, larger rhan the internaI security situation requiles.

The govemmellt of Vietnam has Cbmiorn~allyyy been trying to counteract the picture which the Johnston document draws of that country. A Vietnamese reply has been coilveyed to a number of Senators and to the State ,Department wl1lch points up that in the four years ending in 1956, Vietnam's imports from the United States were trebIed, whde imports from France dropped, , t o one-sixth. If Vietnam were t o devalue its currency, runs the argument, it would, have t o , reduce its American purchases sI1,arpIy. In any case, the figures indicate that since France lost this outpost of empire in 1954, American business has taken over and done well.

As President Eisenhowers gllest, Mr.. Dieln will be assured of courteous treatment. B,ut the distinguished vlsltqr wdl be well advised t o avoid lettiug our cor- diality blind liim to the misgivings whicli tlle Johnston report has aroused c,oncerning his regime.

Jim Crow Dressed U i Qp May 14, the citizens of New Rochelle, New York,

wdl vote on a school referendum which, if paqsed, will perpetuate for anotller flfty years an anach-ronistic Jim Crow high school which has disgraced the community

I 1

for nearly half a century. Everyone in New Rochelle opposes segregation in Mississippi, but the election will decide how many oppose it in tlus attractive suburb of Ney Yorlr City many miles north of t he Mason- Dixon line. hTew Rochelles other schools are integrated; Lincoln High School is not. In 1930, a new school was- built near Lincoln and the dlstrlct liiles were redrawn in such a manner that the new structure was almost completely within a white residential area. White children left living in the Lincoln district were then given transfers t o other schools.

The need to replace the Lmcoln school-a tottering structure whose auditorium has lieen unflt fpr use for the past two years-creates an opportunity to inte- grate its students in non-segregated schools. But the referendum proposes the construction of a new budd-

ing on the old site which wouId not only retain the name of , Lincoln-an offense in itself-but would , ,freezeyJ its status as a segregated school. And this three full years after the Supreme Courts decisivn iu the desegregation cases! Voters in New Rochelle should keep in mind that Southern communities will be watch-

, ing- the outcome of thelr election with interest. ( FOP further cvidence of Northern Jr rn Crow practices, see p. 390 this issue.)

Hollywood AS THE YEAR 1957 lurches toward Its mid-point, Hollywood fmds itself celebrating, willingly or unwdlingly as the case may be, the tenth anni-

* versary sf a blacklist which began 111 1947 when a produced ddegatlon composed of Messrs. Dore Schary,

Mnv 4. 1957

, Walter &-anger and Eddie Mannix app,eared before the, Screen Writers

I Guild to, plead for acquiescence in the blaclclisting of the Hollywood Ten.

Mr. Schary, who is probably the ,most civilized and certainly the most literate man- ever to achleve execu- tive leadership of a major motion- picture producing company, acted as reluctant spokesman for the pro- ducers: reluctant bec,ause some of the doomed men were his friends; reluctant because he had worked with others of them in the various Roose- velt campaigns; reluctant because he was and is a llberal who hated the idea of a blacklist and probably hates i t even more today.

Despite assurances that ten heads, would appease the gods, the guiIIo- tine has smce claimed some 250 other artists and technicians. The most powerful man in Hollywood today is- an inconspicuous, pleasant-man- nered fellow named WiIIiaF WheeIer, who works as investigator for the House Committee on Un-American

Activities. Upon hismodest shoulders has fallen the glory that was Zanucks and the power tha t was Mayers.

The paradox of the tenth arini- vehary of the blacklist lies in the fact that while it fmds most sur- viving members of the Hollywood Ten busdy engaged in the tpractice of their professions, Mr. Schary, amidst a hideous outcry from avari- cious stockholder^, has just been ejected from 111s producership a t M-G-14 and presently, as the eu- phemism goes, is at liberty.

The reason for his discharge, Mr. Schary wrote in The Reportel- of April 1S, 1957,- was that I made too many speeches and wrote too many artlcles, and t h a t m y partici- pation in the 1956 ,Presidential cam- paign on behalf of the Democrats had made for irritation and enmity. Mr. Schary,. in a word, fell victim to the blackhst his own eloquence had inaugurated; the decade ends, as i t began, with an absurdlty.

