds. The chief imports are manufactured goods,petroleum products, rice and other foodstuffs.

REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE


1 The Republic of Sierra Leone is bordered on the N andE by the Republic of Guinea and on the SE by theRepublic of Liberia. The total area of the country is71 740 sq km.


1 Territorial sea: 12 miles.Contiguous zone: 24 miles.EEZ: 200 miles.Sierra Leone requires prior permission or notification for

the entry of foreign warships. See Annual Summary ofAdmira lty Not ices to Mariners No 12 for the latestinformation and The Mariners Handbook.

History1.167

1 The history of Sierra Leone dates from 1787 whenGranville Sharp, acting on a scheme proposed by Dr. Henry

Smeatham, purchased a strip of land on the peninsula ofSierra Leone from Chief Naimbana and settled freed slaveson it.

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See Annual Summary of Admiralty Notices to MarinersNo 12 for the latest information and The MarinersHandbook.

History1.177

1 Liberia was founded in 1817 as a result of the efforts of

several American societies to send freed American slavesback to Africa. the settlements were made in 1822, and theFree and independent Republic of Liberia was constitutedin 1847.

The Republic of Liberia is the oldest independentrepublic in Africa, and used to have a constitution similarto that of the United States of America.

Government1.178

1 The administration is headed by a President who iselected by popular vote for a term of 6 years. Thebicameral National Assembly consists of a Senate and aHouse of Representatives, also selected by popular vote.

Population1.179

1 The present day Liberians are the descendants of freedslaves of many African nationalities, some of whom had anadmixture of European blood. They live mostly on thecoast.

The local inhabitants belong in the main to theMandingos, Gissi, Gola, Kpelle, Greboes and Kru withseveral smaller tribes.

In 2005 the estimated population was 3 482 211.

Language1.180

1 The official language is English.


1 The Republic of Liberia is a broken mountainouscountry, the surface of which falls in a SW direction fromthe W slopes of the divide of River Niger basin to a stripof comparatively level land bordering the Atlantic Ocean. Itis traversed by numerous rivers, most of which flow in ageneral NE to SW direction.

2 The coastal region is fairly well known for a depth ofabout 40 miles, but the rest of the country is mostlyunexplored.

From the coast, which is generally low, sandy andnarrow, the ground rises slightly and then descends to formmarshes and creeks alternating with extensive grassy plains.Throughout this stretch there are patches of comparativelyhigh ground.

3 The country is in general covered by an extremely denseforest, and the mountains are thickly wooded up to theirsummits, which are reported to attain an altitude of over1500 m.

The principal rivers, none of which are of much valuenavigationally, are Saint Paul River (8.170) and CavallaRiver (9.64), which latter forms the boundary between theRepublic of Liberia and the Republic of Cte dIvoire.

4 The prevailing geological formation is said to be aferruginous sandstone covering a reddish clay, but inseveral places, especially E of Monrovia (8.174), eruptiverocks have cropped out.

The country has a warm and humid climate with a wetseason from April to October and a dry season for the restof the year. Malaria is prevalent.

Flora1.182

1 Among the flora are oil palm, rubber, coconut and kolanut trees, cotton and coffee. Many valuable timbers such asAfrican mahogany and ebony are found in the forests.

Fauna

1.1831 The fauna includes the antelope, buffalo, leopard,monkeys and elephant of a ferocious type.

The fishing grounds off the coast are rich in fish and therivers contain many varieties of fresh water fish.


1 The internal conflict has devastated the economy,however, the Republic of Liberia is rich in forestry, gold,diamonds and rubber.

The number of merchant vessels registered under theLiberian flag are second only to Panama.

REPUBLIC OF CTE DIVOIREGeneral information1.185

1 The Republic of Cte dIvoire is bordered to the W bythe Republics of Liberia and Guinea, to the N by theRepublics of Mali and Burkina Faso, and to the E by theRepublic of Ghana.

Yamoussouko, 250 km NW of Abidjan is the capital ofthe country, although Abidjan remains the commercial andadministrative centre.

The total area of the country is 322 460 sq km.


