120

Mazaruni Region, Paruima, 5°59'N, 61 °3'W, 530-610 m, 17May 1990, McDowell & Gopaul 2608 (NY, US); Kako River,falls of Kako, 500 m, 23 Sep 1960, Tillett 45503 (NY);Mazaruni Station, 27 Apr 1933, Tutin 3 (BM).

SURINAME. Alalapadu, 8 Jul 1977, Moore et al. 10341(BH), 8 Jul 1977, Moore et al. 10336 (BH).

FRENCH GUIANA. Mont Atachi Bacca, 3°33'N,53°55'W, 500 m, 8 Jan 1989, de Granville et al. 10450(B, CAY, FfG), 780 m, 21 Jan 1989, de Granville 10854(CAY, FfG).

PERU. CUSCO: Provo Convenci6n, Ichiquiato, 18 May1963, C. Vargas 14490 (CUZ). HuANUCO: Provo Pachitea,26 km W of Puerto Inca, 9°37'S, 74°56'W, 260 m, 7 Nov1989, Listabarth //-7//88 (AAU, NY). LORETO: RioYaguasyacu, Brillo Nuevo, 20 40'S, now, Feb 1978, BaUcket al. 1050 (NY); Santa Maria de Nanay, 25 Mar 1979, Gen­try et al. 26272 (BH, USM); Maynas, Negro Urco, Rio Napa,20 Jan 1983, Gentry & Emmons 396/9 (MO); JenaroHerrera, 4°50'S, 73°45'W, 17 Aug 1988, Kahn 2320 (NY);San Miguel, 2 km below Indiana, 3°30'S, 73°2'W, 130 m,12 Feb 1989, Gentry et al. 65696 (NY, MO); Maynas, km21 on rd. Iquitos-Nauta, Alpahuayo, 9 Sep 1995, Henderson& Padilla 20// (NY), 12 Nov 1984, Vasquez et al. 5882(MO); Maynas, Puerto Almendras, Rio Nanay, Dec 1960­Jan 1961, Le Fiell 2 (BH), II May 1960, Moore et al. 8427(BH, USM), 3 Mar 1969, Plowman 2590 (BH, US); Maynas,Rio Mom6m, 13 Sep 1995, Henderson & Padilla 2024 (NY);Tamishayacu, 17 May 1960, Moore et al. 8485 (BH); PuertoAlmendras, 3°45'S, 73°25'W, 7 Dec 1982, Vasquez &Jaramillo 3506 (MO, NY); Nauta, 4°29'S, 73°35'W, 9 Dec1986, Vasquez & Jaramillo 8528 (MO); Maynas, Maniti,3°42'S, n050'W, 14 May 1988, Vasquez /0649 (MO).MADRE DE DIOS: Pakitza PNM, Rio Manu, II °53'S,71 ° 15'W, 400 m, 22 Feb 1990, Chavez 6/7 (CUZ, NY), 27Oct 1990, Chavez 684 (CUZ, NY), 8 Nov 1990, Chavez 708(CUZ), 14 Nov 1990, Chavez 7/4 (CUZ), Chavez 7/5(CUZ), Chavez 7/6 (CUZ); Tambopata, 12°50'S, 69°17'W,260 m, 23 Aug 1990, Alexiades & Nicole /044 (NY), 6 Aug1988, NUllez & Purizaca 96// (CUZ, MO), 8 Nov 1984, H.Young & Stratton /26 (NY); Puerto Maldonado, 9 Jun 1960,Moore et al. 8567 (BH); Rio Piedras, 17 Jan 1967, C. Vargas/87/4 (BH, CUZ). UCAYALI: Provo Coronel Portillo, Dist.Campo Verde, Jan 1990, Chavez /03 (CUZ).

