November 14-15, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México€¦ · 4 [13]. The nominal voltage can be between 3.6 to 4.7 V depending on the chemistry being used [14]. This technology is the best

Panel 3.1: ELECTROCHEMICAL STORAGE

Scope of discussion, background and guiding questions

November 14-15, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México

2

INEEL noviembre 2017

Contenido 3 ELECTROCHEMICAL AND CHEMICAL STORAGE ....................................................................... 3

3.1 Electrochemical storage - Batteries ............................................................................................ 3

3.1.1 Summary .............................................................................................................................. 3

3.1.2 Technology State of the Art ................................................................................................. 3

3.1.3 Implementation experiences. .............................................................................................. 7

3.1.4 Advantages and disadvantages ............................................................................................ 7

3.1.5 TRL index .............................................................................................................................. 8

3.1.6 National Context .................................................................................................................. 8

3.1.7 Opportunities for Mexico ..................................................................................................... 8

3.1.8 Challenges ............................................................................................................................ 9

3.1.9 Guide questions.................................................................................................................. 10

3.1.10 References ........................................................................................................................ 10

Appendix A ......................................................................................................................................... 16

3


3 ELECTROCHEMICAL AND CHEMICAL STORAGE

3.1 Electrochemical storage - Batteries

3.1.1 Summary

This electrochemical storage session will address the following battery technologies: lead-

acid, nickel-cadmium, lithium-ion, sodium batteries, flow batteries and emerging

technologies. This will be made thru 5 panels, which will be distributed in two days. In each

of the panels will be discussed the state of the art of the technologies, key operating

parameters such as: energy and power density, discharge duration, life cycles, costs, etc.,

examples of application will be also discussed, the advantages and disadvantages analyzed,

and the technological challenges identified, among other topics. The main objective of this

session will be to establish which battery technologies are more attractive to the needs of

the Mexican electrical system and to propose short, medium and long term strategies for its

implementation, as well as identify the higher priority basic research that could impact

positively in the industrial and technological environment of Mexico.

3.1.2 Technology State of the Art

Lead-acid batteries. It is the oldest rechargeable battery and one of the most used in various

applications. The cathode is made of PbO2, the anode of Pb, and the electrolyte is an aqueous

solution of sulfuric acid. The nominal voltage of this technology is 2 V. Lead-acid batteries

have fast response times, small daily self-discharge rates (<0.3%), relatively high cycle

efficiencies (63-90%) and low capital ($ 50-600/kWh). Lead-acid battery-based storage

systems up to 10 MW, 40 MWh have been used and successfully operated for over a decade

[1]. However, the number of installations of this technology used for the interconnected

energy storage to the network is limited worldwide, mainly due to its low life cycles (about

2,000), its energy density (50-90 Wh/L) and its specific energy (25-50 Wh/kg). In addition,

their operation is not good at extreme temperatures, so a thermal management system is

normally required, which increases the cost. Considerable research has been carried out to

increase their low life cycles, which is one of the main limiting factors of this technology in

large-scale storage applications. Although many improvements have been made to the alloys

used in the grids, in the pasting process, and in improving the separators in the sealed

batteries, none of these have been able to actually improve this deficiency. In recent years,

traditional lead-acid batteries have evolved into new versions called "advanced lead-carbon

batteries" where the anode lead is replaced partially or completely by carbon (see Figure A1

in appendix A of this document). An example of this new technology is the ultra-battery

invented by CSIRO (see Figure A1 in appendix A), where the addition of carbon has improved

4


performance and increased life cycles, characteristics that makes ideal the use of this battery

in large scale storage applications [2]. However, the effects of carbon and the benefits of

electrode reactions are still not clearly understood today. Ohmae et al [3], suggest that

carbon retards sulfation, Shiomi et al [4] propose that carbon improves the conductivity,

while Spence et al [5] concludes that carbon modifies the material porosity therefore

increasing its performance. Another recent development for this battery technology is the

use of a new gel electrolyte based on polysiloxane, which improves temperature tolerance

and provides superior discharge capacity [6].

