-
Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris
The southern facade of Notre-Dame de Paris
Basic information
Location 6 Parvis Notre-Dame, Place Jean-
Paul II, 75004 Paris, France
Geographic
coordinates
48.8530N 2.3498E
Affiliation Catholic Church
Rite Roman Rite
Region le-de-France
State France
Province Archdiocese of Paris
Ecclesiastical or
organizational
status
Cathedral
Status Active
Heritage
designation
1862
Leadership Andr Vingt-Trois
Website www.notredamedeparis.fr
(http://www.notredamedeparis.fr)
Architectural description
Architectural
type
Church
Notre Dame de ParisFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Notre-Dame de Paris (IPA: [nt dam d pai]; French
for "Our Lady of Paris"), also known as Notre-DameCathedral or
simply Notre-Dame, is a historic Catholiccathedral on the eastern
half of the le de la Cit in the fourth
arrondissement of Paris, France.[2] The cathedral is
widelyconsidered to be one of the finest examples of French
Gothicarchitecture and among the largest and most well-knownchurch
buildings in the world. The naturalism of its sculpturesand stained
glass are in contrast with earlier Romanesquearchitecture.
As the cathedral of the Archdiocese of Paris, Notre-Dame isthe
parish that contains the cathedra, or official chair, of the
archbishop of Paris, currently Cardinal Andr Vingt-Trois.[3]
The cathedral treasury is notable for its reliquary whichhouses
some of Catholicism's most important first-class relicsincluding
the purported Crown of Thorns, a fragment of theTrue Cross, and one
of the Holy Nails.
In the 1790s, Notre-Dame suffered desecration during theradical
phase of the French Revolution when much of itsreligious imagery
was damaged or destroyed. An extensiverestoration supervised by
Eugne Viollet-le-Duc began in1845. A project of further restoration
and maintenancebegan in 1991.
Contents
1 Architecture
2 Contemporary critical reception
3 Construction history
3.1 Timeline of construction
4 Crypts beneath Notre-Dame de Paris
5 Alterations, vandalism, and restorations
6 Organ
7 Organists
8 Bells
9 Significant events
Coordinates: 48.8530N 2.3498E
-
Architectural
style
French Gothic
Direction of
faade
West
Groundbreaking 1163
Completed 1345
Specifications
Length 128 metres (420 ft)
Width 69 metres (226 ft)
Height (max) 69 metres (226 ft) (2 towers)
Spire(s) one
Spire height 90 metres (300 ft)
Monument historique
Official name: Cathdrale Notre-Dame
Designated: 1862
Reference No. PA00086250[1]
Denomination: glise
The western facade illuminated at
night
10 Gallery
11 See also
12 References
13 Bibliography
14 External links
Architecture
Notre-Dame de Paris was among the first buildings in theworld to
use the flying buttress (arched exterior supports).The building was
not originally designed to include the flyingbuttresses around the
choir and nave but after theconstruction began, the thinner walls
(popularized in theGothic style) grew ever higher and stress
fractures began tooccur as the walls pushed outward. In response,
thecathedral's architects built supports around the outside
walls,and later additions continued the pattern.
Many small individually crafted statues were placed aroundthe
outside to serve as column supports and water spouts.Among these
are the famous gargoyles, designed for waterrun-off, and chimeras.
The statues were originally colored as was most ofthe exterior. The
paint has worn off, but the gray stone was once coveredwith vivid
colors. The cathedral was essentially complete by 1345.
Thecathedral has a narrow climb of 387 steps at the top of several
spiralstaircases; along the climb it is possible to view its most
famous bell andits gargoyles in close quarters, as well as having a
spectacular viewacross Paris when reaching the top. The design of
St. Peter's AnglicanCathedral in Adelaide, Australia was inspired
by Notre-Dame de Paris.
