Notes

Chapter 1

I. For an enlightened and thorough critique of the 1894 LAA, see Rama­nathan 1995.

2. After the 1894 LAA was amended in 1984, land acquisition in the fol­lowing cases was also considered to be acquisition for a public pur­pose:

• the provision of village sites or extensions, or the planned develop­ment of village sites;

• the provision of land for rural and urban planning; • the provision of land for the planned development of land from pub­

lic funds under any scheme or policy of the government, and the subsequent disposal of such land by way of lease, assignment or sale;

• the provision of land for a corporation owned or controlled by the state.

3. Of the 205 major projects initiated since Independence, only 29 had been completed in 1979-80 (Singh et al. 1992).

4. The canals and irrigation network and Kevadia colony required over 80,000 hectares. The number of people affected by canals may be clos­er to the number of persons displaced by the reservoir.

Chapter 2

I. Of the 33 villages affected by the SSP, 18 were forest villages. The LAA does not recognize the households in these villages as legal enti­ties entitled to compensation.

267

268 Notes

2. Directly after the World Bank withdrew funding for the SSP, the M&E structure was dismantled in Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh.

Chapter 3

I. Professor Walter Fernandes, the most influential academic activist and writer on displacement and rehabilitation in India, has, together with colleagues, thoroughly surveyed the development, displacement andre­habilitation scene in the country. Fernandes has been instrumental in taking the Draft National Policy of the Ministry of Rural Development to the activists working with displaced people throughout the country (see Fernandes & Thukral (eds) 1989, Thukral 1992, Fernandes & Raj 1992). The National Alliance for Peoples Movement (NAPM), led by Ms. Medha Patkar, and the Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS) have brought together over 200 NGOs from various parts of the country for an intensive debate on the draft policy. Similar efforts were facilitated by the Bharat Jan Andolan (BJA), led by Dr B.D. Sharma. The BJA activist groups and the TISS discussed the Mabali­patta Declaration, which demanded that a 'share in benefits' generated by the industrial projects accrue to the affected people. While all groups press for serious reconsideration of the dominant development paradigm, and campaign for people-oriented sustainable development, the NAPM and BJA actually attempt to facilitate such shifts by mobil­izing marginalized groups.

2. For instance, in the National Thermal Power Corporation's Ramagun­dam project, about 26 per cent of the PAPs were not from the affected area at all. They were knowledgeable outsiders who bribed the talati and created documents demonstrating their interest in land belonging to someone in the village. Often, the poor and uninformed peasants lost their claim to their own land, while outsiders used their PAP status to obtain employment in the industry.

3. Information on projects is usually confidential and is extremely diffi­cult to obtain from the government. For the common man, even entry into government offices is difficult. In all projects where displaced per­sons are fighting for better R&R provisions, one of the major demands is access to information. Over the years, this problem has only become greater.

Notes 269

4. For example, in the SSP, households that received a Section 6.1 notice in 1985 had not yet received compensation money in March 1993.

Chapter 4

1. The envisaged expansion did not take place, however, so that a consid­erable amount of land remained unused. The unused land was eventu­ally devoted to a variety of other purposes, namely:

• about 4,000 acres was leased to industries and institutions, so that many public and private industries, institutions and voluntary organ­izations benefited from the excess land acquired;

• numerous unauthorized settlements in and around the township and plant occupied over 800 acres of land;

• the Communist Party of India, Marxist (CPM) took over and distrib­uted about 2,500 acres for cultivation to landless people and to people who had lost land. The originally landless people, along with those who had lost all land benefited from this redistribution. The rich and the poor were granted land equal in size (up to one acre).

These leases, encroachments and redistribution measures notwithstand­ing, large tracts of land remained unused in the area surrounding the township and the steel plant.

2. Interviews with community leaders and Focus Group Discussion with various groups.

3. The problem of unemployment among the educated youth has become chronic in West Bengal, and the situation in Durgapur is not different from the situation at the state level.

Chapter 5

I. A study conducted by S. Parasuraman and Chandau Sengupta 1992 for the Port Administration (Parasuraman & Sengupta 1992).

2. The term Benami land refers to the land registered in the name of a proxy person, related or unrelated to the actual owner. Unrelated per­sons are generally bound to the actual owner by some strong obligation or by patronage. Land is held under proxy names in order to circum­vent the stipulations of the Land Ceiling Act.

270 Notes

Chapter 6

l. This chapter is based on a more extensive report prepared by the auth­or for BHPE-KINHILL Joint Venture and SAIL. All the views ex­pressed here are those of the author. The Tata Institute of Social Sci­ences (TISS), where the author is based, BHPE-KINHILL or SAIL are not responsible for the views expressed.

2. The oral transmission of indigenous knowledge regarding medicinal plants is jeopardized by 'modem civilization', due to its negative im­pact on tribal unity and continuity.

3. Mine authorities described migrant workers from the Gorakphur region in Uttar Pradesh as animals, because of their physical strength.

4. There are only 568 women per 1,000 men in the hutments. About two­thirds of the men who came to Bolani were unmarried, and married men normally left their families behind in their native villages. Most migrants brought their families to Bolani in the late 1970s and 1980s. The population increase in the 1980s was due to family migration and natural growth resulting from the large number of births. Only 80 women migrated to Bolani independently.