Nickel batteries. Nickel-cadmium batteries (Ni-Cd), nickel-metal hydrides (Ni-MH), nickel

iron (Ni-Fe), nickel-zinc (Ni-Zn) and nickel- hydrogen(Ni-H2). All these batteries use nickel

hydroxide (NiOOH) as a positive electrode and potassium hydroxide as electrolyte, which is

why they are cataloged as nickel batteries. As a negative electrode the Cd, MH, Fe, Zn or H2

is used, which determines the nominal voltage that can be between 1.2 and 1.65 V

depending on the negative electrode used. Its performance and consequently its

applications vary widely in the market of energy storage, Ni-H2, Ni-Fe and Ni-Zn batteries,

have very specific applications (space, mining, light electric vehicles, etc.) due to the fact that

usually have low energy density, low power and some of them suffer from high self-discharge

rate, poor load retention, low life cycles and high cost. The Ni-Cd battery is a highly reliable

mature technology, supports deep discharge without damage, is very tolerant to extreme

temperatures and requires low maintenance. Some of its disadvantages are that cadmium is

a toxic heavy metal that can affect the environment, suffers from the memory effect, which

can drastically reduce its capacity [7], its cost is higher than that of the lead acid battery and

has a high self-discharge. So far, there have been very few commercial applications as energy

storage integrated into the network of this technology. Some examples are: in the Gold

Valley [8] and in Fairbanks, both in Alaska. It seems unlikely that this technology will be used

as a large-scale energy storage in the future. The NiMH battery is similar to Ni-Cd except it

uses a hydrogen-absorbing alloy as an electrode instead of cadmium. It has a specific energy

ranging from 70-100 Wh/kg and a relatively high energy density (170-420 Wh/L). Other

advantages are that it is not affected by the memory effect, is environmentally friendly and

has a longer lifespan compared to lithium-ion batteries [9], in addition, it has a wide

operating temperature range from -30 to 70 ° C. However, its main barriers to be used in

large-scale energy storage are its high self-discharge rate of 5 to 20% [10] and its sensitivity

to deep discharge [11]. In applications where power density is not critical, this technology

can play an important role, for example, it can be used for large-scale energy storage

generated by renewable sources such as wind and solar. In recent years, technological

improvements have been made to the crystal structures of the electrodes, the electrolyte

and the separator, which has allowed Panasonic to cycle up to 1,800 cycles of this battery

technology, maintaining more than 90% of its capacity [12].

5


Ion-lithium batteries. The name "lithium ion" does not really correspond to a specific type of

battery, but is used to refer to a family of batteries that have in common the use of lithium

ions to carry energy between the electrodes. In this technology the cathode is made of a

lithium metal oxide such as LiCoO2, LiMO2, etc., while the anode is manufactured usually

graphitized carbon (see Figure A2, in Appendix A). The electrolyte is usually an organic liquid

solution containing dissolved lithium salts, such as LiClO4 [13]. The nominal voltage can be

between 3.6 to 4.7 V depending on the chemistry being used [14]. This technology is the best

battery in the history of mankind, as it increases its specific energy by about 5% each year

and reduces its cost by about 8% each year. Regardless of the type of lithium-ion battery

being used, they all have certain common characteristics, including a high energy density

(75-200 Wh/kg), an efficiency of about 97% [15,16], which is higher to any other type of

electrochemical battery, a relatively long service life (at least 3,000 cycles), a low self-

discharge rate, and a voltage that varies little during discharge. In addition, they have no

"memory effect," and operate in a wider temperature range than nickel-cadmium batteries.

