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Notre Dame extended Research CommunityHistory of Machines: Big to

Small

Michael CrockerValerie GossPatrick MooneyRebecca Quardokus

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Early “Computer” – 19th Century Loom

Programmable with punch cards

Joseph MarieJacquard

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Difference Engine/Analytic Engine

Charles Babbage(1822)

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ENIAC – First Electrical Computer (1946)

Programmable with switches and cables

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Smaller and Smaller Devices

Vacuum Tube Discrete Transistors

Integrated Circuits

(1946) (1955) (1960)

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Computers Since 1971 (Intel 4004)

2-3 ThousandTransistors

1-2 BillionTransistors

10 Megabytes

1 Terabyte

92 ThousandInstr/Sec

147 BillionInstr/Sec

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Moore’s Law

A predicted trend Predicted in 1965 (will last at least 10

years) Density doubles every two years Also applies to speed and storage capacity

Prediction has lasted for 40+ years With some minor exceptions Transistors are very small now (<100nm) Required Nanotechnology Research!

Exponential has lasted for 100+ years

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Speed and Cost

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45nm Node Transistors (2007)

Well inside the nano realm!

Fabrication of these transistors requires very precise lithography

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Fabrication

Photolithography 32nm half pitch: ~$4 Billion for fab facility Double patterning, Immersion lithography

Electron Beam Lithography A few nanometer feature size patterning Limitation is scattering, not the beam! Takes a long time, not mass production

Self Assembly Not precise control Instead, automatic arrangement

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Self Assembly

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Self Assembly with DNA!

Using DNA, it should be possible to fabricate many

patterns without lithography

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Imaging is Very Important

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) Why are these important? Nano devices are unknown

behaviors, properties, & uses All at the nano-scale Biological processes could tell us so much!