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Notes for Introduction
1. C.S. Lewis, 'Preface' to George Macdonald, George MacDonald: An Anthology, ed. C.S. Lewis. New York: Macmillan, 1947.
2. Clarissa Pinkola Estes, Women Who Run with the Wolves. London: Rider: 1992.
Notes for Chapter 1
1. See Sally Roberts Jones, 'News from the Land of Youth: Anglo-Welsh Children's Literature- A Tradition in the Making' The New Welsh Review 2:4, 1990, 6-10; and in the same issue, Norma Bagnell, 'An American Hero in Welsh Fantasy: the Mabinogion, Alan Gamer and Lloyd Alexander' 25-29.
2. See C.W. Sullivan III, Welsh Celtic Myth in Modern Fantasy (New York: Greenwood Press, 1989). This is an important study which will, I hope, be the first of many dealing with the topic of Welsh myth and its contemporary relevance. Sullivan discusses thematic and aesthetic concerns, while I have concentrated upon the polemic, a concern complementary to those of Sullivan's.
3. See Kath Filmer, Scepticism and Hope in Twentieth Century Fantasy Literature. Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green State University Popular Press, 1992.
4. Davies' article appears in The Journal of Myth, Fantasy and Romanticism 2:1, April 1993, 25-35.
5. John Ackerman, Dylan Thomas: his life and work. New edition. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1991.
6. Glyn Jones, Selected Poems: Fragments and Fictions. Bridgend: Poetry Wales Press, 1988.
7. Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwymdrobwllllantysiliogogogoch: St Mary's church in the hollow of the white hazel near to the rapid whirlpool of Llantysilio (church of Tysilio) of the red cave.
8. John Tripp, Loss of Ancestry. Llandybie: Christopher Davies, 1969. 9. Gwyn Williams, Choose Your Stranger. Port Talbot: Alun, 1979.
10. Raymond Garlick, ed., Welsh Airs. Bridgend: Poetry Wales Press, 1988. 11. See The Plays of Saunders Lewis, Vol. I (of three vols), translated from
the Welsh by Joseph P. Clancy. Llandybie: Christopher Davies, 1985. 12. Raymond Garlick and Roland Matthias, eds. Anglo-Welsh Poetry 1480-
1980. Bridgend: Poetry Wales Press, 1984. 13. Tony Curtis, ed., The Poetry of Snowdonie. Bridgend: Seren Books,
1989. 14. See George Borrow, Wild Wales. London: Collins rpt. ca 1930. Fp
1862.
167
168 Notes
15. Both essays are in C.S. Lewis, Of This and Other Worlds, ed. Walter Hooper. London: Collins, 1982.
16. George Orwell, 'Boys' Weeklies' in his Inside the Whale and Other Essays. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1957.
17. See, for example, Esther de Waal, A World Made Whole: Rediscovering the Celtic Tradition (London: Fount, 1991), which gives a lively and sympathetic account of Celtic Christianity.
18. It should be noted here that I have avoided, for the most part, the inclusion of the vast amount of popular Arthurian material in my study. The simple reason for this is that it is so vast; at least one critic has said that there are thousands of such works. On the other hand, I have made an exception of Lawhead's trilogy, since it specifically uses other sources - historical data, the Four Branches, the Triads -as well.
Notes for Chapter 2
1. Louise Lawrence, The Earth Witch. New York: Ace, 1986; fp New York: Harper and Row, 1981.
2. See Catharine R. Stimpson, J R R Tolkien. New York: Columbia University Press, 1969. Tolkien, is, she writes, 'irritatingly, blandly, traditionally masculine' (3); his bloodthirsty female monster the Shelob suggests something of his 'subtle contempt [for] and hostility toward women' (18-19).