Contemporary critical reception
John of Jandun recognized the cathedral as one of Paris's three
mostimportant buildings in his 1323 "Treatise on the Praises of
Paris":
That most terrible church of the most glorious Virgin
Mary, mother of God, deservedly shines out, like thesun among
stars. And although some speakers, by their
own free judgment, because [they are] able to see only afew
things easily, may say that some other is more
beautiful, I believe however, respectfully, that, if theyattend
more diligently to the whole and the parts, they
will quickly retract this opinion. Where indeed, I ask,would
they find two towers of such magnificence and
-
The spire and east side of the
cathedral
perfection, so high, so large, so strong, clothed roundabout
with such a multiple variety of ornaments? Where,I ask, would they
find such a multipartite arrangement of
so many lateral vaults, above and below? Where, I ask,would they
find such light-filled amenities as the many
surrounding chapels? Furthermore, let them tell me inwhat church
I may see such a large cross, of which one
arm separates the choir from the nave. Finally, I wouldwillingly
learn where [there are] two such circles,
situated opposite each other in a straight line, which onaccount
of their appearance are given the name of thefourth vowel [O] ;
among which smaller orbs and
circlets, with wondrous artifice, so that some
arrangedcircularly, others angularly, surround windows ruddy
with precious colors and beautiful with the most subtlefigures
of the pictures. In fact I believe that this church
offers the carefully discerning such cause for admirationthat
its inspection can scarcely sate the soul.
Jean de Jandun, Tractatus de laudibus Parisius[4]
Construction history
In 1160, because the church in Paris had become the "Parisian
church of the kings of Europe", Bishop Maurice deSully deemed the
previous Paris cathedral, Saint-tienne (St Stephen's), which had
been founded in the 4thcentury, unworthy of its lofty role, and had
it demolished shortly after he assumed the title of Bishop of
Paris. Aswith most foundation myths, this account needs to be taken
with a grain of salt; archeological excavations in the20th century
suggested that the Merovingian Cathedral replaced by Sully was
itself a massive structure, with a five-aisled nave and a facade
some 36m across. It seems likely therefore that the faults with the
previous structure wereexaggerated by the Bishop to help justify
the rebuilding in a newer style. According to legend, Sully had a
vision ofa glorious new cathedral for Paris, and sketched it on the
ground outside the original church.
To begin the construction, the bishop had several houses
demolished and had a new road built in order to transportmaterials
for the rest of the cathedral. Construction began in 1163 during
the reign of Louis VII, and opinion differsas to whether Sully or
Pope Alexander III laid the foundation stone of the cathedral.
However, both were at theceremony in question. Bishop de Sully went
on to devote most of his life and wealth to the cathedral's
construction.Construction of the choir took from 1163 until around
1177 and the new High Altar was consecrated in 1182 (itwas normal
practice for the eastern end of a new church to be completed first,
so that a temporary wall could beerected at the west of the choir,
allowing the chapter to use it without interruption while the rest
of the buildingslowly took shape). After Bishop Maurice de Sully's
death in 1196, his successor, Eudes de Sully (no relation)oversaw
the completion of the transepts and pressed ahead with the nave,
which was nearing completion at the timeof his own death in 1208.
By this stage, the western facade had also been laid out, though it
was not completed
until around the mid-1240s.[5] Over the construction period,
numerous architects worked on the site, as isevidenced by the
differing styles at different heights of the west front and towers.
Between 1210 and 1220, thefourth architect oversaw the construction
of the level with the rose window and the great halls beneath the
towers.
-
The Archaeological Crypt of Notre-Dame de Paris
The most significant change in design came in the mid 13th
century, when the transepts were remodeled in the latestRayonnant
style; in the late 1240s Jean de Chelles added a gabled portal to
the north transept topped off by aspectacular rose window. Shortly
afterwards (from 1258) Pierre de Montreuil executed a similar
scheme on thesouthern transept. Both these transept portals were
richly embellished with sculpture; the south portal featuresscenes
from the lives of St Stephen and of various local saints, while the
north portal featured the infancy of Christ
and the story of Theophilus in the tympanum, with a highly
influential statue of the Virgin and Child in the trumeau.[6]
Timeline of construction
1160 Maurice de Sully (named Bishop of Paris) orders the
original cathedral demolished.
1163 Cornerstone laid for Notre-Dame de Paris; construction
begins.
1182 Apse and choir completed.
1196 Bishop Maurice de Sully dies.
c.1200 Work begins on western facade.
1208 Bishop Eudes de Sully dies. Nave vaults nearing
completion.
