November 2015 Paris Attacks

8/20/2019 November 2015 Paris Attacks

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November 2015 Paris attacks

On the evening of 13 November 2015, a series of co-ordinated terrorist attacks—consisting of mass shoot-ings, suicide bombings and hostage-taking—occurred inParis, France, and Saint-Denis, its northern suburb. Be-ginning at 21:16 CET,[13] six mass shootings and threeseparate suicide bombings near the Stade de Franceoccurred.[13][14] The deadliest attack was at the Bataclantheatre, where attackers took hostages and engaged in astand-off with police which ended at 00:58 on 14 Novem-ber.

At least 129 people were killed, 89 of them at the Bat-aclan theatre.[2][3][15][16] A further 352 people were in-jured by the attacks,[3] including 99 people described asbeing in a serious condition.[4] In addition to the civil-ian casualties, eight attackers were killed and authoritiescontinued to search for any accomplices that remainedat large.[3][4][17] Prior to the attack, France had been onhigh alert since the January 2015 attacks in Paris thatkilled 17 people, including civilians and police officers.[7]

At 23:58, French President François Hollandeannounceda state of emergency, the first since the 2005 riots,[18]

and placed temporary controlson the country’s borders.[2]

The first citywide curfew in Paris since 1944 was also putin place.[19]

On 14 November, the Islamic State of Iraq and theLevant (ISIL or ISIS) claimed responsibility for theattacks.[6][20][21] ISIL’s motive may have been retaliationfor French involvement in the Syrian Civil War and IraqiCivil War.[11][22] Hollandesaid the attacks were organisedfrom abroad “by Daesh,” a pejorative Arabic acronym forISIL,[23] “with internal help,”[24] and described them as“an act of war.”[25] The attacks were the deadliest to oc-cur in France since the Second World War,[26][27] and thedeadliest in the European Union since the Madrid train

bombings in 2004.[18]

1 Background

France’s military has been involved in airstrikes in Iraqand Syria since 19 September 2014, known by the code-name of Operation Chammal. In October 2015, Francestruck targets in Syria for the first time.[28] ISIL speciallymentioned the airstrike campaign when they claimed re-sponsibility for the attacks.[29]

France had been on high alert for terrorist threats sincethe Charlie Hebdo shooting and a series of related at-tacks in early January 2015.[7] France had also increased

security in anticipation of the 2015 United Nations Cli-mate Change Conference, scheduled to be held in Parisfrom 30 November to 11 December 2015, and had re-stored border checks the week before the attacks.[7] TheCharlie Hebdo shooting in January 2015 occurred in the11th arrondissement (district) of the city, where the Bata-clan theatre is situated.[30] France witnessed several othersmaller attacks throughout 2015, including the stabbingof three soldiers in Nice who were guarding a Jewishcommunity centre in February;[31] an attempt to blow up

a factory in Saint-Quentin-Fallavier in June, resulting inthe murder of an employee;[32] and a shooting and stab-bing spree on a train in August.[33]

Two Jewish brothers, Pascal and Joel Laloux, owned theBataclan theatre for more than forty years until they soldthe theatre in September 2015. Previous owners reportedthat the venue had been threatened several times by anti-Israel and anti-Zionists for its public support of Israel.In 2011, a group called “Army of Islam” threatened thevenue because of Jewish ownership.[34][35][36]

ISIL and their branches have claimed responsibility fornumerous deadly attacks within the weeks leading up to

the attacks. On 12 November 2015, twin suicide bomb-ings took place in Beirut, Lebanon, killing 43 people.On 31 October 2015, Metrojet Flight 9268, carryingmostly Russian passengers crashed in the Sinai in Egypt,killing 224 people. ISIL’s Sinai branch claimed responsi-bility. Also, on the day of the attacks, ISIL’s lead ex-ecutioner Jihadi John was reportedly killed by a U.S.drone strike[37] and ISIL lost control of Sinjar to Kurdishforces.[38]

2 Attacks

Timeline of attacks

13 November:

• 21:16 – First suicide bombing near the Stade deFrance.[39]

• 21:20 – Shooting at the rue Bichat.[40]

• 21:30 – Second suicide bombing at the Stade deFrance.[39]

• 21:45 – Four men enter the Bataclan theatre and be-gin shooting.[39]

1

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2 2 ATTACKS

• 21:50 – Shooting at the rue de Charonne.[39]

• 21:53 – Third suicide bombing at the Stade deFrance.[39]

• 22:00 – Hostages are taken at the Bataclan.[39]

14 November:

• 00:58 – French police end the siege on the Bataclan,where 60–100 people were held hostage.[39]

All times are CET (UTC+1).

