Notes

CHAPTER 1 1. See S. Paranavitana, 'Aryan Settlements: The Sinhalese', in University

of Ceylon, History of Ceylon, Vol. I, Part I (Colombo, 1959), p. 84. 2. See his 'Prince Vijaya and the Aryanization of Ceylon', The Ceylon

Historical Journal, Vol. 1, No.3 (January 1952), p. 67. 3. See G. C. Mendis, The Early History of Ceylon (Colombo, 1946), p. 3. 4. See C. W. Nicholas, 'Agriculture and Irrigation', in History of Ceylon,

Vol. I, Part I; pp. 553-8. 5. For further details see Walpola Rahula, History of Buddhism in Ceylon:

The Anuradhapura Period, 3rd Century B.C.-10th Century A.D. (Colombo, 1956).

6. See S. Paranavitana, 'Triumph of Dutthagamani', in History of Ceylon, Vol. I, Part I, pp. 151-61.

7. See C. W. Nicholas, 'Civil Wars and the Emergence of Parakramabahu the Great' and 'The Reign of Parakramabahu 1', in History of Ceylon, Vol. I, Part II (Colombo, 1960), pp. 442-86.

8. See S. Natesan, 'The Northern Kingdom', in History of Ceylon, Vol. I, Part II, pp. 691-702, and S. Arasaratnam, Ceylon (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1964), pp. 98-116.

9. For further information and an excellent account of the negotiations see K. W. Goonewardena, The Foundations of Dutch Power in Ceylon 1638-1658 (Amsterdam, 1958), especially pp. 12-22.

10. For further information see S. Arasaratnam, Dutch Power in Ceylon (1658-1687) (Amsterdam, 1958).

11. 0 p. cit. See also Arasaratnam, 'The Administrative Organisation of the Dutch East India Company in Ceylon', The Ceylon Journal of Historical and Social Studies, Vol. 8, Nos 1 and 2, pp. 1-13.

12. For additional information see T. Vimalananda (ed.), Buddhism in Ceylon under the Christian Powers and the Educational and Religious Policy of the British Government in Ceylon 1797-1832 (Colombo, 1963).

13. See K. M. de Silva (ed.), Letters on Ceylon 1846-50: The Administra-tion of Viscount Torrington and the 'Rebellion' of 1848 (Colombo, 1965), especially the excellent account in pp. 5-31.

14. See G. C. Mendis (ed.), The Colebrook-Cameron Papers: Documents on British Colonial Policy in Ceylon 1796-1833, Vols. I and II (London, 1956), especially his Introduction, pp. ix-lxiv in Vol. I.

15. For complete information on the coffee industry in Ceylon during the British period, see I. H. Van Den Driesen's unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of London, entitled 'Some Aspects of the History of the Coffee Industry in Ceylon'.

16. For further information see S. Rajaratnam, 'The Ceylon Tea Industry, 1886-1931', The Ceylon Journal of Historical and Social Studies, Vol.

310 Politics in Sri Lanka 1947-1973 4, no. 2 (July-December 1961), pp. 169-202, and S. Rajaratnam, 'Plant-ation Rubber Industry in Ceylon', UnifJ6Tsity of Ceylon Ref)iew, Vol. XX, No.1 (April 1962), pp. 96--124.

17. For further information see R. N. Kearney, Communalism and Language in the Politics of Ceylon (Durham, North Carolina, 1967).

18. See my 'The Crewe-McCallum Reforms 1912-1921', The Ceylon 'Jour-nal of Historical and Social Studies, Vol. 2, No. 1 (January 1959), pp. 84-120, and my 'The Finance Committee under the Manning Constitu-tion of 1924', Unir:ersity of Ceylon Ref)iew, Vol. XVIII, Nos 3 and 4 (July-October 1960), pp. 223-55.

19. Ibid. 20. For details see the Report of the Special Commission on the Constitution

of Ceylon (Cmd 3131). Also referred to as the Donoughmore Report. 21. For an analysis of the Donoughmore constitution see I. D. S. Weerawar-

dena, GOf)ernment and Politics in Ceylon (1931-1946) (Colombo, 1951), and S. Namasivayam, The Legislatures of Ceylon, 1928-1948 (London, 1950).

22. Op. cit. 23. Sir Andrew Caldecott's 'Reforms Despatch of 1938', also referred to as

Ceylon Sessional Paper XXVIII of 1938. 24. See Sir Ivor Jennings, The Constitution of Ceylon, 3rd ed. (Bombay,

1953), p. x. 25. Also referred to as Sessional Paper XIV of 1944. 26. Ceylon: Report of the Commission on Constitutional Reform (London,

reprinted 1955), (Cmd 6677). Also referred to as the Soulbury Report. 27. For the details of the agreement see Jennings, Constitution of Ceylon,

pp. 252-79.

CHAPTER 2 1. Central Bank of Ceylon, Surf)ey of Ceylon's Finances 1953 (Colombo

1954), and Central Bank of Ceylon, Surf)ey of Ceylon's Consumer Finances 1963 (Colombo, 1964). See also Dr M. A. Fernando's 'Employ-ment in the Rural Sector', Ceylon Daily News, 30 May 1971, and 'The Educated Unemployed', Ceylon Daily News, 2 June 1971. Both articles are extracts from a Central Bank Survey published in the Central Bank Bulletin (April 1971).

2. For detailed information, see D. L. Jayasuriya, 'Developments in Uni-versity Education: The Growth of the University of Ceylon (1942-1965)', University of Ceylon Ref)iew, Vol. XXIII (April-October 1965) Nos 1 & 2, pp. 83-153. Also Sir Ivor Jennings, 'Race, Religion and Economic Opportunity in the University of Ceylon', Unif)ersity of Ceylon Ref)iew, Vol. II (November 1944), pp. 1-13, S. J. Tambiah, 'Ethnic Representa-tion in Ceylon's Higher Administrative Service 1870-1946', Unif)ersity of Ceylon Ref)iew, Vol. XIII (April-July 1955), pp. 113-34, M. A. Strauss, 'Family Characteristics and Occupational Choices of University Entrants as Clues to the Social Structure of Ceylon', Unif)ersity of Ceylon Ref)iew, Vol. IX (April-July 1951), pp. 125-35 and Bryce Ryan, 'Status Achievement, and Education in Ceylon: An Historical Perspective', Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. XX, No.4 (August 1961), pp. 463-76.

3. The figures are taken from Surf)ey of Ceylon's Consumer Finances 1963, and from Dr M. A. Fernando's articles referred to in note 1 above.

Notes 311 4. The figures are from the first-ever collection of statistics of personnel in

the puhlic service released by the General Treasury on 22 August 1970. See Ceylon Observer Magazine Edition, 23 August 1970. Note, there were in August 1970, 7,508 administrative, professional and technical officers, 94,567 teachers, 35,167 minor employees and 77,275 in labour grades (ibid.).

5. Survey of Ceylon's Finances 1963, p. 61. 6. p. 67. 7. For a summary of the results of this survey, see Ceylon Observer Maga-

zine Edition, 9 April 1972. 8. See table 40 (p. 65) for information on the percentages of income re-

ceivers and table 88 (p. 125) for information on dissavers. 9. See also Department of Census and Statistics, Survey of Rural Indebted-

ness in Ceylon 1957 (Colombo, 1959). This survey estimated the total indebtedness in the rural areas at Rs 516 million or about Rs 424 per rural family, a figure which at that time constituted about 34 per cent of annual income or 9 per cent of the value of property owned by the family. Even in 1957 the greater percentage of loans was taken for con-sumption purposes. 44.1 per cent of the Rs 516 million borrowed was from friends and relatives. 39.03 per cent of loans in the 1963 Survey (p. 127) was from friends.

10. The Betrayal of Buddhism (Report of the Unofficial Buddhist Commit-tee of Inquiry) (Balangoda, 1955), p. 27.

11. Ibid. 12. Poya days coincide with the waxing and waning of the moon and are

of religious significance to the Buddhists. 13. Parliamentary Debates (House of Representatives), Vol. 23, column 684. 14. Leslie Goonewardene in a contribution in Sinhalese to the L.S.S.P.

souvenir of 1970 entitled 'New Outlook of the L.S.S.P.' which was reproduced in English translation in the Ceylon Daily News, 21 Decem-ber 1970.

15. Sections 8 to 11 of the constitution. 16. Section 7 of the constitution provides for Sinhalese as the official lan-

guage of Sri Lanka and it is part of the constitution. Section 8(2) pro-vides that regulations for the use of the Tamil language 'shall not in any manner be interpreted as being a provision of the constitution but shall be deemed to be subordinate legislation', etc.

17. See S. U. Kodikara, Indo-Ceylon Relations since Independence (Colombo, 1965), p. 111. Note, at its ninth annual sessions in April 1949, the C.I.C. condemned the provisions of the Ceylon Citizenship Act as 'humiliating, discriminatory and anti-social' and the qualifications re-quired under the Indian and Pakistani Residents (Citizenship) Act as being 'complex and involved, and beyond the capacity of workers with little or no education' (ibid.). The latter assertion was, considering the educational and literacy standards of the Indian population, factually correct.

18. Kodikara, p. 114, footnote 26. 19. Ibid., pp. 113-14. 20. Ibid., pp. 124--5. 21. Ibid., pp. 125-7. 22. Particularly, Sri Lanka failed to persuade the government of India to

abandon the concept of 'statelessness'. Also, certain actions on the part of the government of Sri Lanka in the implementation of the agreement

312 Politics in Sri Lanka 1947-1973 of October 1954 gave rise to serious complaints from the government of India.

23. See statement by Bandaranaike in the S.L.F.P. organ, Free Lanka, 16 February 1955.

24. See press communique issued by Ministry of Defence and External Affairs, Ceylon Daily News, 23 July 1970. From May 1970 (after the U.F. government took office to February 1973, 86,687 Indians were granted Indian citizenship (till December 1972) of whom 58,276 were repatriated to India (till January 1973) while 36,740 were granted Sri Lanka citizenship (till January 1973). See text of press conference by the deputy minister of defence and foreign affairs in Ceylon Daily News, 22 February 1973. Note, the U.F. government and the Ceylon Daily News in its editorial of 19 February 1973 alleged that the Dudley Senanayake 'national government' had been lax in implementing the Indo-Ceylon Agreement of October 1964 in view of the U.N.P.'s alliances with the C.W.C. and the F.P. For a refutation of this charge see 'U.N.P. and Indo-Ceylon Pact' by Dudley Senanayake and the editor's reply to Senanayake in Ceylon Daily News, 23 February 1973.

25. For the details see Ceylon Daily News, 28 August 1970, 8 March 1972 and 14 March 1972.

26. Report of the Special Commission on the Constitution of Ceylon (Donoughmore Report). Cmd 3131, pp. 105-6.

27. See Census of Ceylon 1946 (Colombo, 1950). 28. Report of the Kandyan Peasantry Commission, Sessional Paper XVIII

of 1951, paragraph 296. 29. Census of Ceylon, 1946. 30. Report of the Kandyan Peasantry Commission, paragraph 309. 31. Survey of Ceylon's Consumer Finances 1963,. p. 89. 32. Ibid. 33. Ibid., table 16, p. 37. 34. See note 28. 35. See Final Report of the National Education Commission, 1961, Sessional

Paper XVII of 1962, paragraph 38. See also paragraphs 39-42. 36. For a detailed account on Sinhalese caste structure, see Bryce Ryan,

Caste in Modern Ceylon: The Sinhalese System in Transition (New Brunswick, N.J., 1953).

37. Soulbury Report, paragraph 273. 38. Report of the First Delimination Commission, Sessional Paper XII of

1946, paragraph 32. 39. Ibid., paragraph 81. 40. Ibid., paragraph 30. 41. Ibid. 42. See E. D. L. Siriwardena, Education for Racial Integration in Ceylon,

unpublished M.A. thesis, University of Ceylon, p. 67. 43. Ibid., p. 104. 44. See, for instance, the speeches of Sir P. Arunachalam, one of the fore-

most of the Ceylon Tamil leaders in the first quarter of the twentieth century, in S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike (ed.), The Hand Book of the Ceylon National Congress 1919-1928 (Colombo, 1928), pp. 70-97 and 118-43.

45. See Donoughmore Report, pp. 90-1. 46. Soulbury Report, paragraph 259. 47. For a detailed account see Michael Banks, 'Caste in Jaffna', pp. 61-77

Notes 313 in E. R. Leach (ed.), Aspects of Caste in South India, Ceylon and North-West Pakistan, Vol. 2 (Cambridge, 1960).

48. Report of the First Delimitation Commission, paragraph 31. 49. Quoted by I. D. S. Weerawardena in his 'The General Elections in

Ceylon, 1952', Ceylon Historical Journal, Vol. II, Nos 1 and 2, p. 128.