BRAZIL. ACRE: Rio Jurua, near Natal, 8°20'S,n° 15'W, 7 Feb 1992, Hen,derson et al. /655 (INPA, K, NY);Mun. Mancio Lima, ca. 5 km W of Mancio Lima, 7°40'S,n055'W, 17 Feb 1992, Henderson et al. /709 (NY). AMA­ZONAS: Mun. Maraa, left bank of Rio Japura, Canta Gala, 9Jan 1991, Henderson et al. /525 (INPA, NY); Mun. Tefe,Missao de Tefe on Rio Amazonas, 13 Jan 1991, Hendersonet al. /545 (INPA, NY); BDFF Reserve Km 41, 90 km N ofManaus on BR 174 and 41 km Eon ZF 3, 2 Feb 1991,Henderson & Pardini /606 (NY); Barra Vermelho, RioJurua, 6°28'S, 68°46'W, 18 Oct 1991, Pardini /8 (INPA, NY,SPF); Altamira, Rio Jurua, 6°35'S, 68°54'W, 13 Nov 1991,Pardini 42 (INPA, NY, SPF), II Nov 1991, Pardini 6/ (NY,SPF); Rio Negro, Sao Gabriel da Cachoeira, 0° 10'S, 67°W,30 Nov 1987, D. Stevenson et al. //09 (INPA, NY); km 64on Humaita-Labrea rd., 8 Jun 1982, Teixeira et al. /0/8

FLORA NEOTROPICA

(MG, NY); Rio Jutai, Rio Sapo, 21 Nov 1874, Trail CLXVII(K); Tefe, 19 Oct 1874, Trail 825/CXLV (K); Rio Jurua,Barreiras da Pupunha, 9 Nov 1874, Trail 826/CLJ/ (BM, K);Sao Antonio da Boa Vista, Rio Javari, 6 Oct 1874, Trail 828/CXCI (8M, K, NY, US); Lake Moranon, Caraauca, 18 Apr1874, Trail 829/xXXVII (K); Rio Sapo, 21 Nov 1874, Trail830/CLXVIII (K); Lago Cerrado, Rio Jurua, 30 Oct 1874,Trail 839/CXLVII (K); Rio Jutai, 29 Jan 1875, Trail 840 (K);Tabatinga, 30 Nov 1874, Trail 8411CLXXVIII (K). PARA:BR 163, Santarem-Cuiaba hwy., km 1417,3 km N of RioItapacura, 25 Nov 1977, BaUck et al. 943 (NY); Itaituba­Humaita, km 210, 5° IO'S, 57°W, 13 Feb 1976, Bamps 5375(BR, NY); Rio Trombetas, km 109, rd. from CachoeiraPorteira to Perimetral do Norte, 26 May 1974, B. Nelson etal. P22273 (BH, NY, U). RONDONIA: Mun. Porto Velho, 4km E of Corrego Raiz on BR 364, 24 km ENE of jct. withBR 325, 26 km E of Abuna, 9°43'S, 65°8'W, 140 m, 18 Apr1987, Nee 34908 (NY). RORAIMA: Mun. Alto Alegre, IIhade Maraca, 3°22'N, 61°20'W, 17 Jul 1986, Henderson &Lima 624 (K, NY).

BOLIVIA. BENI: Guayaramerim, II °23'S, 69°6'W, 18Apr 1979, Krapovickas & Schinini 35/2/ (F). PANDO:Nicolas Suarez, 11 °23'S, 69°6'W, 8 Aug 1992, Ely /5 (NY).

47. Bactris martiana Henderson, sp. nov. Type. Peru.Madre de Dios: Tambopata, 12°50'S, 69° 17'W, 2Nov 1991, A. Henderson & F. Chavez i630 (ho­lotype, USM; isotype, NY). Fig. 46-2

Ab aliis gregi Pyrenoglyphi relatis pinnis utrinsecus46-60 regulariter dispositis, constanter ordinatis, lineari­bus vellineari-Ianceolatis 45-70 x 2-3 cm, floribus pistillatisannulo staminodiali provisis, necnon fructibus valde con­fertis anguste irregulariter obovoideis atropurpureis 3.5-4.5x 2-2.5 cm diversa.