Chapter 7

l. The Dhom reservoir system is also referred to as the Krishna project in government documents.

2. The government figures note the extent of land loss at 2,840 hectares. However, data collected from people reveals that they lost 4,508 hec­tares (at 2.6 acres of land lost per household. There were 3,017 and I ,329 landowners from fully affected and partially affected villages respectively). With the government land included, the total land loss to the reservoir alone would stand around 4, 700 hectares. The amount of land lost for the canal and the base colony was around l ,000 hec­tares. In other words, the land loss in the Krishna project was close to 18 per cent of the total area to be irrigated ( 14 per cent loss due to reservoir and 3 per cent due to canals and base colony). This is com­parable to the extent of land lost to reservoirs in other projects in the Maharashtra II Irrigation Project, which stood at 13 per cent of the po­tential irrigable area.

Notes 271

3. The thirteenth village was declared fully affected on the people's re­quest.

4. The Maharashtra Resettlement and Project Displaced Persons Act 1976 incorporated this element. However, according to the Maharashtra­Project Affected Persons Rehabilitation Act 1986, effective from I January 1990, landless persons receiving land and housing plots were required to pay for the land granted.

5. Government policy labels any village losing 75 per cent or more of its land as 'fully submerged' or 'fully affected'. That definition is used here.

6. A few unaffected villages comparable to displaced villages in terms of caste composition and land distribution were selected and studied. The displaced and comparison villages had similar conditions before the project was initiated. The displaced were resettled in the command area, adjacent to the villages selected for comparison. Income and ex­penditure data, land use and labour arrangements and other issues were canvassed among the resettled and host village households selected to represent the caste and landholding categories. In the Mil and Upper Krishna projects a comparative approach was followed, to compensate for the lack of social and economic data for the situation prior to displacement.

7. This was one reason that about 15 per cent of the households decided to buy land on their own, in places of their choice. Groups of related households which owned and lost more land, bought land in other places within the district, where they had relatives.

8. For example, in 1987 the collector of Dhulia wanted to buy land from large farmers who benefited from irrigation projects in the district, to provide land for the SSP-affected people. The large landowners agitat­ed against the proposal, declaring that no land from Dhulia would be made available to resettle displaced tribal people. Congress and the BJP joined in the campaign. The government dropped the plan and transferred the collector and other officials connected with it. In re­sponse to immense pressure from the World Bank, the government re­sorted to releasing forest land, contradicting the provisions of the 1980 Forest Protection Act.

272 Notes

9. In 1990, 50 and 30 per cent of the total irrigated area in host and resettled villages respectively was used for sugar-cane. Increasingly, households devote larger areas of land to the cultivation of sugar-cane. The cyclical process of debt and obligation to sugar factories is likely to increase this tendency.

10. The out-migration rate is lowest among Dalits and tribals in many states, as these people are poorest in access to resources and informa­tion.

Chapter 8

l. The migrant workers from North Kamataka accounted for nearly 35 per cent of the construction workers in Bombay (NICMAR 1990). Construction is the largest and one of the exploitative industries in the unorganized sector. This industry has traditionally offered its workers no protection.

2. Wages in Northern Kamataka were very low, forcing many young men and women to migrate in search of better-paid work. Work was not available for more than 150 days annually, so most of the households depending on wage labour were unable to satisfy their consumption needs.

3. The poorest 20 per cent of the households in rural areas account for 98 per cent of the rural poor. These households obtain less than 15 per cent of their grain from the Public Distribution System. PDS's role in increasing the consumption level of the poor seems to be very limited in rural and urban areas (IDBI 1992).

4. A framework for an R&R policy was approved by the Kamataka legis­lature in 1990, but the bill is still awaiting Presidential approval.

Chapter 9

I. Other sources estimate the area affected by the canals to be 85,123 hectares (Patel 1990; Srivastava, Sitaraman & Mehta 1991 ).

2. Data on this aspect of the project are not available from government sources.

Notes 273

3. Data for this chapter were derived from a longitudinal study of the period 1987-94 (Parasuraman 1989a). The author was the leader of the project 'Monitoring and Evaluation of Resettlement and Rehabilitation of People Displaced by SSP in Maharashtra'.

4. NWDT Award, sub-clause IV.7.

5. The Indian national and state governments normally recognized and transferred forest land to the encroachers. Legal ownership was con­ferred on the people who had encroached forest land prior to I January 1978.

6. The area affected by the Sardar Sarovar in Maharashtra and Gujarat is largely populated by the Bhils, one of the largest tribal groups in India. The Bhils include endogamous groups such as Tadvi, Vasava, Bhil, Padvi, Gam it, Paura, Bhilala, Rathwa and Naik. These groups are at different levels of' Hinduization'. Vasa vas and Tadvis are endogam­ous branches of the Bhil tribe in western India. These groups have ab­sorbed Hindu cultural practices to some extent. The Tadvis are more Hinduized than the Vasavas.

