Notes

1 Early Life and Early Works

1. William Wordsworth, 'My heart leaps up ... " in A Book of English Poetry, ed. G. B. Harrison (London: Penguin, 1950 edn), p. 247.

2. Salman Rushdie, The Wizard of Oz (London: British Film Institute, 1992), p. 9.

3. Ibid., p. 18. 4. Ibid., pp. 9-10. 5. W. J. Weatherby, Salman Rushdie: Sentenced to Death (New York:

Carroll & Graf, 1990), p. 14. 6. Salman Rushdie, 'Bonfire of the Certainties', interview recorded on

27 January 1989 by Bandung File and broadcast on 14 February on Channel 4, in The Rushdie File, ed. Lisa Appignanesi & Sara Maitland (London: Fourth Estate, 1989), p. 30.

7. Rushdie, 'Satyajit Ray' (1990), in Imaginary Homelands: Essays in Criticism 1981-1991 (London & New Delhi: Granta & Penguin India, 1991), p. 107.

8. Rushdie interview in Scripsi, Vol. 3, Pt.2-3, 1985, p. 116. 9. Rushdie, 'Gunter Grass' (1984), in Imaginary Homelands, p. 276.

10. Rushdie, The Wizard of Oz, p. 9. 11. Quoted from Weatherby, Salman Rushdie, p. 18. 12. Ian Hamilton, 'The First Life of Salman Rushdie', in The New Yorker,

25 Dec 1995 & 1 Jan 1996, p. 95. 13. Quoted from Weatherby, Salman Rushdie, pp. 25-6. 14. Quoted from Hamilton, 'The First Life', p. 97. 15. Rushdie, 'Censorship' (1983), in Imaginary Homelands, p. 38. 16. Quoted from Hamilton, 'The First Life', p. 100. 17. Scripsi interview, p. 121. 18. Quoted from Hamilton, 'The First Life', p. 100. 19. Ibid., p. 100. 20. Weatherby, Salman Rushdie, p. 35. 21. Rushdie, Grimus (London: Paladin, 1989 edn), p. 209; all subsequent

references to the novel are from this edition and their page-numbers are noted in the text.

22. 'Salman Rushdie', in Novelists in Interview, ed. John Hoffenden (Lon­don: Methuen, 1985), p. 245.

23. Ibid., p. 245. 24. Rushdie, quoted from 'Salman Rushdie: Interview by Suzie Mac­

Kenzie', in The Guardian Weekend, 4 November 1995, p. 12.

151

152 Notes to pages 10-18

25. James Harrison, Salman Rushdie (New York: Twayne, 1992), p. 36. 26. Ibid., p. 36. 27. 'Salman Rushdie', in Novelists in Interview, p. 246. 28. Catherine Cundy, '''Rehearsing Voices": Salman Rushdie's Grimus',

in Journal of Commonwealth Literature, Vol. 27, No.1, 1992, p. 135. 29. Mujeebuddin Syed, 'Warped Mythologies: Salman Rushdie's "Gri­

mus"', in ARIEL: A Review of International English Literature, Vol. 25, No.4, 1994, pp. 136, 139.

30. Ibid., pp. 143-4. 31. M. M. Bakhtin, Problems of Doestoevsky's Poetics (1963), in The Bakh­

tin Reader, ed. Pam Morris (London: Edward Arnold, 1994). 32. Ibid., p. 192. 33. Rabkin, The Fantastic in Literature, quoted from Catherine Cundy,

'''Rehearsing voices"', p. 136. 34. Bakhtin, p. 187. 35. Scripsi interview, p. 125. 36. Bakhtin, p. 190. 37. Ibid.,p.192. 38. Ibid., p. 192. 39. 'Saeva indignatio' is a phrase used by W. B. Yeats to describe Swift,

one of Rushdie's literary ancestors - Yeats, 'Swift's Epitaph', in The Collected Poems of W. B. Yeats (London: Macmillan, 1961 edn), p. 277; originally, used of the Roman satirist Juvenal.

40. Scripsi interview, p. 125. 41. Ibid., p. 125. 42. Notice, for instance, Rushdie's statement: 'Grimus enabled me to use

fantasy without worrying about it.' - 'Salman Rushdie: Interview', in Kunapipi, Vol.4, No.2, 1982, p. 25.

2 Midnight's Children

1. Liz Calder's words, quoted from Ian Hamilton, 'The First Life of Salman Rushdie', in The New Yorker, 25 Dec 1995 & 1 Jan 1996, p. 101.

2. Liz Calder's words, quoted from 'Salman Rushdie: Interview by Suzie MacKenzie', in The Guardian Weekend, 4 November 1995, p. 15.

3. Quoted from Hamilton, 'The First Life', p. 101. 4. Rushdie's words, ibid., p. 102. 5. Ibid., p. 102. 6. Ibid., p. 102. 7. 'Salman Rushdie: Interview', in Kunapipi, Vol. 4, No.2, 1982, p. 20. 8. T. S. Eliot, 'Yeats' (1940), in On Poetry and Poets (London: Faber,

1971 edn), p. 252. 9. Rushdie interview in Scripsi, Vol.3, Pt 2-3, 1985, p. 114.

10. 'Salman Rushdie: An Interview Conducted by David Brooks, 6/3/84', in Helix, No.19/20, 1984, quoted from Span, No.21, 1985, p. 184.

