nouns-and-pronouns.pdf

8/10/2019 nouns-and-pronouns.pdf

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Nouns and pronouns; articles and determiners

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1. Nouns

1A. Nouns: count and non-countUn noun denota una persona, cosa, lugar o idea:Seventy menbought the newspaper. (contable)Mary showed great courage.(incontable)

Los nombres pueden ser contables (delante de ellos se puede colocar un numeral ypueden ser singular o plural): one car, two girls, three houses o incontables (nopueden ir en plural y no pueden llevar numerales delante:

a.

Nombres de ciencias y actividades humanas:LinguisticsPhysicsMathematicsPoliticsAthleticsTennis

Basketball

BilliardsHuntingCyclingShootingFootball

b. Nombres de solidos, lquidos y gases:WoodSugarBreadCheesemeatwheatsandinkpork

glassdustsilvermud

foodtoastpapersoapfishcornironbeefwool

cottonwinegoldaluminium

c. Nombres abstractos:SpeedStrengthProgressSupportAngerHeatCold

FriendshipJusticeFreedom

beautycouragefunleisureknowledgehonestyluck

happinessbusinessweather

d. Otros:Furnituremoneyadviceluggage

game (caza)newshomework


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Determiners:Incontables Contables Contables/IncontablesA great deal ofA littleMuchVery muchHow much?

ManyVery manyA great manyA fewSeveralHow many?

A lot ofPlenty ofsuchWhatAll

Incontables y contables con significado aproximado:Bread /a loafClothing/a garmentlaughter/a laughLuggage/a suitcaseMoney/ a coin, a currencyPay/ a payment

Play/ a gamefood/ a mealWork/ a job, a taskCooking/ a kitchenTraining/ a training course

Partitivos con incontables:

a)

GeneralesA piece; an item; a bitb) EspecficosA slice of(meat/ham/bread/cheese/cake/onion):rebanada, loncha, pedazo, lminaA sheet of(paper/leather/steel/plastic):hoja, lmina, planchaA strip of(tape/wood/plastic/chrome/aluminium/lace):tira, listn, fajaA bar of(chocolate/soap/iron/copper/steel):barra (corta y gruesa), pastillaA scrap of(paper/wood/plastic/stone/rubber/leather/cheese):pedazo, trozo,

fragmento (irregular), retalA lump of(sugar/cheese/iron/coal/concrete):terrn, trozo, pedazo (irregular pero ms

grande que scrap)A strand of(hair/wool/cotton/nylon):madeja, hebra, cabo, cordn

A pile of/a heap of(hay/paper/sand/earth/wool/wood/rubbish):montn, pilaA wad of(cotton-wool/paper/notes):algodn en rama, rollo de papel, fajo de billetes(slidos blandos que se pueden comprimir)

A speck ofdust:mota de polvoA stick of(chewing-gum/cinnamon):un chicle, canela en ramaA head of(cattle/deer/sheep/lettuce/cauliflower/cabbage):cabeza de ganado (res) o

de verdurasA tuft of(grass/greenery/hair): plantas, hierbas, matojos, manojo, mechnA sprig of(parsley/mace/thyme/lavender): ramas arrancadasA drop of(water/petrol/oil):gota o poca cantidadA squirt of(oil/vinegar/milk):un chorrito deA jet of(water/oil/fuel/acid/steam/gas/smoke):chorro, surtidor, caoA stream of(water/milk/bad language/nonsense):chorro (mucho caudal y poca

presin); emisin verbal rpida y ofensiva, sartaA cloud of(smoke/steam/insecticide/dust/sand):nube de gas, polvo, etc.A burst of(laughter/artillery fire/applause/cheering):estallido o explosin de ruidos

repetidos y prolongados.A clap ofthunder:un truenoA bolt oflightning:un rayoA flash of(light/electricity/lightning/brilliance):relmpago, llamarada o destello

c) MedidasA pound of, a litre of, a yard of, a pint of, a gallon of, a foot of, a cubic yard of, akilo of

Colectivos:An army (of soldiers)A navy (of sailors)

The tribe is/areThe family is/are


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A herd (of cattle)A flock (of birds)A crew (of sailors)A gang (of thieves, bandits)

The committee is/areThe audience is/areThe government is/areThe team is/areThe administration is/areThe staff is/are