7. Some of the trees used by the forest dwellers (Rao 1989): Apta (Bauhinia racemosa): leaves used to make bidis;

• Awla (Phyllanthus emblica): fruit eaten both fresh and preserved, bark used in tanning;

• Aal (Morinda tintora): roots and bark used to make dye; Anjan (Acacia arabica): used for fuel; bark used for tanning; yields yellow dye; sap useful as gum; leaves eaten by goats; long seed pods eaten by livestock;

• Bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus): house-building, baskets, traps; • Bel (Aegle marmelos): fruit consumed; considered to have medicinal

properties (cure for diarrhoea); leaves used in worship; seeds yield varnish;

• Bor (Zizyphus jujuba): fruit eaten; bark used in tanning; • Jambul (Eugenia Jambolana): edible fruit;

Mango (Mangifera indica): edible fruit; leaves used in ritual; • Mahua (Madhuca indica): flowers eaten fresh and preserved; used to

distil liquor; seeds pressed for oil with medicinal properties; Neem (Melia azadirachta): twigs used to clean teeth; medicinal properties;

• Salai (Boswellia serrata): flowers and nuts eaten; fuel;

274 Notes

• Ain (Termina/ia tomentosa): house-building (second-best only to teak); Chinch (Tamarindicus indica): wood and fruit used.

• Sag (Tectona grandis): leaves used to line thatched roof; also used in rituals, especially death ceremonies; leaves used to make storage containers for preserved vegetables; leaves made into plates and bowls; timber excellent for house-building and furniture; timber also yields oil;

• Temru (Diospyros melanoxy/on): edible fruit; leaves made into bid is.

8. In fact, the issues were of simple common-sense type. When a plot of land becomes an island in the middle of the reservoir, there is no way people can cultivate that land. The government argued that legally, on­ly land that would be submerged was eligible for acquisition and com­pensation. Similar arguments were extended to land expropriated by the government for houses, offices and canals.

9. According to the LAA, the compensation should be paid within one year of the issuance of notice under Section 6.1. Delays beyond that are to be compensated by l 0 per cent interest annually on the compen­sation money. In other affected villages in Akkalkuwa tehsil, which received Section 6.1 notices along with Manibeli, compensation mon­ey was not paid for over eight years because of the agitation against the dam.

10. Government of Maharashtra records at Dhulia and Akkalkuwa and Government of Gujarat records at Baroda are the sources of data on the basis of which these figures have been computed.

11. The NWDT Award stipulated that the Maharashtraoustees have the lib­erty to resettle in either Maharashtra or Gujarat, assuming that R&R provisions were the same in both the states. However, the Maharashtra R&R provision of June 1992 awarded the major sons of landed people, landless people and encroachers alike one acre of land, if available. GOM has modified the act to provide this category of people with one hectare of land. After 1988, the Gujarat provisions were far superior, providing two hectares of land to landed people, landless people, en­croachers and the major sons of families in all these categories.

12. Narmada Dhamagrastha Samiti (Committee of Narmada Dam affected people), initiated by Ms Medha Patkar, started working for better re-

Notes 275

habilitation of the oustees in 1985. However, in 1988 it concluded that given the magnitude of displacement and the lack of capacity and will­ingness on the part of the government, proper resettlement was not possible. At that point the organization's name was changed to Narma­da Bachav Andolan, and a movement aiming to stop the construction of the dam was founded. In recognition of their work, the Andolan and Medha Patkar were awarded the 'Right to Livelihood Award' in 1991.

13. One of the objectives of resettlement and rehabilitation as agreed be­tween the government and the World Bank was that people should be resettled as viable social groups, so that they would be able to re­establish community life as soon as possible. Manibeli people contend­ed that all four hamlets together represented a viable social unit.

14. According to the stipulations concerning tapu land, encroached land, land for landless people, and the 1 January 1980 cut-off date for desig­nating major sons (in the early 1980s), all Manibeli PAPs and a few PAPs from Dhankhedi village could easily have been resettled in Par­veta. However, policy changes on all these aspects increased the num­ber of eligible PAPs, who could not be accommodated in Parveta. Such PAPs were given land in four new areas about l 0-15 kilometres from Parveta.

15. People can only be moved to resettlement sites between December and June. Between July and September, the river and the nal/as become flooded, and the roads are completely washed away by the monsoon. From October to December, only jeeps and four-wheel drive trucks can traverse the road along the riverbed, a mud path levelled exclu­sively for use by government officials. No attempt was ever made to provide the area with public transport.

16. The construction of the infrastructure at the resettlement colony was the responsibility of the Civil Engineering Department also responsible for construction of the dam, whereas moving people was the responsi­bility of the government Relief and Rehabilitation Department. Both agencies worked according to their own schedules, so that people were moved even before basic facilities were operational. There was no cer­tainty that the facilities would ever be made available.

17. The cost of clearing the land ranged from Rs 750-2,500 per hectare, depending on the quality of the land.

276 Notes

18. Although Gujarat state has enacted and implemented strict prohibition laws, illicit liquor brewing remains a serious problem throughout the state. The tribal people of Maharashtra are used to brewing Mahua li­quor for their own consumption. Due to the presence of police and government officials, Parveta people have been abstaining from liquor. Once the officials leave, things may change.

