Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Notes Notes to Chapter 1
1. Lord David Cecil's discussion of Gaskell in Early Victorian Novelists (London: Constable, 1934) is a notorious example of devaluing a writer by reference to her femininity: 'she was all a woman was expected to be; gentle, domestic, tactful, unintelledual, prone to tears, easily shocked. So far from chafing at the limits imposed on her activities, she accepted them with serene satisfaction' (p. 198). The first writer to give extended treatment to Gaskell's involvement in feminism is Aina Rubenius in The Woman Question in Mrs Gaskell's Life and Work (Uppsala: Lundequistka Bokhandeln, 1950).
2. Raymond Williams finds that despite her 'deep imaginative sympathy' for the workers, Gaskell in Mary Barton shares and expresses middle-class fears about working-class action. Culture and Society (London: Chatto, 1958) p. 90. John Lucas writes that the reconciliation between classes in North and South comes down to teaching the lower orders to know their place. 'Mrs Gaskell and Brotherhood', in Tradition and Tolerance in Nineteenth-century Fiction, ed. David Howard et al. (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966) p.205.
3. See especially Patsy Stoneman, Elizabeth Gaskell (Brighton: Harvestelj 1987), and Margaret Homans, Bearing the Word: Language and Female Experience in Nineteenth-century Women~ Writing (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986).
4. Winifred Gerin, Eliubeth Gaskell: A Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976) p. 17.
5. Annette B. Hopkins, Elizabeth GaskeU: Her life and Work (London: John Lehmann, 1932) p. 34.
6. See Sally Stonehouse, 'A Letter from Mrs Gaskell', Brontl Society Transactions, vol. 20 (1991) pp. 217-22; and J. A. V. Chapple, 'Two Unpublished Gaskell Letters from Burrow Hall, Lancashire', The Gaskell Society Journal, vol. 6 (1992) pp. 67-72.
7. W. R. Greg, Edinburgh Rernew (April 1849) pp. 402-35.
8. Elizabeth Gaskell, My Lady Ludlow and Other Stories (Oxford: World's Oassics, 1989) p. 131.
141
142 EUZABETH GASKELL
9. John Ruskin, 'Of Queens' Gardens', in Sesame and Lilies (1865; rpt. London: George Allen, 1901) p. 108.
10. Ibid., p. 186.
11. Fran~ise Basch, Relative Creatures: Victorian Women in Society and the Novel (London, 1974) pp. 7, 269.
12. Nancy Armstrong, Desire and Domestic Fiction: A Political History of the Novel (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987) pp. 28-58.
13. [J. Ludlow], North British Review, vol. 19 (May 1853) pp. 167-9.
14. Ibid., p. 169.
15. Ibid., p. 155.
16. Ibid., pp. 162, 163.
17. Homans, Bearing the Word, p. 11.
18. Ibid., p. 13.
19. Ibid., p. 38.
20. Armstrong, Desire and Domestic Fiction, p. 26.
21. Ibid., p. 163.
22. Homans, Bearing the Word, p. 226.
23. Woolf writes: 'if one is a woman one is often surprised by a sudden splitting off of consciousness, say in walking down Whitehall, when from being the natural inheritor of that civilization, she becomes, on the contrary, outside of it, alien and critical' - A Room of One~ Own (St Albans: Panther, 1977) p. 93.
Notes to Chapter 2
1. For example, Manchester's Unitarian MPs and manufacturers opposed factory legislation intended to limit employers' powers. See Valentine Cunningham, Everywhere Spoken Against: Dissent in the Victorian Novel (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975) pp. 132-3.
2. See Monica Fryckstedt, EliZIIbeth GaskeU's Mary Barton and Ruth: A Challenge to Christian England (Uppsala: Almquist and Wlksell, 1982) pp. 88-94.
3. W. Greg, Edinburgh Review, vol. 89 (1849) pp. 402-35. This review is discussed in Cunningham, Everywhere Spoken Against, pp. 133-5.