The truth, of course, is t ha t the

383

blacklist was openly called for in 1947 by the House Committee on Un-American Activities I . . . Dont you think the most effective way is the payroll route? . - . Do you thlnk the studios should continue t o employ these individuals?) and that the produceis opposed the idea. Eric Johnston, president of the Mo- tion Picture Association o America, told the committee that for pro- ducers to join together and t o re- fuse to hire someone or some people would be a potential conspiracy, and our legal counsel advised against it.

Louis B. Mayer testified that They have mentioned two or three writers to me several times. There is no proof about it, except they mark them as Communists, and when I look a t the pictures they have written for us I cant find once where t h e y have writKen anything like that. . . . . I have asked counsel. They claim that unless you can prove they are Cornmuniststhey could hold yoL1 or damages. Jack L. Warner de- clared under oath that he Lwouldnt be a party with anyone in an asso- ciatior, especially where you would be liable for having a fellows liveli- hood impaired; I wouldnt want to ,do that.

THEY DID it, however, a few days later a t a famous meeting in the Waldorf-Astoria. Depositions taken from persons present reveal a long and stormy session during which the Hollywood executives strongly op- posed demands of the Eastern people for a blacklist. The Eastern people, unfortunately, controlIed the film corporations i,nvolved and the source of investment capital with which- production is maintained. It was no contest. The meeting ended with a sullenly unanimous proclama- tion of the first blacklist in the his- tory oi motion pictures.

The Hollywood Ten, blacklisted and cursed with the worst press since Bruno Hauptmann, stood tda! for contempt of Congress, drew maxi- mum fines and sentences, wrangled their way through skeptical courts and finally were distributed through- out the federal penitentiary system. Ring Lardner, Jr; and Lester Cole landed in Danbury, Connecticut, where they renewed an sld acquaint-

3 84

The Crash of Silence Almtg mi& mawuscrlpt, MI.

Trunnbo seqrt us the following brief aiary wAicft records his attempts to get t h e Motion Picture AssociatioTa of America t o answer some pointed gn~stions.-Editors

Holtyrtmod Tkrcrsdoy, ApriZ 18. Telephone C. H. (Doke) Wales, popular and capable press relations man for Motion Picture Association of America. Ex- plain mission re Nation, et al, read him folIowing list of questions:

I. Would the MPAA d m y that major studios are pz+asing material f ~ o m Fifth Amendmemt writers and nmzouing theiv Jnomes faom the rcreen?

2. Wozrld t h e M P A A say there is no blacklist in HoiLpood ezcept

- that which applies to the Hollywood Tan?

3. lWowld the MPAlfi have any ohjecrioru if a major rtxdio openly hired ,u Fi f th Amendment uviiter La? a membzr of the Hollywood T e d ,

.1. Does the MPAA deal with. the Committee on Un-Ahencan A2tivi- ties, or m y representative of that committee, in deternGning the em- ployability of artists or other per-rons in t I ~ e motion picttlra Industvy?

5. If there is, a blacklist in. the ;TI- dzhstry, t o what persons or orgamiza- t i o m does t h e MPAA attribute is? Wales copies list, reads it back. Hell of a copyist. Everything checks out. I: suggest he may want a little time. Wales agrees. Will be in office from 2:30 p.m. on, call him then. Call at 2:40 p.m. Wales not back yet. Call 4:OO p.m. Wales gone for day. Troubled by4this, but stili have faith

. in Wales.

Fkiday, April 19. Call Wales 9:34 a.m. Not in yet. Send fast straight wire reminding him of situation and giv-

ing phone number. CalI Wales 1-50 p.m. Not back from lunch. Three p.m., no calI from Wales. Send following straight fast wire 3:02 p.m.

C. H. WALES MPAA 8480 BEVERLY BOULEVARD HOLLYWOOD, CALIFORNIA HAVE ACCURATE RECORD

VERSATION AND OF MY SUBSEQUENT CALLS. I DONT, BLAME YOU FOR DUCKING, BUT UNLESS I HEAR FROM YOU BEFORE MY DEADLINE SIX P.M. TONIGHT I SHALL NOTE

OF OUR TELEPHONE CON-

THE EXTENT OF MY EF- FORTS AND THEIR FAIL- URE AND ASSUME MPAA HAS TAKEN THE FIFTH. ALTHOUGH I HAVENT HAD THE PLEASURE OF INVOKING THE FIFTH, ITSA GRAND OLD AMEND- MENT AND I SHOLTLDNT WISH TO DEPRIVE ERIC jGEWiGN OF ITS PROTEG TION, CORDIALLY,

DALTON TRUMBO Call Wales 5 : 14 p.m. Young man says Wales not available. Chill touches my heart: first time word unavailable has bee? used. Tell young man Ill stay by phone til1 7; p:m. Wales doesnt get through. Sorry about Wales, but console self with Eric Johnston 1947 statement, AS long as I live I will never be ,a party t o anything as un-American as a blacklist. Feel certain Erics heart still in right pIace. satisfied Wales will call tomorrow.