Notes to pages 18-33 153

11. Scripsi interview, pp. 107-8. 12. Kapil Kapoor & Ranga Kapoor, 'Third World Poetics - The Indian

Case', in ACLALS Bulletin, 7th Series, No.5, 1986, p. 54. 13. Rushdie, 'The Courter', in East, West (London: Cape, 1994) p. 211. 14. Rushdie, 'Imaginary Homelands' (1982), in Imaginary Homelands:

Essays in Criticism 1981-1991 (London & New Delhi: Granta & Pen­guin India, 1991), p. 15.

15. Ibid.,p.17. 16. 'Salman Rushdie', in Novelists in Interview, ed. John Hoffenden (Lon­

don: Methuen, 1985), p. 246. 17. Rushdie, 'Outside the Whale' (1984), in Imaginary Homelands, p. 87. 18. Bryan Appleyard, 'Portrait of the Novelist as a Hot Property', in The

Sunday Times Magazine, 11 September 1988, p. 31. 19. Quoted from Hamilton, 'The First Life', p. 102. 20. Ibid., pp. 102-3. 21. Salman Rushdie, Midnight's Children (London: Picador, 1982 edn), p.

9; all subsequent references to the novel are from this edition and their page numbers are noted in the text.

22. Shashi Tharoor, The Great Indian Novel (New Delhi: Penguin, 1990 edn), p. 17.

23. Scripsi interview, p. 115. 24. Rushdie, 'Imaginary Homelands', in Imaginary Homelands, p. 17. 25. Ibid., p. 14. 26. David W. Price, 'Salman Rushdie's "Use and Abuse of History" in

Midnight's Children', in ARIEL: A Review of International English Lit­erature, Vo1.25, No.2, 1994, p. 103.

27. Ernest Renan, 'What is a Nation?' (1882), in Nation and Narration, ed. Homi K. Bhabha (London & New York, Routledge, 1991 edn), p. 19.

28. Price, 'Salman Rushdie's "Use and Abuse of History" in Midnight's Children', p. 96.

29. Salman Rushdie, 'Midnight's Children and Shame', in Kunapipi, Vo1.7, No.1, 1985, p. 4.

30. Rushdie, 'Midnight's Children and Shame', p. 8. 31. Ibid., pp. 8-9. 32. Linda Hutcheon, The Politics of Postmodernism (London & New York:

Routledge, 1993 edn), p. 1. 33. Scripsi interview, p. 123. 34. Ibid., p. 123. 35. Robert Graves, Greek Myths (London: Penguin, 1969 edn), Vol.I, p.

175. 36. 'Salman Rushdie: Interview', in Kunapipi, Vol.4, No.2, p. 21. 37. Ibid., p. 21. 38. Ibid., p. 21. 39. Ibid., p. 18. 40. Salman Rushdie, 'Midnight's real children', in The Guardian, 25

March 1988, p. 25. 41. Rushdie, 'Midnight's Children and Shame', p. 5.

154 Notes to pages 34-47

42. Ibid., p. 6. 43. Rushdie, The Wizard of Oz (London: British Film Institute, 1992),

p.33. 44. Winston S. Churchill, India: Speeches (London: 1931 edn), p. 94. 45. The Mahabharata, Condensed in the Poet's Own Words by Pandit A.

M. Srinivasachariar, trans. V. Raghavan (New Delhi: Uppal, 1990 edn), p. 459.

46. 'Salman Rushdie', in Novelists in Interview, p. 239. 47. Robert Graves, The White Goddess (London: Faber, 1961 edn), p. 303. 48. Gunter Grass, The Tin Drum, trans. Ralph Manheim (London: Pen-

guin, 1967 edn), pp. 385, 388. 49. 'Salman Rushdie', in Novelists in Interview, p. 240. 50. Hutcheon, The Politics of Postmodernism, pp. 1-2. 51. 'Salman Rushdie', in Novelists in Interview, p. 244. 52. Rushdie, 'Midnight's real children', p. 25. 53. Uma Parameswaran, 'Salman Rushdie', in Encyclopedia of Post-Colonial

Literatures in English, ed. Eugene Benson & L. W. Conolly (London & New York: Routledge, 1994), p. 1390.

54. Rushdie, 'Imaginary Homelands', in Imaginary Homelands, p. 16. 55. Timothy Brennan, Salman Rushdie and the Third World (New York: St

Martin's Press, 1989), pp. 103--4. 56. Gayatri C. Spivak, 'Reading The Satanic Verses', in Third Text, Vol. 11,

1990, p. 46. 57. 'Salman Rushdie: Interview', in Kunapipi, Vol.4, No.2, pp. 19-20. 58. Rushdie,' "Errata": Or, Unreliable Narration in Midnight's Children'

(1983), in Imaginary Homelands. 59. Rushdie, 'Imaginary Homelands', in Imaginary Homelands, p. 10. 60. 'Salman Rushdie', in Novelists in Interview, p. 239. 61. Rushdie, 'Midnight's Children and Shame', p. 4. 62. Ibid., pp. 10-11; see also Rushdie, 'Minority Literatures in a Multi­

Cultural Society', in Displaced Persons, ed. Kirsten Holst Petersen & Anna Rutherford (Denmark: Dangaroo Press, 1988), p. 35.

63. S. Nomanul Haq, 'A Moslem tells Salman Rushdie he did wrong', in The Rushdie File, ed. Lisa Appignanesi & Sara Maitland (London: Fourth Estate, 1989), p. 232.