The class is/are

Hay algunos nombres que pueden ser contables e incontables:Iron (c.): planchaIron (i.): hierro

Pot (c.): cacharros de porcelanaPot (i.): porcelana o arcilla cocida

Glass (c.): vasoGlass (i.): vidrio

tin (c.): latatin (i.): estao, hojalata

work (c.): obraswork (i.): trabajo

rubber (c.):goma de borrarrubber (i.): caucho

hair (c.): pelo/shair (i.): pelo, cabellera

wood (c.): bosquewood (i.): madera

time (c.): veztime (i.): hora/tiempo

ice (c.): heladoice (i.): hielo

paper (c.): peridicopaper (i.): papel

EXCEPCIONES DE NOUNS EN PLURAL (adj.) modificando a OTROS NOUNSIncluye a sustantivos que no tienen forma de singular (clothes), sustantivos que no seusan en singular con el mismo significado (customs) y algunos que son ms usadosfrecuentemente en el plural que en el singular (savings). En algunos casos e.g. sport(s),drug(s) el uso est dividido y se encuentran ambas formas. As, el uso del plural escada vez ms comn en ingls Britnico .

a clothesshop a savingsaccounta glassescase the accountsdepartmenta customsofficer the salesdepartment

armscontrol an antique(s)dealer (but an antiqueshop)

the outpatientsdepartment (of a hospital)a greetingscard (US greetingcard)the drug(s)problem (US drugproblem)the arrivalshall (US arrivalhall)a drinkscabinet (US drinkcabinet)a goodstrain (British English)a sportscar sport(s)shoes

Singular nouns ending in -icsas modifiers

athleticstraining an economicsdegree

Men/Women to modify plural nouns when they have a subjectmeaning;manand womanto express an objectmeaning.Mendrivers (=men who drive)womenpilots (=women who fly planes)man-eaters (=lions or tigers that eat people)woman-haters (=people who hate women)

List of some count nouns:

accidentaccount

actoraddress

boybeach

brotherbus

dressdriver

earedge

HeartHill

HorseHospital

mistakemodel

monthmotor

shopsister

smileson


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adultanimalanswerapartmentarticleartist

babybagballbankbattlebeachbellbillbirdboatbookbottlebox

countrycrowdcupdaughterday

bushcampcaptaincarcardcase

castlecatchairchapterchestchildcigarettecityclassclubcoatcollegecomputer

cornerdeskdoctordogdoordream

effecteggelectionengineeyeface

factoryfarmfatherfieldfilmfingerfootfriendgamegardengategirlgroup

gunhallhandhandlehathead

HotelHourHouseHusbandIdeaIsland

IssueJobJourneyJudgeKeyKingKitchenLadyLakeLibraryLineListMachine

MagazineManMealMeetingMemberMessageMethodMinute

mouthnationnecknewspaperofficepage

parkpartypathpcitureplanplaneplantproblemproductprogrammeprojectringriver

roadroomschemeschoolshipshirt

spotstarstationstreamstreetstudent

tabletaskteachertentthoughttourtownvalleyvillagewalkwallweekwindow

womanyear

Count nouns with the same form for singular and plural:

bison

deergreenflygrousemoosereindeersheep

cod

fishgoldfishhalibutmulletsalmonshellfishtrout

Whitebait

AircraftHovercraftSpacecraft

CrossroadsDice

fruit

gallowsgrapefruitinsigniamewsoffspringseriesspecies

bourgeoischassiscorpspatoisprcisrendevouz

List of some uncount nouns:

absenceaccessage

agricultureangeratmospherebeautybehaviourcancercapacitychildhoodchinacomfortconcernconfidencecouragedeathdemocracy

evilexistenceexperience

failurefaithfashionfearfinancefirefleshfoodfreedomfungroundgrowthhappinesshealthhelp

lonelinessloveluck

magicmarriagemercymusicnaturepaperpatiencepeacephilosophypleasurepolicypovertypowerprideprotection

securitysilencesleep

strengthsnowspitestatusstuffteachingtechnologytimetradetrainingtransporttraveltrusttruthviolence