4. M. Hompes, 'Mrs E. C. Gaskell', Gentleman's Magazine, vol. 55 (1895) p. 124.
5. See Westminster and Foreign Quarterly Review, vol. 51 (1849) pp. 48-63, and British Quarterly Review, vol. 9 (1849) pp. 117-36.
NOTES 143
6. Carlyle, 'Charti.sm', in Criticlll and Miscellaneous Essays (London: Chapman and Hall, 1899) vol. IV, p. 169.
7. See John Lucas, 'Mrs Gaskell and Brotherhood', in Thulition and lblerance in Nineteenth-century Fiction, ed. David Howard et al. (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul) p. 167.
8. Carlyle, 'Com-Law Rhymes' (1839); in Critical and Miscellaneous Essays, vol. III, p. 138.
9. Ibid., 148.
10. The theme of women's public speaking is treated by Rosemarie Bodenheimer in 'Private Grief and Public Acts in Mary Barton', Diclcens Studies Annual, vol. 9 (1981) 195-216.
11. Elizabeth Haldane, Mrs Gaskell and Her Friends (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1931) pp. 47-8.
12. John Rylands Ubrary, English Mss 730, 14.
13. Craig Owens, 'The Discourse of Others: Feminists and Postmodernism', in Postmodern Culture, ed. Hal Foster (London and Sydney: Pluto Press, 1985) pp. 68-9.
14. This point is made by W. A. Craik. who argues that in Mary Barton Gaskell needs 'the social aim' less for its own sake than in order 'to justify writing at all'. See Elizabeth Gaskell and the English Pruoincial Novel (London: Methuen, 1975) p. 4.
Notes to Chapter 3
1. Sharpe's London Magazine, vol. 2 (1853) p. 126.
2. See Spectator, Saturday, 15 January 1853, pp. 61-2.
3. Sharpe's London Magazine, vol. 2 (1853) p. 126.
4. Letter to Gaskell, 26 April 1852. The Brontls, Their Lives, Friendships and Correspondence, ed. T. J. Wise and J. A. Symington (Oxford: Blackwell, 1933) vol. III, p. 332.
5. Letter to Blanche Smith, 19 April 1853, in The Correspondence of Arthur Hugh Clough, ed. Frederick Mulhauser (Oxford: Oarendon Press, 1957) vol. 1L p. 418.
6. Brian Crick. 'Mrs Gaskell's Ruth: A Reconsideration', Mosaic, vol. 9 (1977) no. 2, pp. 85-104.
7. Alan Shelston, 'Ruth: Mrs Gaskell's Neglected Novel', Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, vol. 58 (1975-6) pp. 182.
8. See Patsy Stoneman, Elizabeth Gaskell (Brighton: Harvester, 1987) p.106.
144 EUZABE1H GASKELL
9. Letter to Gaskell, 12 January 1853. In The Bronth, vol. IV, p. 34.
10. [J. M. Ludlow] North British Review, vol. 19 (1853) p. 169.
11. Elizabeth Rigby, 'Vanity Fair and Jane Eyre', Quarterly Review, vol. 84 (1848) p. 174; Matthew Arnold, letter to Mrs Forster; 14 April 1853, in Letters of Matthew Arnold 1848-1888, ed. George W. E. Russell (London: Macmillan, 1895) vol. I, p. 29.
12. The Bronth, vol. IV, pp. 14 and 34-6.
13. Martineau's review of Villette for Daily News, quoted in LCB, p. 619.
14. The Bronth, vol. IV, pp. 7&-7.
15. Ibid. vol. IV, p. 34.
16. Miriam J. Benn, 'Some Unpublished Gaskell Letters', Notes and Queries, vol. 225 (1980) p. 508.
17. Alan Shelston, notes to LCB, p. 592.
18. Wmifred Gerin, Charlotte Bronte: The Evolution of Genius (Oxford: Oarendon, 1967) p. 573.
Notes to Chapter 4
1. Patsy Stoneman, Elizabeth Gaskell (Brighton: Harvester, 1987) p. 93.
2. See Nina Auerbach, Communities of Women: An Idea in Fiction (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978).