1

Territorial sea: 12 miles.EEZ: 200 miles.See Annual Summary of Admiralty Notices to Mariners


History1.187

1 Between 1787 and 1868 various treaties were concludedby the French with the chiefs on the coast of Cte dIvoire,but it was not until 1888 that the territory was explored.

A protectorate was declared in 1891 and in 1904 thecolony was incorporated in the GovernmentGeneral ofFrench West Africa.

2 The country was proclaimed a Republic within the

French Community in December, 1958.Full Independence outside the community was

proclaimed in August, 1960. Special agreements withFrance covering financial and social matters, technicalassistance and defence, were made in April 1961.

Government1.188

1 Under the constitution adopted in 2000, the Head ofState is the President, elected by popular vote, whoappoints the Prime Minister, the Head of Government. Theunicameral National Assembly of 225 members, is alsoelected by popular vote for a term of 5 years.

Population

1.1891 There are more than 60 different tribes. The most

influential tribe is the Baouls in the centre of the country

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Fauna1.223

1 Among the fauna are numerous monkeys in the forestregion. In the N part, lions, hyenas, boar and antelope arefound.

Trade and industry

1.2241 Agriculture occupies the majority of the work force and

produces cotton, corn, cassava, yams, beans, palm oil andpeanuts. Other industries include textiles, food processing,construction materials, cement.

2 Small deposits of gold, iron and chrome have beenfound. Oil production, on a small scale, started in 1983.

The principal exports are cotton, palm products, groundnuts, sheanuts and coffee. The principal imports aregypsum, petroleum products and foodstuffs.

FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA

General information1.2251 The Federal Republic of Nigeria is bordered on the W

by the Republic of Benin, to the N by the Republic ofNiger, to the NE by the Republic of Chad and to the E bythe Republic of Cameroon (see Africa Pilot Volume II).

The total area of the country is 923 768 sq km.Abuja, 300 miles N of Port Harcourt (12.126), replaced

Lagos as the federal capital and seat of government inDecember 1991.


1 Territorial sea: 12 miles.

EEZ: 200 miles.Nigeria requires prior permission or notification for theentry of foreign warships. See Annual Summary ofAdmiralty Not ices to Mariners No 12 for the latestinformation and The Mariners Handbook.

History1.227

1 The coast of Nigeria first became known to Europeanstowards the end of the fifteenth century as a result of thevisits of Portuguese explorers.

The port and territories of Lagos were ceded to Britainby King Dosunmu in 1861, and were constituted a separatecolony and Protectorate of Lagos in 1886.

2 The Oil Rivers Protectorate, formed in June 1885became the Niger Coast Protectorate in 1893. Meanwhilethe Royal Niger Company had acquired interests in theNiger valley. These interests were surrendered to the Crownin 1899, and the territories were formed into twoprotectorates of Northern and Southern Nigeria.

3 In 1906 Lagos and S Nigeria were united into theColony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria and in 1914the latter was amalgamated with the Protectorate ofNorthern Nigeria to form the Colony and Protectorate ofNigeria.

In October 1954, the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeriabecame a federation under a GovernorGeneral, and in1960 became a sovereign independent state within theBritish Commonwealth. In October, 1963, the federation

was declared a Republic.4 The Government then consisted of an elected House of

Assembly and a nominated House of Chiefs.

Between 1966 and 1998 the country was mostly undermilitary rule. A new constitution was adopted in 1999 and,a peaceful transition to civilian government was completed.

Government1.228

1 The President, is the Head of Government as well as the

Head of State and, is directly elected by popular vote forno more than two 4 year terms.The bicameral National Assembly, consisting of a

109 seat Senate and a 346 seat House of Representatives, iselected by popular vote to serve a 4 year term.

Population1.229

1 Nigeria is Africas most populous country and, in 2005,it had an estimated population of 128 771 988.

Language1.230

1 English is the official language; Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo orIbo and Fulani are the other major languages in use.