Saqqday, April 20. No call from Wales. Hope he isnt ill. Mission un- completed.

-E. T.

ance with ~ X - C G E ~ ~ ~ S S E Z ~ J. Pzi- ne11 Thomas, chairman of the 1947 hearings which had done them i?. Thomas had been caught with his hand in the wrong c2& d r a ~ e r .

Jack Lawson, Adrian Scott and this correspondent, incarcerated. under heavy guard in the grand old state of Kentucky, were thrown into intimate contact with its favorite son, es-Congressman Andy May,

who had cdebrared the giory of American arms by snatching a few wartime defense bribes. Airnost every jail in the country dyring that curi- 03s time fouzd Congressman and contemptee standing cheek by jowl in the chow line, all their old maligni- ties dissolved in common hunger for a few more of them there beans.

Meanwhile, sustained by an Ap- pellate Court decision which con-

The NATION

firmed its right and even its au ty to investigate artists and their works, the committee embarked on a perma- ,nent career in Hollywood. Francis Walter, his. chariot drawn by 'captive starlets, passed like Caesar through the lots' attended' by a chanting host of the repentent. Under the yelping attack of this stream-lined, sharp- toothed wolf pack, Communists, near-Communists, neo-Communists, proto-Comm,unists, n'on-Communists and a few friends of anti-Gommu-' nists fell like. tenpins. '

' And then, 'imperceptibly at first, the uproar began to diminish. It faded off, about a year ago, into a stunned and terrible silence. There wasn't anybody left, to investigate. The silynce continues to this day, broken I only occasionally b y ' the contemplative licking of, old wounds.

A BLACKLIST, far froni being a funny thing, is an illegal instrument of terror which can'exist only by suf- ferance of and connivance with the federal government. The Hollywoad ;blacklist is but part of an,immensely greater official blacklist-barring its victims from work at home, and deny- ing Ithem passage 'abroad-wFich mocks our government in all its re- lations with civilized powers that neither tolerate nor understand 'such repression.' The shock' 'of the black- list pyoduces psychic"dis0rders among sensitive persons, from which result broken homes' desolate children, premature!' deaths and sometirhes suicide.

It is 'not alone the loss of income , or of property that hurts: .the more terrible wound is the loss of , a pro- fession tp which one's entire' life has

,been dedicated. A director must have the faciliti'es of a Studio:, denied hem, -he sells real ,estate. A violinist must appear in person for the con- cert: 'barred from, admittance, , he becomes a milkman and practices six hours a day kgainst the unreveal- ed time when his music once more may ' be heard. ,The actor's physical 'I personality, I which is his greatest asset, liecomes ,his supr,eme curse under the>blacklist; he must be seen, and when the sight of him is pro- hibited he becomes a carpenter, an insurance salesman, a barber. J

A writer is more foitunate. Give . h h y '4, 1957 ,"

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him nothing more than paper, a pencil and a nice clean cell, and he's in business. Dante, Cervantes, Rous- sehu, Voltaiie, Ben Jonson, Milton, Defoe, Bunyan, Hugo, Zola and. a score of others have long siace proved that ' in ' jail I 'or out, writi,ng under their ,own names or, some one else's' or a pseudonym or anonymously, writers will write; and that having written, they will find an ,audience. Only: fools with no knowledge of history and bureaucrats with no knowledge' of literature are stupid enougli to think otlierwise.

And so it chanced in 'Hollywood that each blacklisted writer, after

swiftly $describing that Iong parabola frqm th? heart of the motion-picture industry to a small house in a low- rent ,district, picked himself up,' dusted his trousers, anointed, his abrasions, looked'laround for a ream of clean white paper and something to deface i t with, and began to write. Through secret channels, and by means so cunning they may never be revealed, wliat he wrote was pass- ed along untd finally i t appeared on a producer's desk, and the pro? ducer ,looked upon it and' found it good, and monies were paid, and the writer's children began content- edly to eat. Thus the black market.