Seven distinct attacks took place,[41] comprising threeexplosions and six shootings.[42][43] The explosions oc-

curred near the Stade de France, while shootingswere reported in the vicinity of the rue Alibert, therue de la Fontaine-au-Roi, the rue de Charonne, theBataclan theatre, boulevard Voltaire, and avenue de laRépublique.[30][44][45][46]

2.1 Stade de France explosions

Three explosions occurred near the country’s nationalsports stadium, the Stade de France, in the suburb ofSaint-Denis, resulting in at least five deaths.[7] The explo-sions happened at 21:16, 21:30, and 21:53.[47] At least10 people were injured or killed in an explosion at a barnear the stadium at approximately 21:30, about 20 min-utes after the start of an international friendly footballmatch between France and Germany, which PresidentFrançois Hollande was attending.[15][48] The first terror-ist detonated his suicide belt while trying to enter GateJ of the stadium, killing at least three fans.[49] Hollandewas safely evacuated from the scene at half-time, whilethe German foreign minister stayed,[2][14] and Hollandemet with his interior minister, Bernard Cazeneuve, tocoordinate a response to the emergency.[17] Two of theexplosions were heard on the live televised broadcast of

the match; both coaches were informed by French offi-cials of a developing crisis,[50] but players and the au-dience were kept unaware of the danger until the gamehad finished,[7][51] as the coaches kept the information tothemselves.[50]

Following the game, fans were brought onto the pitch toawait evacuation as police monitored all the exits aroundthe venue.[7] Security sources confirmed that all threeexplosions were suicide bombings.[7] On 14 November2015, the Wall Street Journal reported that at least oneof the assailants had a ticket for the football match, butwas hindered from entering the stadium at the security

check, at which point he detonated his vest. The attacksoccurred just seven months before France is set to hostthe UEFA Euro 2016 tournament.[52]

The Le Petit Cambodge restaurant with a makeshift memorial of

flowers, the day after the attacks

2.2 Rue Bichat and rue Alibert

The first shootings occurred on the rue Bichat and therue Alibert, near the Canal Saint-Martin in the 10tharrondissement. Attackers shot at people outside LeCarillon, a café-bar, at approximately 21:20.[53] Theythen crossed the rue Bichat and attacked Le Petit Cam-bodge, a restaurant, killing between four and elevenpeople.[2][54][55] According to French police, eleven peo-ple were killed at the restaurant,[2] and an eyewitnesssaid that one of the gunmen shouted "Allahu Akbar".[56]

The assailants reportedly fled in one or two vehicles afterthe shootings.[51] One of the vehicles was known to havehad a Belgian licence plate.[57] Doctors and nurses fromnearby Hôpital Saint-Louis were in Le Carillon when theattacks occurredand supplied emergency assistance to thewounded after the attack.[57]

2.3 Rue de la Fontaine-au-Roi

Shots were fired at the terrace of La Casa Nostra, an Ital-ian restaurant, on the rue de la Fontaine-au-Roi, south ofthe rue Bichat, by a man wielding a machine gun. [58] The

Paris prosecutor reported that five people were killed andeight were injured.[2] An eyewitness reported that peoplewere being killed by a gunman firing “bursts of three orfour shots.”[59]

2.4 Rue de Charonne

Two attackers fired for several minutes at the terrace ofLa Belle Équipe, a restaurant on the rue de Charonne inthe 11th arrondissement before returning to their car and

driving away[15] at approximately 21:50.[58] Police con-firmed that 18 people were killed by gunmen who openedfire on the restaurant’s outdoor terraces.[2][60]