3. Spelled 'Tregaron' in South Wales. 4. Often spelled 'Ceridwen'. 5. Rosalind Miles, The Rites of Man: Love, Sex and Death in the Making of
the Male. London: Grafton, 1991. 6. Alan Gamer, The Owl Service. London: Lion's Tracks, 1990; fp Collins
1967. 7. Liane Jones, The Dreamstone. London: Mandarin, 1992. 8. Gwyn A. Williams, Madoc: The Making of A Myth. London: Eyre
Methuen, 1979. 9. The cynghanedd is a strict form of poetry consisting of a series of
englynion, in which alliterative metre and internal rhyme are arranged in strict sequence. This is the form for which bardic chairs are awarded at Welsh eisteddfodau.
10. To write cynghanedd in Welsh is difficult; would-be bards attend classes in order to master the art. To attempt to mimic the cynghanedd form in English is to multiply the difficulty many times. Jones does not seem to realise the depth of the task she has set for her character.
Notes for Chapter 3
1. Madeleine L'Engle, A Swiftly Tilting Planet. London: Souvenir, 1978. 2. Gwyn A. Williams, When Was Wales? London: Black Raven, 1985. 3. Jan Morris, The Matter of Wales. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1984. 4. L'Engle's Welsh is incorrect. It should read:
Notes 169
... ymdroi gyda diflastod ac anobaith [ ... ] Madog wrth ystyried cyflwr gwlad ei enedigaeth, lle'r oedd brawd yn ymladd yn erbyn brawd hyd nes yr oedd petai Duw ei hun wedi peidio a gofalu am feibion dynion (247; emphases and ellipses indicate corrections).
Although L'Engle has provided a translation, it too is slightly inaccurate. According to Frank Owen Davies, a better translation is:
Madoc lingered with disgust and despair as he reflected upon the plight of the country of his birth where brother was fighting against brother until it was as though God himself had ceased to care for the sons of men.
Davies points out, too, that there is no mention in the Welsh of Madoc's actually leaving Wales.
5. See Thomas Jones and Gwyn Jones, eds., The Mabinogion. London: Everyman, 1989.
6. C.S. Lewis, The Problem of Pain. London: Geoffrey Bles, 1940.
Notes for Chapter 4
1. There are two literals in the reproduction of the words; the Welsh word for 'died' is marw, and the word ydiw should be ydyw.
2. Again, there are literal errors in the transcription of the Welsh: the passage should read: 'Rwyf yn oer' (I'm cold) ... 'Peidiwch os gwelwch yn dda' (Please don't). The translation is also slightly incorrect. It should read, 'Gruffydd, I'm cold, afraid (or perhaps the ofn is an interrupted ofnadwy, 'very much'). I would like to stay. Don't make me go. Please don't'. Caswell's text reads, '"She says she's tired (but the Welsh for tired, wedi blino, does not appear) and cold and she doesn't want to go. She's pleading with someone called Gruffydd to let her stay."'
3. See C.S. Lewis, Perelandra (London: The Bodley Head, 1943}; and his short story, 'The Forms of Things Unknown' in his The Dark Tower and Other Stories, ed. Walter Hooper (London: Collins, 1977) 124-32. The epigraph to the short story is taken from the novel: ' ... that what was myth in one world might always be fact in some other' (FlU 124). Both pieces of fiction treat the same theme, the novel in relation to the possibility that a paradise lost on this earth might be a paradise retained on the planet Venus (Perelandra in the novel), the story in relation to the Medusa myth.
4. So great was the competition between Sydney and Melbourne for the honour of becoming Australia's Federal Capital that the nation's wise men decided to build a new city, Canberra, almost exactly midway between Sydney and Melbourne.
5. See Abraham H. Maslow, Motivation and Personality, 2nd edition. New York: Harper and Row, 1970.
170 Notes
Notes for Chapter 5
1. Lloyd Alexander, 'Truth About Fantasy' in Top of the News, January 1968, 168-174.
2. Lloyd Alexander: The Book of Three (1964) The Castle of Llyr (1966) The High King (1968) Taran Wanderer (1967) New York: Yearling, 1990. The Black Cauldron (1965). London: Lions, 1991.