50. For the full text of the appeal, see Ceylon Daily News, 15 June 1970. 51. For further information see The Bauddha Jatika Balavegaya (the

National Organisation for the Protection of Buddhism), Catholic Action: A Reply to the Catholic Union of Ceylon (Colombo, 1963). See also statement by L. H. Mettananda, President of the Balvegaya, denouncing Prime Minister S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike for appointing Roman Catho-lics to a number of important positions in the public services, in Ceylon Daily News, 30 July 1956.

52. See Ceylon Daily News, 22 July 1970. 53. Ibid. 54. See ibid., 2 and 18 November 1970. See also comments by Badiuddin

Mahmud in ibid., 14 November 1970. 55. See the statement issued by the general secretary of the I.S.F. in ibid.,

18 November 1970.

CHAPTER 3 1. See Ceylon Obserfler Magazine Edition, 12 March 1972, for statistics

compiled by the Ministry of Planning and Employment for its medium-term development plan.

2. See National Planning Council, The Ten-Tear Plan (Colombo, 1959), p. 19, Table V (Workforce Projections, 1956-81). For further informa-tion see Central Bank of Ceylon, Surfley of Ceylon's Consumer Finances, 1963 (Colombo, 1964), 'Survey of Employment, Unemployment and Under-Employment in Ceylon 1959-60', International Labour Refliew (March 1963), Report to the GOflernment of Ceylon on Rural Employ-ment Problems (ILO: Geneva, 1965), R. K. Srivastava, S. Selvaratnam and V. Ambalavanar, Unemploymen in Ceylon - A Possible Line of Action, Ministry of Planning and Economic Affairs (November 1967) and R. K. Srivastava, S. Selvaratnam and A. T. P. L. Abeykoon, Ceylon Labour Force Projections 1968-78, Ministry of Planning and Economic Affairs (October 1968). For a recent tetailed analysis refer to Inter-national Labour Office, The Report of an Inter-Agency Team, Matching Employment Opportunities and Expectations: A Programme of Action for Ceylon (Geneva, 1971), International Labour Office, The Technical Papers of an Inter-Agency Team, Matching Employment Opportunities and Expectations: A Programme of Action for Ceylon (Geneva, 1971) and Birge Moller, Employment Approaches to Economic Planning in Deflelopinf( Countries with Special Reference to the Deflelopment Plan-ning of Ceylon (Sri Lanka) (Scandinavian Institute of Asian Studies Monograph Series No.9: Stockholm, 1972).

3. See Human Resource Deflelopment and Utilisation: A Note on Techni-cal Assistance, Needs and Possibilities in Ceylon, Ministry of Planning and Economic Affairs, paragraph 2.8, nd.

4. Ibid. 5. Ibid., paragraph 2.6.

314 Politics in Sri Lanka 1947-1973 6. For the details, see communique issued by the Ministry of Planning and

Employment in Ceylon Daily News, 13 March 1972. 7. See the statement of the Minister of Education on his proposed educa-

tional reforms in Ceylon Daily News, 29 July 1971, and for additional information, Ceylon Daily News, 8 January 1972.

8. Ceylon Daily News, 29 July 1971. 9. Ibid.

10. Ibid. 11. Ibid. See also text of press interview by the minister of education in

Ceylon Obserf1er Magazine Edition, 28 November 1970. 12. Report of the Planning Committee on Education; Health, Housing and

Manpower (Colombo, May 1967), p. 40. Note, health services in general put up per capita expenditure on health from Rs 15.40 in 1960-1 to Rs 16.00 in 1967-8; see Ministry of Planning and Economic Affairs, Econo-mic Def1elopment 1966-68: Ref1iew and Trends (Colombo, August 1967), p.69.

13. The Ten-Tear Plan, p. 316. 14. I. R. Duben (U.N.D.P. Special Fund Social Planner), Policy, Problems

and Shortcomings, Priorities and Technical Assistance Af1ailable in Social Infrastructure (cyclostyled) paragraph 4.1, n.d.

15. See report of proceedings of the House of Representatives on 17 Febru-ary 1972 in Ceylon Daily News, 18 February 1972.

16. Note, the principal Act was the Rent Restriction Act No. 29 of 1948 which consolidated and improved earlier laws that existed from 1942. Amendments were made in 1953, 1961, 1964 and 1966. It was felt that a comprehensive and consolidated Act as that of 1972 would be prefer-able to a series of amendments to the existing Act of 1948 as amended on the occasions mentioned. The latter course would have made cross-references complicated and difficult.

17. The Departmeilt of National Planning, The Short-Term Implementation Programme (Colombo, 1962), p. 278.

18. Ibid., p. 33. 19. Report of the Transport Commission, Sessional Paper XXIII, 1967,

paragraph 78. 20. The Department of National Planning, The Def1elopment Programme

1964-1965 (Colombo, 1964), p. 49. 21. Ibid. 22. See Report of I.B.R.D. team headed by Manfred G. Blobel in Ceylon

Daily News, 11 May 1971. 23. Report of the Land Utilisation Committee, Sessional Paper XI, 1968,

paragraphs 104-6. 24. Ibid., paragraph 125. 25. Ibid., paragraph 126. 26. The Short-Term Implementation Programme, pp. 68 (Table IIA)

and 122. 27. Ibid., p. 122. 28. Ibid. 29. Ibid. 30. Ibid.; p. 3, footnote 1. 31. Ibid. 32. Ibid., paragraph 12. 33. Report of the Land Utilisation Committee, paragraph 73. 34. See L. De Silva, 'A Critical Evaluation of Agricultral Policy 1960-68',

Notes 315 p. 97 in Staff Studies, Central Bank of Ceylon, Vol. 1, No. 1 (April 1971). Note, a survey carried out by the Investigation Unit of the Water Resources Board reported that paddy lands 'are owned by peasants in several isloated parcels, varying in sizes, located not at one place but at several different places under the same scheme' and it recorded an instance where 2,176i acres were owned and occupied by 815 owners in 3,641 different parcels, and of this, more than one-third (750 acres) remained uncultivated. See I. Collonege, 'Land Fragmentation: A Solu-tion', in Ceylon Daily News, 11 April 1971. See also G. Obeyesekere, Land Tenure in Village Ceylon (Cambridge, 1967) for an account of the joint ownership of land prevalent in southern Sri Lanka.

35. Report of the Land Utilisation Committee,. paragraph 52. 36. Administration Report of the Commissioner of Agrarian Services 1966-

1967, paragraph 61. 37. See D. S. Senanayake, Agriculture and Patriotism (Colombo; Associated

Newspapers of Ceylon Limited, 1935). C. P. de Silva made the remarks referred to in conversations with politicians and civil servants.

38. Report of the First Delimitation Commission, Sessional Paper XIII, 1946, p. 84 and Report of the Delimitation Commission, Sessional Paper XV, 1959, p. 123.

39. Report of the Taxation Inquiry Commission, Sessional Paper X, 1968, paragraph 10 1.

40. Ibid., paragraph 305. 41. Report on Development and Taxation in the Plantation Industries

(unpublished), p. 13. 42. Planning Secretariat, Six Tear Programme of Investment 1954/55-1959/

1960 (Colombo, 1955), pp. 240-1. See also I.B.R.D., The Economic Development of Ceylon (Colombo, 1952), Vols I and II.

43. See his 'Observations on the Problem of Economic Development in Ceylon', in National Planning Council, Papers by Visiting Economists (Colombo, 1959), p. 28.

44. In 'The Tasks of Economic Planning in Ceylon', ibid., p. 75. 45. In 'Industrial Organisation and Economic Development', ibid., p. 95. 46. Ibid. 47. Note, as early as 1952 the I.B.R.D. mission to Ceylon observed the trend

'of calling for more industry as a means of providing employment' and it noted quite rightly that it would be better to utilise employable labour in a meaningful way in any programme of industrialisation than merely to consider it as a charge on the public revenues to be disposed of in whatever way possible. The Economic Development of Ceylon; pp. 265-7.

48. A survey of industrial production conducted by the Department of Census and Statistics in 1970 calculated Sri Lanka's average private sector labour productivity at 7.3 units as against 4.2 units average labour productivity in the public sector. Labour productivity is defined as 'the value added per employee in units of Rs 1,000'. See 'Survey of Industrial Production', completed by the Department of Census and Statistics in December 1970 in Ceylon Observer Magazine Edition, 20 December 1970.

49. Budget Speech 1970-71 (Colombo, October 1970), p. 67. 50. Ibid., p. 68. 51. The Department of National Planning, The Development Programme

1964-1965 (Colombo, 1964), p. 46.

316 Politics in Sri Lanka 1947-1973 52. Ibid. 53. N. S. Karunatilake, 'Recent Developments in the Economy and their

Impact on Ceylon's Industrialisation', in Industrial Development Board, Research and Industry (Colombo, 1970), p. 37.

54. Ibid., p. 41. 55. The foreign exchange entitlement scheme provided for multiple rates of

exchange for certain transactions. It involved the payment of premium rates of exchange for hard currency in respect of specified transactions stipulated by the government.

56. Ministry of Planning and Economic Affairs, Government Policy on Private Foreign Investment (Colombo, 1966).

57. Central Bank of Ceylon, Annual Report of the Monetary Board to the Minister of Finance for the rear 1970, p. 44.

58. Ibid., p. 49. 59. N. S. Karunatilake, 'Recent Developments .. .', p. 54. 60. See N. M. Perera, Budget SPeech 1970-71, p. 35. Also, N. M. Perera,

The Economy of Ceylon: Trends and Prospects (Government of Ceylon, November 1971) (mimeographed), pp. 23-33.

61. The Ten-rear Plan, p. 104. 62. See I.B.R.D., Report of the Prospects for Tourist Development in Ceylon

(Ministry of Planning and Economic Affairs; Colombo, March 1968) and Central Bank of Ceylon, Annual Report for the rear 1970, p. 199.

63. The statistical data in this section has been obtained from the annual Administrative Reports of Commissioners in charge of the co-operative movement, from budget speeches, as well as from other state docu-ments relating to the movement.

64. T. B. Ilangaratna, Economic and Social Progress 1956-62 (Supplement to the Budget Speech 1963) (Colombo, 1963), p. 57.

65. N. M. Perera, Budget SPeech 1970-71, p. 11. 66. See Foreign Aid,- Tables I and VI, pp. 35 and 42. 67. N. M. Perera, Budget Speech. 68. Central Bank of Ceylon, Annual Report of the Monetary Board to the

Minister of Finance for the rear 1969, p. 13. 69. p. 3. 70. Donald R. Snodgrass, Ceylon: An Export Economy in Transition

(Illinois, 1966), p. 110. 71. Felix Dias Bandaranaike (Minister of Finance), The Budget and Eco-

nomic Development (Colombo, 1961), pp. 9 and 13. 72. p. 35. 73. The Short-Term Implementation Programme, p. 5. 74. V. Kanesalingam, 'Industrial Policy and Development in Ceylon', in

Research and Industry, p. 68. 75. See I.B.R.D. and I.D.A., The Problem of Foreign Exchange and Long-

Term Growth of Ceylon (Ministry of Planning and Economic Affairs; Colombo, January 1968), paragraph 11.

76. See I.B.R.D. and I.D.A., Recent Economic Trends in Ceylon (Ministry of Planning and Economic Affairs; Colombo, September 1966), para-graph 44. Also, The Dcvelopment Programme 1966-67 (Ministry of Planning and Economic Affairs; Colombo, July 1966), pp. 1-9.

77. Ministry of Planning and Employment, The Five rear Plan 1972-1976 (Colombo, November 1971).

78. For the details see Ceylon Daily News, 10 November 1971. 79. For a summary of the report see Ceylon Daily News,- 22 March 1972.

Notes 317 80. See Central Bank of Ceylon, Annual Report of the Monetary Board to

the Minister of Finance for the Tear 1971.

CHAPTER 4

1. For a diligent exposItIon by a westerner see Richard F. Gombrich, Precept and Practice: Traditional Buddhism in the Rural Highlands of Ceylon (Oxford, 1971). The chapters 'Total Responsibility in Theory and Practice' (pp. 214---43) and 'The Ethic of Intention' (pp. 244-68) are particularly useful.