3. Martin Dodsworth, 'Women Without Men at Cranford', ESSil1Js in Criticism, vol. 13 (1963) pp. 132-45.
4. For a discussion of North and South as a novel challenging the paternalism initially embodied by the Hale family, see Rosemarie Bodenheimer; The Politics of Story in Victorian Fiction (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988) pp. 53-67. Bodenheimer sees Gaskell's novel as in part an answer to Charlotte Bronte's Shirley (1849), arguing that 'If Bronte rests, finally, in the model of paternalism, Gaskell takes the parental metaphor apart to observe its absurdities and insists on the health of ideological change' (54).
5. This is argued in Deidre David, Fictions of Resolution in Three Victorian Novels (New York: Columbia University Press, 1981) PP· 43-4.
6. P. N. Furbank, 'Mendacity in Mrs Gaskell', Encounter, vol. 40 (1973) p. 51.
NOTES 145
7. See Nancy Armstrong, Desire and Domestic Fiction: A Political History of the Nuoel (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987) pp. 42-8.
Notes to Chapter 5
1. Gaskell used Admiralty records of these incidents. For a discussion of her sources see A. W. Ward (ed.), The Works of Mrs Gaskell, vol. 6: Sylvia's Lovers (London: John Murray, 1920) pp. xxii-xxvi.
2. John McVeagh, Elizabeth Gaskell (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1970) p. 45.
3. The letter is addressed to Marianne Gaskell, asking her to copy and send the critique to the novelist. Margaret Homans suggests that Marianne herself was the author of The Three Paths, but does not offer evidence for this view; see Bearing the Word: Language and Female Experience in Nineteenth-century Women's Writing (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986) p. 171.
4. Thomas Macaulay, quoted in Rosemary Jann, The Art and Science of Victorian History (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1985) p. 71.
5. See Patsy Stoneman, Elizabeth Gaskell (Brighton: Harvester, 1987) p. 154.
6. J. Rignall, 'The Historical Double: Waverley, Sylvia's Lovers, The Trumpet-Major', Essays in Criticism, vol. 34 (1984) p. 23.
7. Ibid., p. 24.
8. The epigraph to Sylvia's Lovers is taken from In Memoriam, section LVI. Lines 25-8 of this section are:
'0 life as futile, then, as frail! 0 for thy voice to soothe and bless! What hope of answer, or redress?
Behind the veil, behind the veil.
Gaskell's epigraph comprises the last three lines of this quatrain, omitting mention of the troubling idea of life's futility.
Notes to Chapter 6
1. Edgar Wright, Mrs Gaskell: The Basis for Reassessment (London: Oxford University Press, 1965) p. 246.
2. Ibid., pp. 47, 196.
146 EUZABETII GASKELL
3. Patsy Stoneman, Elimbeth Gaskell (Brighton: Harvester, 1987) p. 201.
4. Angus Easson, Elimbeth GaskeU (London, Boston and Henley: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979) p. 220.
5. Quoted in A. B. Hopkins, Elizabeth Gaskell: Her Life and Work (London: John Lehm~ 1952) p. 312.
6. Meena Alexander, Women in Romanticism (Basingstoke and London: Macmillan, 1989) p. 147.
7. Mary Jacobus, Romanticism, Writing and Sexual Differmce (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989) p. 251.
8. This ending was sketched out in a letter to George Smith, 10 December 1863. See J. A. V. Chapple, 'Elizabeth Gaskell: Two Unpublished Letters to Geoige Smith', Etudes Anglaises, vol. 33 (1980) pp.183-7.
9. For a discussion of Mrs Hamley as a model of feminine self-sacrifice who has a dangerous appeal for Moll~ see Patricia Meyer Spacks, The Female Imagination (London: Geoige Allen and Unwin, 1976) pp. 91-2.
10. Easson, Elizabeth Gaskell, p. 198.
11. Rich defines the 're-vision' she advocates for women writers and critics as 'the act of looking back. of seeing with tresh eyes, of entering an old text from a new critical direction'. See 'When We Dead Awaken: Writing as Re-Vision', in Adrienne Rich, On Lies, Secrets and Silence: Selected Prose 196~8 (London: V"uago, 1980) p. 35.