3. Norma Bagnall,' An American Hero in Welsh Fantasy: The Mabinogion, Alan Garner and Lloyd Alexander'. The New Welsh Review 8 (Children's Literature issue) II:4. Spring 1990.
4. My reference for these is the seminal work Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Welsh Triads, edited with introduction, translation and commentary by Rachel Bromwich (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1961). Since the first of Alexander's Prydain series, The Book of Three, appeared three years later in 1964, Alexander might well have had access to Bromwich's work. In any case, even the title, The Book of Three, suggests the strong influence of the Triads upon the Prydain series. Incidentally, many of the triads celebrate personal attributes from sexual prowess (the three Well-Endowed Men of the Island of Britain: Gwalchmai son of Gwyar, and Llachau son of Arthur, and Rhiwallawn Broom-Hair [8]) to nobility and honour.
5. Abraham H. Maslow. Motivation and Personality, 2nd edition. New York: Harper and Row, 1970.
6. See Robert Graves, The White Goddess. London: Faber and Faber, 1961. 7. Peter Beagle. The Last Unicorn. London: Unwin, 1983. (Fp 1968). 8. The Welsh word 'gwrgi' means 'man-dog'; presumably, that is what
the Gurgi is. 'Gurgi' is also the name of Alexander's creature. 9. Gwyn Jones and Thomas Jones (translators), The Mabinogion, revised
edition. London: Dent, 1989.
Notes for Chapter 6
1. W.A. Cummins. King Arthur's Place in Pre-History: The Great Age of Stonehenge. Phoenix Mill: Sutton, 1992.
2. Michael Senior, 'Introduction' to Sir Thomas Malory's Tales of King Arthur, edited and abridged with an introduction by Michael Senior. London: Guild, 1980, 9-28.
3. Patrick Sims-Williams, 'The Early Welsh Arthurian Poems' in The Arthur of the Welsh: The Arthurian Legend in Medieval Welsh Literature, edited by Rachel Bromwich, A.O.H. Jarman, Brynley Roberts. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1991.
4. Englynion (Welsh, plural) are short verses written according to a strict, determined metre.
5. Brynley Roberts, 'Culhwch ac Olwen, The Triads, Saints' Lives', in The Arthur of the Welsh, cit. supra.
6. Henken 57-74, cit. Roberts 82. 7. Williams cites J.E. Lloyd, 'Geoffrey of Monmouth' EHR 57 (1942)
Notes 171
460-68 and O.J. Patel 'Geoffrey of Monmouth and Cornwall' CMCS 8 (1984) 1-28.
8. J. Caerwyn Williams, 'Brittany and the Arthurian Legend' in The Arthur of the Welsh, cit. supra 249-272.
9. Stephen Lawhead, The Pendragon Trilogy: Taliesin Oxford: Lion, 1988 Merlin Oxford: Lion, 1989 Arthur Oxford: Lion, 1990.
10. Mary Stewart, The Hollow Hills. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1992. fp 1979. The Last Enchantment. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1992, fp 1974. Merlin and the Crystal Cave. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1991, fp 1971.
11. What constitutes 'druidism' these days is a variety of New Age and occultic beliefs attributed to the druids. Since the druids left no written records, however, the issue of druidism is largely a matter of imaginative conjecture. Even the Gorsedd and the Eisteddfod, Welsh institutions supposedly based on druidic practice, date no further back than to the creative and imaginative mind of the scholarly fraud, Iolo Morganwg, the 'bardic name' for Edward Williams (d. 1826).
12. For a discussion of this and other novels by C.S. Lewis, see Kath Filmer, The Fiction of C.S. Lewis: Mask and Mirror (Macmillan, 1993).