19. According to the R&R stipulations, the government is to resettle SSP oustees in the areas to benefit from the project. Parveta is in the com­mand area of the SSP. Parveta will receive canal water by 1997. In the meantime irrigation through tule-wells is being tried.

20. The viability of Parveta as an independent panchayat is dubious, due to the small size of its population, thus R&R authorities are not unwill­ing to combine Parveta with the existing panchayat in Kalediya.

21. Even if community toilets were constructed, it is not certain that they would be used at all, as the people were accustomed to defecating in the open in Manibeli.

Chapter 10

I. According to Section 45 of the 1894 LAA and the 1984 Amendment Act if an eviction and compensation notice is served on a woman, it is not legal. It is strange to find so outdated a clause in the laws of a country whose constitution prohibits sexual discrimination by the state (MARG 1990). The government was urged to remove this clause from the LAA when it was amended in 1984, but to no avail.

2. Activists working with the PAPs are young women who either oppose the project or demand better R&R provisions. Their demands incorpor­ate women's needs and interests such as special training and income­generating measures. However they take care not to antagonize men and thus they play down women-related aspects.

3. It is difficult to buy land in the command area, as most of the villages around the resettled villages have received canal irrigation. Irrigation has increased the income-generating potential of the land to such an extent that few owners are willing to sell their land, and prices have increased.

Notes 277

Chapter 11

I. The Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS), as an independent agen­cy, has monitored and evaluated the resettlement and rehabilitation process since 1987. All events and activities by the affected people, activists and organizations, state and central governments, the Nannada Control Authority and the World Bank were monitored and recorded by TISS.

2. In recent years the World Bank has altered its policy. It no longer insists that the amount allotted to R&R and environmental measures should not exceed 5 per cent of the total project cost. It is also pos­sible now to incorporate money required for R&R measures into the loan requested.

3. In early 1992, to educate people in Maharashtra about the project and to steer them away from the activists, the top policy-makers at the NCA level decided to implement the following strategies: press releas­es and press conferences, press tours, pamphlets and brochures describ­ing the benefits to be expected. Theatre troupes perfonned in various project-affected villages, and exhibitions were put up highlighting the benefits of the project. Messages pertaining to the dam were also to be broadcast on radio (NCA 1992: 3-6). The target group was the tribals in inaccessible villages where the highest education ever achieved by any person was third standard. A few children who had attended an ashram school reached 3rd standard in 1992. No adult members in the villages can read. None of the infonnation - providing strategies would have worked among the tribal people in Nannada valley. None of the strategies were implemented by the government.

4. Absentee landlords sold land to the government at very high prices. This created problems for tenants - landless and marginal fanners -who were cultivating land.

5. At one stage, in 1989, it looked as if the people and the activists would be motivated to accept the resettlement option of suitable forest land. According to the 1980 Indian Forest Act, the GOI cannot release forest land for resettlement purposes. However, ignoring the Act, the GOI signed an SSP loan contract with the World Bank, which includ­ed a clause stating 'forest land will be made available for resettlement, if no other suitable land is available' (Morse & Berger 1992).

278 Notes

6. They were: Narmada Lok Sangharsh and Sahakar Samiti, initiated by Shri. Harivallabhbhai Patel, as part of his Rangpur Ashram activities; Narmada Sahakar Sangh, initiated by Urmilaben Patel, wife of the Chief Minister ofMaharashtra. These two organizations, together with Arch-Vahini, are engaged in the delivery of R&R provisions, motivat­ing people to move, and disseminating information.

7. The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Mr Sharad Pawar, made the an­nouncement in one of the meetings with the activists. No written evid­ence of the statement exists.

8. In early 1992, the Narmada Control Authority classified access of gov­ernment personnel to villages as follows:

• Gujarat: no resistance, free access to all work; • Maharashtra: no access to all 33 villages; • Madhya Pradesh: 34 villages hard core resistance, no access; 99 vil­

lages moderate resistance, but access difficult; 60 villages no resis­tance (NCA 1992).

9. The Ramon Magsaysay and The Right to Livelihood Awards.

10. The GOMP in all certainty will not be able to resettle its displaced people with the R&R provisions of its policy. Since 1987, the GOMP has not even completed enumeration of PAPs, and no move has been made to locate land within the state (HSGU 1992, NCA 1992). On the other hand, Maharashtra has 4200 hectares of forest land, while it re­quires over 6,000 hectares of agricultural land (TISS 1992). Thus most of the displaced from Madhya Pradesh and about 35 per cent of the dis­placed from Maharashtra will have no alternative except to move to Gujarat.

Chapter 12

1. Although the private sector played an important role in the displace­ment of people and the alienation of their land and livelihood, state­sponsored projects accounted for much of the displacement. Defence projects and nuclear installations also displaced a large number of peo­ple, but could not be examined for this study due to lack of access to data.

Notes 279

2. Even in the high profile and 'well-planned' R&R process in the SSP, at least 15 per cent of the resettled families will face a second disloca­tion.