2. Sir Frederick Rees, one of the members of the Soulbury Commission, makes an oblique reference to this (confirmed in a conversation with the writer) in 'The Soulbury Commission, 1944-45', The Ceylon His-torical Journal,. Vol. 5, Nos 1-4, pp. 23-48, when he wrote (p. 45) 'the rather subtle methods adopted by Sir Oliver Goonetilleke were much more obvious than he himself realised' (note, Sir Oliver Goonetil-leke and D. S. Senanayake were the two persons, according to Sir Ivor Jennings, solely responsible for obtaining independence for Ceylon, see his The Constitution of Ceylon, 3rd ed. (Bombay, 1953), p. x). Sir Charles Jeffries, in his Sir Oliver E. Goonetilleke (Pall Mall; London, 1969), p. 76, refers to the remarks of Rees and reports 'I suspect that he [Goonetil-leke] realised it well enough and could not care less'. J. L. Fernando in his column 'Then and Now' in the Ceylon Observer (Sunday edition), 1 February 1959, wrote revealingly: 'Later came even delicate hints that there would be under the set-up of independent Sri Lanka an attractive job of a governor-generalship. The suggestions were delicately expressed but freely made to more than one person - to Sir Henry Moore, even to the fire-eating Sir Geoffrey Layton and My Lord Soulbury himself. D. S. Senanayake was not much good at putting across these subtle magnetic appeals but he had a trained one-man brains trust to attend to such arrangements.' Note, the late J. L. Fernando was one of Sri Lanka's top journalists and a close confidant of D. S. Senanyake. The 'one-man brains trust' was none other than Goonetilleke. Sir Henry Moore was British governor of Ceylon immediately prior to independence and became Ceylon's first governor-general. Admiral Layton was wartime comman-der-in-chief of Ceylon.

3. See Cmd 3131 (Donoughmore Report) pp. 126-7. 4. Ibid. 5. For the report of an illuminating discussion between Dr N. M. Perera

and Hector Abhayavardhana on this subject, see 'Radicalisation in Ceylon', Maral, Vol. III, No.5 (February 1961), pp. 35-48.

6. See Survey of Ceylon's Consumer Finances 1963, pp. 61-106, for fur-ther information.

7. Ibid. 8. For the most thorough and analytical examination of parties in Ceylon

see Calvin A. Woodward, The Growth of a Party System in Ceylon (Providence, 1969).

9. For a detailed account of D. S. Senanayake's pioneering zeal in this sphere see The Ceylon Historical Journal, Vol. 5, Nos 1-4.

10. For a detailed examination see my 'Oppositional Politics in Ceylon (1947-1968)', Government and Opposition,. Vol. 4, No.1, pp. 54-69.

11. See, for instance, speech by Sir John Kotelawala on 9 June 1950 in Ceylon Daily News, 12 June 1950.

318 Politics in Sri Lanka 1947-1973 12. D. S. Senanayake died a few weeks before the opening of the Exhibition. 13. For his speech on 'the middle path', see The Ceylon Historical Journal,

Vol. 5, Nos 1-4, pp. 110-14. 14. For the account of the causes of the V.N.P.'s defeat, etc. see I. D. S.

Weerawardena, The Ceylon General Election 1956 (Colombo, 1960). Also W. Howard Wriggins, Ceylon: Dilemmas of a New Nation (Princeton, N.J., 1960), pp. 326-69.

15. See Wriggins, Ceylon, and Donald E. Smith, 'The Sinhalese Buddhist Revolution', in Donald E. Smith (ed.), South Asian Politics and Religion (Princeton, 1966).

16. For further details see Chapter 6. 17. Ceylon Daily News: Parliaments of Ceylon 1960 (Colombo, n.d.), p. 195. 18. From the V.N.P. manifesto for the March 1960 general election. 19. See Central Bank of Ceylon, Annual Report of the Monetary Board to

the Minister of Finance for the year 1969. 20. See text of letter addressed to Dudley Senanayake by Festus Perera in

the Daily Mirror, 13 October 1970. 21. This memorandum was privately circulated to members of the V.N.P.'s

working committee in February 1971. It was made available to the writer by a member of the working committee. The details were how-ever also given wide publicity in the local press.

22. See report of J. R. Jayawardene's speech in the House of Representa-tives in Ceylon Daily News, 4 December 1971.

23. For the full text of the resolution see ibid., 20 December 1971. 24. For details on the injunction see ibid., 18 April 1972 and 3 June 1972,

and for information on the resolution of the differences between Senana-yake and Jayawardene, see ibid., 1 June 1972.

25. See ibid., 16 July 1951. 26. See Tribune, 22 September 1961. 27. See I. D. S. Weerawardena, 'The General Elections in Ceylon, 1952',

The Ceylon Historical Journal, Vol. 2, Nos 1-2, pp. 109-78, for further information.

28. See Ceylon Faces Crisis (Federal Party Pamphlet: Colombo, 1957), for details of this pact.

29. For a vivid and authentic account of these riots, see T. Vittachi, Emer-gency '58: the story of the Ceylon race riots (London, 1958).

30. Paragraph 3 of the M.E.P. manifesto of 1956. 31. For further details see my 'The Role of the Governor-General in Ceylon',

Modern Asian Studies, Vo!' II, No.3 (1968). 32. For the details see my 'The Governor-General and the Two Dissolutions

of Parliament, December 5, 1959 and April 23, 1960', The Ceylon Journal of Historical and Social Studies, Vol. 3, No. 2 (July-December 1960).

33. S. Ponniah's, Satyagaraha and the Freedom MOlJement of the Tamils in Ceylon (Jaffna, Ceylon, 1963), provides the fullest account of the events of 1961.

34. For the full details see statement by Felix R. Dias Bandarnaike in Par-liamentary Debates (House of Representatives), Vol. 46, cols 1490-529. See also S. V. Kodikara, 'Communalism and Political Modernisation in Ceylon', in Modern Ceylon Studies, Vol. 1, No.1, pp. 94-114, especially pp. 108-9.

35. See Sessional Paper IX of 1964 - Interim Report of the Press Commission and Sessional Paper XI of 1964 - Final Report of the Press Commission.

Notes 319 36. See my 'Buddhism and Politics, 1960-65', in Smith (ed.), South Asian

Politics and Religion. 37. See my 'Ceylon: A New Government Takes Office', Asian SurfJey, Vol.

XI, No.2, pp. 177-84. 38. See Ceylon Daily News, 5 June 1950. 39. The details are recounted in Leslie Goonewardene's A Short History of

the Lanka Sama Samaja Party (Colombo, 1960). 40. These views were expressed in a pamphlet entitled The Present Political

Situation which Gunnawardene presented to his party in January 1971-Parts of this were reproduced in Ceylon Daily News, 9 January 1971 and The Times Weekender, 11 January 1971.

41. See the statement issued by the Central Committee of the C.P. in Ceylon Daily News, 18 September 1970.

42. See Leslie Goonewardene, p. 42. 43. Ceylon Daily News, 14 August 1953. 44. Made available to the writer. 45. See political pamphlet by Dr Colvin R. de Silva, Their Politics and Ours

(Colombo, 1954). 46. See text of the resolution adopted at a plenary meeting of the Central

Committee of the C.P. on 31 May 1959, in 25 Tears of the Ceylon Com-munist Party (Colombo, 1968), pp. 74-5.

47. See text of resolution adopted at the meeting of the Central Committee of the C.P. on 22 June 1964 in ibid., pp. 98-100.

48. See Leslie Goonewardene, Short History, pp. 34-9. Also Doric De Souza, 'Parliamentary Democracy in Ceylon', Toung Socialist, No.1, pp. 18-25, andNo.3,pp.125-39.

49. See official statement issued by Leslie Goonewardene, secretary of the L.S.S.P. at the time, in Ceylon Daily News, 3 January 1952.

50. See Weerawardene, 'The General Elections in Ceylon 1952'. 51. From the secret circular of 27 January 1954 entitled Report on the

Political Situation. 52. Dr Colvin R. de Silva, Their Politics and Ours. 53. See the test of the L.S.S.P. manifesto entitled What We Stand For

(Colombo, 1959). 54. See Ceylon Daily News, 6 November 1947. 55. See Ceylon Daily News, 8 February 1951 56. See Leslie Goonewardene's statement in Ceylon Daily News, 3 January

1952. 57. See de Silva, Their Politics and Ours. 58. See note 40 above. 59. See report of press conference by Philip Gunawardene in The Times of

Ceylon, 3 October 1970. 60. Best expressed in the pages of 25 Tears of the Ceylon Communist Party.

Also refer Basil Perera, Pieter Keuneman - A Profile (Colombo, 1967), pp.55-79.

61. See Dr N M. Perera, '35 Years After', in Ceylon Daily News, 22 Decem-ber 1970.

62. See interview given by Dr Colvin R. de Silva to the Ceylon ObserfJer Magazine Edition entitled '35 Years of the L.S.S.P.: Overthrowing Capitalism our New Challenge' in its issue of 20 December 1970. But for a critical view of the L.S.S.P.'s change of policy see George J. Lerski, 'The Twilight of Ceylonese Trotskyism', Pacific Affairs, Vol. 3 (Autumn 1970).

320 Politics in Sri Lanka 1947-1973 63. See note 41 above. 64. See Leslie Goonewardene, 'New Outlook of the L.S.S.P.', in Ceylon

Daily News, 21 December 1970. See also V. Karalasingham, 'An L.S.S.P. Viewpoint: What Should be Today's Slogans', in Ceylon Daily News, 2 September 1970 and the full text of the resolution of the Central Com-mittee of the L.S.S.P. in Ceylon Daily News, 2 September 1971.

65. See (Mrs) V. K. Jayawardene, The Rise of the Labour Movement in Ceylon (Durham, North Carolina, 1972), and R. N. Kearney, Trade Unions and Politics in Ceylon (Berkeley, 1971).

66. See text of letter to the editor by Sanmugathasan in The Ceylon Daily Mirror, 1 May 1970.

67. See Ceylon Observer, 12 August 1970. 68. For the full text see Ceylon Daily News, 8 August 1970. See also press

statement issued by Sanmugathasan in Ceylon Daily News, 18 February 1971, in which he denounced 'U.S. imperialism' in Laos and the U.F. government for not condemning 'this brazen act of aggression'.

69. See news caption 'Tampoe on the Great Betrayal', in Ceylon Daily News, 22 August 1970.

70. For a fuller account see my 'Ceylon: The People's Liberation Front and the Revolution that Failed', Pacific Community, January 1972. Also Dr W. A. Wiswa Warnapala's, 'The April Revolt in Ceylon', Asian Survey, March 1971.

71. About 75 per cent of the P.L.F. regulars were from the 18-20 age group. See report of a press conference by the Sri Lanka army comman-der, General Attygalla, in The New York Times, 22 April 1971.

72. For the text of the minister's speech see Ceylon Daily News, 30 April 1971.

73. For the text of the P.L.F.'s blueprint for the seizure of power in this fashion see the Ceylon Daily Mirror, 31 July 1970.

74. See statement issued by the three T.C. M.P.s declaring their unanimous decision to support the U.F. government in Ceylon Observer; Magazine Edition, 2 April 1971. Note, one of the these M.P.s, V. Ananthasangari (Kilinochchi), withdrew from the U.F. later and joined the T.U.F.

75. For a complete account of the origins and activities up to 1966 of the F.P. see my 'The Tamil Federal Party in Ceylon Politics', Journal of Commonwealth Political Studies, Vol. IV, No.2, pp. 117-37.

76. Ibid. 77. See S. Ponniah, pp. 54-77. 78. For the details of these talks see ibid., pp. 137-44. 79. For the text of the memorandum see The Times of Ceylon, 18 Septem-

ber 1970. Also for Chelvanayakam's views see report of the proceedings of the Constituent Assembly in Ceylon Daily News, 21 May 1971.

80. See report in Ceylon Daily News, 24 March 1972. 81. Unlike the F.P., the C.W.C. did not insist on a written signed agree-

ment. Instead they gave the prime minister a typed note containing the agreed conclusions and preferred to leave it to his good faith to imple-ment these (based on interview with C.W.C. officials).

82. Refer V. K. Jayawardene, The Rise of the Labour Movement in Ceylon, and Kearney, Trade Unions and Politics in Ceylon.

83. See Central Bank of Ceylon, Annual Report of the Monetary Board to the Minister of Finance for the year 1970.

84. For the details see Ceylon Daily News, 1 August 1971. 85. See Ceylon Observer Magazine Edition; 5 December 1971.

Notes 321 86. See full text of statement in Ceylon Daily News, 29 November 1971. 87. The text of the statement condemning the Bill was made available to

the writer by an office-bearer in the Civil Rights Movement. For the full text of the statement condemning the Criminal Justice Commissions Bill, see Ceylon Observer Magazine Edition, 2 April 1972.

CHAPTER 5 1. See his The Constitution of Ceylon, 3rd ed. (Bombay, 1953), p. 147. 2. In 'I Remember Ceylon', Times of Ceylon Annual 1963, Colombo. 3. In the last days of his governor-generalship the writer was present at a

private function where Sir Oliver told some of the guests that he had tried his best to 'serve' five prime ministers who functioned during his term of office.

4. For further details see my 'The Role of the Governor-General in Ceylon', in Modern Asian Studies, Vol. II, No.3 (1968), pp. 193-220.

5. Ibid. Also Sir Charles Jeffries, Sir Oliver E. Goonetilleke (London, 1969), pp. 155-6.

6. Jennings, Constitution of Ceylon, p. 171. 7. See J. L. Fernando, Three Prime Ministers of Ceylon - An 'Inside Story'

(Colombo, 1963), pp. 39-40. 8. Private information. Also ibid., pp. 52-3 and 68-9. 9. See B. P. Peiris, 'Memoirs', in the Sunday Mirror, 20 February 1966.