1225 Western facade completed.
1250 Western towers and north rose window completed.
c.12451260s Transepts remodelled in the Rayonnant style by Jean
de Chelles then Pierre de Montreuil
12501345 Remaining elements completed.
Crypts beneath Notre-Dame de Paris
The Archaeological Crypt of the ParisNotre-Dame was created in
1965 toprotect a range of historical ruins,discovered during
construction work andspanning from the earliest settlement inParis
to the modern day. The crypts aremanaged by the Muse Carnavalet
andcontain a large exhibit, combining detailedmodels of the
architecture of different timeperiods, and how they can be
viewedwithin the ruins. The main feature stillvisible is the
under-floor heating installed
during the Roman occupation.[7]
Alterations, vandalism,and restorations
In 1548, rioting Huguenots damaged features of Notre-Dame,
considering them idolatrous.[8] During the reigns ofLouis XIV and
Louis XV, the cathedral underwent major alterations as part of an
ongoing attempt to modernizecathedrals throughout Europe. A
colossal statue of St Christopher, standing against a pillar near
the western
-
An 1853 photo by Charles Ngre of Henri
Le Secq next to Le Stryge
entrance and dating from 1413, was destroyed in 1786. Tombs and
stained glass windows were destroyed. Thenorth and south rose
windows were spared this fate, however.
In 1793, during the French Revolution, the cathedral
wasrededicated to the Cult of Reason, and then to the Cult of
theSupreme Being. During this time, many of the treasures of
thecathedral were either destroyed or plundered. The statues of
biblicalkings of Judah (erroneously thought to be kings of France),
located
on a ledge on the facade of the cathedral were beheaded.[8]
Manyof the heads were found during a 1977 excavation nearby and
areon display at the Muse de Cluny. For a time, Lady
Libertyreplaced the Virgin Mary on several altars. The cathedral's
greatbells managed to avoid being melted down. The cathedral came
to
be used as a warehouse for the storage of food.[8]
A controversial restoration program was initiated in 1845,
overseenby architects Jean-Baptiste-Antoine Lassus and Eugne
Viollet-le-Duc. Viollet Le Duc was responsible for the restorations
of severaldozen castles, palaces and cathedrals across France.
The
restoration lasted twenty five years[8] and included a
tallerreconstruction of the flche (a type of spire) which was
destroyedduring the French revolution. As well as the addition of
the chimerason the Galerie des Chimres. Viollet le Duc always
signed hiswork with a bat, the wing structure of which most
resembles theGothic vault (see Chteau de Roquetaillade).
The Second World War caused more damage. Several of thestained
glass windows on the lower tier were hit by stray bullets.These
were remade after the war, but now sport a modern geometrical
pattern, not the old scenes of the Bible.
In 1991, a major program of maintenance and restoration was
initiated, which was intended to last ten years, but
was still in progress as of 2010,[8] the cleaning and
restoration of old sculptures being an exceedingly delicate
matter. Circa 2014, much of the lighting was upgraded to LED
lighting.[9]
Organ
Though several organs were installed in the cathedral over time,
the earliest ones were inadequate for the building.The first
noteworthy organ was finished in the 18th century by the noted
builder Franois-Henri Clicquot. Some ofClicquot's original pipework
in the pedal division continues to sound from the organ today. The
organ was almostcompletely rebuilt and expanded in the 19th century
by Aristide Cavaill-Coll.
The position of titular organist ("head" or "chief" organist) at
Notre-Dame is considered one of the most prestigiousorganist posts
in France, along with the post of titular organist of Saint Sulpice
in Paris, Cavaill-Coll's largestinstrument.
-
The organ of Notre-Dame de Paris
The new bell, Marie, ringing in the
nave
The organ has 7,374 pipes, with ca 900 classified as historical.
It has 110 real stops, five 56-key manuals and a32-key pedalboard.
In December 1992, a two-year restoration of the organ was completed
that fully computerizedthe organ under three LANs (Local Area
Networks). The restoration also included a number of additions,
notablytwo further horizontal reed stops en chamade in the
Cavaille-Coll style. The Notre-Dame organ is therefore uniquein
France in having five fully independent reed stops en chamade.
Organists
Among the best-known organists at Notre-Dame de Paris was Louis
Vierne, who held this position from 1900 to1937. Under his tenure,
the Cavaill-Coll organ was modified in its tonal character, notably
in 1902 and 1932.