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depressiondesigndutyeartheducationelectricity

energyenvironmentequipment

historyiceindependenceindustryinsuranceintelligence

joyjusticelabour

purityrainrealityreliefreligionrespect

safetysaltsand

wastewaterwealthweatherwelfarewind

workworthyouth

Uncount nouns in English but countable in other languages:

advicebaggagefurniture

hairhomeworkinformation

knowledgeluggagemachinery

moneynewsprogress

researchspaghettitraffic

List of mass nouns:

adhesivebeerbrandycakecheeseclaretclothcoalcoffeecognaccokecottoncurry

deodorantdetergentdisinfectantdyefabricfertilizerfuelfurginglueinkinsecticideiron

jamjellyjuicelagerliqueurlotionmeatmedicinemetalmilkoilointmentore

paintperfumepesticideplasticpoisonpreservativeribbonsaladsaucesherrysoapsoilsoup

steelsugarteavodkawhiskywinewoodwoolyarnyoghurt

Uncount nouns ending in -s (subjects of study, activities, games,and diseases):

acousticsaerobicsaerodynamicsaeronauticsathletics

classicseconomicselectronicsgeneticslinguistics

logisticsmathematicsmechanicsobstreticsphysics

politicsstatisticsthermodynamics

billiardsbowls

cardsdarts

draughtsskittles

tiddlywinks

diabetes

measles

mumps

rabies

rickets

shingles

List of plural nouns that are most commonly used with the:

authoritiesfoundationsfruits

heavensmainsodds

picturesracesrains

sightswaterswilds

List of plural nouns that are commonly used with a possessive determiner:

activitiesattentionsfeelings

likesmovementsreactions

termstravelstroubles

wants

List of plural nouns that are most commonly used without a determiner:


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A/An con nombres que indican oficio, sexo, religin, dignidad, condicin,nacionalidad, afiliacin poltica: a lawyer/girl/woman/rascal/socialist

El plural de A/An puede ser Someo .

THE

Se usa ante nombres especficosen singular y plural y ante nombres ya mencionadosanteriormente: Themoon is very bright tonight/ I think theparty was wonderful.Se emplea con nombres propios de: personas (indicamos una familia por su apellido:The Smiths), ros (The Nile), mares(The Black Sea), montaas(The Alps), islas(TheCanary Islands), desiertos(The Kalahari), algunos pases(The U.S., the Netherlands).

The + adjetivo= expresar una clase de gente o animales: the rich, the Americans, theGerman Shepherd.

The + instrumentos musicales.Ojo! nocon deportes.

Con palabras como chapel, church, prison, hospital, school, market no se pone elartculo si se va a ellas con el fin para que se construyeron aunque si vamos de visita ocon otro fin, s que se pone:Students go to school but parents go to theschool to meettheir children`s teachers.

Tambien con el superlativo: the best/worst/highest

The + pesos y medidas: Petrol is sold by the litre.

The + groups or classes of people: The young get impatient at school = Youngpeople

The + unique objects, points of the compass : The sun / moon / earth / world /north / east / west/east .

The + past/present/future: in future (from now on) in the future (at some futuretime)

Se omite the con:

1. Games and sports2. Subjects of study(physics, chemistry, etc.)3. Languages(*The English: national group - English people/ I am English)4. Meals: breakfast, lunch, supper, dinner..5. Clock times: at eight oclock

6. Gerunds:He likes skiing.7. Collocations (preposition + noun): common phrases made up of a preposition anda noun not talking the:

bed (in, go to)church (at, in = inside )court (in take to)dock (in)harbour (in, sail to)home (at)hospital (in, go to)

market (at, go to)paper (on)prison (in, go to)school (at, go to)sea (at, go to)university (at, go to)work (at, go to)

Slo usamos the cuando nos referimos claramente a un colegio concreto, etc: Mymother is in hospital, Im going to the hospitalto take Mary some flowers.*Con medios de transporte: by air(plane), by road (car)pero on foot.


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1C. THE PLURAL FORM

El plural se suele formar aadiendo s al nombre (cat cats): slo los nombrescontables. Hay una serie de reglas ortogrficas:

1. Si el nombre acaba en s,z,ch,x,shy o (dependiendo: piano /pianos, cargo /cargos / cargoes , zoo / zoos) se aade es: bus buses, church churches,

bush bushes, box boxes, tomato tomatoes.2. Si el nombre singular acaba en vocal o y se aade s: table tables,

key keys aunque si la yva precedida de consonante se transforma la yen iaadindose es: lady ladies.