B. P. Peiris was secretary to the cabinet at this time. 10. See my 'The Governor-General and the Two Dissolutions of Parliament,

December 5, 1959 and April 23, 1960', The Ceylon Journal of Historical and Social Studies, Vol. 3, No.2 (July-December 1960), pp. 187-207, for further information.

11. Ibid. 12. For a critical assessment of this action see S. A. de Smith, The New

Commonwealth and its Constitutions (London, 1964), pp. 84-5. 13. (a) On 12 December 1959, the executive committee of the S.L.F.P.

elected C. P. de Silva president of the party and authorised him to request the governor-general to remove the prime minister, W. Dahana-yake, from office and to appoint him (C. P. de Silva) prime minister. A 'prayer' on these lines was submitted to the governor-general by C. P. de Silva, but Sir Oliver Goonetilleke declined to take any action on it (for the full text of the 'prayer', see Ceylon Observer (Sunday edition), 13 December 1959). (b) In March 1965 after Mrs Bandaranaike's ruling coalition had suffered losses at the general election and she delayed ten-dering her resignation owing to the fact that no party had secured an overall majority, it was suggested in local political circles that the gover-nor-general should exercise his constitutional right of dismissal. His Excellency did not, however, have to consider the question, for Mrs Bandaranaike tendered her resignation shortly afterwards. The Ceylon Daily News Parliament of Ceylon 1965, Colombo, n.d. (p. 24) states that the governor-general consulted the crown's law officers and the latter advised that Mrs Bandaranaike be told that unless she resigned, she would be dismissed.

14. See Peiris, 'Memoirs', Sunday Mirror, 5 and 12 June 1966. 15. See my 'The Governor-General and the Two Dissolutions of Parliament'.

322 Politics in Sri Lanka 1947-1973 16. Private information, mentioned to the writer by a member of the Dudley

Senanayake cabinet at the time. 17. See my 'Ceylonese Cabinet Ministers - Their Political, Economic and

Social Background, 1947-1960', Ceylon Economist, Vol. 5, No. 1. 18. For the text of the 'prayer', see Ceylon Observer (Sunday edition), 13

December 1959. 19. For details see my 'The Cabinet System in Ceylon 1947-1959', in The

Indian Tear Book of International Affairs 1959, pp. 397-431. 20. For the text of the prime minister's letter to Mr Suntharalingam asking

for an explanation as to why he left the Chamber while a division was being taken on the Bill and Mr Suntharalingam's statement on his resig-nation sec Parliamentary Debates (House of Representatives) Vol. 5, columns 599-605.

21. The memorandum, dated 14 April, 1948, was made available to the writer by the courtesy of the private secretary to the minister of local government at the time.

22. For the documentation on these conflicts, see my 'The Cabinet System in Ceylon 1947-1959'.

23. See Sir John Kotelawala, An Asian Prime Minister's Story (London, 1956), p. 130.

24. The minister expressed disagreement with the 'language of the area' clause in the Indo-Ceylon Agreement of June 1954 agreed to between the prime ministers of both countries; see Ceylon Daily News, 19 January 1954, and opposition to the cabinet's decision of having Sinhalese as the only official language of Ceylon, see text of interview in Ceylon Daily News, 20 January 1956.

25. For the prime minister's explanation of the boycott, etc. see Parliamen-tary Debates (House of Representatives), Vol. 36, columns 12-13.

26. From a confidential memorandum by Bandaranaike to the Parliamentary Joint Select Committee on Constitutional Reform made available to the writer by S. J. V. Chelvanayakam M.P. who was a member of this committee.

27. For the details see my 'The Governor-General and the Two Dissolutions of Parliament'.

28. Ibid. 29. See Jennings' reference to this in his 'The House of Representatives',

in Ceylon Daily News supplement of 27 November 1947. 30. Section 27(1) of the constitution. 31. See Ceylon Daily News, 4 October 1947, Ceylon Observer, 7 October

1947, and Times of Ceylon, 11 October 1947. 32. Ceylon Daily News, 13 October 1947. 33. Leslie Goonewardene, A Short History . .. , p. 42. 34. For an account of the complicated manoeuvres which preceded the elec-

tion see Ceylon Daily News; 19 April 1956. These were checked with S. ]. V. Chelvanayakam M.P. by the writer and are correct.

35. See Ceylon Daily News, 6 November 1947. 36. Ibid. 37. See Leslie Goonewardene, op. cit., pp. 37-51. 38. See 25 Tears of the Ceylon Communist Party, p. 45, where it is stated

that the C.P. 'made the right-opportunist mistake of wrongly assessing the nature of the newly-formed V.N.P. and thinking that it could also play a part in a united front against imperialism. This mistake was openly admitted and corrected by the C.P. within a few months.'

Notes 323 39. For further information see my 'Oppositional Politics in Ceylon (1947-

1968)', Government and Opposition, Vol. 4, No. 1 (Winter 1969), pp. 54-69.

40. See for instance the press release issued by the opposition on 11 January 1949 and the statement of the leader of the opposition in the Ceylon Daily News of 24 November 1950.

41. For the full text of the directive issued by the chief government whip calling on members of the government parliamentary group to vote against motions brought forward by the opposition irrespective of their merits, see Ceylon Daily News, 3 June 1948. .

42. See Ceylon Daily News, 12 June 1950. 43. Parliamentary Debates (House of Representatives), 11 June 1954,

columns 1122-204. 44. See his press statement in Ceylon Daily News, 7 March 1971. 45. See Ceylon Daily News; Independence Supplement, 4 February 1953. 46. Parliamentary Debates (House of Representatives), 27 November 1953,

column 1136. 47. For Bandaranaike's views on the part he should play in solving the

Indian question and his role in these talks, see Parliamentary Debates (House of Representatives), 5 March 1954, column 1136, also column 3267.

48. Parliamentary Debates (House of Representatives), 21 June 1955, column 175.

49. Ibid.; columns 175-6. 50. Parliamentary Debates (House of Representatives), 4 May 1956, column

416. 51. Interview with F.P. M.P.s. 52. For the details of these campaigns, etc. see S. Ponniah. 53. Ceylon: Report of the Commission on Constitutional Reform (Soulbury

Report), Cmd 6677, paragraph 278 (ii). 54. Ibid., paragraph 278 (iii). 55. Section 40(1). 56. Section 40(2). 57. See Report of the First Delimitation Commission, Sessional Paper XIII

of 1946. 58. See Report of the Delimitation Commission, Sessional Paper XV of

1959. 59. The Burgher returned was a leading C.P. man (Pieter Keuneman) who

was returned on a party vote rather than because of the fact that he was a member of the Burgher community.

60. The Constitution of Ceylon, p. 214. 61. Ibid., p. 52. 62. See my 'The Public Service Commission and Ministerial Responsibility:

The Ceylonese Experience', Public Administration; Vol, 46 (Spring 1968), pp. 81-93.

63. Ibid. 64. For a detailed description see my 'Public Administration in Ceylon', in

S. S. Hsueh (ed.), Public Administration in South and Southeast Asia (Brussels, 1962), pp. 199-240.

65. For the details of this circular, see Ceylon Daily News, 21 July 1971. 66. See report of the minister's speech in ibid., 25 December 1971. 67. For the text of the address see ibid., 24 December 1971. 68. See his speech in ibid.; 30 November 1970.

324 Politics in Sri Lanka 1947-1973 69. See communique issued by the Ministry of Housing and Construction in

ibid., 31 May 1971. 70. See statement by the pennanent secretary, Ministry of Planning and

Employment, in ibid., 9 December 1971. 71. From the U.F. manifesto. 72. A hall in the capital city, Colombo. 73. For the full text, see Ceylon Daily News" 20 July 1970. 74. Ibid. 75. For further details, see ibid., 14 December 1969. 76. For the full text of the broadcast, see Ceylon Observer, 11 September

1970. 77. For the full text, see Ceylon Daily News, 20 July 1970. 78. See the explanation of procedure by the minister of constitutional affairs

in ibid., 29 January 1971. 79. See the text of the letter written by the minister of constitutional affairs

to the editor, ibid., published in its issue of 29 January 1971. 80. Ibid., 18 January 1971. 81. Ibid. 82. For the text of the resolution, see ibid., 29 June 1971. 83. See statement issued by S. J. V. Chelvanayakam M.P. on behalf of the

F.P. parliamentary group in ibid., 29 June 1971. 84. For further details see text of letter written by C. X. Martyn M.P. for

Jaffna to S. J. V. Chelvanayakam M.P. in ibid., 25 May 1971. 85. See text of letter by S. J. V. Chelvanayakam M.P. to C. X. Martyn M.P.

in The Times Weekender, 30 July 1971. 86. See Ceylon Daily News, 26 June 1971. 87. Ibid., 7 December 1971. 88. See text of interview by the minister to the Ceylon Observer in Ceylon

Observer Magazine Edition, 2 January 1971. 89. For the full text of the statement, see Ceylon Daily News, 22 May 1972. 90. See ibid., 30 December 1971. 91. On a reading of the constitution and the views expressed by the presi-

dent of the first panel of three judges of the Constitutional Court which examined the objections raised against the U.F. government's Press Coun-cil Bill, the National State Assembly presumably has the right to over-ride an adverse opinion of the court by utilising the procedure required for amending the constitution. However, the president of the first panel stated that he hoped 'the Assembly will respect our views and will not pass the Bill with a two-thirds majority' if the court held that sections of the Bill were in conflict with the constitution. See report of the pro-ceedings of the court in Ceylon Daily News, 24 November 1972. The first president (T. S. Fernando) is a man of considerable judicial eminence and integrity and is also the president of the highest court in Sri Lanka - the Court of Appeal.

92. Section 45(4) of the constitution authorises the president to act in such a manner as to ensure public security and the preservation of public order.

93. The first panel of three judges of the Constitutional Court comprising T. S. Fernando (president), J. A. L. Cooray and H. Deheragoda was selected on 16 November 1972 to hear petitions filed against the Press Council Bill by eight citizens of Sri Lanka and the leader of the opposi-tion. In the course of the hearings, a constitutional crisis developed on the question whether the court should give its decision within the four-

Notes 325 teen-day time limit prescribed under Section 65 of the constitution for Bills not deemed urgent in the national interest. It was the view of a distinguished Queen's Council (S. Nadesan) appearing before the court on behalf of the Civil Rights Movement of Ceylon that the fourteen-day limit was not 'imperative'. The president of the court (T. S. Fernando) agreed with this submission (see Ceylon Daily News, 25 November 1972). The court accordingly continued to . hear submissions beyond the four-teen-day limit. The matter was raised in the National State Assembly on 6 December 1972 and the minister of public administration, local govern-ment, home affairs and justice (Felix Dias Bandaranaike) expressed the personal opinion that the court should convey its opinion within the fourteen-day time limit, adding however that if the court asked for an extension to the time limit imposed, he hoped some arrangement could be worked out to grant such an extension (for the proceedings in the National State Assembly, see Ceylon Daily News, 7 December 1972). On 7 December, the Speaker of the National State Assembly informed the Assembly that the court had not given its decision as provided for under section 65 of the constitution and announced that the Assembly will proceed with the Press Council Bill under standing orders and pro-visions contained in Chapter IX of the constitution (see Ceylon Daily Newsl 8 December 1972). A debate on the Speaker's announcement and the constitutional issues arising therefrom followed on 12 and 13 Decem-ber on a request made by the leader of the opposition. The latter argued that fundamental rights were involved. Government spokesmen criti-cised the judges of the court for their failure to give a decision within the time limit prescribed (for the proceedings see Ceylon Daily News of 13 and 14 December 1972). On 14 December (1972) the three judges of the Constitutional Court involved resigned.

On 4 January 1973, the government moved the second reading of the Press Council Bill. Leading opposition members raised objections to the procedure, especially as no decision on it had been given by the Consti-tutional Court, the judges concerned having resigned. The procedural objections were debated on 4, 5 and 19 January. R. Premadasa M.P. on behalf of the opposition went further and argued that the court which heard objections to the Bill had not been properly constituted since it had not gazetted its rules of procedure as constitutionally required (for the details see Ceylon Daily News of 5 and 6 January 1973). On 19 January the Speaker gave his ruling upholding the objection of R. Pre-madasa M.P. (for the text of the ruling see Ceylon Daily News, 20 January 1973). He therefore held that the Bill would have to go before a new court. The Speaker ruled that the court was obliged to give its ruling within the time limits prescribed by the constitution (ibid.).

On 2 February 1973 a new court of three judges sat to hear the ob-jections to the Press Council Bill. The president of the court (Mr Justice Jaya Pathirana) announced that a decision would be given within the fourteen-day time limit. The court accordingly communicated their decision to the Speaker on 12 February. On 22 February the Speaker communicated the decision of the court to the National State Assembly. The court had pronounced that all the objections raised against the Bill were invalid (see Ceylon Daily News, 23 February 1973).

