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Lecture 14Lecture 14
Insects and Disease Insects and Disease
50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85
100.0%
99.5%
97.5%
90.0%
75.0%
50.0%
25.0%
10.0%
2.5%
0.5%
0.0%
maximum
quartile
median
quartile
minimum
84.000
84.000
81.775
79.000
74.000
68.000
62.000
56.900
50.000
46.000
46.000
Quantiles
Mean
Std Dev
Std Err Mean
upper 95% Mean
lower 95% Mean
N
67.71875
8.3721863
0.7400037
69.183084
66.254416
128
Moments
Websites: http://www.geocities.com/HotSprings/Spa/6772/michigan-index.html http://www.astdhpphe.org/infect/ http://www.fairharbor.com/fhca_mosq_eee.htm http://www.medscape.com/SCP/IIM/public/columns/index-BugVectors.html http://www.ento.vt.edu/Courses/Undergraduate/IHS/oncampus/html_files/Disease.html http://www.ento.vt.edu/Courses/Undergraduate/IHS/oncampus/html_files/Disease2.html/Disease2.html http://www.isis.vt.edu/~fanjun/text/Link_pest9.html http://www.ento.vt.edu/Courses/Undergraduate/IHS/oncampus/html_files/History.html http://www.wenet.net/~fredarfa/trematod.htm http://www.biohaven.com/dengue.htm http://new.health-center.com/db/PageReq?SessionID=899&TopicID=365&PageID=1059&Action=view http://www.msue.msu.edu/msue/imp/modc1/06079607.html http://www.cdfound.to.it/html/atlas.htm#atlas http://www.mednets.com/Lyme.htm http://www.public-health.uiowa.edu/fuortes/63111/ARTHROP/index.htm http://www.public-health.uiowa.edu/fuortes/63260/PLAGUELE/index.htm http://www.public-health.uiowa.edu/fuortes/63111/Trypanosomiasis/index.htm http://www.public-health.uiowa.edu/fuortes/63260/malaria1/index.htm
Websites: http://www.geocities.com/HotSprings/Spa/6772/michigan-index.html http://www.astdhpphe.org/infect/ http://www.fairharbor.com/fhca_mosq_eee.htm http://www.medscape.com/SCP/IIM/public/columns/index-BugVectors.html http://www.ento.vt.edu/Courses/Undergraduate/IHS/oncampus/html_files/Disease.html http://www.ento.vt.edu/Courses/Undergraduate/IHS/oncampus/html_files/Disease2.html/Disease2.html http://www.isis.vt.edu/~fanjun/text/Link_pest9.html http://www.ento.vt.edu/Courses/Undergraduate/IHS/oncampus/html_files/History.html http://www.wenet.net/~fredarfa/trematod.htm http://www.biohaven.com/dengue.htm http://new.health-center.com/db/PageReq?SessionID=899&TopicID=365&PageID=1059&Action=view http://www.msue.msu.edu/msue/imp/modc1/06079607.html http://www.cdfound.to.it/html/atlas.htm#atlas http://www.mednets.com/Lyme.htm http://www.public-health.uiowa.edu/fuortes/63111/ARTHROP/index.htm http://www.public-health.uiowa.edu/fuortes/63260/PLAGUELE/index.htm http://www.public-health.uiowa.edu/fuortes/63111/Trypanosomiasis/index.htm http://www.public-health.uiowa.edu/fuortes/63260/malaria1/index.htm
Goals:Goals:
Assignment:Assignment:
1. Define: vector, parasite, myiasis, envemonization, plague, and epidemic
2. Know the effects of arthropods on humans and other animals
1. Define: vector, parasite, myiasis, envemonization, plague, and epidemic
2. Know the effects of arthropods on humans and other animals
Where Have we Come From? Where are we Going?
Where Have we Come From? Where are we Going?
• What is Science?• Theory of Life:
– Organization– Organismal
• Theory of Inheritance• Theory of Evolution• Germ Theory of Disease
• What is Science?• Theory of Life:
– Organization– Organismal
• Theory of Inheritance• Theory of Evolution• Germ Theory of Disease
497 Cases of Human West Nile Virus in Michigan; 41 Total Deaths…497 Cases of Human West Nile Virus in Michigan; 41 Total Deaths…
• Arthropods
• Environment & Ecology
• Biological Sustainability
• Food Security
• Your Future & Biology?