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2.5 Boulevard Voltaire

Another attacker detonated his suicide vest on theboulevard Voltaire near place de la Nation.[7] At about21:40, he sat down in the cafe Comptoir Voltaire andplaced an order before detonating his suicide vest and

killing himself. About 15 people were injured.[61]

2.6 Bataclan theatre massacre

The Bataclan theatre in 2009

A mass shooting and hostage taking occurred at theBataclan theatre on the boulevard Voltaire in the 11th ar-rondissement where the US rock band Eagles of DeathMetal were playing for roughly 1,500 people.[2][14] Theband had played around five songs when the explosionsoccurred, causing confusion among the audience thatthese explosions might simply have been part of theshow.[62] At approximately 21:45, about an hour into theconcert,[63] four black-clad men with AK-47 assault ri-fles entered the hall.[7] Witnesses heard shouts of "Allahuakbar" just before the gunmen calmly and methodicallyopened fire into the crowd.[7][64] A witness said that hesaw armed men enter the Bataclan, and two or three mennot wearing masks fired indiscriminately on the crowd.[3]

The attack lasted about 20 minutes, with witnesses re-porting that the attackers also threw grenades into thecrowd.[64] A radio reporter, Julien Pearce, who attendedthe concert, described the attackers as calm and de-termined, telling CNN they had reloaded three or fourtimes.[64]

At around 22:00, the men started rounding up hostages,as police massed outside the concert hall.[64] Between 60and 100 hostages were taken.[2][30] The band’s membersescaped without injury.[65] A witness who escaped the at-tack told a journalist there were five or six attackers andthat they mentioned Syria.[3][66] One witness in the Bat-

aclan stated that a gunman yelled, “This is because ofall the harm done by Hollande to Muslims all over theworld.”[67][68] There were further attacks reported on po-

lice and first responders who arrived at the scene afterinitial reports of shooting inside the theatre.[69] One ofthe attackers at the Bataclan had explosives, according toa police officer at the scene.[3]

At about 00:15, the police started an assault on the the-

atre after reports that the attackers had started killing thehostages.[7][64] The siege ended at 00:58.[70] Initial po-lice reports indicated that an estimated 100 people werekilled at the theatre;[3][17] however, the toll was later re-vised to 87.[2] Four attackers died, three of them by det-onating their suicide vests.[3][7][64] The fourth was hit bypolice gunfire, and his vest blew up when he fell. [7] Theentire neighborhood around the area was closed off afterthe attacks.[71] The identification and removal of bodiesfrom the theatre took ten hours, a process made more dif-ficult because a number of concert attendees had left theiridentification papers with the Bataclan’s coat-check.[72]

3 Perpetrators

President François Hollande stated on 14 November thatthe attacks were organised from abroad by Islamic Statewith internal help.[24] Syrian and Egyptian passports werereportedly found near the bodies of two of the perpetra-tors at two attack sites.[73]

Paris Public Prosecutor François Molins confirmed thateight known attackers were killed, though authorities con-tinued to search for the restaurant shooters.[7][17]

• Four attacked the Bataclan theatre wearing blackclothing and using AK-47 assault rifles.[7] Threekilled themselves with their suicide vests during thepolice raid on the theatre. The fourth was killed bypolice gunfire just before his vest detonated.[7]

• Three suicide bombers detonated their vests nearthe Stade de France. A Syrian passport was foundon one of the suicide bombers, according to theFrench Police. The authenticity of the passportwas questioned and many analysts pointed out that

false Syrian passports can be easily obtained.[74]

Minister of Citizen Protection in Greece NikosToskas confirmed that one of the Syrian passport-holders had been registered as a refugee on Lerosin October.[75][76] It was also reported that an Egyp-tian passport was found close to the body of anotherbomber.[77]

• The eighth attacker detonated his vest on the boule-vard Voltaire near the Bataclan theatre.[7]

According to the Paris prosecutor, the attackers wearing

suicide vests used TATP as an explosive.