3. Unos pocos nombres acaban en fy fecambindose la fy fepor vy se aadees : thief thieves, knife knives, wife wives, leaf leaves, loaf loaves,half halves, wolf wolves, shef shelves, life lives, self selves.(*roof roofs, belief beliefs, laugh laughs, waif waifs, cliff cliffs,**hoof hoofs,hooves, scarf scarves, wharf warfs,warves.)

4. Plurales irregulares: man men, woman women, child children, foot feet,tooth teeth, mouse mice, goose geese, ox oxen, louse lice.

5. Algunos nombres tienen la misma forma en singular que en plural : one

deer two deer, one salmon two salmon, fish para peces, pescado / fishespara clases de peces.

Nombre con slo una forma plural y que van seguidos de verbo en plural: glasses,savings, trousers, scissors, binoculars, pyjamas. ( a pair of).Ciertos nombres que acaban en s parecen plurales pero van con el verbo ensingular: mathematics, gymnastics, politics

1D. POSSESSIONPara expresar la posesin de personas, animales o pases se suele emplear:

Poseedor + apstrofe + morfema s+ posedoSe usa sdespus de un nombre que no acabe en sy si acaba en sslo se pone elapstrofe (aunque hay excepciones:The Stevenss /iz/ oThe Stevens): The birds

wing is broken, the girls cat, the girls cat.Con nombres compuestos se aade s: my brother-in-laws birthday, the Queen ofEnglands yacht.Si dos personas poseen la misma cosa se pone s detrs de la ltima: Mary andPeters books. Si cada una posee una cosa diferente se pone sa cada una:Marysand Peters books.Frases que lo utilizan:

a) expresiones de tiempo: A weeks holiday, twenty minutes break, todayspaper.

b) vehculos: the car`s enginec) organizaciones: the governments policy / jury / firm / nation /

department / group

d)personificaciones, temas artsticos, literarios y cientficos: Spainsenemies, the plays plot, in freedoms name, the bodysneeds, the brainsfunctions

e) Se puede omitir a veces la cosa poseda si se trata de una casa, tiendaoalgo ya nombrado anteriormente: Davids (house), I am going to mymothers, the butchers, St Pauls (Cathedral).

1E. COMMON NOUN ENDINGS-ce independence-cy consistency-ity facility-ness happines-ster youngster

-age breakage-ance abundance

-al refusal-cy privacy-ian librarian-ist violinist-ism socialism-ship friendship-ster gangster


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-er/ar/or director,liar,player-ee referee-ment argument-ster spinster-ant inhabitant-tion exploration

-sion conversion

-hood childhood-er teenager-dom freedom-ery slavery-ette starlette-ful mouthful

1F. QUANTIFIERS

SOME, ANY, NO, NONE (OF) CON CONTABLES E INCONTABLES

Some/anyse usan para hablar sobre nmeros y cantidades indefinidas: someconoraciones afirmativas y anycon negativas e interrogativas. Pero tambin hay casosen que somese emplea en frases interrrogativas: Al hacer ofrecimientos y se esperarespuesta afirmativa: Would you like sometea? (ofrecimiento) / Can I have somemore tea?(peticin).Anyse emplea:

a. Cuando queremos expresar cualquiera: Take any magazine you want /Anyperson can do it.b. Despus de if: If there are anycalls, take a message(si hay alguna llamada,

coge le mensaje)Estas mismas reglas se aplican para los compuestos anybody, anyone, anything,somewhere, anywhere,something, someone, somebody, etc.Si el verbo va en forma afirmativa se pone no+ nombre, nothing, nobody o no-one. None no va seguido de nombre. None of va seguido de nombre plural o depronombre: I do not have anymoney = I have nomoney /How much money do youhave?. None/ None ofthe pupils arrived on time.