• Arthropods
• Environment & Ecology
• Biological Sustainability
• Food Security
• Your Future & Biology?
I. Introduction I. Introduction
The 12 basic ways in which arthropods affect the health and well-being of man and animals...
The 12 basic ways in which arthropods affect the health and well-being of man and animals...
Tsetse fly
2. Envenomization - toxemia - Stinging of Wasps or Biting of Spiders2. Envenomization - toxemia - Stinging of Wasps or Biting of Spiders Brown recluse
wound two years after the bite
Brown recluse wound two years after the bite
6. Accidental injury to sense organs6. Accidental injury to sense organs
1. Annoyance - Buzzing flies or feeding mosquitoes.1. Annoyance - Buzzing flies or feeding mosquitoes.
4. Blood loss or Weight Loss, Reduction in egg, milk production4. Blood loss or Weight Loss, Reduction in egg, milk production
3. Mechanical pain from
bites.
3. Mechanical pain from
bites.
5. Myiasis and mechanical pain associated with
larval invasion of, and establishment in tissues
5. Myiasis and mechanical pain associated with
larval invasion of, and establishment in tissues
9. Vectoring or parasites causing such diseases as plague, malaria, yellow fever, and encephalitis
9. Vectoring or parasites causing such diseases as plague, malaria, yellow fever, and encephalitis
7. Dermatosis -- dermatitis7. Dermatosis -- dermatitis
10. Causing paralysis of animals & humans--as in tick paralysis
10. Causing paralysis of animals & humans--as in tick paralysis
11. Gadding, running , or milling of animals caused by insect-induced fright or extreme annoyance
11. Gadding, running , or milling of animals caused by insect-induced fright or extreme annoyance
8. Allergy and related conditions 8. Allergy and related conditions
12. Entomophobia--fear of insects or arthropods or imagined infestation12. Entomophobia--fear of insects or arthropods or imagined infestation
B. Biting Arthropods B. Biting Arthropods
1. Mosquitoes (Family Culicidae)-- Several species of mosquitoes bite man and
animals in Michigan. Some species develop in pools while others develop in ponds and marshes. Occur during the spring and summer in Michigan.
1. Mosquitoes (Family Culicidae)-- Several species of mosquitoes bite man and
animals in Michigan. Some species develop in pools while others develop in ponds and marshes. Occur during the spring and summer in Michigan.
Life Cycle of Insects
• Metamorphosis– Complete
• Egg (1 stage)
• Larva (many stages)
• Pupa (1 stage)
• Adult (1 stage)
– Incomplete• Egg (1 stage)
• Nymph (many stages)
• Adult (1 stage)
• Metamorphosis– Complete
• Egg (1 stage)
• Larva (many stages)
• Pupa (1 stage)
• Adult (1 stage)
– Incomplete• Egg (1 stage)
• Nymph (many stages)
• Adult (1 stage)
II. Arthropods as Transmitters of Infectious Agents of Disease II. Arthropods as Transmitters of Infectious Agents of Disease
A. Pathogenic Agent A. Pathogenic Agent
1. Protozoa1. Protozoa
A. Leishmania spp. (sand fly vector)A. Leishmania spp. (sand fly vector)
C. Plasmodium spp (malaria)– mosquitoes vectorC. Plasmodium spp (malaria)– mosquitoes vector
B. Trypanosoma spp. (human sleeping sickness): Tsetse Fly and Assassin Bug vector
B. Trypanosoma spp. (human sleeping sickness): Tsetse Fly and Assassin Bug vector
Invasive Species: Tiger MosquitoInvasive Species: Tiger Mosquito
• Introduced into MI– Transmits Encephalitis– Came from Asia
• Product of travel &trade…
• Will you be able to identify this species?
• Introduced into MI– Transmits Encephalitis– Came from Asia
• Product of travel &trade…
• Will you be able to identify this species?
FemaleFemale MaleMale
Human arm feeding the mosquito…the price of science.Human arm feeding the mosquito…the price of science.