In the mkantime, quietly domi- ciled nearby with his stunningly beau- tiful wife and two infant daughters la young man of Irish descent named Michael Wilson sat down at his type- writer and went furiously t o work' writing scripts. By 1951 he had risen

t o a position of SUCK prominence that he was subpoenaed by the corn- mittee. Appearing before i t in good form, Wilson to& the Fifth Amend- ment, ending' his career 'at the very rnomsnt it seemed ready' to flower. Four, mowths later his screenplay of A Phck i n t h e STLW, adapted from Arz Amelicam TrLigedy, was nomi- nated for an Academy Award. He .thus became the first American screenwriter to be nominated for an award after bei,ng blacklisted. A month later he chalked up another first for, $he blacklist by winning the Oscar.

Wilson apparently had a number ' of 'unproduced scripts lying around the studios, for the foIIowing year his screenplay" of Five Filtgers was produce'd, and once again he received the Academy's scroll of n'omination for the Award. With two nominations and one' Oscar under,hii belt, Wilson continued the quiet life of a black- , listee until ,some two years later, when Allied Artists decided t o pro- duce another of his old scripts, this one an adaptation of Jessamyn West's Frimdly Persmzsiott. , When the time rolled, around for screen I credits, Wilson discovered that ,Miss West and RoLert Wyler, brother of the fllrn's~~ director, were credited as sole authors of the screen- play: WiJson appealed to the, Writers' Guild arbitration committee, which ruled in hls favor. Allied Artists thereupon released the picture with- out screenplay credits 'of any kind.

,THE Acadelny' of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences was now confront- ed with the horrid possibility tha t the picture' might bring Wilson, who had been dead professionally for

' five yeals, still' another Oscar. The man seemed to be getting out of hand; God alone knew how many more of his unproduced manuscripts were lying in studio, files. So twenty- two niembers of the Academy's Board of Governors passed a by-law which was to remain secret unless "F? iendly Persuasion receives a writing nomination "as the best scr,eenplay." It provided that no per- sop who behaved as WiIson had be- fore a CongressibnaI committee was eligible or an. Academy prize. That is why, when the screenwriters did

3 8s

nominate Wilson for Friendly Per- S Z L C I S ~ ~ ~ ~ , there was appended to the llstrng the sad littlenote: Achieve- ment nominated, but writer ineligible

. for Award under Academy by-laws. (See Credlts and Oscars, TJte Nntio.rL, March 30.)

Wllson, who during World War I1 served as a Captain in the Fifth Amphibious Corps, U. S. Marines, under Major General I-Iolland (Howling) M. Smith, doesnt scare too easdy, ahd appears to take a dlm view of secret by-laws designed t o celebrate, his professional demise. He is presently bringing suit against the Academy, in the course of which the patriots on the Academys board who barred his work wdl be given an opportunity t o explain under oath just how their unanimity was achieved.

WIth F~iendLy Perst~nsio.n barred, the Academy for the first time in its

1 history offered four instead of five candidates for its Best Screenplay Award. The Oscar, shabby and com- promised but quite as golden as its twenty brethren, went almost by de- faul t to James Poe, John Farrow and S. J. Perelman for the screen- play of Eighty Days Arowad the World. The Oscar for the Best Origi- nal Story. glowing with the virtue of a fair contest, went to Robert Rich for T h e Brave One. The remaining writers Oscar, for Best Original Screenplay. fell into the foreign hands of Albert Lamorisse for the French film, Th.e Red BnlLooat.

AND THEN something happened. A young man named Robert Rich (but not the Robert Rich for wh,om a proxy had picked up the Oscar), thinking no doubt to make sport of the Academy, pretended to be the real Robert Rich and sought-to receive from the Academy those courtesies and distinctions that seemed to lie without visible claim- ant. In some fashion not: yet known he got tangled up with Miss Mar- garet Herrick, cxecutive director of the Academy, or George Seaton, its presidenr, or some other P-cademy factotum yet undiscovered, and con- fessed his deception.

The Academy, giddy by now with patriotism, flushed with its victory over Wilson, anxious to proclaim

itself Cerberus of the blacklist and sensing that a second barbarian might have breached the defenkes and profaned the sanctuary, rushed a t once into print with the most disastrous publicity release of its twenty-nine year history. Robert Rich, i t announced ominously, credited by the studlo which pro- duced The Brave O ~ Z P with author- ship of the motion-picture story and winner of the Academy Award in this category: stated today he was not the author of the story.