64. Rushdie, 'Midnight's real children', p. 25.

3 Shame

1. Rushdie, 'Gunter Grass' (1984), in Imaginary Homelands: Essay in Criticism 1981-1991 (London & New Delhi: Granta & Penguin India, 1991), p. 277.

2. 'Salman Rushdie', in Novelists in Interview, ed. John Hoffenden (Lon­don: Methuen, 1985), p. 253.

3. Ibid., p. 253. 4. Ibid., p. 242.

Notes to pages 47-66 155

5. Ibid., p. 243. 6. Rushdie, Shame (London: Cape, 1983), p. 61; all subsequent refer­

ences to the novel are from this edition and their page numbers are noted in my text.

7. Alamgir Hashmi, 'Pakistan', in Encyclopaedia of Post-Colonial Litera­tures in English ed. Eugene Benson & L. W. Conolly (London & New York: Routledge, 1994), Vol.II, p. 1191.

8. 'Salman Rushdie', in Novelists in Interview, p. 287. 9. Ibid., p. 256.

10. Ian Hamilton, 'The First Life of Salman Rushdie', in The New Yorker, 25 Dec 1995 & 1 Jan 1996, pp. 90, 104-5.

11. Omar Khayyam, 'Quatrains', in The Elek Book of Oriental Verse, ed. Keith Bosley (London: Paul Elek, 1979), p. 214.

12. Edward Fitzgerald, 'Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam of Naishapur', in A Book of English Poetry, ed. G. B. Harrison (London: Penguin, 1950 edn), p. 346.

13. Omar Khayyam, 'Quatrains', p. 213. 14. 'Salman Rushdie', in Novelists in Interview, p. 251. 15. Rushdie, 'Midnight's Children and Shame', in Kunapipi, Vo1.7, No.1,

1985, p. 14. 16. D. M. D. Dharmasena & L. D. R. B. Karunaratne, Report of the Study

on Knowledge and Attitudes on HIV (AIDS) (Colombo: Health Educa­tion Bureau, Ministry of Health and Women's Affairs, Sri Lanka, 1992), p. 1.

17. Rushdie interview in Scripsi, Vol.3, Pt. 2-3, 1985, p. 108. 18. Ibid., p. 108. 19. Ibid.,p.109. 20. Ibid., p. 111. 21. Rushdie, 'Midnight's Children and Shame', p. 18. 22. Ibid., p. 14. 23. Steven R. Weisman, 'Come On, Fire Bullets at Me', in New York

Times Book Review, 4 July 1993, p. 10. 24. Ibid., p. 10. 25. 'Salman Rushdie', in Novelists in Interview, p. 254. 26. Scripsi interview, p. 109. 27. Ibid., p. 109. 28. Salman Rushdie, The Moor's Last Sigh (London: Cape, 1995), p. 352. 29. Aijaz Ahmad, In Theory: Classes, Nations, Literatures (London & New

York, Verso, 1992), p. 140. 30. Ibid., p. 144. 31. Scripsi interview, p. 108. 32. 'Salman Rushdie', in Novelists in Interview, p. 255. 33. D. J. Enright, 'Forked Tongue', in The New York Review of Books,

Vol.30, No.19, 8 December 1983, p. 26. 34. Romila Thapar, A History of India (London: Penguin, 1976 edn),

YoU, pp. 280-1. 35. Timothy Brennan, Salman Rushdie and the Third World (London:

Macmillan, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989), p. 142.

156 Notes to pages 66-80

36. John Dowson, Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology and Religion, Geography, History and Literature (New Delhi: Manu Publications, 1987 edn), p. 87.

37. Ibid., p. 86. 38. 'Salman Rushdie', in Novelists in Interview, p. 255. 39. James Harrison, Salman Rushdie (New York: Twayne, 1992), p. 69. 40. Ahmad, In Theory, p. 146.

4 The Jaguar Smile and The Satanic Verses

1. Quoted from Ian Hamilton, 'The First Life of Salman Rushdie', in The New Yorker, 25 Dec 1995 & 1 Jan 1996, p. 105.

2. Ibid., p. 106. 3. Rushdie, 'The New Empire within Britain' (1982), in Imaginary

Homelands: Essays in Criticism 1981-1991 (London & New Delhi: Granta & Penguin India, 1991), pp. 130-1.

4. James Harrison, Salman Rushdie (New York: Twayne, 1992), p. 5. 5. Rushdie, 'Outside the Whale' (1984), in Imaginary Homelands, p. 100. 6. Mel Gussow, Conversations with Pinter (London: Nick Hem Books,

1994), p. 73. 7. Salman Rushdie, The Jaguar Smile: A Nicaraguan Journey (London:

Picador, 1987), p. 12: all subsequent references to this work are from this edition and their page numbers are noted in the text.

8. Salman Rushdie, 'Midnight's Children and Shame', in Kunapipi, Vo1.7, No.1, 1985, p. 16.

9. Frances Wood, 'A Nicaraguan Odyssey', in Asiaweek, 8 March 1987, p.64.

10. Quoted from 'Salman Rushdie: Interview by Suzie MacKenzie', in The Guardian Weekend, 4 November 1995, p. 12.

11. Quoted from Ian Hamilton, 'The First Life', pp. 110, 112. 12. Bryan Appleyard, 'Portrait of the Novelist as a Hot Property', in The

Sunday Times Magazine, II September 1988, p. 32. 13. Rushdie, 'In Good Faith' (1990), in Imaginary Homelands, p. 394. 14. 'Sean French talks to Salman Rushdie', in The Observer, 25 September

1988, p. 43. 15. Salman Rushdie, The Satanic Verses (London: Viking, 1988), pp. 4,

10; all subsequent references to this novel are from this edition and their page numbers are noted in the text.