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Index

Adams, W.M. 151 Agri caste 123-4, 125, 127, 129,216,

259,260 Akkalkuwa 183-4, 187, 189,201,241,

274n Akrani 184,241 Alibag 124 Alirajpur 241 Alloy Steel Plant (ASP) 110, 112,

116 Almati Dam 10, II, 55, 167, 169 ambadi 185, 199 amber chakra 224 Amin, A. 232 Amte, Baba 241, 244 Anandwan Ashram 242, 244 Andhra Pradesh 90, 176 Arch-Vahini 235,237,241, 278n Areeparampi1, M. 147, 148 Assam 88

Bagchi, A.K. 37 Bailadilla mines 145 Balagoda 133-9, 144, 146, 150 Bangalore 175 Barbil 147 Bardham, P.K. 215 Baroda 186, 195, 274n Baruch 186 Baxi, U. 43, 48, 230 Belapur 126 benami land 121, 269n Bengal Code 41

292

Berger, K.R. 13-14,49, 180,235,246, 250,277n

Beteille, A. 215 bhagat 148, 201 Bhanot, R. 51 Bharat Jan Andolan 268n Bhilai Steel Plant 54, 107 Bhilala 273n bhillori 184, 206, 237 Bhils 273n bhindi 185, 199 BHPE-KINHILL Joint Venture 107,

110, 144, 145, 270n Bhuias 133, 136 bighas 61 Bihar 54,110, Ill, 132,133,149 Bijapur 167-8, 173 Birlas 136, 138 BJP 27ln Bokaro Steel Plant 54, I 07 Bolani 132-50, 270n Bolani Iron Ore Mines (BIOM) 60, 106

compensation money 94-5, 98, 135-7

displacement II, 54, 70, 132-3, 255

employment 137-44, 148-50 environmental impact 144-8 impact on women 138, 143, 149,

218-19, 226-8 R. & R. policy/provisions 55 socioeconomic conditions in the

original villages 133-44

Index 293

Bombay 54, I 18-22. I24, 128, 152, I56, 161, 162, I63, 164, 173, I75,22I,222,227,272n

Bombay Harbour 54, I 20 Brahman caste 123, 125, 259 Buddhism 164 Burdwan 107, 108, 114 Bureau of Public Enterprises 256

canal affected village 154, 167, 247 Cernea, M.M. 6, 18, 21, 40, 44, 47,230 Chambers, R. 40 Champua 133-40, 144. 150 Chandrasekher, C.P. 214 Charla mines 145 Chatterji, S. 43, 48, 51, 81, 82, 256 Chaulkalsi caste 124 Chitale, M. 230 Chotangpar region 132 CIDCO (City and Industrial

Development Corporation) 121-3, 128

Coal India Ltd. (CIL) 82, 89, 91-2, 101 collector 63, 64-5, 130---1, 240, 271 n colonialism 36-41 Communist Parties of India Marxists

61, 110, 112-13,263, 269n Congress Party 121, 162, 271n Crook, N. 115 CSS (Centre for Social Studies) 230,

234,241,249

dais 238 Dalits 10,36-7,65, 91, 97, Ill, 116,

136, 14I, 144, I52, I59-60, I70, I73

see also impact of displacement on

Das, Bipin 17, I 84 denotified tribes 97, 258 Devalle, S.B.C. 17, 37 Dhagamawar, V. 6, 41 Dhankkedi 275n Dharwad 223

Dhom dam 10, 55, 152-6, 163, 270n Dhulia district 183-4, I 89, 240, 27 In,

274n displaced persons

caste 54, 62, 123, 127, I 77-8, 259-62,264

category 48-9 employment opportunity of 55,

88, 102-3, 110, I26, 127, 255-6,259-61

encroachers 52-3, 115, I81-3, 223,234,254,269n,273n, 275n

mobilisation I21-3, I65, 192-3, 237-8

number 49-52 religion 264 standardofliving 101,266

displacement from common property resources 127,

128-9,260---1 forest I 02, 132-8, 180, 226, 261,

267n land 170---7, 226, 26 I salt pan 91. 98, 119. 121. 123.

125, 127,226,260.26I sea 91, I 24, 125, 127, 223, 226,

260,261 Diwan,S. 236 Dogra, B. 50 Draft National R. & R. Policy 81-2,

101-3,268n Durgapur99, 110-11,114-15,117,

215,217-18,227.259,262, 269n

Durgapur Steel Plant (DSP) compensation money 92-6,

98-9,112 displacement I 0, 70, 98, 255,

263 focus groups 75, 108-9 household survey 72-3 impact on women 215-I7, 227,

262

294

Durgapur Steel Plant - continued R. & R. policy 97, 109-14,

116-17 squatter settlements 114-15,

117 Dyson, T. 212

East India Company 41 Employment Guarantee Scheme 125,

186,193,251 Fernandes, VV. 6, 9, 17,43,47,48,49,

50, 51, 81, 82, 84, 88, 132, 133, 212,214,230,232,255-6, 268n

fodder 75, 199, 203, 212, 225 food insecurity 18, 44 Forest Protection Act (1980) 92, 271 n fuel75, 142, 143, 146,203,212,219 fully affected village 92-8, I 08-11,

116, 121, 167-8,227

Gadgil, M. 38, 41 Gamit 273n ghar-jawais 184, 192,215 Goa 173, 175, 222, 227 gobar gas 203, 225 gorakhpuri 270n Goval caste 136 Government of India (GOI) 15, 16, 54,