There followed a series of dire warnings from Mr. Seaton and his underlings. The original story, it was hinted, wasnt original a t all, or if so i t was very likely a plagiarism, and the Academy would probably w~thhold the award, or punish the Kmg Brothers by giving i t to the owners of another story who were suing the Kings, or even declare Robert Rich, like Wilson, a non- person, and turn the Oscar over t o the next highest man in the vote, or maybe shoot craps for its custody.

ENGROSSED in its fierce pursuit of the infidel, the Academy had over- looked the fact that there are literally hundreds of valid, free-born, no- Amendment Robert Riches scattered through practically every country in the Western world. The King Broth- ers said theirs was a goateed young photographer-writer from whom they had purchased the story in 1952 in Munich, and no one has yet dls- proved their claim. Overnight the New York Post turned up five Robert Riches. From San Francisco the nephew of a deceased Robert Rich announced he was arriving shortly to claim the trophy for his uncle. The large vacuum which now surrounded the Oscar was quickly filled with cIaims, counter-c!zims and disavowals on behalf of such dis- parate characters as the late Roberr Flaherty, Orsoi i Welles, Jesse Lasky, JI., Willis OBrien and Paul Rader.

L I I ~ search even penetrated those ,cavernous depths wherein dweIl the blacklisted and :he anmymous. Among those flushed for questioning was this correspondent, who cannily refused to affirm ordeny authorship. Suspicions then skittered like a star- ling from Albert Maltz t o Michael

T l

W~ilson, from Wilson to Carl Fore- man, from Foreman to PauI Jar- rico to others of the damned.

As the fourth day of turmoil dawn- ed, the Academy took rueful stock of its coup. Someone with more per- spicacity than president Seaton be- gan to comprehend what had hap- pened to the Immortals. First, they had flatly declared that Roberr Rich wasnt, the author of The Brave Om, whereas there was a very good suing chance tha t Robert Rich was. , Second, they had revealed themselves somewhat too nakedly as chief ad- vocates and policemen of a blacklist that everybody else was fed up wlth. And third, they had cast a fatal shadow over the only other Oscar won this ~7ear by an American writer, the f m t having already been dis- honored by the ex post facto anni- hilation of Michael Wilson. The Aca- demy, retiring behind its own ver- sion of the Fifth Amendment, an- nounced that on advice of counsel we are going t o keep out of this situation. Since then there has been nothing but blessed silence.

Meanwhile William Stout, a hri1- lant young news commentator or Los Angeles Station KNX-TV, cast- ing bemused eyes a t Mr. Seaton and his cohorts, began to have a funny feeling. He telephoned me suggesting lunch, and wediscovered tha t we both had a funny feeling. There was a stillness over Hollywood tha t seemed to call for a little noise., We decided on the spot t o make our feelings lcnown to the world via a filmed interview about the blacklist and the black market it produces.

The next evening Mr. Stout put part of the interview on the Emmy- winning program called Th.e Big News. The following day four more minutes went coast-to-coast on the D o q l a s Edwards CBS-TV ~ e w s show originating in New York. Later that night Mr. Stout wrapped I t up with a second interview over KNS-TV.

What i said during the interview was what everyone in Hollywood knew but no one had ever mention- ed: that I had been working steadily since the blacklist began; that others of my kind had also been working; that the major studios were openly in the black market, purchasing

plays ana d e r 'material ana re- leasing them without' their authors' names; that the Academy. had be- come official guardian of the black- list; that i t had launched against the' producers of The BTaue Owe an attack it would' never have3,dared make against any major producer; that I myself had been nominated for Academy Awards and would not tell -whether had won any Oscars; that I intended to keep right on working, 'and that I assumed others would continue also.

FIVE years ago, two years ago, per- haps even six months ago, such an ,interview would have brought down upon m y head maledictions ' from the committee, outraged d'enials from the producers ,and parading dele- gations from the American Legion.

But. in this pleasant April of 1957 I heard not one yelp of anger nor a single 'denial. All over town publicity departments worked furiously and overtime at the job 01 saying nothing and making sure nobody else said anything either: For tlie first time in ten ,years I was the only man in Hollywood who could be heard: Feeling that my personal charm alode couldn't explain such amiable treatment, I glanced :cautiously

, about for the real reason, and came I across a legal action called Wilsom us. Loew's, I n c . '

Don three different occasions, mem- ,bers of the Hollywo'od Ten'have won jury, decisions in contract cases

I against the producers; but, each vic- tory has been reversed by higher' courts who ,found little merit in the opinions of twelve, good men and true. Thus when Wilsogz us. Loew's, I m . was filed, it seemed only another futile and ' expensive attempt to crack the Jrnpregnable structure of the , blacklist, and ,was presumed doomed to fail like all the 'others.