16. 'Sean French talks to Salman Rushdie', p. 43. 17. Quoted from 'Salman Rushdie', in Novelists in Interview, ed. John

Hoffenden (London: Methuen, 1985), p. 232. 18. Timothy Brennan, Salman Rushdie and the Third World (London:

Macmillan, New York: St Martin's Press, 1989), p. 121. 19. Thomas W. Lippman, Understanding Islam: An Introduction to the

Moslem World (New York: Mentor, 1982), p. 152, quoted from Bren­nan, Salman Rushdie, p. 121.

Notes to pages 80-97 157

20. Farid-ud-din 'Attar, The Conference of Birds, trans. Afkhan Darbandi & Dick Davis (London: Penguin, 1984), p. 56.

21. Ibid., p. 79. 22. D. J. Enright, 'So, And Not So', in The New York Review of Books, 2

March 1989, p. 25. 23. Brennan, Salman Rushdie, p. 164. 24. Quoted from Vijay Mishra, 'Postcolonial Differend: Diasporic Narra­

tives of Salman Rushdie', in ARIEL: A Review of International English Literature, Vo1.26, No.3, 1995, p. 10.

25. Rushdie, 'The New Empire within Britain' (1982), in Imaginary Homelands, p. 129.

26. Gayatri C. Spivak, 'Reading The Satanic Verses', in Third Text, Vol. 11, 1990, p. 50.

27. 'Interview: Salman Rushdie talks to the London Consortium about The Satanic Verses', in Critical Quarterly, Vo1.38, No.2, 1996, p. 52.

28. Ibid., p. 52. 29. Ibid., p. 52. 30. Ibid., p. 53. 31. Ibid., p. 57. 32. Rushdie, 'Minority Literatures in a Multi-Cultural Society', in Dis­

placed Persons ed. Kirsten Holst Petersen & Anna Rutherford (Den­mark: Dangaroo Press, 1988), p. 35.

33. Philip Larkin, Collected Poems ed. Anthony Thwaite (London: Marvell Press & Faber, 1988), p. 111.

34. 'Interview: Salman Rushdie talks to the London Consortium', p. 51. 35. T. S. Eliot, 'Hamlet', in Selected Essays (London: Faber, 1953 edn), p.

144. 36. John R. Nabholtz (ed.), Prose of the British Romantic Movement (New

York: Macmillan, 1974), p. 192. 37. 'Sean French talks to Salman Rushdie', p. 43. 38. Ibid., p. 43. 39. Robert Irwin, 'Original Parables', in Times Literary Supplement, Sep­

tember 30-0ctober 6, 1988, p. 1067. 40. Milan Kundera, 'The Day Panurge No Longer Makes People Laugh',

in Critical Quarterly, Vo1.38, No.2, 1996, p. 43. 41. Ibid., p. 44. 42. 'Interview: Salman Rushdie talks to the London Consortium', p. 58. 43. Ibid., pp. 51-2. 44. Sara Suleri, The Rhetoric of English India (Chicago & London: Uni-

versity of Chicago Press, 1992), p. 202. 45. Rushdie, 'Introduction' (1991), in Imaginary Homelands, p. 4. 46. Rushdie, 'In Good Faith' (1990), in Imaginary Homelands, pp. 409-10. 47. Harrison, Salman Rushdie, p. 90. 48. Kundera, 'The Day Panurge No Longer Makes People Laugh', p. 44. 49. 'Interview: Salman Rushdie talks to the London Consortium', pp.

79-80. 50. 'Bonfire of the Certainties', Interview with Rushdie, recorded on 27

January 1989 by Bandung File and broadcast on 14 February 1989 by

158 Notes to pages 97-105

Channel 4, in The Rushdie File, ed. Lisa Appignanesi & Sara Maitland (London: Fourth Estate, 1989), p. 28.

51. 'Interview: Salman Rushdie talks to the London Consortium', p. 55. 52. Rushdie, 'In Good Faith', in Imaginary Homelands, pp. 398-9. 53. 'Interview: Salman Rushdie talks to the London Consortium', pp.

56-7. 54. Rushdie, 'In Good Faith', in Imaginary Homelands, p. 409. 55. 'Interview: Salman Rushdie talks to the London Consortium', p. 55. 56. Quoted from W. J. Weatherby, Salman Rushdie: Sentenced to Death

(New York: Carroll & Graf, 1990), p. 44. 57. 'Of Satan, archangels and prophets', Shrabani Basu interviews Rush­

die, Sunday, India, 18-24 September 1988, in The Rushdie File, pp. 40-1.