Lonce de Saint-Martin held the post between 1932 and1954. Pierre
Cochereau initiated further alterations (manyof which were already
planned by Louis Vierne), includingthe electrification of the
action between 1959 and 1963.The original Cavaill-Coll console,
(which is now locatednear the organ loft), was replaced by a new
console inAnglo-American style and the addition of further
stopsbetween 1965 and 1972, notably in the pedal division,
therecomposition of the mixture stops, a 32' plenum in
theNeo-Baroque style on the Solo manual, and finally theadding of
three horizontal reed stops "en chamade" in theIberian style.
After Cochereau's sudden death in 1984, four new
titularorganists were appointed at Notre-Dame in 1985: Jean-Pierre
Leguay
(http://www.musique-sacree-notredamedeparis.fr/spip.php?article89)
Olivier Latry, YvesDevernay (who died in 1990), and Philippe
Lefebvre(http://www.musique-sacree-notredamedeparis.fr/spip.php?article91)
This was reminiscent of the 18th-century practiceof the cathedral
having four titular organists, each oneplaying for three months of
the year.
Bells
The cathedral has 10 bells. The largest, Emmanuel, originalto
1681, is located in the south tower and weighs just over
13 tons and is tolled to mark the hours of the day and for
variousoccasions and services. This bell is always rung first, at
least 5 secondsbefore the rest. Until recently, there were four
additional 19th-centurybells on wheels in the north tower, which
were swing chimed. These bellswere meant to replace nine which were
removed from the cathedral
during the Revolution and were rung for various services and
festivals. The bells were once rung by hand beforeelectric motors
allowed them to be rung without manual labor. When it was
discovered that the size of the bellscould cause the entire
building to vibrate, threatening its structural integrity, they
were taken out of use. The bellsalso had external hammers for tune
playing from a small clavier.
0:00 MENU
-
The new bells of Notre-Dame de Paris Cathedral on public display
in
the nave in February 2013
On the night of 24 August 1944 as the le de la Cit was taken by
an advance column of French and Alliedarmoured troops and elements
of the Resistance, it was the tolling of the Emmanuel that
announced to the city thatits liberation was under way.
In early 2012, as part of a 2 million project, the four old
bells in the north tower were deemed unsatisfactory andremoved. The
plan originally was to melt them down and recast new bells from the
material. However, a legal
challenge resulted in the bells being saved in extremis at the
foundry.[10] As of early 2013, they are still merely setaside until
their fate is decided. A set of 8 new bells was cast by the same
foundry in Normandy that had cast thefour in 1856. At the same
time, a much larger bell called Marie was cast in the Netherlandsit
now hangs withEmmanuel in the south tower. The 9 new bells, which
were delivered to the cathedral at the same time (31 January
2013),[11] are designed to replicate thequality and tone of the
cathedral's originalbells.
Bells of Notre Dame de Paris[12]
Name Mass Diameter Note
Emmanuel 13271 kg 261 cm E2
Marie 6023 kg 206.5 cm G2
Gabriel 4162 kg 182.8 cm A2
Anne
Genevive3477 kg 172.5 cm B2
Denis 2502 kg 153.6 cm C3
Marcel 1925 kg 139.3 cm D3
tienne 1494 kg 126.7 cm E3
Benot-
Joseph1309 kg 120.7 cm F3
Maurice 1011 kg 109.7 cm G3
Jean-Marie 782 kg 99.7 cm A3
Significant events
1185: Heraclius of Caesarea calls for the Third Crusade from the
still-incomplete cathedral.
1239: The Crown of Thorns is placed in the cathedral by St.
Louis during the construction of the Sainte-
Chapelle.
1302: Philip the Fair opens the first States-General.
16 December 1431: Henry VI of England is crowned King of
France.[13]
1450: Wolves of Paris are trapped and killed on the parvis of
the cathedral.
7 November 1455: Isabelle Rome, the mother of Joan of Arc,
petitions a papal delegation to overturn her
-
The coronation of Napoleon I on 2 December 1804
at Notre-Dame in an 1807 painting by Jacques-
Louis David
daughter's conviction for heresy.
1 January 1537: James V of Scotland is married to Madeleine of
France
24 April 1558: Mary, Queen of Scots is married to the Dauphin
Francis (later Francis II of France), son of
Henry II of France.
18 August 1572: Henry of Navarre (later Henry IV of France)
marries Margaret of Valois. The marriage
takes place not in the cathedral but on the parvis of the
cathedral, as Henry IV is Protestant.[14]
10 September 1573: The Cathedral was the site of
a vow made by Henry of Valois following the
interregnum of the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth
that he would both respect traditional liberties and
the recently passed religious freedom law.[15]
10 November 1793: the Festival of Reason.
2 December 1804: the coronation ceremony of
Napoleon I and his wife Josphine, with Pope Pius
VII officiating.