Their main disadvantage is their high cost and that they require complicated control systems,

since they operate within very strict limits of voltage and current. In recent years, this battery

technology is the one most commonly installed in energy-storage applications

interconnected to the grid, displacing lead-acid and nickel-cadmium technologies. The most

commonly used lithium-ion chemistries in this application are phosphate-iron-lithium (LFP),

titanate-lithium (LT) and manganese-nickel-cobalt-lithium (LNCM). In recent years, another

lithium-ion battery called "polymer lithium ion" has been released, the electrolyte of which

is a solid polymer compound, which makes them safer. Unfortunately, the solid polymer

suffers from low conductivity due to the high internal resistance, which causes that its

temperature can increase close to 60 °C, which makes it unviable for certain applications. At

present, research activities in this technology are focused on increasing its capacity through

the use of nanometric materials and improve its specific energy through the development of

materials and advanced electrolytes.

Molten salt batteries. In molten salt batteries there are two main technologies: sodium-

sulfur (NaS) and sodium-metal halide (ZEBRA). Both technologies use molten sodium as their

anode, but different materials are used in the cathode. The Na-S battery uses molten sulfur

at the cathode (see Figure A3 in Appendix A), while the ZEBRA battery uses NaAlCl4 crushed

and impregnated with a salt melted at the cathode. A relatively high operating temperature

(between 270-350 °C) is required to keep the salts in the molten state and to favor the

reaction kinetics. However, the high operating temperature raises concerns about material

durability, cost and safety issues. The NaS battery is the most widely used commercially in

energy-storage applications interconnected to the grid [16]. This battery has a high energy

density (151-170 kWh /m3), an energy efficiency greater than 85%, almost zero daily self-

discharge, a number of cycles of 2,500 cycles at discharge depths greater than 90% [17,18].

6


It uses inexpensive and non-toxic materials, which are highly recyclable (about 99%).

However, the limitations are a high annual cost of operation (80$/kW/year) and an

additional system required to ensure the operating temperature. On the other hand, the

ZEBRA battery has a specific energy of about 94-120 Wh / kg, an energy density of 150Wh/L,

a specific power of 150-170 W/kg, and an operating temperature between 250-350 °C [16].

Its main advantages are a good capacity of pulse power, does not require maintenance very

low self-discharge and high life cycles. At present, research and development is mainly

focused on improving performance and lowering operating temperatures. An example of

technological progress achieved in recent years in this technology, is the low temperature

battery developed by Sumitomo Electric Industries and Kyoto University, which uses a new

material with sodium content, which can be melted at 58 °C [19]. The energy density that

can reach this new battery is of 290 Wh/L [19].

Flow batteries. Flow batteries store energy in one or more ionic species dissolved in liquid electrolytes. These electrolytes are stored externally in tanks and pumped through cells, which convert chemical energy directly into electricity and vice versa. The power of the flow batteries are determined by the size of the electrodes and the number of cells in the battery; while the storage capacity is dependent on the concentration and amount of electrolyte [20]. Flow batteries can be classified into two groups: redox flow batteries and hybrid flow batteries, depending on whether all electroactive components can dissolve in the electrolyte. The self-discharge of this technology is very low because the electrolytes are stored in separate closed tanks [13]. Among its disadvantages are the poor performance due to non-uniform pressure drops, limitations of mass transfer of reagents, high manufacturing costs and a more complicated operating system compared to other battery technologies [21]. The vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) is the most mature system of this technology (see Figure A4 in appendix A). This battery stores the energy using the vanadium redox pairs (V2+ / V3+ and V4+ / V5+). VRBs have fast responses (faster than 0.001 s) and can stand up to 16,000 cycles [23]. They have an efficiency of up to 85% [22]. In the references [23, 24] are reported some demonstration projects of this technology used as storage of energy. The ZnBr battery is a hybrid flow battery that is in an early stage of demonstration /commercialization. In this battery, two aqueous solutions contain the reactants, which are based on zinc and bromine. The energy density of this technology is between 30-65 Wh/L, with a rated voltage of 1.8 V, it also has a very low self-discharge and good reversibility. The sizes of the modules vary between 3 and 500 kW, with an estimated life of 10 to 20 years and discharge times of more than 10 h [25]. Another redox flow battery technology is that of bromide polysulfide (PSB), which uses sodium bromide and sodium polysulfide. Several systems of this battery have been demonstrated in the kW range scale, however, for large-scale energy storage applications still require more practical experience. Current research activities are focused on finding low-cost, efficient and reliable electrodes, highly permeable and durable membranes, and having flow-cell systems that can manage power and energy on a large scale.