94. As provided for under section 94(3) of the constitution. 95. Most of the occasions prescribed have been taken by the framers from

326 Politics in Sri Lanka 1947-1973 the propositions cited by the writer in his 'The Governor-General and the Two Dissolutions of Parliament'.

96. See ibid. for the details.

CHAPTER 6 1. Sir John Kotelawala, An Asian Prime Minister's Story (London, 1956),

p. 127. 2. See letter addressed by the minister of communications to the secretary

for the Ceylon Committee for Human Rights in Bangladesh in Ceylon Daily News, 28 October 1971.

3. Ibid. 4. See note issued by the Ministry in Ceylon Daily News, 16 May 1971. 5. See two valuable articles which appeared in the Ceylon Daily News,

both under the pseudonym 'Asoka'; 'Ceylon and the Indian Ocean' (25 November 1970) and 'Ceylon in the Nuclear Area' (29 November 1970).

6. See The New Tork Times, 22 April 1971. 7. See ibid., 14 April 1971. 8. See 'Advertising Supplement of the Ceylon Police Department', Ceylon

Daily News, 10 April 1971. 9. Ibid.

10. See ibid., 13 November 1971. 11. See statement of the prime minister in ibid. I 1 December 1971. 12. For the detailed figures of expenditure on the armed forces, see ibid.,

6 November 1971. 13. For further details see statement by the prime minister in ibid., 15

March 1972. 14. See ibid., 24 February 1972. These boats are fitted with anti-aircraft,

anti-submarine, anti-surface armaments as well as sophisticated navi-gation, communication and detection equipment. They are capable of medium range sea operations at high speed.

15. An agreement to operate these fortnightly charter flights to the Maldives was signed between the commander of the Ceylon air force and the director of the Maldavian National Trading Corporation in December 1971. See ibid., 2 December 1971.

16. For example during the three-month period September to November 1971, the air force through these operations earned 52,000 US dollars. See statement by the prime minister in ibid., 15 March 1972.

17. One of the highest officers of the Indian army (then retired) told the author in 1971 that 'Operation Ceylon' would not take more than three days. A better equipped aggressor would of course take less time.

18. See Leslie Goonewardene (minister of communications), 'New Outlook of the L.S.S.P.', in Ceylon Daily News, 21 December 1970.

19. For the details of this agreement, see Jennings, The Constitution of Ceylon (3rd ed.), (Bombay, 1953), pp. 252-4. The agreement came into effect as from the date on which Sri Lanka obtained independence -4 February 1948.

20. See speech of S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike on 17 June 1952, in Towards a New Era: Selected SPeeches of s. w. R. D. Bandaranaike made in the Legislature of Ceylon 1931-1959, compiled by G. E. P. De S Wickremaratne (Colombo, 1961), p. 816.

21. Ibid., p. 803. 22. Ibid., p. 819.

Notes 327 23. Ibid., p. 815. 24. See G. H. Jansen, Afro-Asia and Non-Alignment (London, 1966), p. 93. 25. See my 'The People's Liberation Front: The Revolution that Failed', in

Pacific Community, January 1972. Also Saeed Naqvi, 'Ceylon's Long Night and After', in The Statesman Weekly, 22 May 1971.

26, See editorial entitled 'India and Ceylon', in Ceylon Daily Newsf 29 June 1970.

27. The external affairs agreement provides for mutual consultations be-tween the governments of the Commonwealth, and for Sri Lanka if the need arises, to utilise British channels of diplomatic 'communica-tion as well as the vast storehouse of information that the Foreign and Commonwealth Relations Offices have at their disposal'. For further information see Jennings, The Constitution of Ceylon, pp. 140-2, 254-276.

28. Sir John Kotelawala, An Asian Prime Minister's Story (London, 1956), p. 112.

29. Ibid. 30. See report of debate in the Constituent Assembly in Ceylon Daily

News, 22 July 1970. 31. Towards a New Era, pp. 813-14. 32. See The Foreign Policy of Ceylon: Extracts from Statements by the

late Prime Minister, Mr. S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike and Texts of Joint Statements issued by him and Visiting Heads of State (3rd ed., revised and enlarged) (Colombo, 1961), pp. 23-5.

33. Ibid. f 34. Ibid. 35. Ibid., p. 18, 36. Speech delivered on the occasion of the handing over of the naval base

at Trincomalee by Britain on 15 October 1957, ibid., p. 20. 37. Sir Charles Jeffries, A Biography of Sir Oliver E. Goonetilleke (London,

1969), p. 125. 38. Even as late as in 1970, the Trotskyist minister of finance (Dr N. M.

Perera) had occasion to repeat this charge. See Ceylon Daily News, 16 November 1970. These balances represented the moneys owing to Sri Lanka in respect of expenditure by H.M. forces in Sri Lanka during the war. Dr Perera argued that Sri Lanka had supplied export produce, in particular rubber, which was in short supply after the Japanese occupation of Malaysia and the Netherland East Indies at prices well below what they should have fetched on the basis of the laws of supply and demand.

39. For the full text of Mrs Bandaranaik~'s speech, see Ceylon Daily News, 22 January 1971.

40. For the full text of this speech, see ibid., 16 November 1971. 41. For further details see ibid., 16 December 1971. 42. Ibid. 43. Ibid. f 24 August 1971. 44. See Annual Report of the Colombo Plan Council for Technical Co-

operation in South and South-East Asia, 1970-71, in ibid., 16 February 1972.

45. Ibid. 46. Ibid. 47. See text of Mrs Bandaranaike's address on the occasion of the 20th

anniversary celebrations of the Colombo Plan in ibid., 2 July 1971.

328 Politics in Sri Lanka 1947-1973 48. See Sun, 29 August 1970, and Ministry of Planning and Economic

Affairs, Foreign Aid (Colombo, 1969) for further details. 49. See Foreign Aid, pp. 16-17. 50. See Ceylon Daily News, 27 August 1971. See also the report of a press

interview given by the permanent secretary, Ministry of Planning, in ibid., 12 April 1972 and the report of the press conference by the minister of foreign and internal trade in ibid., 4 April 1972.

51. Ibid., 8 February 1972. 52. See 'Postscript' facing p. 196 in Kotelawala. 53. See Jansen, p. 161. 54. Ibid. 55. See report of the proceedings of the House of Representatives in Ceylon

Daily News, 1 December 1971. 56. Ibid. 57. Ibid. 58. See the text of his address to the U.N. General Assembly, New York,

on 22 November 1956 in The Foreign Policy of Ceylon, pp. 5-9. 59. Mrs Bandaranaike wrote to heads of government of all U.N. countries

soliciting their support for Ceylon's candidate: see Ceylon Daily News, 3 June 1971.

60. For the full text of Mrs Bandaranaike's speech, see ibid., 13 October 1971.

61. Ibid. 62. For the full text see ibid., 20 January 1971. 63. See ibid., 19 April 1972. 64. The figures in this paragraph are obtained from the Annual Report of

the Central Bank for 1970, the Budget Speech 1970-71 by Dr N. M. Perera, and B. A. D. Wijewardene's 'Official External Debt and the Debt Servicing Capacity of Ceylon', in Staff Papers, pp. 111-29.

65. Wijewardene, 'Official External Debt .. .' pp. 113-14. 66. For the full text of these Letters of Intent, see the Budget Speech

1970-71, pp. 6-10. 67. See Ceylon Daily News, 28 March, 1972. 68. Ibid. 69. See Foreign Aid, table 1, p. 35. 70. The figures have been obtained from ibid., pp. 29-30 and table 7 facing

p.42. 71. Ibid. 72. See I.B.R.D.-I.D.A., The Problem of Foreign Exchange and Long-Term

Growth of Ceylon (Colombo: Ministry of Planning and Economic Affairs, 1968), paragraph 10.

73. The data is collected from Foreign Aid, and newspaper reports. 74. Quoted in Ceylon Daily News, 26 October 1970. 75. See ibid., 21 July 1970. 76. See text of press communique from the Ministry of Defence and

External Affairs in ibid., 30 July 1970. 77. See Kotelawala, p. 139. 78. See Dr N. M. Perera's statement in Ceylon Daily News, 14 August 1971. 79. See report of press interview given by the minister of foreign and inter-

nal trade to the Ceylon Observer Magazine Edition, 11 March 1971.

80. For the details see Ceylon Daily News, 2 March 1971. R1. For a very useful analysis on how beneficial to Ceylon trade has been

Notes 329 with the communist states, see the article entitled 'Our Trade with Socialist Countries' by T. Pathmanahan in ibid., 7 April 1971.

82. See ibid., 8 April 1971. 83. Jansen, p. 55. Ceylon was not an independent state nor had she

progressed even towards the limited self government envisaged under the Soulbury Constitution which was to take effect in October 1947. D. S. Senanayake nevertheless was for all intents and purposes acknowledged as the Ceylonese leader and chief minister by the imperial authorities. Bandaranaike could therefore be regarded as his represen-tative.

84. See speech on external affairs made on 17 June 1952 as leader of the opposition in Towards a New Era, p. 808.

85. Ibid. 86. Ibid., p. 809. 87. See Jayawardene's speech at the U.N. Day dinner in Ceylon Daily

News, 25 October 1952, and at the annual general meeting of the Ceylon Merchants' Chamber in ibid. i 30 October 1952.

88. See Kotelawala, p. 130. 89. Ibid., pp. 139 and 140. 90. Ibid., p. 172-91. Ibid., p. 127. 92. See ibid., pp. 184-94. 93. Ibid., p. 185. It was his view that the Taiwanese should be allowed to

work out their own destinies without coercion from the nationalists or the communists.

94. See Towards a New Era, p. 834. 95. See, e.g. Weerawardena, Ceylon General Election 1956, pp. 74, 77 and

149. 96. See The Foreign Policy of Ceylon, pp. 14-15. 97. See Bandaranaike's address at the Chinese Commodity Exhibition in

Colombo on 18 March 1958 and his address to the Ceylon Chamber of Commerce on 27 March 1958 in ibid., pp. 65-9.

98. For the text of these statements, refer ibid., pp. 101-22. 99. See J. P. Anand, 'Sino-Ceylonese Relations', The Institute for Defence

Studies and Analyses Journal, vol. 3, no. 3 (January 1971), p. 329. 100. See Ceylon Daily News, 27 May 1971 for the full text of the

letter. 101. See text of an exclusive interview Mrs Bandaranaike gave the editor of

the Ceylon Observer, The Ceylon Observer Magazine Edition, 10 Octo-ber 1971; also text of interview by Mrs Bandaranaike to Frank Giles (The Sunday Times, London) also published in Ceylon Daily News, 5 November 1971. Also refer text of a letter sent by Sri Lanka's ambas-sador in Peking to Mrs Bandaranaike on a conversation he is reported to have had with Chou En-Iai which was read out by the minister of posts and telecommunications in the Senate in Ceylon Daily News, 18 June 1971. The ambassador is reported to have written that Chou En-Iai was 'highly concerned about the developments in Sri Lanka, especially with regard to the suspicions that Chinese arms were being smuggled in crates that were delivered at the construction site of the Bandaranaike Memorial Hall' and had also 'expressed regret that China was unable to provide military aid to Sri Lanka as Chinese ships carry-ing arms to Tanzania had left Colombo before Sri Lanka's request was made'. The Chinese prime minister had further stated that China

330 Politics in Sri Lanka 1947-1973 disapproved of the theories of the Che Guevara and had denounced the insurrectionists as counter-revolutionaries.

102. See text of Mrs Bandaranaike's interview to the editor, Ceylon ObserIJer, The Ceylon ObserIJer Magazine Edition; 10 October 1971.

CHAPTER 7 1. See Rajni Kothari, 'The Congress "System" in India', Asian SurIJey,

4 (December 1964), pp. 1161-73, W. H. Morris-Jones, 'Dominance and Dissent: Their Inter-relations in the Indian Party System', GOIJernment and Opposition, 1 (August 1966), pp. 451-66, and his GOIJernment and Politics of India (London, 1964), chapter V.

2. See The National Operations Council, The May 13 Tragedy: A Report (Kuala Lumpur, 1969).

3. See his The Idea of Nationalism: A Study in its Origins and Back-ground (New York, 1961).

4. See his Nationalism and Social Communication (Massachusetts, 1953), p.164.

5. See Ananda Guruge's edition of the speeches, essays and letters of the foremost of Sinhalese Buddhist nationalists, Anagarika Dharmapala, in Return to Righteousness (Colombo, 1965) and D. C. Vijayavardhana's thought-provoking and seminal work on Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism, The ReIJolt in the Temple: Composed to Commemorate 2500 Tears of the Land, the Race and the Faith (Colombo, 1953). R. Kearney's Com-munalism and Language in the Politics of Ceylon (Durham, North Carolina, 1968) gives a detailed and excellent analysis of Sinhalese nationalism from British times to developments in the post independence years.