[78]

One of the attackers had been previously identified asa fighter coming back from Syria to commit terrorist

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4 5 AFTERMATH

acts.[79] One of the other attackers was a French ex-tremist born on 21 November 1985, from the suburb ofCourcouronnes, about 20 miles (32 km) south of Paris.He had had a criminal record since 2004 and was flaggedas an Islamic extremist in 2010, but had never spent timein jail.[9][78] French news media identified this attacker

as Ismaël Omar Mostefai.[80][81] A second gunman wasfound with a passport of a Syrian man who had beenborn in 1980. The man on the passport had not previ-ously been known to French police.[78] At least one manlinked with the attacks had entered the EU via Greece asSyrian refugees in October.[82]

On 14 November, the person who hired the car used inthe attacks was arrested. Additionally, three people werearrested in Belgium.[83] Three terrorist teams executedthe attacks, according to the Paris prosecutor. They hadthe same suicide vests and the same Kalashnikov rifles,and one terrorist had eight arrests to his record. An arrest

was also made in Germany on 5 November, when a 51-year-old man from Montenegro was stopped by police,and automatic handguns, hand grenades and explosiveswere found in his car. Links to the ISIL attack in Franceare being investigated.[84]

3.1 Analysis of tactics and responsibility

Michael Leiter, former director of the United StatesNational Counterterrorism Center, said that the attacksdemonstrated “a level of sophistication we really haven'tseen in an urban area since 2008 in the attack in Mumbai,India,” and that “this will be a game changer for how theWest looks at this threat.”[85]

ISIL officially claimedresponsibility for the attacks on themorning of 14 November, praising their “eight brothers”for the death of “at least 200 crusaders” and claiming that“this was only the beginning of the storm.”[86][87]

4 Casualties

The attacks killed at least 129 people and injured

352, with at least 99 reportedly hospitalized in criticalcondition.[91] The French music publication Les Inrock-uptibles reported that their music critic, Guillaume B.Decherf, was killed at the Bataclan.[92]

There were at least 19 foreign citizens among the vic-tims. Sweden’s Foreign Ministry reported that at leastone Swedish national was killed and another injured.[3]

According to Didier Reynders, the Belgian foreign af-fairs Minister, two Belgians from Liège and one Franco-Belgian were killed.[93] The Spanish Deputy Prime Min-ister, Soraya Sáenz de Santamaría, reported that Frenchauthorities confirmed the identification of a Spanish na-

tional among the victims of the assault on the Bataclantheatre.[94] Portuguese authorities confirmed that at leastone Portuguese citizen was killed.[95]

The Romanian Ministry of External Affairs confirmedtwo Romanian nationals were killed.[96] One UnitedStates citizen has also been confirmed as killed. [97] TheForeign Office has confirmed that one British citizenwas also killed.[98][99] The Ministry of Foreign Affairsof Chile confirmed the death of three Chilean nationals

in the attacks.[100] Algeria confirmed that two of theirnationals were among the victims.[101] Australia’s For-eign Minister Julie Bishop informed the media that oneAustralian was confirmed as injured.[102] A Mexican of-ficial announced that two nationals were killed and onewas injured.[89] The Irish Embassy in Paris confirmedthat at least one Irish citizen was seriously injured in theattacks.[103]

5 Aftermath

5.1 Official response

5.1.1 French governmental response

President François Hollande was at the Stade de France during

the attacks.

President François Hollande issued a statement askingthe French people to remain strong in the face of suchincidents.[104][105] Hollande also visited the Bataclan the-atre and vowed to “mercilessly” fight against terrorism.[60]

Hollande also chaired an emergency meeting of theFrench Cabinet that night, and directed his national se-curity council to meet the next morning.[60] The authori-ties urged the residents of Paris to stay indoors for theirown safety.[2][51][106] Hollande also cancelled his trip tothe 2015 G-20 Antalya summit because of the attacks,instead sending Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius and Fi-nance Minister Michel Sapin as his representatives.[107]

On 14 November, President Hollande announced threenational days of mourning.[108]

5.1.2 Intelligence review

Shortly after the attacks, intelligence staff in multi-ple countries began to review electronic surveillance

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5.2 Social media and popular reactions 5