Selected Bibliography Works by Elizabeth Gaskell
Mary Barton (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1970). Cranford/Cousin PhiUis (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1976). Ruth (Oxford: World's Classics, 1985). North and South (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1977). The Life of Charlotte Bronte (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1975). My Lady Ludlow and Other Stories (Oxford: World's Classics,
1989). Cousin Phillis and Other Tales (Oxford: World's Oassics, 1981). Sylvia's LcTDers (Oxford: World's Classics, 1982). Wives and Daughters (Oxford: World's Classics, 1987). My Diary: The Early Years of my Daughter Marianne (London:
privately printed by Clement Shorte~ 1923). The Letters of Mrs Gaskell, ed. J. A. V. Chapple and Arthur
Pollard (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1966).
Secondary Works
Alexande~ Meena, Women in Romanticism: Mary Wollstonecraft, Dorothy Wordsworth and Mary Shelley (London: Macmillan, 1989).
Armstrong, Nancy, Desire and Domestic Fiction: A Political History of the Novel (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987).
Auerbach, Nina, Communities of Women: An Idea in Fiction (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978).
Basch, Fran~ise, Relative Creatures: Victorian Women in Society and the Novel 1837-67, trans. Anthony Rudolf (London: Allen Lane, 1974).
Benn, J. Miriam, 'Some Unpublished Gaskell Letters', Notes and Queries, vol. 225 (1980) pp. 507-15.
Bodenheim~ Rosemarie, 'North and South: A Permanent State of Change', Nineteenth-century Fiction, vol. 34 (1979) pp. 281-301.
Bodenheimer, Rosemarie, 'Private Grief and Public Acts in
147
148 EUZABE1H GASKELL
Mary Barton', Dickens Studies Annual, vol. 9 (1981) pp. 195-216.
Bodenheimer, Rosemarie, The Politics of Story in Victorian Fiction (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988).
Bronte, Charlotte, The Brontes: Their Lives, Friendships and Correspondence, vol. IV: 1852-1928 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1933).
Carlyle, Thomas, 'Com Law Rhymes', in Critical and Miscellaneous Essays, vol. III (London: Chapman and Hall, 1899) pp.136-66.
Carlyle, Thomas, 'Chartism', in Critical and Miscellaneous Essays, vol. IV (London: Chapman and Hall, 1899).
Camall, Geoffrey, 'Dickens, Mrs Gaskell, and the Preston Strike', Victorian Studies, vol. 8 (1964-5) pp. 31-48.
Cazamian, Louis, The Social Novel in England 1830-1850: Dickens, Disraeli, Mrs Gaskell, Kingsley, trans. Martin Fido (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973).
Cecil, David, Early Vzctorian Novelists: Essays in Revaluation (London: Constable, 1934).
Chapple, J. A. V., 'Elizabeth Gaskell: Two Unpublished Letters to George Smith', Etudes Anglaises, vol. 33 (1980) pp. 183-7.
Craik, W. A., Elizabeth Gaskell and the English Prooincial Nooel (London: Methuen, 1975).
Crick. Brian, 'Mrs Gaskell's Ruth: A Reconsideration', Mosaic, vol. 9 (1977) no. 2, pp. 85-104.
Cunningham, Valentine, Everywhere Spoken Against: Dissent in the Victorian Novel (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975).
David, Deirdre, Fictions of Resolution in Three Victorian Novels: North and South, Our Mutual Friend, Daniel Derondll (New York: Columbia University Press, 1981).
David, Deirdre, Intellectual Women and Victorian Patriarchy: Harriet Martineau, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Geurge Eliot (London: Macmillan, 1987).
Dodsworth, Martin, 'Women Without Men at Cranford', Essays in Criticism, vol. 13 (1%3) pp. 132-45.
Duthie, Enid L., The Themes of Elizabeth Gaskell (London: Macmillan, 1980).
Eagleton, Terry, 'Sylvia's Lovers and Legality', Essays in Criticism, vol. 26 (1976) pp. 17-27.
Easson, Angus, Elizabeth Gaskell (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979).