Emerging Batteries. In addition to the battery technologies described in the previous paragraphs, there are other batteries that are currently being developed and that have the

7


potential to become competitive in this market in the medium and long term. These batteries mostly have not been used commercially yet, but several of them appear to be promising. A first group of these emerging batteries are the metal-air batteries, among which the following can be mentioned: iron-air, zinc-air, sodium-air, magnesium-air, aluminum-air and lithium-air. Research activities are focused on some of the following topics: safety, limited life, better catalysts, decrease degradation in electrodes, cost reduction, etc. Other technologies that are also mentioned in the literature are: magnesium-antimony, ion-aluminum and zinc-bromine.

As a summary of the state of the art of the different battery technologies discussed in this

section, Appendix A shows relevant information in tables and figures.

3.1.3 Implementation experiences. The literature has reported the installation of a wide variety of energy storage systems

interconnected to the grid, with capacities ranging from hundreds of kWh to tens of MWh practically

all over the world. As shown in Figure 3.1.1a [26] (see section 3 of appendix A), the most commonly

used battery technology in energy storage projects is the ion-lithium battery, followed by the

phosphate battery lithium battery, then the sodium-sulfur battery, then the vanadium redox battery

and the lead-acid battery, followed by other technologies. Despite the large number of ion-lithium

batteries used in energy storage projects, they represent only about 18% of the total energy stored

using battery technologies (see Figure 3.1.1b). On the other hand, the NaS battery contributes

approximately 24% of the total energy stored on a large scale. The advanced lead-carbon battery also

contributes about 18% of the energy storage with only 15 operational projects worldwide, which

confirms its high competitiveness for large-scale energy storage applications. In Appendix A of this

document, to complement information on the world-wide experiences with the use of different

battery technologies for large-scale energy storage, several tables can be consulted with data from

other projects of energy storage. In reference [27], the link is provided to enter the DOE database of

energy storage projects based on battery technologies that are installed around the world.

3.1.4 Advantages and disadvantages As has been seen throughout this document there is no perfect battery technology that meets all the

requirements of large-scale energy storage. This is how the intrinsic characteristics of each battery

technology make it possible for them to compete in the energy storage market. In general, Tables

4.1 and 4.2 (see section 4 of appendix A) compares the advantages and disadvantages, costs and

environmental impact of some of the battery technologies described in this document.

8


3.1.5 TRL index

Table 3.1.3 shows the TRL comparison for different battery technologies used for large-scale energy storage.

Table 3.1.3. Evaluation of TRL for different battery technologies used for large-scale energy storage [29].

3.1.6 National Context

Knowledge gap at the national level

In Mexico the scientific and technological development in the energy storage area has been booming in recent years. In 2016, the Conacyt Energy Storage Network was founded, with the main goal of becoming a link to join efforts in the development of energy storage media in Mexico binding the social, productive and academic sectors. In that same year, the National Laboratory for Energy Conversion and Storage was created to support research and training of resources that contribute to the development of renewable energy in Mexico, as well as to encourage the generation of materials, devices and industrial property for the conversion and storage of energy. Both actions are very relevant to unite the research and technological development work carried out in Mexico in universities, research centers and industry in the areas of materials science, electrochemistry, nanotechnology, power electronics and control systems. In the area of batteries research work is mainly geared towards lead-acid and lithium-ion technologies, which is very scarce in terms of advanced lead-carbon technology and other emerging technologies.