Stems cespitose, forming small or large clumps,to 8 m tall, 3-5 cm diam., erect or often leaning,spiny on internodes. Leaves 3-10; leaf spines blackor brownish, terete, to 10 cm long, dense on sheath,petiole, and rachis; sheath 18-50 cm long, fibrouson margins; ocrea to 30 cm long; petiole 12-74 cm long;rachis 0.9-3 m long; pinnae 46-60 per side, regularlyarranged, spreading in the same plane, linear or linear­lanceolate, with small spines on margins, with ametallic sheen on drying; middle pinnae 45-70 x 2­3 cm.inflorescences interfoliar; peduncle 14-30 cmlong, recurved, flattened, not spiny; prophyll 10-22cm long; peduncular bract 20-40 em long, moder­ately covered with black spines to 1.5 cm long; ra­chis absent; rachilla I, 12-20 em long, at anthesisglabrous; triads regularly arranged; staminate flow­ers 7-10 mm long, persistent; sepal lobes 2.5-4 mmlong; petals 7-10 mm long; stamens 6-10; pistillodesmall or absent; pistillate flowers to 6 mm long; calyxcupular, to I mm long; corolla tubular, to 5 mm long;staminodial ring free from the corolla, to 3.5 mm

SYSTEMATIC TREATMENT 121

80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 110 105 100 95 90 85 80 75