SELECfED BffiUOGRAPHY 149
Easson, Angus, 'Mr Hale's Doubts in North and Soufl{, Review of English Studies, vol. 31 (1980) pp. 30-40.
Foster, Shirley, Victorian Women:S Fiction: Mllrrillge, Freedom and the Individual (London: Croom Helm, 1985).
Fryckstedt, Monica Correa, Elizabeth Gaskell:S Mllry Barton and Ruth: A Challenge to Christian England (Uppsala: Almquist and Wiksell, 1982).
Furbank, P. N., 'Mendacity in Mrs Gaskell', Encounter, vol. 40 (1973) pp. 51-5.
Gallaghe!j Catherine, The Industrial Reformation of English Fiction: Social Discourse and Narrative Form 1832-1867 (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1985).
Ganz, Margaret, Elizabeth Gaskell: The Artist in Conflict (New York: Twayne, 1969).
Germ, Winifred, Elizabeth Gaskell: A Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980).
Haldane, Elizabeth, Mrs Gaskell and Her Friends (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1931).
Harman, B. L., 'In Promiscuous Company: Female Public Appearance in Elizabeth Gaskell's North and Soufl{, Victorian Studies, vol. 31 (1988) pp. 351-74.
Heisinger, mizabeth, Robin Lauterbach Sheets and Wtlliam Veeder (eds), The Woman Question: Society and Literature in Britain and America, 1837-1883, 3 vols (New York: Garland, 1983).
Homans, Margaret, Bearing the Word: Language and Femllle Experience in Nineteenth-century Women's Writing (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1986).
Hopkins, Annette B., Elizabeth Gaskell: Her Lifo and Work (London: John Lehmann, 1952).
Jackson, Rosemary, Fantasy: The Literature of Subversion (London: Methuen, 1981).
Jacobus, Mary, Romanticism, Writing and Sexual Difference (Oxford: Clarendon, 1989).
Jann, Rosemary, The Art and Science of Victorian History (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1985).
Lansbury, Coral, Elizabeth Gaskell: The Novel of Social Crisis (London: Paul mek, 1975).
Lucas, John, 'Mrs Gaskell and Brotherhood', in David Howard, John Lucas and John Goode (eds), 'ITadition and Tolerance in Nineteenth-century Fiction (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966).
150 ELIZABElH GASKELL
Lucas, John, 'Mrs Gaskell Reconsidered', Victorian Studies, vol. 11 (1%7-8) pp. 528-33.
Lucas, John, The Literature of Change: Studies in the Nineteenth-century Pruuincial Novel (Brighton: Harvesteli 1977).
[Ludlo~ J. M.L'Ruth: A Novel', North British Reoiew, vol. 19 (1853) pp. 151-74.
Martin, C. A., 'Gaskell, Darwin and North and South', Studies in the Novel, vol. 15 (1983) pp. 91-107.
McVeagh, John, 'The Making of Sylvia's Lovers', Modern Language Reoiew, vol. 65 (1970) pp. 272-81.
McVeagh, John, Elizabeth Gaskell (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1970).
Morgan, Susan, Sisters in Time: Imagining Gender in Nineteeth-century British Fiction (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989).
Nestor, Pauline, Female Friendships and Cmnmunities: Charlotte Bronti!, George Eliot, Elizabeth GaslceU (Oxford: Oarendon Press, 1985).
Owens, Craig, 'The Discourse of Others: Feminists and Postmodernism', in Hal Foster (ed.), Postmodern Culture (London: Pluto Press, 1985).
Rance, Nicholas, The Historical Novel and Popular Politics in Nineteenth-century England (London: Vision Press, 1975).
Rignall, J. M., 'The Historical Double: Wtwerley, Sylvia's Lovers, The 1tumpet-Major', Essays in Criticism, vol. 34 (1984) pp.14-32.
Rubenius, Aina, The Woman Question in Mrs Gaskell's Life and Work (Uppsala, 1950).
Ruskin, John, Sesame and Lilies (1865; London: George Allen, 1901).
Sanders, Andre~ The Vzctorian Historical Novel 1840--1880 (London: Macmillan, 1978).