58. Amir Taheri, 'Khomeini's scapegoat', The Times, 13 February 1989, in The Rushdie File, p. 93.

59. Weatherby, Salman Rushdie, p. 26. 60. O. E. D. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970 edn), Vo!'6, p. 38. 61. O. E. D. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970 edn), Vo!.3, p. 10. 62. O. E. D. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970 edn), Vol.1, p. 659. 63. Mihir Bose, The Daily Telegraph, 16 February 1989, in The Rushdie

File, pp. 115-6. 64. Shabbir Akhtar, 'The case for religious fundamentalism', The Guar-

dian, 27 February 1989, in The Rushdie File, p. 241. 65. Rushdie, 'In Good Faith', in Imaginary Homelands, p. 402. 66. Ibid., p. 401. 67. Quoted from Malise Ruthven, A Satanic Affair: Salman Rushdie and

the Wrath of Islam (London: Hogarth, 1991 edn), p. 27. 68. Rushdie, 'Choice between light and dark', in The Observer, 22 January

1989, p. 11. 69. Daniel Pipes, The Rushdie Affair: The Novel, the Ayatollah and the West

(New York: Birch Lane Press, 1990), pp. 115-6. 70. 'Interview: Salman Rushdie talks to the London Consortium', p. 60. 71. Rushdie, 'In Good Faith' in Imaginary Homelands, p. 399. 72. Rushdie, 'Choice between light and dark', p. 11. 73. 'Interview: Salman Rushdie talks to the London Consortium', p. 62. 74. Rushdie, 'In Good Faith', in Imaginary Homelands, p. 408. 75. 'Interview: Salman Rushdie talks to the London Consortium', pp.

62-3. 76. Ibid., p. 63. 77. Rushdie, 'In Good Faith', in Imaginary Homelands, p. 401. 78. Rushdie interview in Scripsi, Vo!.3, Pt. 2-3, 1985, p. 125. 79. Rushdie, 'Is Nothing Sacred?' (Herbert Read Memorial Lecture

1990), in Imaginary Homelands, p. 420. 80. Ibid., p. 422. 81. Jean-Fran"ois Lyotard, The Post-Modern Condition (Manchester: Man­

chester University Press, 1986), quoted from Cultural Theory and Popular Culture, ed. John Storey (London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1994), p. 359. lowe this reference to Harry Aveling, 'Claiming

Notes to pages 105-120 159

Islam', in Crossing Cultures, ed. Bruce Bennett, Jeff Doyle, Satendra Nandan (London: Skoob Books, 1996), p. 215.

82. Akbar S. Ahmed, Postmodernism and Islam (London: Routledge, 1992), p. 32. lowe this reference to Harry Aveling, 'Claiming Islam', in Crossing Cultures, pp. 215-16.

83. Ahmed, Postmodernism and Islam, p. 32. 84. Bruce King, review of The Rushdie File, In World Literature Today,

Vo1.64, No.3, 1990, p. 529. 85. Ibid., p. 529. 86. Rushdie, 'In Good Faith', in Imaginary Homelands, p. 394.

5 Haroun and the Sea of Stories

1. W.]. Weatherby, Salman Rushdie: Sentenced to Death (New York: Carroll & Graf, 1990), p. 108.

2. Quoted from Mehdi Mozaffari, 'The fatwa that wasn't', in The Guar­dian, 13 November 1996, p. 16.

3. Anon in The Rushdie File, ed. Lisa Appignanesi & Sara Maitland (London: Fourth Estate, 1989), p. 203.

4. Weatherby, Salman Rushdie, p. 194. 5. Ibid., p. 194. 6. Salman Rushdie, The Wizard of Oz (London: British Film Institute,

1992), p. 9. 7. Michel Foucault, 'What Is an Author?', in Language, Counter-Memory,

Practice, Michel Foucault ed. Donald F. Bouchard (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1977) p. 117.

8. Salman Rushdie, Haroun and the Sea of Stories (New Delhi: Penguin & London: Granta, 1990), p. 20; all subsequent references to this book are from this edition and their page numbers are noted in the text.

9. Rushdie, Wizard of Oz, p. 10. 10. Ibid., p. 17. 11. ]. R. R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings (London: Allen & Unwin, 1971

edn), p. 854. 12. Rushdie, Wizard of Oz, p. 10. 13. T. S. Eliot, 'Tradition and the Individual Talent', in Selected Essays

(London: Faber, 1953 edn), p. 16. 14. 'This question of divisions in the self, for me, just arises out of

the accidents in my life. If you come from over there and end up over here you just have that sense of doubleness, all the time. Even in India, if you come from a minority community inside a majority culture, you have that sense of belonging and not belonging all at the same time.' - 'Interview: Salman Rushdie talks to the London Consortium about The Satanic Verses', in Critical Quarterly, Vol. 38, No.2, 1996, p. 59.

15. James Fenton, 'Keeping Up with Salman Rushdie', in The New York Review of Books, 28 March 1991, p. 34.

160 Nates ta pages 120-132

16. Rushdie, 'Satyajit Ray' (1990), in Imaginary Homelands, p. 111. 17. James Fenton, 'Keeping Up with Salman Rushdie', p. 34. 18. Rushdie, 'Introduction' (1991), in Imaginary Homelands, p. 6. 19. 'I wrote The Thirteen Clocks in Bermuda, where I had gone to finish

another book. The shift to this one was an example of escapism and self-indulgence. Unless modem man wanders down these byways occasionally, I do not see how he can hope to preserve his sanity.' -James Thurber, 'Foreword', in The 13 Clocks (London: Hamish Hamilton,1951),p.11.

20. Tolkien, 'Foreword', in Lord of the Rings, p. 9. 21. Paul Griffiths, 'What he did next', in Times Literary Supplement, Octo­

ber 28-November 4, 1990, p. 1036. 22. For instance, Alison Lurie, 'Another Dangerous Story From Salman

Rushdie', in New York Times Book Review, 11 November 1990; Frank Kermode, 'Saving the Streams of Story', in The London Review of Books, 27 September 1990; Carlo Coppola, 'Salman Rush­die's Haroun and the Sea of Stories: Fighting the Good Fight or Knuck­ling Under', in Journal of South Asian Literature, Vo1.26, Nos.l & 2, 1991.