91-2, 124, 147-8,232,233,236, 241,243-52,255-6, 273n,277n

Government Resolutions (GRs) 168 Greater Bombay 119-22

Municipal Corporation of 120 Gua Mines 145 Guha, R. 38, 41 Gujarat 55, 179-82, 188-9, 192-3,

206,232-3,276n Government of 15, 180-2, 188,

193-4,203,204-5,233-5, 239-48,274n, 278n

R. & R. policy/provisions in 22,90, 182,190,229, 233-52,253,274n,278n

Index

Gulbarga 167-8, 173, 223 Gunder, Frank A. 37

Habib, I. 36 hadia 142-3 Hamara gaon hamara raj 244 Handsa, Subotu 50 Hanuman, Koliwada 126 Haryana 90 health care services II 0, Ill, 115, 122,

131, 142, 161, 192,200-1,213, 222-3,225,226,233,238,241

Himachel Pradesh 90 Hindu caste hierarchy 124, 152 Hindus 10, 91, 139, 150, 154,206,

225-6 Hirakud dam 49 host community 59, 68, 80 host village 67, 74, 155-61, 27ln,

272n house, compensation for 63, 78, 84-5,

89,94-5,102,122,188-9 HSGU (Hari Singh Gour University)

278n

lOBI 272n impact of displacement on

Dalits 36-7,50-1,61-2,75,91,96, 98, 117, 159-60,163-4,173-7, 211,251,258,259,262,265

tribals 49,50-1,61-2,75. 117,211. 251,258,259-65

women 50-1,61-2,75-6,91, 117, 175-6, 177-8,211-28,251, 258,261-3,266, 276n

impoverishment 17-18, 44-6 incremental approach 65, 229-31 Indian Forest Acts 41, 236, 277n indigenous people see tribals Indira Yawas Yojana 97 Indravathi River 35 infrastructure affected village 161-2 Integrated Rural Development

Programme (IRDP) 97

involuntary resettlement 2-4, 7, 24

Jal Samadhi 244-5 Jalgar caste 97, 170, 173-4, 175, 176,

260 Jarmin Bachao Samiti (Save the Land

Committee) 123 Jawahar Rojgar Yojana (JPY) 162-3,

251 Jawaharlal Nehru Port (JNP) 58, 60,

106, 118-22 compensation money 92-6, 127 consequences of development

123-8 displacement I 0, 54, 98, 119, 255,

259 household survey 12 impact on women 216-18, 226-8 R. & R. policy/provisions 70,

122-3, 128-31 Joshi, P.C. 6 jowar 134, 185, 194, 196, 197, 199

Kabeer, N. 212 Kalediya 193-5, 202-3. 276n Kalinga Iron Works (KIW) 137, 138,

143 Karadis 123, 124, 125, 127, 129 Kamataka 10-11, 167, 170, 173, 175,

176,222-3,260 Government of 168, 171-2, 175,

177-8,223 R. & R. policy/provisions 22,

89-90,272n Karo River 134, 144, 145,219 Kashmir 88 Khadi and Village Industries

Commission (KVIC) 224 Kolaba 124 Koli caste 123, 124, 125, 127, 129,

216,260 Konkan District 163, 175 Kothari, A. 18, 232 Kothari, S. 6, 23, 43, 81,82

Index 295

Krishna River 10, 35, 55, 152 Krueger, Richard A. 62 Kudamodupada 183-7, 192,203-4 Kurburs 97, 170, I 74, 175, 176, 177 Kuver 183

land acquisition of 41-4, 108-9, 121-8,

135-7 choice of 189-91, 199-200 purchase of 95-6, 98-9, 112 requirement and availability 44

land acquisition Officer (LAO) 60, 62-3, 65, 69, 71 preliminary notification 82 section 4 notification 82, 84, 123,

168,188,236 section 6 notification 82-4, 123,

188,269n,274n Land Acquisition Act (LAA 1894)

20-3,38,41-4,52,62,65-6, 82-9,91,102,122,234,248, 251,256,260,266,267n,274n, 276n

Land Acquisition Modified Act (1984) 84-5,86,250,267n,276n

Land Ceiling Act 92, 156, 162, 171, 178, 181,248,250,269n

land, compensation for 42-3, 78, 83-5, 89-90,93-4,122,129-30, 136-8, 181, 188-9

Land Reform Act 92, 250 landlessness 44-6, 48, 50, 52, 59, 60,

61, 65, 90,97-100, 102, 107, I 12-13, I 17, 125, 153-4, 156, 151, 158-60, 164-5, 169, 110-1, 173, 175, 178, 182-3, 190,211, 254,259,263

Lingayats 110, 174, 175, 177 Lok Sabha 81

Mabalipatta Declaration 268n Madhya Pradesh 11,55, 132,145,179,

180-1,232,236,268n

296 Index

Madhya Pradesh - continued Government of (GOMP) 15, 81,

234-5,239,242-8 R. & R. policy/provisions 22,

89-90,183,229,233,237-52, 278n

Madras 37 Mahapatra, L.K. 17, 50 Maharashtra 55, 71, 119, 122-3, 152,

159, 163-4, 175, 179, 180-2, 184, 189,260, 268n, 276n

Government of 81, 88-9, 90, 91-2, 118, 120, 121, 123, 124, 129-31, 153, 162-3, 187, 188, 204,234-5,239-40,242-8, 253,274n