MatingMating
www.theatlantic.com/trans.atl/issue/97/malaria.htmwww.theatlantic.com/trans.atl/issue/97/malaria.htm
Plasmodium life cyclePlasmodium life cycle
Malaria
2. Helminths - Worms 2. Helminths - Worms
Fluke
60 ft from head to tail
A. Trematodes and Cestodes (a.k.a. flukes and tapeworms) --
arthropods may serve as intermediate hosts for
these parasites
A. Trematodes and Cestodes (a.k.a. flukes and tapeworms) --
arthropods may serve as intermediate hosts for
these parasites
After ingestion cyticercoids released from beetle, then shed tails and evaginate
Definitive hosts: humans or rodents
Scolex attaches to intestinal wall, develops into adult cestode
Eggs swallowed by definitive host, hatch in duodenum, and oncospheres penetrate the instinal villi
Tailed cysticercoids develop in hemocoel
Optional intermediate host (larval and adult beetles)
Eggs swalloed by beetle hatch in intestine
Direct reinfection (without intermediate host)
Oncospheres develop into cysticercoid in lymphatics of villus
Egg
Gravid proglottid released and eggs released in feces
Life Cycle of Vanpirolepis spp.
2. Helminths - worms 2. Helminths - worms
B. Nematodes -- B. Nematodes --
I. Filariasis and Elephantiasis--Filarial worms transmitted by mosquitoes
I. Filariasis and Elephantiasis--Filarial worms transmitted by mosquitoes
Filarisis world distribution
Elephantiasis
II. Onchocerciasis (river blindness)--Filarial worms transmitted by Black FlyII. Onchocerciasis (river blindness)--Filarial worms transmitted by Black Fly
B. Biting Arthropods B. Biting Arthropods
2. Black Flies (Family Simuliidae)-- Immatures occur in clear streams with high oxygen concentration, and the adults emerge during late May and June– both Upper and Lower Peninsulas.
2. Black Flies (Family Simuliidae)-- Immatures occur in clear streams with high oxygen concentration, and the adults emerge during late May and June– both Upper and Lower Peninsulas.
Bite mark
III. Heart Worm--Filarial Worm Transmitted by mosquitoes
III. Heart Worm--Filarial Worm Transmitted by mosquitoes
3. Viruses3. Viruses
A. Yellow Fever--Transmitted by mosquito A. Yellow Fever--Transmitted by mosquito
3. Viruses3. Viruses
B. Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever--Transmitted by mosquito
B. Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever--Transmitted by mosquito
C. Encephalitides-- (Eastern Encephalitides, St. Louis , and Western Encephalitides) transmitted by mosquito
C. Encephalitides-- (Eastern Encephalitides, St. Louis , and Western Encephalitides) transmitted by mosquito
III. Arthropods and Diseases of Major Importance to Michigan
III. Arthropods and Diseases of Major Importance to Michigan
A. Diseases A. Diseases
1. Eastern Equine Encephalitis-- enzotic setting: hardwood swamps 1. Eastern Equine Encephalitis-- enzotic setting: hardwood swamps
•Mosquito passes virus among swamp-dwelling birds
•Mosquito passes virus among swamp-dwelling birds
•Mosquito vector, Culiseta melanura•Mosquito vector, Culiseta melanura
• pathogenic in both mosquitoes and birds• pathogenic in both mosquitoes and birds
• virus sometimes leaves swamp setting and is transmitted to horses, game birds (penned pheasants), and people• virus sometimes leaves swamp setting and is transmitted to horses, game birds (penned pheasants), and people
• highly pathogenic in these “dead-end” hosts• highly pathogenic in these “dead-end” hosts
• outbreaks occurred in the early 1940’s, 1973, 1980-83, 1989, 1991-8, 2001
• outbreaks occurred in the early 1940’s, 1973, 1980-83, 1989, 1991-8, 2001
• most serious mosquito borne disease in
Michigan
• most serious mosquito borne disease in
Michigan
-Virus found in Africa, West Asia, Middle East.
-Imported in USA in the summer of 1999.
- Most cases with no symptomsor mild flu like symptoms
- Inflammation of brain (encephalitis)
- 3242 cases and 176 deaths by October 21, 2002.
- Survival- Without symptoms but infected - Neurologic disease- Limb incoordination- Death
HOSTS
Counties with testing activity negative to date for West Nile Virus
Counties with testing activity positive for West Nile Virus
AVIANCASES
Updated 10/28/2002 342 West Nile Virus Horse cases to date
HORSE CASES
•30% exhibit any noticeable symptoms
•Less than 1% of these cases become life-threatening
•Most people have mild, flu-like symptoms, or no symptoms at all.
•Most susceptible are the elderly and those with compromised immune systems.
•West Nile Virus is not transmissible from person to person.