1831: The novel The Hunchback of Notre-Dame
was published by French author Victor Hugo.
18 April 1909: Joan of Arc is beatified.
16 May 1920: Joan of Arc is canonized.
1900: Louis Vierne is appointed organist of Notre-Dame de Paris
after a heavy competition (with judges
including Charles-Marie Widor) against the 500 most talented
organ players of the era. On 2 June 1937
Louis Vierne dies at the cathedral organ (as was his lifelong
wish) near the end of his 1750th concert.
11 February 1931: Antonieta Rivas Mercado shot herself at the
altar with a pistol property of her lover
Jose Vasconcelos. She died instantly.
26 August 1944: The Te Deum Mass takes place in the cathedral to
celebrate the liberation of Paris.
(According to some accounts the Mass was interrupted by sniper
fire from both the internal and external
galleries.)
12 November 1970: The Requiem Mass of General Charles de Gaulle
is held.
6 June 1971: Philippe Petit surreptitiously strings a wire
between the two towers of Notre-Dame and tight-
rope walks across it. Petit later performed a similar act
between the Twin Towers of the World Trade
Center.
31 May 1980: After the Magnificat of this day, Pope John Paul II
celebrates Mass on the parvis of the
cathedral.
January 1996: The Requiem Mass of Franois Mitterrand is
held.
10 August 2007: The Requiem Mass of Cardinal Jean-Marie
Lustiger, former Archbishop of Paris and
famous Jewish convert to Catholicism, is held.
-
21 May 2013: Around 1,500 visitors were evacuated from
Notre-Dame Cathedral after Dominique
Venner, a historian, placed a letter on the Church altar and
shot himself. He died immediately.[16][17]
The cathedral is renowned for its Lent sermons founded by the
famous Dominican Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordairein the 1860s. In
recent years, however, an increasing number have been given by
leading public figures and stateemployed academics.
Gallery
Emmanuel, the great bourdonbell, at the Notre-Dame de Paris
A wide angle view of Notre-Dame's western facade
Notre-Dame's facade showingthe Portal of the Virgin, Portal
ofthe Last Judgment, and Portal ofSt-Anne
A view of Notre-Dame fromMontparnasse Tower
A wide angle view of Notre-Dame's western facade
The Statue of Virgin and Childinside Notre-Dame de Paris
-
Notre-Dame's high altar with thekneeling statues of Louis
XIIIand Louis XIV
One of Notre-Dame's wellknown gargoyle statues
South rose window of Notre-Dame de Paris
Notre-Dame at the end of the19th century
Flying buttress of Notre-Dame
Memorial tablet to the BritishEmpire dead of the First
WorldWar
See also
Matrise Notre Dame de Paris
Muse de Notre Dame de Paris
List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region
Roman Catholic Marian churches
References
1. ^ Mrime database 1993
2. ^ Notre Dame, meaning "Our Lady" in French, is frequently
used in the names of churches including the cathedrals
of Chartres, Rheims and Rouen.
3. ^ "Discoverfrance.net"
(http://www.discoverfrance.net/France/Cathedrals/Paris/Notre-Dame.shtml).
-
Discoverfrance.net. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
4. ^ Erik Inglis, "Gothic Architecture and a Scholastic: Jean de
Jandun's Tractatus de laudibus Parisius (1323),"
Gesta, XLII/1 (2003), 6385.
5. ^ Caroline Bruzelius, The Construction of Notre-Dame in
Paris, in The Art Bulletin, Vol. 69, No. 4 (Dec., 1987),
pp. 540569.
6. ^ Paul Williamson (10 April 1995). Gothic Sculpture,
11401300. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-030006-338-7.
7. ^ Crypte archologique du parvis Notre-Dame website
(http://crypte.paris.fr/fr/home). Accessed 15 June 2012.
8. ^a b c d e Jason Chavis. "Facts on the Notre Dame Cathedral
in France" (http://traveltips.usatoday.com/notre-
dame-cathedral-france-3356.html). USA Today. Retrieved
2013-08-03.
9. ^ Metcalfe, John. "Notre Dame Cathedral Just Got an LED
Makeover."