R.&R. ploicy/provisions in 88--9, 90, 182-3, 193, 229, 232-52, 253-4,274n, 278n

Maharashtra Irrigation II Project (Mil) 10,54,58-9,60, 70,106,152-4

compensation money 93-6, 98, 155 economic conditions after resettle

ment 156-64 household survey 73-4 impact on women 220-2, 227, 262 R. & R. policy/provisions 154-6,

164-6, 259-60,270-Jn Mahato caste 136 malum 85, 134, 219, 276n, major daughters 183 major sons 181, 182, 183, 190, 205,

223,234, 247,254,274n,275n Majumdar, M. 214 Mali caste 15 2 mango 85, 273n Manibeli 71, 180-1, 183-209,223-6,

244-5,274n,275n,276n Maratha caste 123, 124, 125, 127, 152,

153, 159-60, 162, 163, 165,220, 259-60

M.A.R.G. 83, 85, 237, 276n marginalization 44-6, 51, 98, 172-3,

218,249,251,261-3

Margya 183 Mathew, Kalathil 244 McCully, P. 180 Mehta, S.S. 84, 179, 180, 272n Mehwasi Territories 232 Minhas, B.S. 214 Ministry of Environment 236 Ministry of Rural Development and

Water Resources 82, 180, 268n

Ministry of Welfare 82 Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E)

66-8,238,249, 268n Moore, Mick 212 morchas 189 Morse, B. 13, 14, 49, 180, 235, 246,

250,277n Mukherji, S. 173 Mukta, P. 242 Mulgi 187, 189 Mundas 133, 136, 150 Municipal Corporation of Greater

Bombay 120 Muslims 170, 175, 176, 223

Nagpar 119 Naik 273n na/las 145, 202, 275n Narayanpur Dam 18, 55, 167-8 Narmada Asargrasta Samiti 237 Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) 179,

239,241,250,275n Narmada Central Authority 179, 180,

249,253,277n, 278n Narmada Dhramagrastha Samiti 192,

237,274-5n Narmada Ghati Navnirman Samiti 237

Narmada Lok Sangharsh 278n Narmada Movement 81-2, 180-1,

229-52,263 Narmada River II, 13, 55, 179, 181,

192,202,242-4,250,264 Narmada Sagar 18 I Narmada Sahakar Saugh 278n

Index 297

Narmada Valley Irrigation and Power Project 35, 55, 93, 211-12

Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal (NWDT Award) 181-2, 188, 233-5, 239-41,243,250,273n, 274n

Naswadi 203 National Alliance for People's

Movement 268n National Sample Survey Organisation

(NSSO) 159 National Thermal Power Corporation

(NTPC) 20, 82, 89, 91-2, 101-3, 268n

New Bombay 119-31, 175, 216, 257 New Delhi 211, 243 Nehru, Pandit Jawaharla1109, 187 NGOs 9, II, 13, 15-17, 19, 20, III,

241,245,246-7, 268n NICMAR 234, 272n Nimad 241 Noble, M.L. 236 nomadic communities 36, 37, 258, 265 nomadic tribes 97, 223

Orissa II, 22, 54, II I, 132-3, I 35, 140, 144, 149,218,260

Oxfam 51

PAC (Public Accounts Committee) 151 Packalsi caste 124 Padma Bhusan 244 Padma Vibhusan 244 Padvi 273n panchayat 69, 135, 162-3, 187,201,

276n Panvel 54, 124, 125,216 Paranjpye, V. 250 Parasuraman, S. 48, 58, 60, 82, 83, 85,

93, 96, I 15, 123, 128, 136, 139, 144, 153. 160, 163, 168, 169, 171, 184, 192,214,215,216, 223,230,231,232,251,252, 269n, 273n

pari pasu 229 partially affected village 59, 72-4, 89,

98-100, 108, II 1-14, I 16-17, 131, 154, 155, 168, 170, 174, 176-7,2I8,227,262

Parveta I 80--1, 188, 189-207, 223-6, 252,275-6n

Patilpada 183-7, I92-3, 203-4 patil's clique 191-2 Patridge, W. 167, I 72, 230, 231 Patel, Ani! 16 Patel, J. 240, 250, 272n Patel, Shri Harivallabhb Lai 278n Patel, Urmilaben 278n Patkar, Medha 235, 237, 244, 268n,

274--5n Paura 273n Pawar, Sharad 278n Peasants and Workers Party (PWP)

121 Pen 124 Perera, M. 214 PHC sub centres 161, 20 I physical environment 40- I, 91,

144-8 Planning Commission 231, 233, 236 Pong Irrigation Project dam 5 I -2 Poona 175 port affected village 121-31 Prakasam, C.P.S. 173 project affected households 51-2, 55,