13. I am grateful to Marilyn Hume for these ideas; they form part of her Ph.D. dissertation.
14. Gwennallt, Eples. (Llandysul: Gwasg Gomer, 1951) 63-64; cit. van der Waal 130.
15. Ceridwen lived on the banks of Bala Lake, in which the River Dee rises and from there flows through the Dee Valley, the Vale of Llangollen, Chester, and joins the River Mersey and from thence out to sea. The various versions of the myth and the voyage of Taliesin's coracle could all, to some extent, be correct, depending on how far it travelled. The tale of Taliesin is included in Charlotte Guest's version of The Mabinogion and more recently in Patrick Ford's translation of The Mabinogi (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977).
16. Thomas Love Peacock, The Misfortunes of Elphin. Felinfach: Llanerch, 1991, fp 1829.
17. Charles Williams, in a seemingly idiosyncratic move, spells the bard's name as 'Taliessin' (see Region of the Summer Stars, especially 'Taliessin Through Logres'; but the same spelling is used in The Black Book of Carmarthen, in the poem 'Myrddin converses with Taliesin' in which the identity of the speaker is rendered as: 'Taliessin: Rys undant oet rychv/any y tarian ... ' The Black Book of Carmarthen, trans. Meirion Pennar. [Felinfach: Llanerch, 1988] (35-36)).
18. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Biographia Literaria, The Portable Coleridge, ed. I.A. Richards. New York: Penguin, 1950.
19. C.S. Lewis, The Allegory of Love: A Study in Medieval Tradition. London: Oxford University Press, 1958.
20. C.S. Lewis. The Pilgrim's Regress: An Allegorical Apology for Christianity, Reason and Romanticism. London: Collins 1977, fp 1933.
172 Notes
Notes for Chapter 7
1. Nancy Bond, A String in the Harp. New York: Athenaeum, 1974. 2. Susan Cooper, The Grey King. Harmondsworth: Puffin, 1977.
Silver on the Tree. Harmondsworth: Puffin, 1979. 3. See Rachel Bromwich, Triodd Ynys Prydein (The Welsh Triads), cit.
supra. 4. Mrs Davies agrees that Pembrokeshire is 'the little England beyond
Wales', and that natives of Pembroke are believed not to have that special Welsh feeling called hiraeth. 'We're made to feel like foreigners in Wales,' she said in an interview with the author on Wednesday, 8 December 1994.
5. In modem Welsh, it is more correctly rendered 'Cantref y Gwaelod'. 6. According to Llyela Hughes, a teacher of Llanegryn, near Tywyn,
Gwynedd, the Cantref y Gwaelod is off the coast of Barmouth, where the sea is still seen to be reclaiming the land. Mrs Hughes recalls participating in pageants during her childhood in which the story of the Lost Hundred was enacted. (In a conversation with the author, 19 November 1993).
7. Thomas Love Peacock, The Misfortunes of Elphin. Felinfach, Dyfed, Wales: Llanerch 1991; fp 1829.
8. C.S. Lewis, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. London: Lions, 1992; fp 1950. The 'recommended' reading order, thanks to the literary trustee of the Lewis estate, Walter Hooper, has The Magician's Nephew coming first; I disagree vehemently with the damage that this choice does to the elements of surprise in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, especially such lines as 'None of the children knew who Asian was any more than you do ... ' (LWW 65). Also The Last Battle (London: Lions 1992, fp 1956).
Notes for Chapter 8
1. Gwynfor Evans, Land of My Fathers: 2000 Years of Welsh History (Talybont: Y Lolfa, 1992. Fp Swansea: John Penry Press. Translated from the Welsh by Mr & Mrs Raymond Garlick).
2. Barbara Erskine. Child of the Phoenix. London: Harper Collins, 1992. 3. Sharon Penman. Falls the Shadow. London: Penguin, 1989.
4. Edith Pargeter.
Here Be Dragons. London: Penguin, 1991. The Reckoning. London: Penguin, 1992.