(http://www.theatlanticcities.com/technology/2014/03/notre-dame-cathedral-just-got-led-makeover/8606/)
The
Atlantic Cities. The Atlantic Monthly Group, 11 March 2014.
Retrieved 11 March 2014.
10. ^ "Le Figaro article from 9 November 2012 (in French)"
(http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-
france/2012/11/09/01016-20121109ARTFIG00480-la-guerre-des-cloches-de-notre-dame-est-declaree.php).
lefigaro.fr. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
11. ^ "LExpress article from 31 January 2012 (in French)"
(http://www.lexpress.fr/culture/les-neuf-cloches-geantes-
sont-arrivees-a-notre-dame-de-paris_1215724.html). lexpress.fr.
Retrieved 3 March 2013.
12. ^ Sonnerie des nouvelles cloches de Notre-Dame de Paris
(http://www.notredamedeparis.fr/spip.php?article1538)
(notredameparis.fr)
13. ^ Jean-Baptiste Lebigue, "L'ordo du sacre d'Henri VI
Notre-Dame de Paris (16 dcembre 1431)", Notre-Dame de
Paris 1163-2013, ed. Cdric Giraud, Turnhout : Brepols, 2013, p.
319-363.
(http://brepols.metapress.com/content/r7t2225332251503/)
14. ^ Hiatt, Charles, Notre Dame de Paris: a short history &
description of the cathedral, (George Bell & Sons, 1902),
12.
15. ^ (English) Daniel Stone (2001). The PolishLithuanian State,
13861795 (http://books.google.pl/books?
id=LFgB_l4SdHAC&pg=PA119&lpg=PA119&dq=notre+dame+paris+pacta+conventa&source=web&ots=QiCLWv
GmkD&sig=9L4_FPgS3U2FNrTx-ckFb5xSY0k&hl=pl&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=3&ct=result).
Warsaw:
University of Washington Press. p. 119. ISBN 0-295-98093-1.
Retrieved 23 July 2008.
16. ^ "Notre-Dame Cathedral evacuated after man commits
suicide"
(http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/05/21/police-notre-dame-cathedral-in-paris-evacuated-after-suicide-inside-
landmark/). Fox News. 21 May 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
17. ^ Frmont, Anne-Laure. "Un historien d'extrme droite se
suicide Notre-Dame" (http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-
france/2013/05/21/01016-20130521ARTFIG00477-un-homme-se-suicide-dans-notre-dame-de-paris.php)
(in
French). Le Figaro. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
Bibliography
Jacobs, Jay, ed. The Horizon Book of Great Cathedrals. New York,
New York: American Heritage Publishing,
1968
Janson, H.W. History of Art. 3rd Edition. New York, New York:
Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1986
Myers, Bernard S. Art and Civilization. New York, New York:
McGraw-Hill, 1957
-
Michelin Travel Publications. The Green Guide Paris.
Hertfordshire, UK: Michelin Travel Publications, 2003
Tonazzi, Pascal. Florilge de Notre-Dame de Paris (anthologie),
Editions Arla, Paris, 2007, ISBN 2-86959-795-9
"Monument historique PA00086250"
(http://www.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/merimee_fr?
ACTION=CHERCHER&FIELD_1=REF&VALUE_1=PA00086250). Mrime
database of Monuments Historiques
(in French). France: Ministre de la Culture. 1993. Retrieved 17
July 2011.
External links
Official site of Notre Dame de Paris
(http://www.notredamedeparis.fr/-English-)
List of Facts about the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris
(http://www.notredamecathedralparis.com/facts)
Notre-Dame de Paris's Singers
(http://www.musique-sacree-notredamedeparis.fr/spip.php?rubrique1)
Official site of Music at Notre-Dame de Paris
(http://www.musique-sacree-notredamedeparis.fr/spip.php?
rubrique1)
Panoramic view
(http://www.paris-360.com/panorama/quicktime/full-screen/38-photo-panoramique-de-
notre-dame-de-paris.html)
Further information on the Organ with specifications of the
Grandes Orgues and the Orgue de Choeur
(http://www.uquebec.ca/musique/orgues/france/ndamep.html#English)
Retrieved from
"http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Notre_Dame_de_Paris&oldid=612201281"
Categories: Visitor attractions in Paris Notre Dame de Paris
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