Sharps, J. G., Mrs Gaskell's Observation and Invention: A Study of her Non-biographic Works (Sussex: Linden Press, 1970).
Shelston, A. J., 'Ruth, Mrs Gaskell's Neglected Novel', Bulletin of the John Ryltmds Library, vol. 58 (1975) pp. 173-92.
Stone, Donald D., The Romantic Impulse in Victorian Fiction (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1980).
Stoneman, Patsy, Eli11lbeth Gaskell (Brighton: Harveste~; 1987). [Taylor, Harriet], 'Enfranchisement of Women', Westminster
Reoiew, vol. 55 (1851) pp. 289-311. Vicinus, Martha, Suffer and Be Still: Women in the Victorian Age
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1972).
SELECI'ED BffiUOGRAPHY 151
Vicinus, Martha, The Industrial Muse: A Study of Nineteenth-century British Working-class Literature (London: Croom Helm, 1974).
Weiss, Barbara, 'Elizabeth Gaskell: The Telling of Feminine Tales', Studies in the Ncroel, vol. 16 (1984) pp. 274-87.
Wtlbur, Earl Morse, A History of Unitllrumism: Socillnism and Its Antecedents (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1946).
Wilbur, Earl Morse, A History of Unitarianism in 'ITansylvania, England and America (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1952).
Williams, Raymond, Culture and Society 1780-1950 (1958; Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1971).
Woolf, Vu-ginia, A Room of One's Own (St Albans: Pantheli 1977).
Wright, Edgar, Mrs Gaskell: The Basis for Reassessment (London: Oxford University Press, 1965).
Yeazell, Ruth, 'Why Political Novels have Heroines: Sybil, Mary Barton and Felix Holt', Ncroel, vol. 18 (1985) pp. 126-44.
Index Adam Bede 96 Alexander, Meena 124, 125,
146 All the Year Round 13 Arabian Nights 137 Armstrong, Nancy 21,
27-9, 142, 144 Arnold, Matthew 66, 144 Arthurian legend 4-5, 119 Auerbach, Nina 80, 144 d' Aulnoy, Madame 119, 121 Austen, Jane 104 authority 7, 100
female 19-22, 27-9, 95 maternal 22--4, 29 middle-class 27-8 paternal 23-4 of woman novelist
18--22,27-8,29 of writer 18--22, 26-7, 29
Bamford, Samuel 42 Basch, Fran~oise 141 Beaumont, Madam de 119 Beauty and the Beast 123 Beecher-Stowe, Harriet 66 Benn, Miriam J. 144 Blackwood Magazine 9 Bodenheimer, Rosemarie
143, 144 Bronte, Anne 14 Bronte, Branwell 14, 15,
72--3 Bronte, Charlotte 7, 12,
14-15, 17-18, 22, 23, 52, 56,65-74,144
letter from 69
see also Life of Charlotte Bronte
Bronte, Emily 14, 28, 73
Calvin, John 118, 119 Carlyle, Thomas 12, 32, 37,
38, 41-2, 44, 48, 142, 143 letter from 48
Cecil, Lord David 141 Chapple, J. A. V. 141, 146 Chartism 36, 142 Chartist petitions 34, 41, 44 children
in Mary Barton 33-6 Chodorow, Nancy 26 Cinderellil 121 class struggle 27-8
in Mary Barton 41-4 in North and South 87-90,
91-3 Clough, Arthur Hugh 56 communication
in Mary Barton 40--1, 44-9 see also speaking for
others 'Com-Law Rhymes' 43, 143 Cornhill Magazine 16, 117 'Cousin Phillis' 7, 16, 116,
123, 126-30 Crabbe, George 9 Crail<. W. A. 143 Cranford 1, 5, 6, 13, 75-87,