51---!---+-___�1----+---+----+-\-+------+

Jo~-+_-_+-___1I----_+___-_+_-__.4-_'='>,.k-~

)./1\-5 I--+----+---+---+-----+----\-'I~r\f'-L----t-~----r""l

101l--+--+--l--l--l--I--\-\-f----='-4

151-\---+--+--1----+---+---+-~~:-----1

:~\B~\-+------+-l---+--I----+--+-lJI 1/

30

.'oft

15~_+___---+------+---J.---1·rl--_+-----4--~

25 -.. \

~~~.; ...

FIG. 48. A. Distribution of Bactris martiana. B. B. militaris.

long;fruits 3.5-5.5 X 2-2.5 em, congested, irregu­larly and narrowly obovoid, purple-black, sometimesminutely spinulose; mesocarp juicy; endocarp obov­oid, the fertile pore displaced longitudinally and lati­tudinally; endocarp fibers free, numerous, with juicesacs attached; fruiting perianth with small, lobedcalyx and much longer, scarcely lobed corolla, withprominent staminodial ring.

Distribution and habitat. Colombia (Amazonas),Ecuador (Napo, Sucumbfos), Peru (Cusco, Loreto,Madre de Dios), and Brazil (Acre, Amazonas) (Fig.48A); margins of larger rivers in lowland forest, at106-300 m elevation.

Additional specimens examined. COLOMBIA.AMAZONAS: La Pedrera, 10 Oct 1952, Garda Barriga14819 (COL).

ECUADOR. NAPO: Aiiangu on the Rfo Napo, 0032'S,76°23'W, 300 m, 1-5 Mar 1983, Balslev 4264 (NY), 28 Jul1985, Balslev et af. 60693 (AAU, CAY, NY); San Pueblode los Secoyas on Rfo Aguarico, 0018'S, 76°20'W, 300 m,19 Feb 1984, Balslev 4858 (NY). SUCUMBios: Cuyabeno,0027'S, 75°30'W, I Oct 1991, Palacios et al. 8012 (MO).

PERU. CUSCO: Quispicanchi, Quincemil to SanLorenzo, II Jun 1960, Moore et af. 8579 (BH). LORETO:Provo Maynas, Padre Isla, 14 Jan 1985, F. Ayala 4363(AMAZ), II Sep 1995, Henderson & Padilla 2019 (NY);Provo Alto Amazonas, Rfo Pastaza, one hour above mouthof Lago Rimachi, 4°20'S, 76°35'W, ca. 200 m, 25 Jan 1979,C. Dfaz & Ruiz 921 (BH, NY); Provo Alto Amazonas, a fewkm W of Shucushayacu on Rfo Huallaga above Yurimaguas,6° I'S, 75°55'W, 180 m, II Oct 1985, Gentry et af. 52224 (F,MO, NY); between Napo and Amazonas, Timicuro toMazan, 16 May 1960, Moore et af. 8473 (BH); ProvoRequena, Rfo Ucayali, Santa Delia, 19 Jul 1982, K. Mejia57 (USM); Provo Maynas, Caserfo Nueva Jerusalen, IslaIquitos, 3°45'S, 73° 15'W, 106 m, 12 Jan 1989, Vasquez &Jaramillo 11525 (MO, NY). MADRE DE DIOS: Tambopata,12°50'S, 69° 17'W, 20 Jun 1991, Chavez 748 (CUZ), 29 Oct1988, NUllez et af. 9974 (NY); II °53'S, 71 °23'W, 5 Sep 1986,R. Foster 11288 (F); Manu National Park, Cocha Cashu, 21Oct 1979, Gentry et af. 27123 (F, MO); Cusco Amaz6nico,12°29'S, 69°3'W, 23 Jan 1991, Timana et al. 1334 (MO), 31Jan 1991, Timana et af. 1444 (MO).

BRAZIL. ACRE: Rio Jurua, above Cruzeiro do Sui, nearNatal, 8°20'S, nOI5'W, 7 Feb 1992, Henderson et af. 1654(INPA, K, NY). AMAZONAS: IIha Aramaca, oppositeTabatinga, 23 Jul 1973, Prance et af. 16725 (BH, NY).

122

Bactris martiana is diagnosed by its 46-60 pinnaeper side, regularly arranged, spreading in the sameplane, linear or linear-lanceolate, and 45-70 x 2-3 cm,pistillate flowers with a staminodial ring, and con­gested, irregularly and narrowly obovoid, purple­black fruits 3.5-5.5 x 2-2.5 cm. Henderson (1995)recognized a broadly conceived B. concinna, withthree varieties, of which this one was called Bactrisconcinna var. concinna. Here these are recognized atthe specific level. This species is named for Carl vonMartius, preeminent student of palms.

48. Bactris mexicana Martius in d'Orbigny, Voy.Amer. mer. 7(3). Palmiers 65. 1844. Type. Mexico.Veracruz: Misantla, Mar 1827, C. Schiede s.n. (ho­lotype, M; F negs. 18624, 18625).