6 East, West

1. Rushdie, 'Why I Have Embraced Islam' (1990), in Imaginary Home­lands, p. 432.

2. Jean-Fran<;:ois Lyotard, The Dijferend: Phrases in Dispute, trans. Georges Van Den (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1988), quoted from Vijay Mishra, 'Postcolonial Differend: Diasporic Narra­tives of Salman Rushdie', in ARIEL: A Review of International English Literature, Vo1.26, No.3, 1995, p. 39.

3. Rushdie, 'One Thousand Days in a Balloon', in Imaginary Homelands: Essays in Criticism 1987-1991 (London: Granta, 1992 edn), p. 438. See also Alan Taylor, '1001 Nights', in Assistant Librarian, Vol. 85, No.3,1992.

4. Rushdie, East, West (London: Cape, 1994) p. 15; all subsequent references to this book are from this edition and their page numbers are noted in the text.

5. Rushdie, 'Interview: Homelessness is where the art is', in The Book-seller, 15 July 1994, p. 49.

6. Ibid., p. 49. 7. Ibid., p. 49. 8. Ibid., p. 50. 9. Hermione Lee, 'Falling Towards England', in The Observer, 25 Sep­

tember 1988, p. 43. 10. Rushdie, 'Interview: Homelessness is where the art is', p. 49.

Notes to pages 133-149 161

7 The Moor's Last Sigh

1. 'The Last Laugh: Salman Rushdie Interview with Maya Jaggi', in New Statesman & Society, 8 September 1995, p. 20.

2. Tom Shone, 'Mother knows best', in The Spectator, 9 September 1995, p. 38.

3. Rushdie, The Moor's Last Sigh (London: Cape, 1995); all subsequent references to this novel are from this edition and their page numbers are noted in the text.

4. Salman Rushdie, 'Interview with Will Self', in Evening Standard, 7 September 1995, p. 8.

5. 'Interview: Salman Rushdie talks to the London Consortium about The Satanic Verses', in Critical Quarterly, Vo1.38, No.2, 1996, p. 54.

6. Rabindranath Tagore's English translation, quoted from India 1991: A Reference Annual ed. & compo Research and Reference Division, Min­istry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India (New Delhi: Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcast­ing, India, 1992), p. 23.

7. See Percival Spear, A History of India, Vo1.2 (London: Penguin, 1968 edn), pp. 126-7.

8. 'Salman Rushdie: Interview by Suzie MacKenzie', in The Guardian Weekend, 4 November 1995, p. 16.

9. Rushdie, 'Bosnia on my mind', in Index on Censorship, 112, 1994, pp. 17-18.

10. Ibid., p. 17. 11. There is no dog in the film and the title bears no relation to its

surrealistic themes. Bufiuel is, probably, having a spiteful dig at the Andalusian poets who were his student contemporaries - principally, Lorca and J. Ramon Jimenez.

12. J. M. Coetzee, 'Palimpsest Regained', in The New York Review of Books, 21 March 1996, p. 14.

13. Ibid., p. 13.

8 Conclusion

1. Rushdie, The Wizard of Oz (London: British Film Institute, 1992), pp.39-40.

2. 'A Dangerous Art Form', Interview with Salman Rushdie, Third World Book Review, VoLl, No.1, 1984, quoted from Aijaz Ahmad, In Theory: Classes, Nations, Literatures (London and New York: Verso, 1992), p. 130.

3. Rushdie, in a paper presented at a Conference of Third-World Written Books, and published in The Times (London); quoted from Wimal Dissanayaka, 'Towards a Decolonized English: South Asian Creativity in Fiction', in World Englishes, Vol.4, No.2, 1985, p. 242.

162 Notes to pages 149-150

4. Sara Suleri, The Rhetoric of English India (Chicago: University of Chi­cago Press, 1992), p. 184.

5. Aijaz Ahmad, In Theory, p. 124. 6. Pope, 'Epilogue to the Satires', in Pope: Poetical Works, ed. Herbert

Davis (London: Oxford University Press, 1966), p. 421.

Select Bibliography

PRIMARY SOURCES - RUSHDIE'S WORKS

Grimus (1975) Midnight's Children (1981) Shame (1983) The Jaguar Smile: A Nicaraguan Journey (1987) The Satanic Verses (1988) Haroun and the Sea of Stories (1990) Imaginary Homelands: Essays in Criticism 1981-1991 (1991; rev. edn. 1992) The Wizard of Oz (1992) East, West (1994) The Moor's Last Sigh (1995)

Interviews

John Hoffenden (ed.), Novelists in Interview (London: Methuen, 1985) Scripsi, Vo!.3, Pt. 2-3, 1985. James Fenton, 'Keeping Up with Salman Rushdie', in The New York Review

of Books, Vo1.38, No.6, 1991. Critical Quarterly, Vo!.38, No.2, 1996.

OTHER WORKS

Ahmad, Aijaz, In Theory: Classes, Nations, Literatures (London & New York: Verso, 1992)

Appignanesi, Lisa, & Maitland, Sara (ed.), The Rushdie File (London: Fourth Estate, 1989)

Brennan, Timothy, Salman Rushdie and the Third World (London: Macmil­lan, New York: St Martin's Press, 1989)

Hamilton, Ian, 'The First Life of Salman Rushdie', in The New Yorker, 25 Dec 1995 & 1 Jan 1996.