MUCH/MANY, (A) FEW/ (A) LITTLE, A LOT OF/LOTS OF/PLENTY OF

Much / little / a little se usan con incontables.Little tiene significado negativo(poco) y a little tiene sentido positivo (un poco).:She does not have muchmoney /She has littlemoney /I have a littlemoney left. Muchse suele emplear con frasesnegativas: She has not had much luck lately. Compuestos de much: very much(muchsimo), so much(tanto), too much(demasiado),how much(cunto), far toomuch(con exceso).Many / few / a fewcon contables: Few tiene sentido negativo ya few positivo:She has manyfriends (muchos) / They have fewfriends (pocos) / We have a fewbooks (no muchos pero algunos). Too much y too many expresan ms de lonecesario:I have spent too muchmoney on it / There are too manybooks on thetable. Compuestos de many: very many(muchsimos),so many(tantos), (far) toomany(demasiados),how many(cuntos),a good/great many(muchsimos), many

a(muchos) (slo es determinante).A lot of/lots of/plenty of se pueden usar con incontables y contables en plural:There is a lot/plenty of/lots of food; There are a lot/plenty of/lots of peopleoutside.A great deal (of), a great amount (of) y a great quantity of =mucho-a. Pueden serdeterminantes y pronombres y se usa slo con incontables.Most es tambin un adverbio y significa sumamente, muy: It is a most difficultexercise. Most (of)con contables e incontables y pronombres:He drank most ofit.Severales determinante y pronombre y puede ir con of. Significa varios: Several(ofthe) passengers panicked.

Several Some A fewVarios Algunos Unos pocos

All se usa poco y en su lugar se prefiere everything: Give me everything/all ofit.Allpuede ir con contables e incontables y puede ir seguido de of + sust./pron. obj.


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BOTH, NEITHER, EITHERBoth, neither y either se usan para hablar de dos cosas o personas. Both of,neither of y either of requieren el artculo theo un pronombre: Bothhotels/bothof the hotels are very expensive; The two girls arrived. Both of themwere verytired; Neither colour/neither of the colours suits you; You will enjoy eitherfilm/either ofthe films.

Either or= el uno o el otro. Neither nor= ni el uno ni el otro:I have eitherfish ormeat for dinner/I drink neithercoke norwater for lunch.

EVERY, EACHEvery es un determinantecon contables en singular y los verbos y posesivos que lesiguen van en singular: Everyperson is doing his duty.Eachcomo pronombre significa cada uno: They (each) took an apple (each).Msdistribuidor que every. Tom examined everyone(a todos a la vez)/each one(uno auno)

1G. MASCULINE AND FEMININE NOUNSMuchos nombres no tienen gnero:teacher, student, friend, doctor, lawyer, artist,

enemy, reader, European, owner, musician, person neighbour, foreigner, cousin,guest (pueden ser hombre o mujer). Se recurre,entonces, a male/female,man/woman o boy/girl: a male nurse, a schoolgirl, a woman-doctor. Paraanimales se usa he/she: a he-bear. A she-wolf, a tom-cat, a tabby-cat De todasformas se puede saber por el contexto: A friend is coming tonight; she is a doctor.

Hay nombres que tienen forma masculina y femenina:Masculinodukegodwaiteremperorbaron

princeliontigerbullstewardpoetauthorheir

Femeninoduchessgoddesswaitressempressbaroness

princesslionesstigresscowstewardesspoetressauthoressheiress

Masculinomanlordlandlordmonkbridegroom

sonunclenephewbrotherbachelorhusbandwidowerdogcockpeacock

Femeninowomanladylandladynunbride

daughterauntniecesisterspinsterwifewidowbitchhenpeahen

No marcada

parentchildchildmonarchfowlspousehorsesheeppig

masculino

fathersonboykingcockhusbandstallionramboar

femenino

motherdaughtergirlqueenhenwifemareewesow

1H. COMPOUND NOUNSUn nombre compuesto est formado por dos o ms nombres: pueden escribirse juntosen una sola palabra (housewife), separados (bank account) o con guin entre ambas(pen-name).


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Para formar el plural se aade una sal segundo nombre (excepciones: a sports car, acustoms officer, a games rooms, the drinks table): Which youth hostels did you enjoymost?