88, 95, 130 Crick. Brian 143 Cross Street Chapel 2, 8, 19 Cunningham, Valentine 142 'Curious, If 'Iiue' 117-26
152
INDEX 153
David, Deirdre 144 deception
in Ruth 53--4 in North and South 93
Defoe, Daniel 105 determinism 111, 113 dialect
Lancashire 40-1 Yorkshire 110
Dickens, Charles 12-13, 16, 32, 52, 96, 121
Dodsworth, Martin 81, 144 Duessa 135--6, 140
Easson, Angus 146 Edinburgh Review 12, 32, 142 Eliot, George 28, 35, 70, 96 Elliott, Ebenezer 41-2, 44 Emma 104
Faerie Queene, The 136 fairy-tales 118-23 fallen woman 52-3
in Ruth 55--6 fatherhood
in 'Cousin Phillis' 127-8 in Wives and Daughters
130-1 femininity
Romantic representation of 124-5
Victorian ideology of 19-20, 62, 68, 81, 93
in Cranford 79, 81 in North and South 79,
92-3 feminism 68, 117 Forster, John 11 Fox, Eliza 2, 4, 17, 121
letters to 2-6, 17-18, 51, 121
Fryckstedt, Monica 32, 142 Furbank, P. N. 93, 144
Gaskell, Elizabeth on artist's role 4-6, 71,
117-26 on art of novel-writing
104-5 birth 6 childhood in I<nutsford 8 children's births and
deaths 9-11 as controversial writer
13-15,52 death 17 education 8 life in Manchester 2-3,
9-10 marriage 8 as middle-class woman
28, 29-31, 33, 50 self-division in 1-3 on single life 77-8 on women as writers
4-6,17-19,70-1,117 and workers of
Manchester 3, 7, 11, 16,33
as Unitarian 7-8, 30-1, 33 works, see under individUill
titles Gaskell, Florence 10 Gaskell, Julia 11, 23 Gaskell, Margaret Emily
(Meta) 2, 9, 10, 15-16 Gaskell, Marianne 9, 16, 145 Gaskell, William 2, 8-9 Gaskell, Willie 10-11, 33 Gerin, Winifred 141, 144 Greg, Samuel 88 Greg, W. R. 12, 32, 141, 142 Grey, Herbert 104-5
Haldane, Ellizabeth 143 Hardy, Thomas 55 Hege~ Constantin 73
154 INDEX
Hill, Captain 15-16 history 104--5, 109
in Sylvia's Looers 96-7, 104--5, 109-12, 114-15
Holland, Elizabeth 6-8 Holland, Samuel 7 Homans, Margaret 24,
25-6,28-9,141,142,145 Hompes, M. 142 Hopkins, A. B. 141, 146 Household Words 12-13, 16 Howitt, Mary 9-10 Howitt, William 10, 11 Huwitt's Journal 10
lmmortD:lity Ode 123 In Memoriam 115, 145 introspection 67, 103-5,
109,113 in writing 104-5 see also self-consciousness
Jacobus, Mary 124-5,146 James, Henry 116 Jann, Rosemary 145 Jane Eyre 14, 65, 66, 70 Jonson, Ben 41
Kay-Shuttleworth, Sir James 14
Kay-Shuttleworth, Lady 14, 88
Lacan,Jacques 24,26 language
acquisition of 24-6 gendering of 24, 29 and the mother 24-6
'Last Generation in England, The' 86-7
Lewes, G. H. 70 Life of Charlotte Bronte, The
1, 15, 17-18, 51, 52, 69-74
'Lois the Witch' 96 Lucas, John 141, 142 Lucy figure 123-9, 134, 135,
140 Lucy poems 124-5, 127
'Lucy Grey' 123, 124 'She dwelt among the
untrodden ways' 126 'A Slumber did My Spirit
Seal' 124, 134 'Strange Fits of Passion I
have known' 124 'Three Years She Grew'
124 Ludlo~ J. M 21, 23-4, 29,
65-6, 69, 73, 142, 143 Lumb, Hannah (aunt
Lumb) 8, 9
Macaulay, Thomas 104, 145 McVeagh, John 145 Martineau, Harriet 68,144 Marx, Karl 37 M1l1y Barton 1, 2, 7, 11-12,
13, 14, 15, 17, 32-50, 65, 86,87,100-1,122,143
Milton, John 63 masculinity