Afterglow and Nightfall. London: Headline, 1988, fp 1977. The Dragon at Noonday. London: Headline, 1987, fp 1975. The Hounds at Sunset. London: Headline, 1988, fp 1976. Sunrise in the West. London: Headline, 1987, fp 1974.
5. J.P. Day, The Banner of David. Llandysul: Gwasg Gomer, 1992. 6. According to the translator and editor Lewis Thorpe, the manuscripts
of The Journey through Wales are as follows: (i) British Library Bib. Reg. 13B VIII. Late twelfth or early thirteenth century; (ii) Bodleian Library, Rawlinson B.188. Early thirteenth century; (iii) Cambridge
Notes 173
University Library, Ff. 1.27. Late thirteenth or early fourteenth century. See Gerald of Wales, The Journey Through Wales and The Description of Wales, translated with an introduction by Lewis Thorpe. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1978 {37).
Notes for Chapter 9
1. Francis Schaeffer, Escape from Reason. Leicester: IVP, 1968. 2. Roland Bainton, 'Man, God, and the Church in the Age of the Ren
aissance' in The Renaissance: Six Essays. Ed. Wallace K. Ferguson. New York: Harper & Row, 1973.
3. See Gwynfor Evans, Welsh Nation Builders. Translated from the Welsh by Seiri Cenedl. Llandysul: Gomer, 1988.
4. See, for example, John Matthews, The Elements of the Arthurian Tradition (Shaftesbury, Dorset: Element, 1989), and many others, including illustrated encyclopaedias.
5. Graham Phillips and Martin Keatman, King Arthur: The True Story. London: Arrow, 1993.
6. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, otherwise known as the Mormons, believes that conversion and salvation can take place after death if a living person is willing to be baptised on behalf of the deceased. Salvation is offered, in what can only be described as a most generous move, to persons long dead. Mormon genealogies serve the purpose of locating all deceased people and giving them this posthumous gift of redemption. In recent times, the Mormons also have generously offered their records to people interested in tracing their family trees. Mormon records are accurate and extensive.
Notes for Chapter 10
1. C.S. Lewis, The Pilgrim's Regress: An Allegorical Apology for Christianity, Reason and Romanticism. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1981.
2. C.S. Lewis, An Experiment in Criticism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1961.
3. See my article 'An Allegory Unveiled' in The Ring Bearer: Journal of the Mythopoeic Literature Society of Australia 1985, 3:3, 2-5; rpt in Mythlore, Autumn 1986.
4. Mercia Eliade, cited in Rutherford 43. Rutherford cites Eliade's Shamanism: Arabic Techniques of Ecstasy, tr. Willard R Trask (New Jersey 1974) and her Images and Symbols, tr. Philip Mairet (New York, 1969), in the bibliography concluding his book, but does not otherwise indicate the source of this material).
5. C.S. Lewis, 'Myth Became Fact' in God in the Dock: Essays on Theology and Ethics, ed. Walter Hooper. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1970.
6. C.S. Lewis, Out of the Silent Planet. London: the Bodley Head, 1939. 7. Ursula Le Guin, 'Why are Americans Afraid of Dragons?' in The
Language of the Night, ed. Susan Wood. New York: Perigree, 1979. 8. Brian Wicker, A Story-Shaped World. London: The Athlone Press, 1975,
passim.