1I. PRONOUNS AND POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVESPronombres personales sujeto y objeto

SubjectIyouhesheitweyouthey

Objectmeyouhimheritusyouthem

PRONOMBRES PERSONALES SUJETO:El pronombre tiene la funcin de sustituir al nombre evitando su repeticin en el

discurso para dar variedad e impedir la monotona.Isiempre en mayscula.YOUtambin tiene valor impersonal equivaliendo a oney a everybody(se traduce porse, uno)HEpara masculino pero tambin se aplica a algunos animales domsticos y en poesaal referirse a Time, Love, Death, etc. de carcter abstracto y a palabras concretas comosun, mountain, river, etc. siempre que las personifiquemos.SHE para femenino y animales domsticos hembras. Tambin se aplica a coches,barcos, motores, pases, ciudades, the earth, the sea, the Church y al personificarconceptos como Beauty, Peace, Liberty, Value, etc.ITpara cosas, animales no domsticos ( cuando no se especifica el sexo de estos), pararecin nacidos y como sujeto de muchas expresiones impersonales (Itscold/raining/late/ early/Sunday/a shame).

WETHEYTambin se puede incluir aqu la palabra thereque aparece en posicin de sujeto comoes el caso de there to be(haber) o (there to exist/live/dwell/lie/stand)

PRONOMBRES PERSONALES OBJETO:Se emplean en cualquier posicin de la oracin distinta a la de sujeto (complementodirecto, complemento indirecto o regido por una preposicin): They have invited me tothe party (OD), Id like to tell you the truth (OI), I am tired of it (con prep.)Ojo!He is a better swimmer than I am/me

PRONOMBRES Y ADJETIVOS POSESIVOS

PossessiveadjectiveMyyourhisheritsouryourtheir

Possessivepronounmineyourshishers- *oursyourstheirs

*Apenas se usa el pronombre posesivo de 3 persona singular (its): A bull may oftenuse its horns but a cow almost never uses its y se prefiere ,en cambio: but a cow

almost never does/but cows almost never use theirs.


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Los pronombre posesivos van en lugar del nombre indicando posesin ( I have a car.Itis mine=car) y los adjetivos posesivos acompaan al nombre indicando pertenencia (Ihave a car. It is my car).Frases como Una amiga mase traducen de dos maneras: A friend of mine / One of myfriendsy mi amiga: my friend.Los adjetivos posesivos se emplean conprendas de vestir y partes del cuerpo: He

put his hat on /She broke her leg. Tambin se usan con gerundio: I like his swimming(la forma en que nada) con el sentido de la forma en que, el modo en que, el hechode que, etc.

PRONOMBRES REFLEXIVOS

myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitself

ourselvesyourselvesthemselves

Tiene tres usos:

a) Como objeto de un verbo cuando el sujeto y el objeto es la misma persona: He cut himselflast month.b) Despus de preposicin, cuando el sujeto de un verbo y el objeto de la

preposicin es la misma persona: It is unbelievable! She was talking toherself. Pero si el reflexivo va precedido de byse traduce por slo, sinayuda: I like to do it by myself.

c) Para dar nfasis a un pronombre: The king himselfcalled me up/ He wrote ithimself El reflexivo se puede colocar despus del nombre, del pronombreo al final de la frase.

Estos pronombres son principalmente enfticos.En castellano muchos reflexivos se traducen al ingls por expresiones formadas conget: get tired/married/bored/fed up with/lost/divorced/excited/wet/drunk, etc.Expresiones de uso diario con los pronombres reflexivos:

Help yourselfSuit yourselfMake yourself at homeGet a grip on yourselfHe was beside himselfHe was beside himself with laughter

Srvete. Coge lo que quierasLo que te venga bienEsts en tu casaContrlateSe sinti fuera de sSe parta de risa

LOS PRONOMBRES RECPROCOSReciprocidad entre dos: each othery para ms de dos:one another.: They love/hateeach other/They fought against one another.

PRONOMBRES INTERROGATIVOS

Who, whom, whose, which y what (who, whom y whose slo para personas):Who saw you?Who(m) did you see?What happened?What book did you read?How much fell?How many came?Whose book is this?What is she/the weather like?How is she/the film/the steak?Which one is yours?With whom did he come?

Se pregunta por el sujetoSe pregunta por el OD o el OISe pregunta por el sujetoSe pregunta por el objeto

Cmo es.?Cmo est?(Seleccin de entre un grupo)Who did he come with?

PRONOMBRES DEMOSTRATIVOS


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