1 Along the entire coastline of the Federal Republic ofNigeria is a belt, from 10 to 60 miles in width, of densemangrove forest and swamp. This belt is intersected by thebranches of the Niger delta and other rivers which areconnected one with another by innumerable creeks. Thewhole constituting a continuous inland waterway frombeyond the W boundary almost to the E boundary of thecountry.

2 Behind the mangrove belt are tropical forests, once richin palm oil trees and valuable mahoganies, which are nowdenuded in many areas due to over logging. Farther inland

the forests become thinner and are succeeded by openground covered with long grass and occasional clumps oftrees.

3 In the extreme N where there is very little rainfall andlittle vegetation, the desert is slowly encroaching.

There are few mountains in the S part of the countryexcept along the E boundary, but N and E of the junctionof River Niger and Benue River there is a large plateaufrom 600 to 1800 m high.

4 The country is well watered by rivers, especially in theS. River Niger, one of the main physical features of thecountry, enters the territory near Ilo (1130N 340E), onthe W frontier, and flows in a general SE direction as faras Lokoja (749N 644E) which stands at the junction ofRiver Niger and Benue River. Throughout its course, RiverNiger has received numerous tributaries and has flowedthrough alternate wide and narrow gorges. Benue River, thelargest tributary has flowed nearly 500 miles before itsconfluence with the main river.

5 From Lokoja, River Niger turns S and maintains thisdirection to Aboh, standing at the head of the delta. Herethe river splits into a number of channels and empties intoGulf of Guinea through its numerous mouths.

During the wet season River Niger is navigable by smallpower vessels as far as Jebba (911N 449E), and BenueRiver as far as Yola (914N 1232E). standing about25 miles within the E frontier of the country.

6 The other rivers which afford communication with theinterior are River Ogun, River Oshun and River Ona and

River Oni which connect with the lagoon NE of Lagos.Farther along the coast, S and E, are the following rivers,which afford communications with the interior:

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Benin River (11.169)Escravos River (11.172)Forcados River (11.227)Nun River (12.24)

7 Brass River (12.29)Sambreiro River (12.78)Bonny River (12.80)

Opobo River (12.159)Qua Iboe River (12.161)Calabar River (12.162).

8 The above mentioned rivers are connected with oneanother and with the numerous channels of River Nigerdelta by an immense number of creeks and lagoons whichextend beyond the W boundary of the Federal Republic ofNigeria.

9 It is possible to travel by launch through these creeksfrom the Republic of Benin to Eket on Qua Iboe River,and, during part of the wet season, beyond Eket to Calabarand Rio del Rey (4344N 837E) in the Republic ofCameroon. A great deal of trade is carried on by canoesthrough these creeks.

10

The geological formations in the S Provinces of theFederal republic of Nigeria are alluvium, sand, mud andvegetable matter in the coastal belt. The basal rocks aregneisses, amphibolite, quartz and mica schists, and marble;these are probably of the preCambrian age.

11 Sedimentary rocks are found in the vicinity of ObanMountains and Udi Highlands which lie in the E part ofthe provinces.

In the central part, on both sides of River Niger, aredeposits of freshwater shales, mudstones and sandstones,supposed to be of Eocene age.

12 In the N provinces, the foundation is formed ofcrystalline rocks, but the underlying granites, gneisses andschists are covered in many places by later sedimentaryrocks. Upper cretaceous rocks are found in several places

in Benue River valley, and eocene rocks are found invarious parts of the provinces. In the NE part the formationis alluvium.

Flora1.232

1 The flora includes the mangroves in the coastal belt andto the N the oil palm. Other trees in the S provincesinclude rubber, ebony and mahogany.

Fauna1.233

1 The fauna includes buffalo, antelope, gazelle, leopard,hippopotamus, rhinoceros, lion, hyena and monkey.

Among the birds are the curlew, pigeon, snipe,guineafowl, bustard, quail, duck, goose, grouse and teal.


1 The production of oil and gas and its byproducts is themajor industry. Other industries include coal, tin, columbite,palm oil, cotton, rubber, wood, hides and skins, textiles,cement and construction materials.

The principal export is crude oil.The chief imports are machinery, transport equipment,foodstuffs, manufactured goods and chemicals.