Harrison, James, Salman Rushdie (New York: Twayne, 1992) Kundera, Milan, 'The Day Panurge No Longer Makes People Laugh', in

Critical Quarterly, Vo!.38, No.2, 1996.

163

164 Select Bibliography

Mishra, Vijay, 'Postcolonial Differend: Diasporic Narratives of Salman Rushdie', in ARIEL: A Review of International English Literature, Vo1.26, No.3, 1995.

Ruthven, Malise, A Satanic Affair: Salman Rushdie and the Wrath of Islam (London: Hogarth, 1991 edn)

Suleri, Sara, The Rhetoric of English India (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992)

Third Text, No.l1, 1990 (Beyond the Rushdie Affair: Special Issue) Weatherby, W. J., Salman Rushdie: Sentenced to Death (New York: Carroll &

Graf, 1990) Wilson, Keith, 'Midnight's Children and Reader Responsibility', in Critical

Quarterly, Vo1.26, No.3, 1984.

Index

Ahmad, Aijaz, 62, 64, 67, 149 Ahmed, Akbar S., 105 Albee, Edward: Zoo Story, The, 4 Ali, Hyder, 61 Ali, Tariq, 69 Anderson, Benedict, 26 Arabian Nights, The, 1, 33, 92, 109,

122, 127, 146 Arendt, Hannah, 61 Aristophanes, 9 Asimov, Isaac: Foundation, 93 Asoka, King, 27 'Attar, Farid-ud-din: Conference of

Birds, The, 5-6, 11, 13,51,80, 113 Attenborough, Richard, 20

Babur,66 Bachchan, Amitabh, 84 Bakhtin, M. M., 13-15, 105 Bhutto, Benazir, 64 Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali, 56, 59-61, 62,

68, 112, 148 Boccacio, Giovanni, 17 Borges, Jorge Luis, 17 Bose, Mihir, 99-100 Bradbury, Ray: Martian Chronicles, 93 Brecht, Bertolt, 50, 94 Brennan, Timothy, 42, 66, 80, 81 Bulgakov, Mikhail Manasievich:

Master and Margarita, The, 91 Bufiuel, Luis, 2: Chien Andalou, Un,

145 Bunyan, John: Pilgrim's Progress,

The, 6, 18

Calder, Liz,S, 16, 17, 20, 68, 73 Carroll, Lewis: Alice's Adventures in

Wonderland, 18, 114, 119, 122; Through the Looking Glass, 113, 122

Carter, Angela, 69 Cervantes, Miguel de, 17: Don

Quixote, 145 Chaucer, Geoffrey, 95 Coetzee, J. M., 146, 147 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 114:

Biographia Literaria, 92, 114 Columbus, Christopher, 128-9, 154 Conrad, Joseph, 148: Nostromo, 111;

Secret Agent, The, 57 Cundy, Catherine, 11

da Gama, Vasco, 133, 134 Dante, Alighieri, 109: Divina

Commedia, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 140, 142, 146

Davidson, Robyn, 68, 73 Desai, Moraji, 37 Desani, G. V.: All About H. Hatterr,

43 Dhondy, Faruq, 69 Diba, Empress Farah, 94-5 Dickens, Charles, 86, 91, 149: Bleak

House, 147; Great Expectations, 89; Pickwick Papers, The, 25

Donne, John: 'Exstasie, The', 19 Drabble, Margaret, 69 Dunbar, 100

Eisenstein, Sergei: Film Sense, The, 2

165

166 Index

Eliot, T. S., 6, 9, 17, 21, 92, 116, 148: Waste Land, The, 19, 135

Enright, D. J., 65, 81

Farrell, J. G.: Troubles, 50 Fenton, James, 120 Fielding, Henry, 142 Fitzgerald, Edward, 52-4 Forster, E. M: Passage to India, A,

20,21,43, 147 Foucault, Michel, 109

Gandhi, Indira, 17, 34, 37, 40, 42, 68

Gandhi, Mahatma, 20, 22, 23-4, 32, 37, 70, 95

Gandhi, Rajiv, 84, 130 Gandhi, Sanjay, 68 Godard, Jean-Luc, 2 Gogol, Nikolai, 17 Grass, Gunter, 17, 19: Tin Drum,

The, 17,25,27,34,38-9,46,147 Graves, Robert, 29-30, 38 Greene, Graham, 146 Greer, Germaine, 4, 69 Griffiths, Paul, 122

Hare, David, 4, 69 Haroun-al-Rashid, 109 Harrison, James, 10, 67, 69, 96 Heinlein, Robert A: 'By His Boot

Straps', 8-9, 13 Henry the Navigator, Prince, 134 Holroyd, Michael, 69 Homer, 116 Hughes, Ted, 6 Hutcheon, Linda, 29, 40

Irwin, Robert, 92 Ishaq, Ibu, 100

James, Clive, 4 Jinnah, Muhammad Ali, 24 Jonson, Ben: Volpone, 61, 67 Joyce, James, 5, 17,94, 148: Ulysses,

5, 19

Kaye, M. M.: Far Pavilions, The, 20

Khayyam, Omar, 52-4 Khomeini, Ayatollah, 94-6, 107-8,

114, 119, 121, 124-5, 150 King, Bruce, 105, 106 Kipling, Rudyard, 43, 53 Kundera, Milan, 49, 92-3, 96