Stems cespitose, 2-3(-5) m tall, 2-3.5 cm diam.,usually spiny on internodes. Leaves 5-7; leaf spinesscattered, or occasionally somewhat clustered, black,terete, to 7 cm long, moderate on sheath, fewer onlateral surfaces of petiole and abaxial surface of ra­chis, or absent from petiole and rachis; sheath 20--37cm long; ocrea to 10 cm long; petiole 35-100 cm long;rachis 0.8-1.5 m long; pinnae 8-29 per side, irregu­larly arranged in clusters, spreading in differentplanes, or regularly arranged (but with gaps) andspreading in the same plane, linear to sigmoid, nar­rowed at base, aristate, glabrous or sparsely to denselypubescent abaxially, the margins often spinulose with3 mm long, straight spinules; middle pinnae (30-)45­60 x 2-5 cm. Inflorescences interfoliar; peduncle 6­15 cm long, recurved, spiny; prophy1l9-14 cm long,2--4 cm wide; peduncular bract 19-25(-30) cm long,3-5 cm wide, densely covered with short black spinesto I cm long; rachis 1.2-6.5 cm long; rachillae 12­36, 8-16 cm long, at anthesis densely covered withbrown or white, moniliform trichomes; triads irregu­larly arranged among paired or solitary staminateflowers; staminate flowers 2--4.5 mm long; sepal lobesI mm long; petals 3--4 mm long; stamens 6; pistillodeabsent; pistillate flowers 3-5 mm long; calyx cupular,to I mm long; corolla tubular, 3-4 mm long;staminodes 6, minute, or absent;fruits 0.8-1.2 x 0.9­1.2 cm, obovoid, bluntly rostrate, orange; mesocarpmealy; endocarp turbinate, pitted on top, the sterileendocarp pores slightly displaced longitudinally; en­docarp fibers few; fruiting perianth with minutely 3­lobed calyx and truncate to crenate corolla, withoutstaminodial ring.

Distribution and habitat. Mexico to Nicaragua;lowland rain forest below 600 m elevation.

FLORA NEOTROPICA

Bactris mexicana is diagnosed by its 12-36 rachil­lae 8-16 cm long, obovoid, bluntly rostrate orangefruits 0.8-1.2 x 0.9-1.2 cm, and turbinate endocarpthat is pitted distally. Synonymy was established byde Nevers et al. (1996). Two more or less distinctforms are recognizable among the specimens exam­ined, and each has a more or less discrete range. Thereis, however, some overlap in characters in specimensfrom Guatemala, and so I recognize these two formsas varieties following de Nevers et al. (1996).

Key to the varieties of Bactris mexicanaI. Pinnae sigmoid, irregularly arranged in clusters,

spreading in different planes, glabrous abaxially;petiole and rachis with scattered, black spines................................. 48a. B. mexieana var. mexieana

I. Pinnae linear, regularly arranged (but with gaps)and spreading in the same plane, pubescentabaxially; petiole and rachis usually withoutspine 48b. B. mexieana var. triehophylla

48a. Bactris mexicana Martius var. mexicana.Bactris acuminata Liebmann ex Martius, Hist. nat.palm. 3: 321. 1853. Type. Mexico. Oaxaca:Chinantla, Oct 1842, F. Liebmann 10797 (holo­type, C; isotypes, MO, P, US).

Leaf spines few on lateral surfaces of petiole andabaxial surface of rachis; pinnae sigmoid, irregularlyarranged in clusters, spreading in different planes,glabrous abaxially.

Distribution and habitat. Mexico (Chiapas,Oaxaca, Tabasco, Veracruz) (Fig. 49A); lowland rainforest, at 100--700 m elevation.

Additional specimens examined. MEXICO. CHlAPAS:46 km N of Ocozocoautla on rd. to Mal Paso, Mun.Ocozocoautla, 700 m, 8 Oct 1974, Breedlove 38304 (MO);80 km SW of Palenque on rd. to Ocosingo, 14 Jan 1982,Breedlove & Almeda 57205 (NY). OAXACA: Mun. SantaMarfa Chimalapa, Arroyo Margo, 16°55'N, 94°39'W, 250 m,5 Sep 1984, Hernandez 390 (CAS, MO); Lorna Bonita, 4Apr 1945, Hernandez 600 (NY), 14 Dec 1984, Hernandez694 (MO); 37 mi from Empalme Balboa beyond MathiasRomero, 5 May 1952, Moore & Brossard 6353 (AAU, F,FTG, NY, US); Tolosita, Jun 1937, L. Williams 9575 (F).TABASCO: 8.2 km from Fco. Rueda, 20Jun 1983, C. Cowanet af. 3985 (NY); Retiro, Tenosique, 19-25 Jun 1939,Matuda 3478 (F, MO, US). VERACRUZ: Mun. Hidalgotithin,Rfo Soloxuchil, 100m, 21 Jun 1986, Aguilar 151 (NY); Mun.Choapan, Las Cruces, 14Ju11970, Gomez-Pompa 1516 (F);Los Tuxtlas, 18°34'N, 95°4'W, 160 m, 19 Jun 1986, Aguilar144 (NY), 9 Dec 1969, M. Calderon 2130 (F), 24 May 1981,Gentry et af. 32307 (F, MO), 12 Sep 1984, Ibarra & Sinaea