Index
Aberdovey, see Aberdyfi Aberdyfi, 103 Abergynolwyn, 110-11 Aberystwyth, 99, 100, 101 Acts of Union, The, 11 Alexander, Lloyd, 9, 24, 62, 116,
166 The Castle of Llyr, 62, 71-2, 170 The Book of Three, 62-9, 70, 78 The Black Cauldron, 24, 62,
69-71, 75, 170 Taran Wanderer, 62, 71-4, 78, 170 The High King, 62, 74-8, 170
American Civil War, 40 Aneurin, 94-5 Angelsey (Ynys Mon), 48-9, 71
As Irish settlement, 48-9 Arthur, King, 15, 79-98, 112, 114,
116, 120, 151, 153, 166 Ashe, Geoffrey, 93 Ashton, Jay, The Door from
Nowhere, 32, 45, 55-61 Australian Celtic Capital, 267 Australian Standing Stones, 154 Australian Aboriginal people, 55 Avalon, 93
Bagnall, Norma, 1, 63, 64, 112, 170 Bainton, Roland, 146, 173 Bala Lake (Llyn Tegid), 21, 40 Beagle, Peter, 62, 170 Bedd Taliesin, 174 Beddgelert, 7, 13 Belonging, sense of, xiii, 1-16,
32-44, 48, 57-60, 98, 99 Bibyl Ynghymraec, y, 11 Bildungsroman, 63 Bird Rock, see Craig Aderyn Black Book of Carmarthen, 80, 84 Blake, William, 145 Blodeuwedd, 23-6, 149 Bond, Nancy, A String in the Harp,
24, 99-110, 119, 172
Book of Taliesin, The, 80 Borrow, George, 7, 166 Borth, 99, 100-7 Bradley, Marion (Zimmer), 84, 149 Bran the Blessed, 65, 82, 133, 147 Branwen, 42, 5~ 147-8 Braveheart, 145, 148 Brenin Clwyd, 110 British National Lottery, 153 Bronte, Charlotte, Jane Eyre, xii, 97
Cader, Idris, 110, 112, 115 Cadfan's Way, 112 Camelot, 262 'Camelot' Lottery Syndicate, 153 Cantref y Gwaelod, 103-4, 110,
:i16, 117, 161, 172 Cardigan Bay, 104, 118 Carmarthen (Caer Fyrddin), 89,
123 Carnell, Corbin Scott, 10 Carroll, Lewis, 46 Caswell, Brian, Merryll and the
Stones, 14, 32, 45-55, 166 Celtic Myth, 11, 68, 271-87, 288 Celtic Christianity, 84, 85, 91, 92,
96, 98, 148 Ceridwen, 21, 40, 65, 66, 70, 101,
171 Chretien de Troyes, 79 Christianity, 83, 84, 98, 119, 143,
151 Clancy, Joseph, 155 Clwyd, 50 Coleridge, S.T., 97, 171 Cooper, Susan, 110, 172
The Grey King, 99, 110-16 Silver on the Tree, 99, 116-18
Cors Fochno, 117, 186, 202 Craig Aderyn, 113 Culhwch ac Olwen, 80 Cummins, W.A.,. 79, 170 Cunedda, 266
174
Index 175
Curtis, Tony, 7, 167 Cyrnru Fydd, 72
Dafydd ap Gryfudd, 12, 129 Dark Crystal, The, 149-50 Davies, Dot, 178 Davies, Frank Owen, 169 Davies, John Norman, 2, 167 Davies, John, 5-6 Day, J.P., 14, 122, 130-5, 172, 211 de Braose, Maud, see Matilda of Hay de Montfort, Eleanor, 123 de Montfort, Simon, 123 Dee, Dr John, 33 Devil's Bridge, 7 Dickens, Charles, 55 didactic literature, 9 Druids, 45, 47, 48, 82, 149 Dunning, R.W., 92 Dydd Gwyl Dewi Sant, 3 Dyfed, 5
Edward I, 123 Eliade, Mircea, 162, 173 Ende, Michael, 273 Enfys, Yr, 155 Enniaun Girt, 266-7 Erskine, Barbara