French police gathering evidence at the Bataclan theatre the day

after the attacks

recorded before the attacks.[14] The ranking Democraticmember of the United States House of Representatives

Intelligence Committee said that he was not aware of anyintercepted communications that would have providedwarning.[109]

One source said that the French National Police met withGerman police and intelligence services a month prior tothe attack to discuss suspicions that terrorists were con-ducting surveillance of possible French targets. However,the exact targets were not known at that time.[110]

Suspicions emerged that at least some of the weaponsused by the attackers may have been stolen from a Frenchmilitary armory in July.[110][111]

Police in Germany stopped a car on 5 November thatwas carrying weapons. The head of the German policeunion said that “It seems it was found that he originallywanted to go to Paris, heavily armed with several differ-ent firearms and explosives,” and “That the French au-thorities were informed about this is totally clear. Fromwhat we know the man is in custody and isn't saying any-thing, so with that information alone the French author-ities seem to have been unable to do much. At least theattack couldn't be prevented, despite all the efforts thatwere surely made.” The Minister-President of Bavariasaid, “In the course of spot checks we had an arrest wherethere are reasonable grounds to assume that there may bea link to the matter.”[112]

5.1.3 Security changes

In response to the attacks, France was put under a stateof emergency for the first time since 2005,[18] borderswere temporarily closed, and 1,500soldierswere called into help the police maintain order in Paris.[7][51][113] The

plan blanc (Île de France) and plan rouge (global), twocontingency plans for times of emergency, were immedi-ately activated.[114][115][116] According to some English-

language sources, Paris declared its first curfew in 70years.[117] In addition, Belgium tightened security alongits border with France and increased security checks for

people arriving from France.[2]

Flights to and from Charles de Gaulle Airport and OrlyAirport were mostly unaffected.[14] American Airlinesdelayed flights to Paris until further notice.[118] ManyParis Métro stations in the 10th and 11th arrondissements

were shut down because of the attacks.

[51][119]

Uber alsosuspended car hails in Paris after the attacks.[120]

Police patrol in Paris, the day after the attacks

All public schools and universities in Paris were setto remain closed the next day.[121] Sports events inFrance for the weekend of 14–15 November werepostponed/cancelled. [122][123] Disneyland Paris closed itsparks for the first time, in solidarity with those who diedin the attacks; it had operated every day since opening in1992.[124] The Eiffel Tower, a Paris landmark visited by20,000 people a day, was closed indefinitely.[3] Accord-ing to The New York Times , as of 14 November 2015,“The capital is under a heavy police presence, and checksat France’s borders have been reinstated. Air travel con-tinues but with significant security-related delays. Publicprotests—a constitutional right in France—are prohib-ited in Parisandsome of thesurrounding departments un-til Thursday. Many events ([14 November]'s U2 concertin Paris, as well as large photography exhibit) are can-celed. Schools with classes or activities, cultural placesand other venues (the Eiffel Tower, movie theaters, Dis-neyland Paris, department stores) are closed.”[125]

New York and other cities in the United States tooksecurity precautions, particularly at sites where largecrowds were expected, as well as sports events, con-certs, the French embassy, and other French governmentsites.[126][127] Singapore also raised its national securityalert level, stepping up security precautions as well as bor-der checks across the city-state.[128]

5.2 Social media and popular reactions

Facebook reintroduced its safety check-in system so usersin Paris could notify friends and family that they were

safe. Facebook also encouraged users to customise theirprofile pictures to 'support France and the people ofParis’.[130]

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The peace icon of the hashtags #PeaceForParis, #PrayForParis

and #JeSuisParis [129]

In the hours after the attack, some Parisians used so-cial media, in particular the Twitter hashtag #PorteOu-verte (French for "#OpenDoor”), to offer overnight shel-ter to strangers stranded by the attacks.[131] The hash-tag trended worldwide.[131] A modified version of theInternational Peace Symbol by London-based Frenchgraphic designer Jean Jullien, in which the centre fork wasmodified to resemble the Eiffel Tower, was also widelyspread.[132][133] The symbol was widely shared on socialmedia with the hashtags #PrayForParis, #PeaceForParis

and #JeSuisParis.