6. See his chapter 'The integrative revolution: Primordial sentiments and civil politics in the new states', in Clifford Geertz (ed.), Old Societies and New States: The Quest for Modernity in Asia and Africa (New York, 1963), pp. 105-57.

7. Ibid. 8. Princeton, New Jersey, 1960. 9. London, 1963.

10. Durham, North Carolina, 1967. 11. See his Political Parties: A BehaIJioural Analysis (Chicago, 1964), pp.

1-13 for further details. 12. See his Political Parties (Glencoe: Illinois, 1949), pp. 374--6. 13. Ibid. 14. See his Political Parties (London and New York, 1954).

Bibliographical Note

H. A. r. Goonetilleke's monumental two-volume work, A Biblio-graphy of Ceylon: A systematic guide to the literature on the land, people, history and culture published in Western Languages from the sixteenth century to the present day (Switzerland, 1970) makes any notes on the literature of politics superfluous. But some select references may be helpful to the discriminating reader in need of ready material.

No detailed information on the history of Sri Lanka is necessary, because it is not an integral part of this work other than the interest we have focused on the island's constitutional evolution from colonial status to independence under the British auspices. Parts I and IT of Volume I of the University of Ceylon, History of Ceylon (Colombo, 1959 and 1960) are the most useful sources for information from earliest times to 1505; while general works such as Ludowyk's The Story of Ceylon (London, 1962) and Arasarat-nam's Ceylon (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1964) provide a continuous account from earliest times to the present day.

Lennox Mills's Ceylon under British Rule 1795-1832 (London, 1933) and G. C. Mendis's Ceylon under the British (Colombo, 1952) are useful for their sections on constitutional development, while Pakeman's Ceylon (London, 1964) and Ludowyk's The Modern History of Ceylon (London, 1966) are excellent for their sections on political developments in the British and post-indepen-dence phases up to the early sixties.

Namasivayam's The Legislatures of Ceylon (London, 1951) is particularly good on the analysis of constitutional progress from the 1920s up to and including the Donoughmore period, while Weerawardena's Government and Politics in Ceylon (1931-1946) is the best on the Donoughmore constitution. The two constitu-tional documents Command 3131, Report of the Donoughmore Commission, 1928, and Command 6677, Report of the Soulbury

332 Politics in Sri Lanka 1947-1973 Commission, are particularly useful, and Jeffries's Ceylon: The Path to Independence (London, 1962) provides inside informa-tion on the subject in question. .

Kotelawala's An Asian Prime Minister's Story (London, 1956), Fernanado's Three Prime Ministers of Ceylon: An 'Inside Story' (Colombo, 1963) and Jeffries's A Biography of Sir Oliver E. Goonetilleke (London, 1969) are good biographical material containing relevant political information.

The best on the politics of Sri Lanka are Jennings's The Consti-tution of Ceylon (3rd edition, Bombay, 1953), Wriggins's Ceylon: the Dilemmas of a New Nation (Princeton, 1960), Farmer's Ceylon: A Divided Nation (London, 1963), Smith's chapters on political Buddhism in post-1956 Ceylon in his (editor) South Asian Politics and Religion (Princeton, 1966) pp. 453-509, Singer's The Emerging Elite: A Study of Political Leadership in Ceylon (Durham, North Carolina, 1968), Lerski's Origins of Trotskyism in Ceylon (Stanford, 1968), Woodward's Growth of a Party Sys-tem in Ceylon (Providence, 1968), Kearney's Trade Unions and Politics in Ceylon (Berkeley, 1971) and Kumari Jayawardene's The Rise of the Labour Movement in Ceylon (Durham, North Carolina, 1972).

Studies on general elections, providing evidence and analyses of political events at the time and their results, are available in Jennings, 'The Ceylon General Election of 1947' in University of Ceylon Review, Vol. VI, No.3 (July 1948), pp. 133-95, Weera-wardena, 'The General Elections in Ceylon, 1952' in Ceylon Historical Journal, Vol. II, Nos 1 and 2 (July, October 1952), pp. 111-78, and Weerawardena, Ceylon General Election 1956 (Colombo 1960). Party manifestos, the bio-data of winning can-didates and election statistics are to be found in the Ceylon Daily News, Parliament of Ceylon for 1947, 1956 (none was produced for 1952),1960,1965 and 1970.

Useful additional bibliographical information can be obtained from Wriggins, pp. 471-83, and Woodward, pp. 323-32.

Index

administration, the organisation of the, 226-30

advisory committees, 148, 149, 179, 230, 233

Africa, Central and East, 270 Afro-Asian, group, 269; main-

stream, 267; non-aligned nations, 285; powers, 147; Society, 185; states, 276

Aid Sri Lanka Consortium of Powers, 117, 281, 288, 301

air force, 273, 274 airports, Katunayake (Bandara-

naike international), 73, 269, 277; Ratmalana, 73, 269

Albania, 163 alignment and nonalignment, 294-

302 All Ceylon Buddhist Congress, 21,

183 All Ceylon Malay Association, 13 All Ceylon Moors' Association, 13 Amerasinghe, H. S., 284 American, and British navies, 270;

Globemasters, 269, 298; aid, 301; mIssIOnary organisations, 48; stockpile releases (rubber), 293

Amnesty International, 185 Amparai district, 79 An Asian Prime Minister's Story

(Sir John Kotelawala), 295 ancient civilisations, 6 ande cultivation, 40 Anglo-American bloc, 275, 276, 295 Anglo-French Suez adventure, 285 animism, 7 Antarctic, 270, 271

Anuradhapura, 7, 8 Appointed Members of the House

of Representatives, 201-2, 203, 206

Aquinas University College, 54 armed services, 145,274 army, 273 Arunachalam, Sir P., 48 Asia Foundation, 290 Asian Development Bank, 122, 288 Asian Relations Conference in New

Delhi (1947), 297 Asoka,7 Associated Newspapers of Ceylon

Limited, 176 Aswan Dam, 287 Attha, 178 attorney-general, 224, 250, 251, 256 Attygalle, Major-General D. S., 272 Australia, 58, 87, 278, 281, 288, 293 Avebury, Lord, 186 Awami League, 269 ayurveda (indigenous medicine), 23,

71 Aziz, Abdul, 169

balance of payments, 105, 109, 111, 122, 131, 133, 138, 282, 292

Balasuriya, Father Tissa, 54 Bandaranaike, Felix Dias, 139, 144,

145, 200, 203 Bandaranaike, Mrs Sirima, 27, 35,

45, 52, 98, 115, 139, 144, 145, 149, 154, 157, 161, 163, 167, 168, 177, 184, 187, 190, 192, 194, 195, 197, 198, 201, 202, 203,213, 227, 234, 235, 267, 277, 280, 283, 284,

334 Politics in Sri Lanka 1947-1973 Bandaranaike, Mrs Sirima - cant.

285 286, 290, 291, 296, 300, 301, 302

Bandaranaike, S. W. R. D., 13, 19, 21, 25, 26, 34, 35, 45, 50, 65, 83, 91, 114, 115, 133, 134, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144-, 153, 157, 158, 179, 187, 189, 191, 192, 193, 196, 197, 198, 200, 202, 203, 209, 213, 214, 215, 267, 268, 275, 279, 283, 288, 291, 295, 297, 299, 300

Bandung, 133, 298, 300; Confer-ence, 299

Bangladesh, 185,275,277,280 Bank of Ceylon, 98, 101, 144-Basham, A. L., 6 Basic Resolution, 4(1)v, 241; 23,

240; 24 and 25, 240 Basic Resolutions, thirty eight, 235,

239,242 Batticaloa district, 56 Bauddha Jatika Balavegaya (B.J.B.),

183,184 Bay of Bengal, 8 Belgrade, 300 Between Two Worlds (Sir John

Kotelawala), 295 Bhasa Peramuna, 140 bilateral trade agreements, 300 bilateral trade and payments agree-

ments, 291, 292 Blobel, Manfred, 76, 288 B.L.P.I., 151, 152, 155, 157,212 board of ministers, 12, 13, 126, 127,

189, 201; pan-Sinhalese, 13, 48 Bogor Conference, 298 Bolshevik elements, 162 Bonn, 302 Brahmanism, 7 Bribery Commissioner v. Ranasinghe

(66 N.L.R. 73), 207 Britain, 58, 87, 131, 132, 140, 150,

267, 271, 274, 275, 279, 281, 282, 288, 290, 294, 295, 297, 300, 302

British, colonial administration, 61, 99; companies, 86; constitutional history, 126; crown, 235; govern-ment, 132, 195, 279; influences,

38; interests, 132; military bases, 140; monarchy, 191; nationality, 191; Parliament, 190, 191; plan-ters, 29; Queen, 191; rule, 58; sovereign, 192; Treasury, 279

Britishers, 11, 15, 103 B.S.P., 31, 151 Buddha Jayanti, 22 Buddha Sasana Commission, 23 Buddha, the, 268; Temple of the

Sacred Tooth of the, 22 Buddhism, 7, 22, 24, 52, 53, 65,

125, 143, 148, 182, 239, 242, 244-, 246, 268; propagation of, 22; theravada, 7, 125

Buddhist, army officers, 272; cause, 11; clery, 182; ethos, 1; laity, 183; militants, 20, 23; monks, 128, 182; organisations, 146; public and clergy, 146; question, 21; view of gaining merit, 1-2

Buddhist Committee of Inquiry, 21, 22, 143

Buddhist Theosophical Society, 183 Burgher Political Association, 13 Burghers, 11, 12, 15, 58, 238 Burma, 22, 33, 272, 276, 283, 294,

301 Business Undertakings (Acquisition)

Act, 119

cabinet, 41, 43, 45, 53, 118, 137, 143, 144, 152, 158, 164, 190, 194-202, 226, 242, 298; 'boycott' of meetings of, 200; of ministers, 245, 252, 256, 257, 258,260, 261, 262, 264; ministers, 203

Cairo, 300 Calcutta, 270 Cambodia, 300 Campion, Gilbert, 208 Canada,58,73,281,288 Cape Town, 270 caste, 221; considerations, 229;

groups, 182; 197, 206; non-goigama, 39, 46, 216; representa-tion in cabinets, 196; Sinhalese rivalries, 43-6

Index 335 casteism, Ceylon Tamil, 52-3 Catholics, 23, 196 'Catholic Action', 20, 55 census, 62; of 1871, 61; of 1953,

220; of 1971,61 Central Bank, 83, 101, 102, 106,

108, 110, 112, 117; Annual Report 1970, 88, 97; Survey of 1953, 16; Survey of 1963, 16, 40

central province, 39,40,41 Ceylon-China Friendship Associa-

tion, 185 Ceylon Citizenship Act (1948), 30,

207,220 Ceylon (Constitutional) Amendment

Act (1970), 179 Ceylon Hotels Corporation, 98 Ceylon Independence Act (1947),

14, 190 Ceylon Indian Congress (C.I.C.),

13, 29, 31, 48, 168; boycott, 32 Ceylon Mercantile Union, 162 Ceylon Moors, 15, 55, 206 Ceylon Moors' Association, 185 Ceylon Muslim League, 13, 130, 185 Ceylon National Congress, 11, 48,

126 Ceylon-North Korea Friendship

Association, 185 Ceylon (Parliamentary Elections)

Amendment Act, No. 48 of 1949, 30-1, 207

Ceylon Peace Council, 185 Ceylon Tamil, communalism, 20;

political groupings, 86; political leaders, 274

Ceylon Tamils, 15, 16, 29, 41, 47, 48,51,52,85, 125, 132, 134, 145, 168, 185, 196, 206, 216, 219, 238, 274

Ceylon Tourist Board, 98 Celon Trade Union Federation, 161 Ceylon University College, 13 Ceylon Volunteer Force, 273 Ceylon Workers' Congress (C.W.C),

23,27,36,137,147, 165, 166, 168, 177, 181, 238

Ceylonese, middle class, 11; nation-

alists, 126; unofficial members, 11, 126

Ceylon's strategic situation, 269-71 Chelvanayakam, S. J. V., 167, 168 chief justice, 262 China, 8, 87, 163, 199, 270, 271,

276, 277, 280, 283, 285, 288, 291, 293, 294, 297, 298, 299, 300, 307, 308

Chinese government, 273; interests, 270; military action in Tibet, 285

Chola, kingdom, 7; occupation, 8 Cholas,8 Chou En-Lai, 300, 302 Christian, denominational bodies,

64; misionary endeavours, 38; voters, 54

Christians, 15, 20, 53-5, 182, 184, 195

Church of Ceylon, 54 citizenship, 30, 33, 35, 155; amend-

ments to acts (1949-53), 32, 43; by descent, 30, 31; by registra-tion, 30, 31; Indian, 34, 35, 37, 164; issue, 166; legislation, 1948 and 1949, 164, 219; question, 34; rights, 29, 35, 156, 168; Sri Lanka, 34, 35, 36, 207, 249

civil aviation, 73 Civil Rights Movement, 186 civil service, 10 cocoa, 293 coconut, 11, 72, 79, 94, 163; cum-

mingi (disease), 294; products, 87, 88, 128, 293, 294

coffee, 10, 77; Brazilian, 11; disease (hemileia vastatrix), 11

Cold War, 153, 276, 297 Colebrooke-Cameron Royal Com-

mission of Inquiry, 10, 38 collective responsibility, 198, 257 Colombo, 58, 73, 129, 130, 154, 174