Lamming, George, 69 Langland, William: Piers Plowman,

100, 109 Larkin, Philip: 'An Arundel Tomb',

91 Lean, David, 20 Luard, Clarissa, 5, 16, 68 Lyotard, Jean-Fran<;ois, 105, 124

Macaulay, Thomas Babington Macaulay, Lord, 138

MacErin, Denis, 100 MacEwan, Ian, 69 MacKenzie, Suzie, 73 Mahabharata, The, 29, 34-5, 37, 62,

136 Markson, Elaine, 98 Marquez, Gabriel Garcia, 17, 19 Marx, Karl, 10 Maschler, Tom, 20 Masters, John: Bhowani Junction, 24 Melville, Herman, 17 Mortimer, John, 68-9 Muhammad XI (Boaddil), 129, 133

Nahata, Amrith: Kissa Kursi Ka, 37 Naipaul, V. S., 73: India: A Million

Mutinies Now, 27, 143 Nargis, 137, 141 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 27, 32, 34, 37,

134, 137, 145

Ovid: Metamorphoses, 93

Pahlevi, Shah Reza, 95, 119 Passos, John Dos, 37 Peckinpah, Sam L., 14 Pinter, Harold, 68-70 Pipes, Daniel, 100 Pope, Alexander, 150 Powell, Enoch, 83

Index 167

Price, David W., 23, 26

Rabelais, Fran<;ois, 17 Rabkin, Eric S., 13-14 Ramayana, The, 43 Rao, Rama, 84 Ravenscroft, Keith, 16 Ray, Satyajit, 86, 95, 120: Goopyand

Bagha, 120, 122; Home and the World, The, 95

Reagan, Ronald, 69-71 Renan, Ernest, 24 Richardson, Samuel, 5 Rodinson, Maxime, 100 Rushdie, Anis Ahmed, 1-4, 52, 73,

109 Rushdie, Negin (nee Butt), 2, 119 Rushdie, Salman: 'At the Auction of

the Ruby Slippers', 128, 132; Book of the Pir, The,S; 'Chekov and Zulu', 129-30, 132; 'Christopher Columbus and Queen Isabella of Spain Consummate Their Relationship (Santa Fe, A.D. 1492)', 128-9, 132; 'Courter, The', 19,130-1, 132; East, West, 125-32, 149; 'Free Radio, The', 126, 132; 'Good Advice is Rarer than Rubies', 125-6, 131-2; Grimus, 3, 5-15, 16, 42, 44, 89, 90, 93, 104, 122, 129, 149; 'Harmony of the Spheres, The', 4-5, 129, 132; Haroun and the Sea of Stories, 1, 16, 19, 108-23, 124, 132, 149; Jaguar Smile, The, 70-3; Midnight's Children, 1, 4, 5, 7, 15, 16-45, 46-56, 65, 67, 74, 87, 89, 93,95,106,117,119,122,127, 135, 136-8, 144, 148-9; Moor's Last Sigh, The, 7, 8, 25, 56,62, 130, 132, 133-47, 148-9; 150; 'Over the Rainbow', 2; 'Prophet's Hair, The', 126-7, 132; Rama, Madame, 17; Satanic Verses, The, 1-5,17,19,31,53,73-106,108, 117,119,120,122,125,128, 129, 131, 132, 135, 138, 142, 145, 146, 149; Shame, 4, 7, 15,

18, 46-67, 68-9, 74, 89, 93-4, 104, 106, 112, 117, 122, 135-6, 146-9; Terminal Report, 3; 'Yorick', 128

Rushdie, Zafar, 20, 68, 108, 119-20

Said, Edward, 107 Sandino, Augusto Cesar, 70 Scott, Paul, 43: Jewel in the Crown,

20; Raj Quartet, The, 22 Scott, Sir Walter, 117 Sen, Sushmita, 144 Shakespeare, William, 116, 117:

Hamlet, 92, 128; King Lear, 82, Ill; Othello, 87, 92, 141-2

Shikibu, Lady Murasaki: Tale of Genii, The, 146-7

Shone, Tom, 133 Sivanandan, A., 69 Somadeva: Katha-Sarit-Sagara, 112,

122 Sophocles, 9 Spenser, Edmund: Faerie Queene,

109 Spivak, Gayatri, 43, 83 Sterne, Laurence, 17: Tristram

Shandy, 3, 26 Stevenson, Robert Louis: New

Arabian Nights, The, 127, 146 Suleri, Sara, 149 Swift, Jonathan, 17, 22: Gulliver's

Travels, 20; Tale of a Tub, A, 109

Taheri, Amir, 99 Thackeray, Bal, 142-3, 150 Thackeray, William Makepeace, 142 Tharoor, Shashi, 21: Great Indian

Novel, The, 21 Thatcher, Margaret, 68-9, 71 Thompson, E. P., 69 Thurber, James: '13 Clocks, The',

110, 121 Tolkien, J. R R, 109: Lord of the

Rings, The, 109, 114, 122 Tololyan, Khachig, 82

ul-Haq, Zia, 56-62, 68, 70-1, 112, 148

168 Index

Virgil, 6, 8, 10

Watt, W. Montgomery, 100 Weatherby, W. J., 99, 108 Wiggins, Marianne, 7, 73, 91, 108 Wizard of Oz, The, 1-2, 34, 92, 95,

108, 110, 120-2, 128, 148

Wordsworth, William, 1 Wylie, Andrew, 73-4 Wyndham, John: Chrysalids, The, 33

Zola, Emile, 19