[129]

French foreign exchange students gathered in UnionSquare in New York City where they lit candles andsang La Marseillaise.[134] Vigils took place in Sydney,[135]

Montreal,[136] London[137] and elsewhere.[138]

In the wake of the attack, phrases such as “Je Suis Paris”and “We are all Parisians” appeared on news broadcastsand social media websites worldwide to show solidaritywith the victims.[139][140][141] This was similar to the re-actions after the January 2015 Charlie Hebdo shootingwith the phrase "Je Suis Charlie" and reflects the his-toric phrases ich bin ein Berliner in the 1961 Berlin cri-

sis and the phrase “Tonight, we are all Americans” spo-ken on air by France 2 reporter Nicole Bacharan after theSeptember 11 attacks.[142]

The Sky Tower in Auckland (left), and Taipei 101 in

Taipei (right) displaying the Tricolour of France thenight after the attacks.

Following the attacks, multiple landmark structuresaround the world were lit in the colours of the Frenchflag, including the spire of One World Trade Cen-ter in New York City (the Empire State Building wasleft unlit, in respect[143]), the Washington Square Archalso in Manhattan,[143] Tower Bridge in London,[144]

the London Eye,[145] the San Francisco Civic Cen-ter, the CN Tower in Toronto,[146] the Sky Tower inAuckland, [147] the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin,[148] the

Sydney Opera House in Sydney,[149]

the Space Nee-dle and CenturyLink Field in Seattle,[150][151] the Ángelde la Independencia in Mexico City,[152] the OrientalPearl Tower in Shanghai,[153] the KL Tower,[154] theWembley Stadium arch in London,[155] Petřín Look-out Tower in Prague,[156] Palace of Culture and Sci-ence in Warsaw,[157] Matenadaran in Yerevan,[158] theMuseum of Contemporary Art in Zagreb,[159] NationalMusic Academy in Kiev,[160] the Athens City Hall,[161]

the Peristeri City Hall,[162] the White Tower of Thessa-loniki,[163] the lighthouse of Chania[164] in Greece, theTower of Belém in Lisbon,[165] the Christ the Redeemerstatue in Rio de Janeiro[166] and the Torre Colpatria in

Bogotá.[167]

At the 800th annual Lord Mayor’s Show in London

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Mayor%2527s_Showhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_Colpatriahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeirohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_the_Redeemer_(statue)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_the_Redeemer_(statue)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_Bel%C3%A9mhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthousehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Tower_of_Thessalonikihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Tower_of_Thessalonikihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristerihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev_Conservatoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev_Conservatoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagrebhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art,_Zagrebhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerevanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matenadaranhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Culture_and_Sciencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Culture_and_Sciencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praguehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pet%C5%99%C3%ADn_Lookout_Towerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pet%C5%99%C3%ADn_Lookout_Towerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KL_Towerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghaihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Pearl_Towerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Pearl_Towerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_Cityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ngel_de_la_Independenciahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ngel_de_la_Independenciahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CenturyLink_Fieldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Needlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Needlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydneyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Opera_Househttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg_Gatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aucklandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Tower_(Auckland)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torontohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CN_Towerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Civic_Center,_Californiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Civic_Center,_Californiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Eyehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Bridgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Square_Archhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_State_Buildinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_World_Trade_Centerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_World_Trade_Centerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Francehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipeihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_101https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aucklandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Tower_(Auckland)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attackshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Bacharanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ich_bin_ein_Berlinerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Je_Suis_Charliehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Hebdo_shootinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidarityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montrealhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydneyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Marseillaisehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Square,_Manhattanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Square,_Manhattanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_mediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_mediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_Towerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Jullienhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Peace_Symbolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashtag


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a two-minute silence was held with flags at half-mastwhile fireworks were cancelled.[168] Two separate vigilswere held in Trafalgar Square,[169] with other vigils be-ing held around the UK, including Liverpool, Leeds andGlasgow.[170][171][172]

At the City Hall of Athens, the flags of France, Greeceand European Union were at half-mast to mourn for thevictims. Also, the Christmas decorations of the city havebeen left unlit.[161]