3.1.7 Opportunities for Mexico

The opportunities for Mexico on the subject of large-scale energy storage using batteries are as follows:

• Develop advanced lead-carbon batteries by taking advantage of the country's strong lead-acid battery industry (25 plants distributed in central and northern Mexico [30]), not counting the hundreds of small companies that make them smaller scale), that Mexico has a good resource of this metal and also have qualified human resources in the fields of science that this technological development requires.

• Train human resources in the different areas of science that require the technologies of emerging batteries that are in the research and development stage in other countries, in order to create their own infrastructure to manufacture these batteries in the country.

9


• Implement demonstration projects to take advantage of existing opportunities to develop

new methodologies for integration, operation and maintenance of large battery banks.

• Improve the operation and service quality of the national electricity grid by implementing

the use of batteries as energy storage.

• Facilitate the integration of renewable energies into the electricity network and optimize

the use of the electric energy generated by renewable energies that is not used today due

to various technical problems outside the battery technologies.

• To have technologies that allow the country to have a sustainable vision for the future,

both in the field of electricity generation and in the environment.

3.1.8 Challenges

Batteries are complex systems, since in their interior there are phase changes carried out,

phenomena of charge transfer, charge transport and mass transport, besides structural

changes. Their understanding is important to appreciate the operation of the battery and

the types of fault that are present. In general, the challenges that need to be addressed are

the following:

• A detailed molecular understanding of the mechanism by which an ion interleaves or reacts

at the liquid-solid interface, or at the gas-solid interface, is required, depending on the type

of battery being studied.

• To develop new electrode and electrolyte architectures that offer superior energy storage

capacity, facilitate transport phenomena and improve the mechanical integrity of materials.

• Apply recent advances in artificial intelligence to design and synthesize promising new

materials.

• Use or generation of new computational tools for modeling complex battery systems, that

help to understand and validate experimental data.

• Focus research on the simulation of energy storage and optimize its operation in multiple

applications, which can theoretically support the application of energy storage technology,

develop demonstration projects and understand their evaluation to promote the

industrialization and commercialization of energy storage.

• It is important to explore and understand how the different properties of nanoparticles

and their compounds can be used to increase the power and energy efficiency of current

battery technologies.

10


• Create best practices for integration, operation, maintenance and disposal of battery

technologies.

• Ensure that technological solutions for energy storage are safe, reliable, available, non-

polluting and practical.

3.1.9 Guide questions

• What basic research topics are necessary and relevant to make the different battery

technologies more competitive?

• What level of impact can the application of artificial intelligence in the automatic

synthesis of new materials (anodic, cathodic, electrolyte, etc.), as well as the development

of models and simulation in different battery technologies?

• What challenges exist in the integration, monitoring and maintenance of battery banks to

know their performance and operational status?

• Of the different battery technologies commercially available, which is the most promising

in the short and medium term for a country like Mexico?

• What should a country such as Mexico do to implement the manufacture of some of the

battery technologies for large-scale energy storage?

• Will there be battery technology that dominates the energy storage market?

• What have been the main problems that have been presented in energy storage projects

using batteries?

3.1.10 References

1. Parker, C.D., Lead-acid battery energy storage systems for electricity supply networks, J. Power Sources 100, 18–28, 2001.

2. CSIRO, 2010. UltraBattery: no ordinary battery, http://www.csiro.au/ultrabattery, página visitada en septiembre de 2017.

3. Ohmae, et al., Development of 36-V valve regulated lead-acid battery, J. Power Sources 116, 105–109, 2003.

4. Shiomi, M., et al., Effects of carbon in negative plates on cycle-life performance of calve-regulated lead/acid batteries, J. Power Sources 64, 147–152, 1997.

5. Spence, M.A., et al., Identification of the optimum specification for carbon to be included in the negative active material of a valve-regulated battery in order to avoid

11


accumulation of lead sulfate during high-rate partial-state-of-charge operation. ALABC Durham, NC, 2009.

6. Tang, Z., et al., Investigation and application of polysiloxane-based gel electrolyte in valve-regulated lead-acid battery J. Power. Sources 168 (1), 49–57, 2007.