PRINCIPAL PORTS HARBOURS ANDANCHORAGES

1.235

Place and position Remarks

Arquiplago da Madeira

1 Baa do Porto Santo

(33

02

N 16

19

E) (2.13)

Tanker mooring

Open anchorageCanial (3244N 1643W)(2.33)

Commercial port

Funchal (3238N 1654W)(2.39)

Commercial port, passengerterminal, tanker terminal,port of entry

Islas Canarias

2 Puerto de La Luz(2808N 1525W) (3.81)

Major commercial port,passenger terminal, tankerterminal, naval base, portof entry

Santa Cruz de Tenerife(2829N 1614W) (3.139)

Major commercial port,passenger terminal, tankerterminal, port of entry

Arquiplago de Cabo Verde

3 Porto Grande(1653N 2500W) (4.57)

Commercial port, passengerterminal, tanker mooring,port of entry

Porto da Praia(1454N 2331W) (4.103)

Commercial port, passengerterminal, port of entry

Kingdom of Morocco

4 Mohammedia(3343N 724W) (5.63)

Deepdraught tanker berths,port of entry

Casablanca(3337N 736W) (5.103)

Major commercial port,passenger terminal, naval

base, port of entryJorf Lasfar(3308N 838W) (5.156)

Industrial port (minerals),port of entry

Safi (32185N 9150W)(5.183)

Commercial port, mineralsin bulk, port of entry

5 Anza and Agadir(3026N 938W) (5.233)

Commercial and fishingport, naval base, port ofentry

Layoune(2705N 1326W) (5.309)

Industrial port (minerals),fishing port, port of entry

Islamic Republic of Mauritania

6 Port Minralier de Cansado(2049N 1702W) (6.46)

Industrial port (minerals),tanker berths, port of entry

Nouadhibou(2054N 1703W) (6.64)

Commercial port, fishingport, port of entry

Nouakchott(1802N 1602W) (6.105)

Commercial port, port ofentry

Port de lAmiti(1800N 1602W) (6.123)


Republic of Sngal

7 Dakar(14405N 17255W)(6.188)

Commercial port, tankerberths and moorings, pass-enger terminal, naval base,port of entry

Republic of The Gambia

Banjul (1327N 1634W)(7.64)


Home Contents Index


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CHAPTER 1

24


Republic of GuineaBissau

8 Bissau (1151N 1535W)(7.167)


Republic of Guinea

Port Kamsar(1039N 1437W) (7.245) Industrial port (minerals),port of entry

Conakry(9310N 13433W)(8.39)


Republic of Sierra Leone

9 Freetown (829N 1314W)(8.84)


Republic of Liberia

Monrovia(621N 1048W) (8.174)


Republic of Cte dIvoire

SanPdro(444N 637W) (9.75)


10 Lion A Terminal(5019N 4482W)(9.112)

Offshore oil terminal

Baobab Marine Terminal(458N 433W) (9.117)


Espoir Terminal(5026N 4271W)(9.122)


Port Bout Terminal(5140N 3581W)

(9.127)


Abidjan (0518N 400W)(9.132)

Commercial port, tankerberths, naval base, port ofentry

Republic of Ghana

11 Takoradi (453N 145W)(10.46)

Commercial port, tankerberth, naval base, port ofentry

Tema (537N 001E)(10.109)

Commercial port, tankerberth, naval base, port ofentry

Republic of Togo

Lom (6

08

N 1

17

E)(11.31) Commercial port, tankerberth, naval base, port ofentry

Republic of Benin

12 Cotonou (621N 226E)(11.75)

Commercial port, tankerberth, port of entry

Federal Republic of Nigeria

Lagos (626N 324E)(11.113)

Commercial port, tankerberths, naval base, port ofentry

Warri (531N 543E)(11.240)

Commercial port, tankerberths, port of entry

Port Harcourt(446N 700E) (12.126) Commercial port, tankerberths, port of entry


Abo Terminal(542N 429E) (11.185)


Ukpokiti Marine Terminal(543N 4

Documents

NP 1 Africa Pilot Vol I 14ed 2006