in Cranford 83-5 motherhood 22-5
in Ruth 51, 62-4 'My Lady Ludlow' 16,
18-19, 96, 141
Nicolls, Arthur 14 North and South 7-8, 13-14,
27-8, 75-9, 86, 87-95, 96, 101, 115, 141, 144
North British Reoiew 21-4, 65-6,69,142,143
Norton, Charles Eliot 15
INDEX 155
novel cultural position of 20, 95 historical 96, 101, 111, 113 Victorian 125-6, 135
'Ode on the morning of Christ's Nativity' 63
'Of Queens' Gardens', 19--20, 141
'Oldham Weaver, The' 42-4 Owens, Craig 143
Passages in the Life of a Radical 42
Past and Present 37 patriarchal culture 51, 124 Perrault, Charles 119, 121,
122 political economy 11, 36-8
Quarterly Review 66, 143
realism 49-50, 117, 119, 125-6
religion 7-8 in 'Cousin Phillis' 129 in Mllry Barton 35-8 in North and South 91-2 in Ruth 53-4, 58-9, 63-5 in Sylvia's L(J(}eT's 115 see also Unitarianism
Reports of the Ministry to the Poor 32
Rich, Adrienne 140, 146 Rigby, Elizabeth 66, 143 Rignall, J. 145 Robinson, Mrs 72-4 Romanticism 26, 124-6 Room of One's Own, A 142 Rubenius, Aina 141 Ruskin, John 20, 141 Ruth 1, 7, 13, 15, 21-4, 29,
51-65, 66, 69, 88, 101
Scott, Lady see Robinson, Mrs
Scott, Walter 96 selfhood 2-3, 5, 50, 134-5 self-consciousness 60-1,
102-5 in Sylvia's ~s 102-4 in writing 104 see also introspection
self-denial 58-9 in Wives and Daughters
133-5 separate spheres 19--20, 79
in Cranford 81 sexuality 51, 67-8
in 'Cousin Phillis' 128-9 in The Life of Charlotte
Bronte 72-4 in Ruth 55, 56-8, 61-2 in North and South 92-3 in Sylvia's L(J(}eT'S 101 in Wives and Daughters
135 Shakespeare, William 41 Shelston, Alan 143, 144 Shirley 14 Sleeping Beauty, the 5, 120,
128 Smith, George 66, 146 Southey, Robert 70-1 Spacks, Patricia Meyer 146 speaking for others 44,
47-50 see also communication
Spense~ Edmund 135, 136 Stevenson, Elizabeth Qater
Elizabeth Gaskell) 6, 8 Stevenson, Elizabeth
(mother of Elizabeth Gaskell) see Holland, Elizabeth
Stevenson, John 6, 8 Stevenson, William 6, 8
156 INDEX
Stonehouse, Sally 141 Stoneman, Patsy 116-17,
141, 143, 144, 145 Sylvia's Looers 16, 96-115,
145
Tale of 1Wo Cities, A 96 Tales of Mother Goose 121 Tennyson, Alfred 115 Tess of the d'Urbervilles 55 Three Paths, The 104, 145 trade unions 46, 101 Turner, Anne 8
Una 135-6, 140 Uncle Thm's Cabin 65, 66 Unitarianism 7, 30-1, 32-3
Villette 6~, 69, 73, 144 Visits to Remarkable Places 10
Ward, A. W. 145 Williams, Raymond 141 Winkworth, Susanna 121 Wives and Daughters 8, 16,
17, 116, 117, 123, 124, 126, 130-40
woman qu~ti?n see fenurusm
women as writers ~' 17-19, 26-9, 52, 65-6, 70-1, 139-40
in The Life of Charlotte Brontl 70-2
women's influence 19-21 in Mary Barton 46 in North and South 78-9,
94-5 women's public speaking
48,50 in Mary Barton 46-8
women's sphere 19-20,77 in Cranford 80 in North and South 88-9,
91 in Wives and Daughters
138-9 Woolf, VIrginia 31, 142 Wordsworth, William 123,
124, 126, 127, 134 see also Lucy figure, Lucy
poems working class 11-12, 49
in Mary Barton 38-44 in North and South 75, 90
Wright, Edgar 116, 145