7. Linden D., Reddy TB, editors, Handbook of batteries, McGraw-Hill, pp. 18-12, 2002.

8. US Development of Energy (DOE) global energy storage database, http://www.energystorageexchange.org/projects.

9. Zhu WH, Zhu Y, Davis Z, Tatarchuk BJ. Energy efficiency and capacity retention of Ni–MH batteries for storage applications, Appl. Energy; 106:307–13, 2013.

10. Nickel-based Batteries, http://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/Nickel_based_batteries, página visitada en septiembre de 2017

11. NiMH Nickel–Metal Hydride: a ‘‘Sensitive Battery’’, http://solarjourneyusa.com/batteries.php, página visitada en septiembre de 2017

12. Panasonic, 2014. http://www.eneloop.info/home/technology/self-discharge.html.

13. Díaz-González F, et al., A review of energy storage technologies for wind power applications. Renew Sust. Energy Rev.; 16:2154–71, 2012.

14. Cho Y, Cho J., Significant improvement of LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 cathodes at 60 °C by SiO2 dry coating for Li-ion batteries, J. Electrochem. Soc., 157(6):A625–9, 2010.

15. Duncan H, Abu Lebdeh Y, Davidson IJ., Study of the cathode electrolyte interface of LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 synthesized by a sol–gel method for Li-ion batteries, J. Electrochem. Soc.,157(4):A528–35, 2010.

16. Akhil AA, Huff G, Currier AB, Kaun BC, Rastler DM, Chen SB, et al. DOE/EPRI electricity storage handbook in collaboration with NRECA. California: Sandia National Laboratories; 2013.

17. Suberu MY, Mustafa MW, Bashir N. Energy storage systems for renewable energy power sector integration and mitigation of intermittency. Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 35:499–514, 2014.

18. Broussely M, Pistoia G. Industrial applications of batteries. From cars to aerospace and energy storage. Amsterdam: Elsevier B.V; 2007.

19. Sumitomo Electric annual report 2011 (year-end 31st March 2011). Sumitomo Electric ingenious dynamic, p. 16-7, 2011.

20. Yang Z, Zhang J, Kintner-Meyer MCW, Lu X, Choi D, Lemmon JP, et al., Electrochemical energy storage for green grid. Chem. Rev.,111:3577–613, 2011.

21. Taylor EJ. Flow battery structures to improve performance and reduce manufacturing cost. The 2012 DOE Energy Storage Program Peer Review and Update Meeting; 2012.

22. Gonzalez A, Ó’Gallachóir B, McKeogh E, Lynch K., Study of electricity storage technologies and their potential to address wind energy intermittency in Ireland.

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Final report. Sustainable energy research group and Rockmount capital partners Cork. RE/HC/03/001. Published May 2004.

23. Walsh F. Progress & challenges in the development of flow battery Technology. In: The 1st Int. Flow Battery Forum (IFBF); 2010, p. 1–8.

24. The future role for energy storage in the UK main report. Energy Research Partnership (ERP) technology report [published June 2011].

25. Brekken TKA, Yokochi A, von Jouanne A, Yen ZZ, Hapke HM, Halamay DA. Optimal energy storage sizing and control for wind power applications. IEEE Trans Sust. Energy, 2:69–77, 2010.

26. Mathew Aneke, Meihong Wang, Energy storage technologies and real life applications – A state of the art review, Applied Energy, 179, 350-377, 2016.

27. http://www.energystorageexchange.org/projects/global_search?q=storage+energy+in+batteries; página visitada en octubre de 2017.

28. Andreas Poullikkas, A comparative overview of large-scale battery systems for electricity storage, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 27, 778-788, 2013.

29. Cavanagh K, et al., Electrical energy storage: technology overview and applications. CSIRO, Australia. EP154168, 2015.

30. Comisión para la Cooperación Ambiental, ¿Comercio peligroso? Estudio sobre las exportaciones de batería de plomo-ácido usadas generadas en Estados Unidos y el reciclaje de plomo secundario en Canadá, Estados Unidos y México, 2013.