The suit, filed by Michael Wilson,, Ann Revere, Gale Sondergaard, Guy

, Endore and nineteen others, charged that the plaintiffs had been black- listed and demanded &52,000,000 for tk losses and damages inflicted upon them. Loew's, Inc., while n&t ad- mitting the existence of a blacklist, argued from the assumption that if a blacklist does exist it is justified and therefore legal. The district court May 4, 1957

I ,

ruIed &at even if evelyth'ing alleged were true, the defendants were not entitled t o judgment, and hence there was no reason for a trial. The' Circuit Court of Appeals sustained the lower court. And 'then,,, quite suddenly' and without ivarning of any kind, the Supreme Court granted certiorari, indicating the suit involves more substantial questions of law than the lower courts suspected.

,Wilso~b vs. Loew's, I n c . will be ' argued before ' the Supreme Court next autumn. If the court rules for the plaiatiffs-and there is just as much reason t o believe it will decide for them as against them-the ruling will declare, in effect, that 1 if the *facts charged are true the plaintiffs are entitled to judgment. Then the lower courts will be compelled to'ac- mcept for trial an issue which juries thus far have invariably decided in favor of plaintiffs. Pondering the possibilities, I am inclined t o ljelieve tha t Wilso~z vi. Loew's accounts for a great deal of the silence that has settled over Hollywood. It might even be the reason why the Motion Picture Association of America, or- dinarily so bgreedy for space, denied t o readers 'of T h e Nation answers to ,the questions propounded by their correspondent (see page 384).

THERE is, of course, anpther reason, which lies in' the fading power and the growing disrepute of, the com- mittee itself. 'Only a few weeks ago the Board of Governors of 'the e'mi- nentIy conservative Stare Bar of California charged that ,''the pro- ceedings of ' the committee and the conduct of the committee's counsel . . .I were improper and lacking in

dignity and impartiality which should govern the conduct of agencies, of the United States . . . and they were of such a character as to pose a *threat to the right to aphear by counsel , and to the proper' inde- pendence of the Bar." (See editorial in TIze Nation, April 13.) ,

Rumblings now are heark$ from another quarter. The Hollywood Re- porter, ' a trade paper which has been the, committee's staunchest friend, carried on March 14 an item by its leading reporter, Mike Connelly, t o the effect that "The House Un- American Activities Committee plans

holding executiire sessions t o p r s h a rdport that one sf its ,'members re- ceived money to clear a show-busi- ness personality of suspicior~s of be- ing a Red.'2

Thus far no member of the corn- mittee has denied the report. The committee's own standards of evi- dence would seem to require that each of its members take the oath and swear that he isn't receiving bribes-or t o tell how much and from whom. It seems inconceivable I , that future witnesses won't demand such testimony in return for their own.

IN THE lneanwhile there is a still- ness a t Appo'mattox, broken only by an occasional crack in the blackhst. The committee has no clothes, no honor,, small power and practically no remaining candidates for oblivion. Far irom .being abIe t o sell indul- gences, i t can scarcely give them away in the present declining mar- ket. The black market flourishes and the producers know it and dare not deny i t and pray each night for a court decision, please God just one decision, tha t w~l l give them an es- cuse to shake young Mr. Wheeler off their backs and regain control of the organizations they head. The "Eastern' people," cocking a thought-

:ful eye a t the Supreme Court and WiZsom us. Z o e d s , , .Izc., begin t o recall the glories of free enterprise, and to wonder whether those plain- tiffs would really want $52,000,000 if they were given a chance to return openly to their professions.

Only George Seaton and twenty- two Immortals still llke the blacklist; but even they, with the shadow of ~Vi'Eso~z. US. A4cade?q? Bonrd of Gnv- e m o n darkening their little patch of sky, may find it in their hearts to decide that ten years is punishment enough for any crime-especi,aIIy when YOU can't be sure the criminal isn't anonymously undercutting you in the financial I department.

There may come a time in this country when blacklists turn p o p - ~ lar, and inquisitors are invited t o dinner, and mothers at bedtime 'read to their children the story of the good informer. But just now the current.Iuns in in opposlte direction.

All things, as the man said, change. 3 sa

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