57-74, I 10-14, 128-30, 135-40, 152-64

project affected persons (PAPs) 13, 51-2,59-61,68,80, 82,83,90, 93-5, I 01-3, 122, 127-8, 153-64, 168, 177, 182-3, 188, 190-1,211,230,231,233,235, 238, 245,247,256,268n,271n. 275n,278n

project affected village I I 0, I 14, 124, 126

Pune 156 Punjab 88, 90

298 Index

R. & R. policy provisions see specific cases

Raichur 167-8, 173, 223 Raigad 119 Raj, A. 49, 50, 86, 232, 268n Rajasthan 90 Rajpipla Social Service Society

(RSSS) 235 Ramanathan, U. 6, 23, 42, 43, 44, 83,

84,267n Ramon Megassay A ward 278n Rao, Nandini 17, 184-5, 273n Rathwa 273n Ratnagiri 175, 222 Reddy, I.V.B. 89, 184 Rehabilitation Officer (RO) 60, 63, 65 reservoir affected village 73-4,

152-64, 167-70, 179-93 Resettlement and Rehabilitation

Policies 21-2,55-6,59-66, 79-80,85-7,265-6

constraints and contradictions 91-2 in industrial projects 87-9 in irrigation projects 89-91 incremental approach 229-32 monitoring and evaluation strategy

66-8 success of 257-8 see also specific places; schemes

resettled village 59, 72-4, 131, 156, 157-63, 168-73, 175-6,221, 251,271n,272n

see also Parveta rickshaw pullers 75, 109, I 10 rim village 74, !56, 157-61,221 Right to Livelihood Award 275n, 278n Rourkela Steel Plant 54, 107 Rosencranz, A. 236 Roy, B. 89 Roy, S.C. 36

Sachchidananda, S. 42, 133, 134, 135, 148

Sahakar Samiti 278n

Sankhani River 145 Sardar Sarovar dam 55, 179, 183 Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam

179-80 Sardar Sarovar Project (SSP) 11, 54-6,

58-60,64,71, 106,267-Sn compensation money 93-5, 182-3,

189,269n impact on women 223-8, 262 monitoring and evaluation (M&E)

66-8 R. & R. policy 81-2,90,91, 182-3,

187-93,197,204-7,226,229-52 resistance to 12-17, 19,81-2,

179-82,192-3,232-52 socioeconomic conditions in

Manibeli 183-7 socioeconomic conditions in Parveta

193-204 Sarpanchpada 183-7, 192, 203-4 Satara 152-3, 155, 163, 164, 220, 227 Satara Zilla Parishad 162 Satpuda Mountain 71,207,232 SC&ST Commission 37, 41, 52, 83,

236 scheduled castes see Dalits Schenk-Sandberger, L. 211, 214 Scudder, T.6,230,234-5,246 Sen, A.K. 40 Sen, J. 48 Sengupta, Chandan 58, 123, 128, 163,

184,216,269n Sharma, B.D. 268n Sharma, R.N. 121 Shiv Sena 163 Singh, A. 48 Singh, M. 267n Singh, M.A. 44 Singh, S. 51, 232 Singrauli 11 Sitaraman, S.P. 84, 179, 180, 272n Sivaraju, S. 184 social environment 117 Sons of Soil Policy 163

Index 299

Srivastava, V.K. 84, 179, 180, 272n Standing, H. 213 Steel Authority of India Ltd. (SAIL)

54, 107, 110, 133, 137-9, 143, 145, 147, 270n

subsistence agriculturists 149 Sujadra 194 Surat 186 Surpaneshwar Temple 192 Sutar caste 152

Tadvis 183-6, 189, 191-2, 199,225-6, 273n

Talati 268n Taloda 184, 186 Taloda Forest Land I 80 tapu village 182, 188, 190, 233-4, 239,

275n Tehri dam I I, 35 Thane 54, 119, 124 Thane and Bassein Creeks 120 Thukral, Ganguly 6, 47, 50, 82, 89,

212,230,268n TJSS (Tata Institute of Social Studies)

49, 58, 180, 184, 186, 212, 232, 237,239,243,245,248,268n, 270n,277n

TOI (Times of India) 148 Toppo, E. 135 trees, compensation for 63, 78, 85,

188-9 tribals 10, 85, 89, 91, 117, 132, 148,

149-50, tuar 196, 203

Upper Kolab mutipurpose dam 49 Upper Krishna Project (UKP) 10, 54,

58-60,70, 106,27ln compensation money 93-6, 99,

169 household survey 73-4 impact on women 222-3, 226-8,

262 R. & R. policy/provisions 167-72,

177-8,231 social and economic consequences

of displacement 55, 170--7 Uran Tahsil 123, 124, 125 Uttar Pradesh 133, 144, 270n

Vadgaon 187, 192 Vagaya 195 Vavipada 183-7, 192-3,203-4,207 Vasavas 184-6, 189, 191-2,206 Verma, H.S. 119, 120, 121, 122, 129 Viegas,P. 49,149,214,230 Visaria, P. 214 voters list 66, 69,70, 72

welL compensation for 63 West Bengal 54, 107, 108, Ill, 114,

116, 117, 132, 140,215,263, 269n

WorldBank9,11,13-17,20,21,40, 47,53,57,65,66,68, 172,211, 231,234-5,236,243-9,268n, 271n, 275n,277n

zamindars 37