13


November 14, 2017. ELECTROCHEMICAL AND CHEMICAL STORAGE

PANEL: ELECTROCHEMICAL STORAGE

Schedule Activities Scope of Discussion Guiding Questions

11:45 a.m. Leader Opening speech and introduction

Technological status of most promising technologies (lithium-ion batteries (ion-lithium ion-lithium polymer and redox batteries (batteries of vanadium, sodium, organic compounds, etc.)); experiences of applications such as energy storage systems interconnected to the network, identification of scientific and technological challenges to reduce their cost, and improve their performance.

What are the main technological challenges of this group of batteries?

What basic research topics are necessary and relevant to make this group of batteries more competitive?

What is the environmental impact of these technologies? What challenges exist in the integration, monitoring and

maintenance of large scale battery banks? What adaptations need to be made to the traditional

manufacturing processes to make more advanced batteries? Is there a future for these batteries technologies as storage

system connected to the network?

12:00 p.m. Panelists presentations: I. González -Lithium ion, J Pijpers - Redox Flow batteries

12:45 p.m Questions and answers – Leader and Panelists

14:00 p.m. Break

15:00 p.m. Panelists Presentations A. Morales - Líquid metal, K. Kairies - Lead acid J. Chacón - Metal-Air I. Gonzalez - Sodium

Technological status of emerging technologies (advanced lead acid, metal-air, ion-sodium, magnesium-antimony, zinc-bromine, etc.); experiences of applications such as energy storage systems interconnected to the network, identification of scientific and technological challenges to reduce their cost, and improve their performance.

What are the main technological challenges of this group of batteries?

What basic research topics are necessary and relevant to make this group of batteries more competitive?

What is the environmental impact of these technologies? What challenges exist in the integration, monitoring and

maintenance of large scale battery banks? What adaptations need to be made to the traditional

manufacturing processes to make more advanced batteries? Is there a future for these batteries technologies as storage

system connected to the network? 16:00 p.m. Questions and answers – Observers, Leader and Panelists

17:00 p.m. Compilation of the topics covered during the day.

17:30 p.m. Break

14





9:00 a.m. .

Panelists presentations: J. Chacón- systems integration, B. Donahue- Grid installations

Role of research and development in battery energy storage applications. Experiences in the integration of battery systems. Issues in the operation and monitoring of battery systems and opportunities for improvement. Existing current challenges on the integration, monitoring and maintenance of batteries

What research and development topics are worth approaching in the Mexican condition?

What challenges exist in the integration, monitoring and maintenance of battery systems?

Steps to deal with developing countries, with hot climates, poor maintenance and low local expertise.

What kind of expertise needs to be developed to attain self-sufficiency in battery applications?

9:45 a.m. Questions and answers – Leader and Panelists

11:45 a.m. Break

12:00 p.m. Panelists presentations: Open to all panelist

Discussion of pending topics from previous sessions.

To be defined as sessions advance

12:45 p.m. Questions and answers –Leader Panelists and Observers

14:00 p.m. Break

15:00 p.m. Panelist presentations: Open to all panelists

Human resources training and high skilled education. Analysis of existing academic programs: weakness and strengths. Identification of training requirements and the most effective means of meeting those requirements. Networking needed in Mexico and external

What are the current main technological challenges of human resources training in Mexico?

Which are the weakness and strengths of existing training? What kind of networking and collaborations are needed to

improve training? What steps Mexico needs to take to improve training in the

battery technology field?

15





15:30 p.m. Questions and answers –Leader Panelists and Observers

collaboration opportunities. Training and certification needs within the industrial sector. Existing Infrastructure for research, development, testing and installation of batteries. Infrastructure needed for research, development and testing of batteries.

What is the needed Infrastructure for research, development, testing and installation of batteries?