194, 228, 268, 271, 273, 280, 298 Colombo Conference, first (April

1954), 283, 296 Colombo district, 154 Colombo Municipal elections, 157

336 Politics in Sri Lanka 1947-1973 Colombo Plan Exhibition, 133 colonisation, 50; schemes, 77, 78,

79,81,82 commercial banks, 102-3, 117, 149,

286 Commission on the Organisation,

Staffing and Operative Methods of Government Departments, 228

commissioner for the registration of Indian and Pakistani residents, 32

Common Programme, 147, 148, 151, 157, 181,230

Commonwealth, 130, 132, 133, 140, 191, 268, 278, 279, 280, 282, 286, 296, 300; conference of Prime Ministers, 1956, 191; connection, 295; countries, 208; Head of the, 191; membership, 281; prefer-ence, 292; Press Association, 278

communal tensions, 13 communism, 308 communist, bloc, 296; countries,

291, 292, 300; states, 267, 268: states of Eastern Europe, 291, 292, 300; world, 268

Communist Party (Maoist), 161, 180 Communist Party (C.P.) (Moscow),

27, 31, 55, 137, 139, 145, 147, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 157, 159, 161, 177, 178, 181, 187, 211, 212, 213, 214, 235, 238, 242, 296

Communist Party (C.P.)-V.L.S.S.P. united front, 153, 156

communists (Moscow), 127, 268, 301

Congo crisis, 284 conservative parties, 129 constituencies, multi-member, 36, 53 constituent assembly, 52, 148, 149,

168, 190, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 259

Constitutional Court, 239, 245, 250-252, 259, 264

Control of Employment Bill, 36 co-operative, banks, 143; movement,

63, 99-101, 103; societies, 78, 102, 148

Co-operative Commission Act, 101

Co-operative Development Bank Bill, 1957, 83, 199

Co-operative Ordinance (1936), 99 Co-operative Societies Ordinance

(1912), 99 Co-operative Wholesale Establish-

ment, 144-5 Cooray, Archbishop Thomas, 54 council, executives, 10; legislative,

10, in 1909, 1920, 1923, 11, 126; London County, 12

Council of ministers, 239 coup d'etat, 145, 160; abortive

(January 1962), 192, 272 Court of Appeal, 149, 186,253 credit institutions, 101-3 Criminal Justice Commission Bill

(April 1972), 186 Crown Lands Encroachment Ordi-

nance of 1840, 10 Cuba, 89, 163, 271 cultivation committees, 84 Cyprus, 284 Czechoslovakia, 285

Dacca, 269 Dahanayake, W., 57, 140, 144, 157,

194, 196, 197, 200, 202 Dalada Maligawa (Temple of the

Sacred Tooth of the Buddha), 5 Davasa group of newspapers, 177 D.D.T. spraying campaigns, 61 death rate, 70 defence agreement, 14, 132, 270,

275,279 defence of Sri Lanka, 272-7 delimitation commission, 217, 218,

219, 220, 258; first, 45; of 1946, 222

democracy, participatory, 230-4 Democratic Republic of Vietnam,

148 democratic socialism, 136 democratic socialist ministers, 143 Democratic Workers' Congress

(D.W.C.), 37, 165, 166, 168, 169, 181

Denmark, 288

Index 337 department, of agriculture, 233; of

cultural affairs, 23, 184; of national planning, 76, 115, 116

deputy ministers, 257 Deutsch, Karl, 304 devaluation, 111 Devanampiya Tissa, 7 Development Programme 1964-65,

76,92 Development Programme 1966-67,

119 Dharmasamaja Party (D.P.), 169, 170 Dicey, A. V., 208 Diego Garcia, 270, 280, 284-5 dissolution of Parliament, 197, 200,

202, 254, 256 district councils, 184, 204, 244 divisional development councils,

149,228,230,233-4 divisional revenue officer, 228, 229,

233 Donoughmore, Commission, 29,48;

constitution, 13, 30, 39, 99, 104, 126, 127, 131, 189,208,227; Earl of, 12; executive committees, 12, 200,201; model, 200; phase, 131; reforms, 12, 29; system, 12, 201

Draft Scheme of 1944, 14, 189,216 Dravida Munnethra Kazhagam

(D.M.K.) (Ceylon), 185 Dravidian, stock, 6; 'peril', 4 Dravidistan (conjectured south In-

dian sovereign state), 275 dry zone, 131 dual administration, 10 Dutch, 8, 56, 58, 229, 269, 297;

influences, 38; power, 9; Protes-tantism, 9; rule, 9, 38

Dutthagamani, 7 Duverger, Maurice, 306

eastern province, 86 Economic and Social Progress

1956-62 (T.B. Ilangaratna), 107 economic groupings, 175-85 economic planning, 112-22 educated, English-, 17-18, 24, 47,

125-6, 129, 155; Sinhalese-, 24,

135; Sinhalese- and Tamil-, 17-18

education, 64-9; 'new education policy', 67-8

Egypt, 287 Eire, 271 Elara,7 Eldersveld, S., 305 electoral demarcation, 154, 216-22,

257 elites, English-educated, 188, 304;

English-educated political, 187; indigenous oriented, 15; Sinhalese political, 49; Sinhalese- and Tamil-speaking, 188

employees councils, 148, 230 Employees Provident Fund Act, 18 employment, 16, 17-18,62,82,148,

149 'England-returneds', 126 English, language, 42, 67,208,240;

speakers, 188 English East India Company, 9 European Association, 13 Europeans, 12 Export-Import Bank, 102 exports, 86-90, 106 external affairs agreement, 14, 132,

278 external debt, 286

Farmer, B. H., 305 Federal Party (F.P.), 23, 27, 32, 36,

49, 50, 51, 52, 132, 133, 134, 137, 142, 143, 147, 164-8, 177, 178, 181, 190, 215-16, 234, 238, 240, 241, 243; agreement with Dudley Senanayake, March 1965, 167; anti-sri campaign of, 166; pact (or agreement) with S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike, July 1957, 165, 169, 240-1; proscribed, 166; satyagraha, 142, 216; 'Tamil only' campaign of, 167

federalism, 168 Fernando, Meryl, 162 Fernando, Sam. P.C., 167,204 Fernando, T. S., 186

338 Politics in Sri Lanka 1947-1973 foreign aid, 268, 285-90 foreign exchange, 99, 105, 111, 117,

128, 274; budget, 307; earnings, 104; reserves, 96; restrictions, 105

foreign exchange entitlement scheme, 111

foreign investment, 120; private, 96 foreign trade, 290-4 framework legislation, 201 France, 288 franchise, restrictive, 11; universal,

1, 12, 48, 126 free education, 131 French troops, 269 fundamental rights, 239, 244, 248-

249

Galbraith, J. K., 92 Gal Oya Development Board, 79 Gal Oya scheme, 79 Gan,270 Gandhi, Mrs Indira, 277, 282 Ganges Basin, 271 Geertz, Clifford, 304 Gem Corporation, 121 general election, 1936, 13; August-

September 1947, 14, 29, 31, 170, 206; 1952, 22, 54, 165, 170, 206, 219; 1956, 171, 206, 211, 282; March 1960, 134, 135, 144, 171, 200, 209, 211, 220; July 1960, 134, 166, 172, 194, 197, 209, 212; 1965, 54, 136, 152, 161, 168, 169, 172, 209, 212; campaign, March-May 1970, 177; May 1970, 55, 137, 149, 154, 161, 164, 173, 177, 183, 190, 209, 212, 234, 287

geography, area and natural relief, 5-6; principal towns, 5; tempera-tures, 5-6; wet seasons, 6

German Democratic Republic, 148, 288,290,301,302

Ghana, 301 Gloucester, Duke of, 193 G.N.P., 109, 112, 122 Goa, 275 Goonetilleke, Sir Oliver, 14, 192,

193, 194, 199, 253, 279

Goonewardene, Leslie, 160, 269 Gopallawa, William, 43, 192 government, H.M., 14; imperial, 13;

UN.P. (D. S. Senanayake, 1947-1952), 14, 31, 113, 140, 276; UN.P. (Dudley Senanayake, 1952-3), 153, 160, 203, 291; UN.P. (Sir John Kotelawala. 1953-6), 22, 33, 113, 114, 153, 283, 291; M.E.P. (S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike, 1956-9), 35, 65, 72, 74, 85, 91, 92, 93, 98, 104, 105, 106, 108, 114, 119, 133, 137, 138, 152, 157, 159, 160, 161, 189, 215, 270, 299; UN.P. (Dudley Senanayake, March-July 1960), 194, 298; S.L.F.P. (Mrs Sirima Bandaranaike, 1960-5), 21, 23, 27, 36, 42, 51, 72, 85, 92, 93, 102, 104, 105, 106, 108, 109, 210, 215, 244, 266, 285, 288; U.N.P. dominated 'National' (Dudley Senanayake, 1965-70), 23, 27, 36, 42, 51, 67, 72-3, 84, 85, 96, 102, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 117, 119, 137, 149, 152, 158, 162, 164, 167, 177, 179, 196, 198, 201, 227, 244, 272, 287, 288, 291, 292, 294; UN.P. (1947-56, 1965-70), 22, 24, 91, 112, 120, 132, 134, 136, 145, 146, 147, 153, 164, 189, 214, 230, 267, 276, 285, 291, 306; U.F. (Mrs Sirima Bandaranaike, 1970- ), 24, 27, 37, 50, 52, 57, 63, 71, 94, 97, 104, 120, 139, 148, 151, 159, 160, 163, 177, 178, 180, 185, 186, 190, 201, 202, 206, 227, 228, 230, 234, 236, 237, 238, 240, 243,244,247,288,290,301,302

government agent, 227, 228, 229, 233; assistant, 227, 229

governor-general, 145, 191, 193, 194, 197, 199, 202, 204, 224, 225, 226, 253, 255, 279

'government of national safety', 145, 272

Government Parliamentary Group, 143,201,202-4,205

Index 339

Government Sponsored Corpora-tions Act (1955), 91

grama seva niladharis, 230 'grow more food campaign', 111,

274 Gunasena family, 176 Gunawardena, Philip, 83, 140, 143,

151, 152, 154, 158, 159, 195, 199, 200

hartal of 12 August 1953, 153, 214; one-day, 160

headman, chief, 229; superior, 229; village, 229

health, 69-70 high commisioner for India in Sri

Lanka, 32 Higher Education Act (1966), 67 Higher Education Act (1972), 150 Hinduism, 52; brahmanical, 43 housing, 70-1 House of Commons (British), 208 House of Representatives, 14, 25,

42, 45, 130, 141, 168, 186, 189, 190, 194, 195, 199, 203, 204, 205, 206-11, 215, 234, 256, 299

Hungary, 296 Hyderabad,275

I.B.R.D., 66, 76, 80, 286, 287, 288; mission to Ceylon, 113, 114; mission report (1952), 91

I.B.R.D.-I.D.A. mission to Ceylon, 117

I.D.A., 66, 80, 286, 287, 288 Ilangaratna, T. B., 107,144 I.M.F., 109, 286, 287, 308; draw-

ings, 105 immigration, illicit, 33, 273 imports, 106 income distribution, 18 indebtedness, 19 India, 78, 84, 92, 126, 191,269, 271,

274, 276, 277, 278, 280, 281, 282, 283,288,294,301,302

Indian, community, 207; estate kan-ganies, 29; general staff, 277; helicopters, 277; question 28-38,

199; shopkeepers, 99, 100; troops, 277; vote, 168

Indian and Pakistani Residents (Citizenship) Act, No. 3 of 1949, 30,31,198,207,220

Indian constitution, Article 5, 34; Article 8, 34

Indian High Commission, 34 Indian Ocean, 271, 280, 302; as a

nuclear free zone, 284 Indian Tamils, 15, 16, 28, 29, 34,

37,42,43, 50, 103, 125, 130, 132, 155, 156, 164, 165, 185, 206, 216, 219, 220, 222, 238, 257, 258, 259, 274,275

Indians in Ceylon, 12,30,31,33,34, 35, 183, 207; as a Fifth Column, 274; similar to Sudeten Germans in Czechoslovakia, 274

Indo-Ceylon Agreement (January 1954),33-4

Indo-Ceylon Agreement (October 1964, also referred to as Sirima-Shastri Pact), 35-6, 37, 168, 198, 215, 258