5.3 French domestic politics

Both Hollande’s governing Socialist Party and Marine LePen's National Front suspended their election campaignsfor the upcoming French regional elections.[60] Formerpresident Nicolas Sarkozy, the leader of the The Repub-licans, the main centre-right opposition party, supportedthe national state of emergency and increased border se-curity measures.[60]

5.4 International reactions

Main article: International reactions to the November2015 Paris attacks

Many heads of state, heads of government, the Holy See,and the United Nations offered messages of condolence

and solidarity in the wake of the attacks.[173]

The November 2015 Paris attacks prompted a reevalua-tion of European officials’, particularly German officials’,stance on the EU’s policy toward migrants, especially inlight of the ongoing European migrant crisis.[174] Thereappeared to be a consensus among officials, with the no-table exception of German Chancellor Angela Merkel,that a higher level of scrutiny was needed in vetting mi-grants with respect to their motives for entering Germanyand Europe overall.[174]

Poland's European affairs minister designate Konrad Szy-mański declared that in the wake of the attacks he sees

no possibility of enacting the recent EU refugee reloca-tion scheme,[175] saying, “We'll accept [refugees only] ifwe have security guarantees.”[176] The Czech Republic'sdeputy prime minister said, “it will be necessary to closethe Schengen border.”[177]

6 See also

• List of terrorist incidents in France

• List of terrorist incidents, 2015

• Terrorism in the European Union

7 References

[1] “Paris attacks: More than 100 killed in gunfire and blasts,French media say”. CNN. 14 November 2015. Retrieved14 November 2015.

[2] Rawlinson, Kevin (13 November 2015). “Fatal shootingsand explosion reported in Paris – live”. The Guardian.Archived from the original on 14 November 2015. Re-trieved 13 November 2015.

[3] “Paris attacks updates”. BBC News.

[4] Claire Phipps; Kevin Rawlinson (13 November 2015).“All attackers dead, police say, after shootings and ex-plosions kill at least 150 in Paris – live updates”. TheGuardian. Retrieved 14 November 2015.

[5] “Attaques à Paris : ce que l'on sait des attentats qui ontfait au moins 128 morts” (in French). Le Monde.fr. Le

Monde.fr. Retrieved 14 November 2015.[6] “ISIS claims responsibility of Paris attacks”. CNN. Re-

trieved 14 November 2015.

[7] Randolph, Ericand Simon Valmary (13 November 2015).“More than 120 people killed in Paris 'terror' attacks”.Yahoo! News. Agence France-Presse. Archived from theoriginal on 14 November 2015. Retrieved 14 November2015.

[8] “Trois des terroristes de Paris viendraient de Molenbeek:perquisitions et une arrestation sur place en ce moment”.RTL. 14 November 2015.

[9] Elgot, Jessica; Phipps, Claire; Bucks, Jonathan (14November 2015). “Paris attacks: Syrian who passedthrough Greece on refugee route one of Isis killers –live”. The Guardian. Retrieved 14 November 2015. TheFrench newspaper Libération reports that one of the ter-rorists who carried out the Bataclan shooting has beenconfirmed as a French extremist who was known to po-lice.

[10] “Paris attacks: Bloody atrocity signals shift in Isis strat-egy”. Financial Times . 14 November 2015. Retrieved 14November 2015.

[11] Elgot, Jessica; Phipps, Claire; Bucks, Jonathan (14November 2015). “Paris attacks: Islamic State sayskillings were response to Syria strikes”. The Guardian.Retrieved 14 November 2015. The group says the killingswere in response to airstrikes against its militants in Syria,adding France would remain a “key target”.

[12] ‘This Is Because of all the Harm Done by Hollande toMuslims’, nytimes.com.

[13] “Soudain, l'une des bombes explose en plein match”. 20minutes (in French). Retrieved 14 November 2015. Onentend clairement, sur cette vidéo, la détonation de 21h16

[14] Nossiter, Adam; Gladstone, Rick (13 November 2015).

“Paris Attacks Kill More Than 100, Police Say; BorderControls Tightened”. The New York Times . Retrieved 13November 2015.

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November 2015 Paris Attacks