Lady of Hay, 14, 122, 166, 172 Child of the Phoenix, 122, 172
Evans, Ellis, see Hedd Wyn Evans, Gwynfor, 121, 124, 173 Excalibur, 148 Estes, Clarissa Pinkola, Women
Who Run With the Wolves, Intro xi, 167
feminism, 95, 134 film, fantasy, 143 First Night, 146, 150 Ford, Patrick, 85 Frye, Northrop, 69
Gadall Lenin, 152 Gahtz, Jeffrey, 20 Garlick, Raymond, 5, 166 Gamer, Alan,
The Owl Service, 14, 23-6, 28, 29, 30, 31, 134, 168
Gelert, 198 genres, 208-11, 249 Geoffrey of Monmouth, 79, 81, 82,
83, 170-1 Gerald Cambrensis, 5, 122, 129,
130, 131, 153, 172 Gerald of Wales, see Gerald
Cambrensis Glastonbury, 92-3, 94, 153 Innes Glen, 154 Graves, Robert, 66-7, 68, 155, 170,
269 Great Mother, The, xi, 18-19,
21-2, 31, 66, 97, 117 Grey King, The, see Brenin Llwyd Gronw Pebr, 23-6, 275 Gryffudd ap Llewelyn, 12, 124,
125, 132 Guest, Charlotte, 155 Guinevere, see Gwenhwyfar Gwenallt, 85, 171 Gwenhwyfar, 136-68, 258-66 Gwidion, 24, 65, 67, 131 Gwyddno, 87, 103, 104, 107,
117-18, 161 Gwynedd, 33, 39, 123
Hamlet, 145-6 Hauntings, 100-4 Hedd Wyn, 2, 46, 263 Hedd Wyn, film and video, 2, 152-3 Hen Wen, 112, 114-40 Henry III, 123 Henry VII, 11 Henry VIII, 116 hero, The, 249-70 Hiraeth, 1, 7, 10, 98, 120, 130, 142,
154, 156, 157 humanism, renaissance, 145 humanism, 145 Hume, Marilyn, 84 Hy Breasil, 95 hypnotic regression, 234
imagination, the, 94, 167, 273-4, 286-8
Iolo Morgannwg, 152 Irish, The, 45, 68,
in Angelsey, 45-6
176 Index
Joan (Joanna, Siwan), 125-6, 127, 141 John Plantagenet, 124, 125, 127,
137-40 Jones, Glyn, 3 Jones, Gwyn and Jones, Thomas,
see Mabinogion Jones, Liane, The Dreamstone, 17,
27-31 Jones, Michael D., 40 Jones, T. Harri, 6-7 Joseph of Arimathea, 161-2
Keatman, Martin and Phillips, Graham, 153, 173
Keifer, Barbara Z., 49 Kennealy, Patricia, 161
Lawhead, Stephen, 15, 82-98, 168, 171
Arthurian Sequence, 15, 82-98, 140-68
Song of Albion Trilogy, 15, 86, 157-272
Lawrence, Louise, The Earth Witch, 18-23, 28, 29, 31, 168
Layamon, 79 Le Guin, Ursula, 8-9, 83, 149, 165,
173 L'Engle, Madeleine, A Swiftly
Tilting Planet, 14, 32-44, 45, 166, 168
Lewis, Saunders, 6, 151 Lewis, C.S., x, xi, 8, 46, 54, 74, 83,
95, 97, 106, 107, 116, 134, 158, 160-1, 162-4, 166, 167, 168, 169, 171, 172, 173
Llew Llaw Gyffes, 23-6, 159 Llewelyn ap Iorwerth, 2, 12, 122,
123, 126, 127, 157 Llewelyn ap Grwffydd, 2, 12, 122,
124, 128 Lodge, David, 8
Mabinogi, see Mabinogion Mabinogion, 2, 5, 12, 13, 14, 15,
17-18, 23-6, 36, 46, 50, 58, 65, 69, 76, 77, 80-1, 112, 125, 136, 141, 147, 148, 149, 154, 155, 159, 165
MacDonald, George, i, 46 McLeary, RoHan, 162 Machiavelli, 145 Macsen Wledig, 92, 93 Madoc, Prince, 12-13, 27-31, 32,