Updated 11/08/2004 2:00 PM497 Cases of Human West Nile Virus in Michigan41 Total Deaths in Michigan
HUMANCASES
Cases by Age and Sex
Age Female Male Unknown Total
Unknown 2 1 3
0 to 18 5 8 13
19 to 65 125 151 276
Age 65+ 83 121 1 205
Total 215 281 1 497
% Female or Male 43.26% 56.54% 0.20%
Updated 11/08/2004 2:00 PM
Michigan WNV Cases
VECTOR MANAGEMENT
EliminateStanding water
Eliminateexposure
Insecticides
Vaccine development
How Control?How Control?
4. Rickettsia4. Rickettsia
A. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Colorado Tick Fever Transmitted by Tick
A. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Colorado Tick Fever Transmitted by Tick
4. Rickettsia4. Rickettsia
B. Epidemic Typhus-- Transmitted by the Louse B. Epidemic Typhus-- Transmitted by the Louse
5. Bacteria5. Bacteria
Western Reservoir
Eastern Reservoir
A. Plague (Yersinia pestis)-- Transmitted by the flea from rodent to rodent then man to man… A. Plague (Yersinia pestis)-- Transmitted by the flea from rodent to rodent then man to man…
Plague distribution Plague distribution
B. Tularemia-- Transmitted by ticks, deer flies to man. Direct inoculation from skinning
Rabbits…
B. Tularemia-- Transmitted by ticks, deer flies to man. Direct inoculation from skinning
Rabbits…
B. Biting Arthropods B. Biting Arthropods
3. Stable Flies (Family Muscidae)-- spoiled feed or hay mixed with wastes from horses and other livestock on farms or in stables. Upper Peninsula of Michigan, particularly Porcupine Mountains and along Lake Superior beaches.
3. Stable Flies (Family Muscidae)-- spoiled feed or hay mixed with wastes from horses and other livestock on farms or in stables. Upper Peninsula of Michigan, particularly Porcupine Mountains and along Lake Superior beaches.
B. Biting Arthropods B. Biting Arthropods
4. Deer and Horse Flies (Family Tabanidae)-- swamps and marshes, along stream banks and ponds and lakes.
4. Deer and Horse Flies (Family Tabanidae)-- swamps and marshes, along stream banks and ponds and lakes.
C. Lyme Disease-- A spirochete bacteria transferred by the tick C. Lyme Disease-- A spirochete bacteria transferred by the tick
Borrelia burgdorferi
B. Biting Arthropods B. Biting Arthropods
Life stages of deer tick
Life stages of dog tick
5. Ticks (Family Ixodidae)-- Until the discovery of Lyme disease and the deer tick, lxodes
scapularis (formerly dammini), in Michigan, the American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis) was the most pestiferous tick in Michigan. Both of these ticks are more abundant in the Upper Peninsula.
5. Ticks (Family Ixodidae)-- Until the discovery of Lyme disease and the deer tick, lxodes
scapularis (formerly dammini), in Michigan, the American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis) was the most pestiferous tick in Michigan. Both of these ticks are more abundant in the Upper Peninsula.
2. Lyme Disease -- bacteria: Borrelia burgdorferi
• Vector = deer tick Ixodes dammini in Upper Michigan and probably lower Michigan
• The tick feeds on small rodents, deer and man.
• In 1991, Michigan reported 46 cases of Lyme Disease, based on the new case definition. Michigan has reported 542 Lyme disease cases…many cases unreported or misdiagnosed.
2. Lyme Disease -- bacteria: Borrelia burgdorferi
• Vector = deer tick Ixodes dammini in Upper Michigan and probably lower Michigan
• The tick feeds on small rodents, deer and man.
• In 1991, Michigan reported 46 cases of Lyme Disease, based on the new case definition. Michigan has reported 542 Lyme disease cases…many cases unreported or misdiagnosed.
The mortal enemies of man are not his fellows of another continent or race; they are the aspects of the physical world which limit or challenge his control, the disease germs that attack him and his domesticated plants and animals, and the insects that carry many of these germs as well as working notable direct injury.
--W. C. Allee (1885 - 1955) US zoologist, The Social Life of Insects (1939)
The mortal enemies of man are not his fellows of another continent or race; they are the aspects of the physical world which limit or challenge his control, the disease germs that attack him and his domesticated plants and animals, and the insects that carry many of these germs as well as working notable direct injury.
--W. C. Allee (1885 - 1955) US zoologist, The Social Life of Insects (1939)