16:45 p.m. Break

17:00 p.m. Compilation of the topics covered during the day. 17:30 p.m. Break

16


Appendix A

Overview of different battery technologies

1. Schematic representations of some battery technologies.

(a)

(b)

Figure A1. Schematic representation of advanced lead-carbon batteries. In (a) a traditional sealed

lead-acid battery (VRLA) is shown, where excess carbon concentration has been added to the

active material of the negative electrode. In (b) the concept of ultrabattery is presented, where a

supercapacitor of carbon has been incorporated to the negative electrode. Both schemes were

taken from the references [A1 and A2] respectively.

17


Figure A2. Schematic illustration of a typical lithium-ion battery [A3].

Figure A3. Sodium-sulfur battery (NaS), cell design and 50 kW module [A4].

Figure A4. Schematic diagram of a vanadium redox flow battery [A5].

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2. Relevant information of the state of the art of the different battery technologies available for energy storage interconnected to the electric grid

Table A1. Chemical reactions and voltages of some of the main battery technologies available for energy

storage [A5].

Table A2. Technical characteristics of the technologies for the storage of electrical energy [A5].

19


Table A3. Comparative analysis of different battery technologies for energy storage [A6].

Table A4. Characteristics of different battery technologies for energy storage [A7].

20


Figure A5. Comparison of energy and power of different battery technologies [A8].

Figure A6. Comparison of efficiency and number of cycles for some battery technologies [A8].

21


Figura A7. Comparison of specific and volumetric energy density for different battery

technologies [A8].

Figure A8. Investment costs for some battery technologies [A8].

22


3. Energy storage projects using different battery technologies

(a)

(b)

Figure 3.1.1. Technological options for batteries available for large-scale energy storage. In (a) it is shown which

are the battery technologies used in the projects, while in (b) the distribution by battery technology of the total

energy storage stored in batteries [26].

Table A5. List of some energy storage projects where different battery technologies are used.

[A9]

23


Table A6. Large battery energy storage systems around the world [A10].

24


Table A7. Battery-based energy storage systems installed in Australia [A7].

25


4. Advantages and disadvantages of different battery technologies used in large-scale energy storage Tabla 4.1. Comparison of battery technologies for

large-scale energy storage [28].

Tabla 4.2. Economic and

environmental comparison of

some battery technologies [28].

Table A8. Advantages and disadvantages of the lithium ion battery technology [A7].

Table A9. Advantages and disadvantages of lead-acid battery technology [A7].

26


Table A10. Advantages and disadvantages of advanced lead-carbon battery technology

[A7].

Table A11. Advantages and Disadvantages of Zn-Br Flow Battery Technology [A7].

Table A12. Advantages and disadvantages of Na-NiCl2 battery technology [A7].

27


References.

A1. Chris Menictas, et al., Advances in batteries for medium- and large-scale energy storage, 2015. A2. Ecoult energy storage solutions, Public-domain test data showing key benefits and applications of the ultrabattery, 2014. A3. M.-K Song et al., Materials Science and Engineering R 72, 203-252, 2010. A4. NGK, IEC MSB/EES Workshop, 2011. A5. X. Luo et al., Applied Energy, 137, 511-536, 2011. A6. Liangzhong YAO, et al., Challenges and Progresses of Energy Technology and its applications in Power Systems, J. Mod. Power Syst. Clean Energy, 4(4):519-528, 2016. A7. Cavanagh K, et al., Electrical energy storage: technology overview and applications. CSIRO, Australia. EP154168, 2015. A8. Ana Sánchez, et al., Sensible-Deliverable Overview of storage technologies, 2016. A9. Mathew Aneke, Meihong Wang, Energy storage technologies and real life applications – A state of the art review, Applied Energy, 179, 350-377, 2016. A10. Andreas Poullikkas, A comparative overview of large-scale battery systems for electricity storage, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 27, 778-788, 2013.

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November 14-15, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México€¦ · 4 [13]. The nominal voltage can be between 3.6 to 4.7 V depending on the chemistry being used [14]. This technology is the best