40-4, 45-53, 55-76, 122, 168 Maelgwyn, 174 Malory, Sir Thomas, 79 Manawydan son of Ll9"r, 50 Mandan Indians, 27, 29, 30 Maslow, Abraham, 60, 169, 170 Math ap Mathonwy, 50, 76, 130 Matilda of Hay, 135-40 Matter of Britain, 79-83 Matter of France, 80 Matter of Rome, 80 Matthews, John, 82, 173 Maud of Hay, see Matilda of Hay Meibion Glyn Dwr, 3 Meirionydd (Merioneth}, 49, 123 Merlin, 14, 89-98 Miles, Rosalind, 22, 168 Milton, John, 84, 145 Mithras, 89 Moon Goddess, see Great Mother Morgan, Vyrnwy, 12 Mormon Church, 173 Morris, Jan, 34, 37, 40, 168 Myth, Arthurian, Intro xv, 15, 16,
79-98, 148, 149, 150-7, 153, 154
Myth, Welsh, passim mythopoeic literature, passim
Nant-y-Moch, 108, 109 Nash, D.W., 82-3, 86 Nationalism, Welsh, passim Nature Goddess, see Great Mother Nennius, 79, 82, 95 New Age, 55 Norman Conquest, The, 120, 121
O'Curry, Eugene, 48-9 Olympic Games, 144 Original sin, 249 Orwell, George, 9-10, 168 Otherness, x-xiii Otherworld, passim Owain ap Gruffyd, 33
Index 177
Owain Glyn Dwr, 2, 11, 122, 151 Owain Ddantgwyn, 266
Pargeter, Edith, 14, 122-4, 172 Peacock, Thomas Love, 67-8, 171 Peckham, Archbishop of
Canterbury, 128 Penman, Sharon, 1~ 122, 124-9,
135, 172 Peters, Ellis, see Edith Pargeter Phillips Graham, see Keatman and
Phillips Pook, John, 5 Portmeirion, 260 Pritchard, Caradog, 46 Pwyll, Prince of Dyfed, 50, 76, 148,
165
raven(s), 20, 133, 134 realism, 120 Red book of Hergest, The, 81 revenge, 145 Roberts, Brynley, 81-2, 170 Roberts-Jones, Sally, 1, 13, 167 Rutherford, Ward, 161
Schaeff, Francis, 146, 173 Secret of Roan Inish, The, 145 Sehnsucht, see Hiraeth Seithrhyn ap Seithyn Saidi, 104 Senior, Michael, 79-80, 170 Shelley, Percey Bysche, 17 Spiral Castle, 68-9 sport (as ritualised war), 144 St David's, see Tyddewi St David, 81, 85, 89, 131 St Patrick's Rune, 41 Star Wars (film trilogy), 149
Stewart, Mary, 83, 89, 91, 92-6, 171
Stimpson, Catharine, 168 Sullivan, C.S. III, 1, 167
Tal-y-Llyn, 110 Taliesin, 2, 4, 5, 75, 82, 85-98, 101,
105-10, 117-19 Tamburlaine, 146-7 Thomas Aquinas, 254 Thomas, Dylan, 3, 4, 27 Thomas, R.S., 5, 6 time travel, 32-61 Tolkien, 18-19, 68, 161 Trawsfynydd, 2 Tripp, John, 4 Tyddewi, 133, 134, 142 Tywyn, 110-11
Vagina Dentata, 21 Vampires, 21 Van der Waal, Esther, 85, 168 Vonnegut, Kurt, 62
Wace, 79 Wells, H.G., xi, 96 Welsh language, 26, 56-7, 121 Welsh Triads, The, 14, 65, 170 White, T.H., 151 White Book of Rhydderch, The, 81 Williams, Charles, 84, 171 Williams, J.E., Caerwyn, 81-2,
170-1 Williams, Gwyn A., 11, 33-4,
43-4, 168 Williams, Gwyn, 5 Wolfe, Naomi, The Beauty Myth, i Wordsworth, William, 7, 97