Indo-Ceylon Agreement Implemen-tation Act (1967), 36-7

Indo-Ceylon Implementation Bill, 42

Indo-China, 269, 298 Indonesia, 269, 276, 283, 297, 301 Indo-Pakistan War of 1971, 280 Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship

(August 1971), 277 Industrial Development Board, 66,

96 industrial dispute, 178 industrial production, 97 industrial tribunals, 178 industrialisation, 141 industry, private and public sectors,

90-7 International Commission of Jurists,

185 International Islamic Institute, 185 Interpretation (Amendment) Bill

(April 1972), 186 Iraq, 293

340 Politics in Sri Lanka 1947-1973 Iriyagolle, I.M.R.A., 140 irrigation engineering, 7 I.S.F., 185 Islamabad, 277 Israel, 149, 151,285,290,301 Italy, 288

Jaffna, 8,9,49,52,53,273 Jainism,7 Jakarta, 270 Janata commissioner, 230-1, 232 Japan, 87,281,288,298 Jayasuriya, A. P., 197, 199 Jayasuriya, F. R., 169 Jayawardene, J. R., 131, 132, 136,

138, 139, 193, 195, 198, 199, 281, 283, 297. 298

Jennings, Sir Ivor, 13, 190, 193, 208, 221

Joint Council of Trade Union Organisations (J.C.T.U.O.), 181

Jordan, 149 Judicial Committee of the Privy

Council, 149, 190, 207, 237 Judicial Services Advisory Board,

262,263 Judicial Services Disciplinary Board,

262,263 judiciary, 242, 245, 265 junior minister, 196 ].V.P., 137, 169, 170

Kaldor, Nicholas, 91 Kalpitiya, 273 Kandy, kingdom of (also referred to

as Maha Nuwara), 8, 9, 10, 38; wars with, 8

Kandyan, Convention, 10; law, 39; rebellion of 1817-18, 10; rebel-lion of 1848, 10

Kandyan peasantry commission, 41

Kandyan peasantry rehabilitation, commissioner for, 41

Kandyan Sinhalese, 28, 38-43, 192, 195,219,220,222,238,257; con-stituencies, 29; electoral strength, 29; elites, 42; income, 40-1; lobby,

42; ministers, 43; parliamentary representation, 43; peasant, 40

Karachi, 269 Kashmir, 275 Kautilya (the Indian Machiavelli),

277 Kearney, R. N., 305 Keith, Berriedale, 208 Kelani, river, 222; valley, 154, 237 Kenya, 278 Kerensky, 213 Keuneman group (C.P.), 178 Keuneman, Pieter, 152, 187 Khan Ayub, 272 Khan Yahya, 280 King George VI, 193 Kishi, Nobusuke, 300 K.M.T. nationalists, 299 Kochikade, 273 Kohn, Hans, 303 Konesar Temple (in Trincomalee),

168 Korea, Democratic Republic of, 301 Korean War, 64, 87,131,291 Kotelawala, Sir John, 26, 33, 113,

131, 133, 163, 191, 193, 197, 198, 199, 203, 214, 215, 266, 267, 268, 269, 274, 275, 278, 282, 283, 295, 298,299

Kumaranatunga, Munidasa, 184

Labour Party, 29 _ Lake House press (or group), 134,

146,176,177,183 land army, 63 Land Ceilings Act (1972), 120 land development, 76-85; schemes,

107 Lange, Oscar, 91 'language of the area', 34 language question, 135, 182, 246-7 Lanka Swadhina Party, 213 Laski, H. ]., 208 leader of the opposition, 158, 194,

214,299 leadership of the opposition, 212 left united front, 153 left unity, 151-4

Index 341 left wing, parties, 20, 53, 104, 129,

145, 208, 209, 219, 245, 275 legislation, to lessen burden on can-

didates and parties, 209-10 Letters of Intent, 287 literacy rate, 65 Local Authorities Elections (Amend-

ment) Act (1970), 179 L.P.P., 144, 200 L.S.S.P., 25, 31, 137, 140, 145, 146,

147, 149, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 177, 180, 187, 200, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 235,238,242,245,296

L.S.S.P. government, 156, 158 L.S.S.P.(R), 161, 162, 180 Lumumba University, 161, 302 Lusaka Conference (1970), 301

Madagascar, 270 Madras, 27, 29, 31, 58, 168; Legis-

lative Assembly, 31 Magama,7 Mahabodhi Society, 183 Mahaveli, 80; Diversion Board, 80;

diversion project, 148, 287, 288 Mahinda,7 Mahmud, Badiuddin, 57 Mahmud's 'tea party', 57 Malaya, 33 Malays, 15, 185, 206 Malaysia, 8, 303 Maldives, 274 Mannar district, 56 Mao badges, 289 Maoist, elements, 152; inspired, 302 maritime, districts, 9; provinces, 10 Marxian policies, 155, 162 Marxism, 131, 151, 159,266 Marxist, 129, 134, 174; allies, 147,

212; constituencies, 132; objec-tives, 159; opposition, 132, 140, 214; parties, 19, 140, 149, 178, 180, 212, 266, 296; political leaders, 267

Marxist-Leninist movement, 161 Marxists, 54, 136, 139, 146, 187,

214, 301, 306; in Parliament, 214

May, Erskine, 208 Mendis, G. C., 6 M.E.P., 21, 22, 69, 137, 143, 145,

151, 152, 153, 157, 158, 159, 183, 211, 213, 291; election manifesto, 141

M.E.P. (Philip Gunawardena), 153, 154, 155, 157, 158, 174

Methodist Church in Ceylon, 54 Mettananda, L. H., 55, 170, 184 Michels, Robert, 305 'middle path', 28 minister of, agriculture, 83, 203;

agriculture and food, 298; com-munications, 269; constitutional affairs, 235, 239, 241, 242, 243; education, 67; finance, 93, 95, 103, 113, 120, 144, 145, 149, 183, 237, 281, 288, 292, 296; indus-tries, 200; internal and foreign trade, 286, 290, 293; justice, 205; local government, 201; local government, public administra-tion and home affairs, 231

minister of industries, statement of policy (1957), 92

Ministry of, Defence and External Affairs, 98, 270, 273; Education, 65; Home Affairs, 41; Industries, 96, 97, 233; Planning and Eco-nomic Affairs, 66, 118, 227; Plan-ning and Employment, 119, 122, 234; Plantation Industries, 121, 151; Public Administration, 227; State, 98

Moore, Sir Henry Monck Mason, 14

mother tongue, 20 mudalalis (shopkeepers), 130 Mudanayake v. Sivagnanasunderam

(53 N.L.R. 25, 1952), 207 multi-member electoral districts,

258 Muslim, divorce courts, 247; lobby,

185; vote, 285 Muslims, 9, 12, 15, 41, 55-7, 130,

185, 195, 206, 216, 238, 288; in Sinkiang, 288

342 Politics in Sri Lanka 1947-1973 Nagas, 6 Nasser, General, 272 national apprenticeship scheme, 63 National Assembly, 239 National Council of Higher Educa-

tion,67 National Development Bank, 102 National Education Commission, 42 national income, 128 National Planning Gouncil, 114,

115 national press, 130 National Savings Bank, 102 National Seminary in Kandy, 54 National Security Council, 273 National Service Regiment, 273 National State Assembly, 50, 169,

244, 245, 247, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 261, 262, 263, 264

national youth service council, 63 nationalisation, 141, 142, 145, 147;

of bus companies, 74; of petro-leum trade, 121

nationalism, Buddhist, 22, 59; In-dian, 28

native chiefs, 228-30 Nato powers, 270 Navarangahala Hall, 234 navy, 273 Neguib, General, 272 Nehru, 28, 29, 32, 33, 35, 277, 283,

295,300 neutralism, 131, 291, 295, 299,

302 New Delhi, 29, 34, 215, 275, 277,

297 Ne Win, General, 272 New York Times, 272 New Zealand, 278, 281 nikaya, amarapura, 43; ramanya,

44; siam, 43, 44 Nissanka, H. Sri, 213 no-contest polIs agreement, 152, 212 nominal executive, 191-4,245 nonaligned path, 147 nonalignment, 298, 300 north central province, 287

northern and eastern provinces, 27, 50, 51, 164, 166, 168, 216, 240, 241,247

North Korea, 149 North Korean embassy in Colombo,

302 north-western province, 40

officers of state, 12 official language, 42, 58, 166, 246;

implementation of, 27 Official Language Act (1956, also

referred to as 'Sinhala Only' Act), 50, 142, 165

Opposition, 211-16, 243 opposition parties, 196, 202

'package deal', 120-1, 150 paddy, 77,83,107, 111, 113; Japan-

ese method of cultivating, 78; land, 79; yields, 85

Paddy Lands Act (1958), 40, 83-4 Paddy Lands Bill (1958), 142, 199 Paddy Marketing Act (1972), 150 Paddy Marketing Board Act (1972),

121 Pakistan, 185, 191, 269, 272, 276,

277,281,283,294,302; East, 269; International Air Lines, 269; West, 269

Pakistani, air force, 269; planes, 269 Parakrama Bahu the Great, 8 Paris, 117, 288 parity of status for Sinhalese and

Tamil, 133, 164, 165, 240 Parliament, 24, 36, 55, 71, 92, 101,

131, 132, 141, 142, 146, 147, 156, 158, 160, 169, 180, 189, 193, 194, 200, 201, 202, 204-11, 213, 216, 220, 222, 226, 230, 234, 235, 236, 241,249, 287, 299

parliamentary joint select commit-tee, 141, 190

parliamentary secretaries, 196, 201, 211

Peace Corps, 290 Pearson Report, 286 Peking, 277

Index 343 People's Bank, 101, 102 people's banks, 144 people's committees, 148, 149,230-2 per capita income, 105, 109, 112 Perera, Festus, 137 Perera, N. M., 93, 153, 157, 158,

159, 183, 187, 214, 237 permanent secretaries, 202, 223,

226,227 Persian Gulf, 270 petroleum companies, American

and British owned, 301; foreign, 290

Pillai, Father Joachim, 54 Plan, Five-Year (1971), 70, 94, 119,

150; Ten-Year, 70, 92, 94, 98, 114, 115, 116

planning secretariat, 115 P.L.F., 46, 152, 158, 161, 162-3,

185; insurrection, 46, 76, 122, 138, 150, 180, 230, 243, 272, 302, 306; insurrectionary forces, 277

Poland, 87, 291, 293 police, 145 police force, 273 Polonnaruva, 8 Ponnambalam, G. G., 163, 164 population, 61-3, 127, 128, 129 portfolio of, communications, 149;

defence and external affairs, 195; employment, 63; finance, 149; health and local government, 139; justice, 195, 205; industries, 97; industry and fisheries, 195; plan-tation industries, 235; plantation industries and constitutional affairs, 149

ports, 72, 73, 268, 270, 271, 279 Portuguese, 8; influences, 38;. rule,

8-9, 38 power supply, 75-6 poya weekend, 23, 137 'Premier Stakes', 199 President, 237, 239, 253-5, 256,

258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 264 press, 176-8 press commission, 146 prime minister, 119, 137, 138, 140,

141, 142-3, 145, 167, 191, 192, 194, 195, 196, 198, 200, 201, 204, 205, 214, 224, 225, 234, 235, 236, 237, 239, 253, 254, 255-7, 260, 262, 264, 266, 267, 276, 278, 295, 298, 299, 305

prime minister's assassination, 144, 157,200

Principles of State Policy, 239,241, 248, 249

professional organisations, 181-2 Progress Through Stability (March

1958), 134, 135 Protestant, churches, 184; mission-

ary organisations, 19 Protestantism, 38 Protestants, 53, 55, 196 Provisional Revolutionary Govern-

ment of the Republic of South Vietnam, 149,301

public industrial corporations, 93 public officers agreement, 14 Public Security Act (1947), 132,

179, 249, 254, 255 Public Service Commisson, 43, 223,

224,225,255,257,261 Public Services, 223-6 Puri, Y. K., 37 Puttalam district, 56

Queen, 192, 204; of Ceylon, 191 Queen Elizabeth, 193, 278

Rahman, Mujibur, 269 Rajadi Rajasinha, 9 rajakariya, 9 Rajaratne, Mrs Kusuma, 169 Rajaratnes, 169 Rajasinha II, 8 'reasonable use of the Tamil lan-

guage', 142 regional councils, 166, 244 Registration of Temple Lands Ordi-

nance (1856), 40 religion, 246 religious edifices, 7 religious organisations, Buddhist,

Hindu, Muslim, 64

344 Politics in Sri Lanka 1947-1973 Rent Act 1972), 71 repatriation, 36; compulsory, 36 Report on Development and Taxa-

tion on the Plantation Industries, 89

'Report on the Political Situation', 153

Report of the Tea Commission, 88; Interim Report, 88

representation, 12; 'balanced', 49; communal, 12; territorial, 48

Republican Constitution of May 1972,24,50,234-64

Resolution, see 'Basic Resolution' revolutionary left, 161-3 rice, 79, 105, 127, 133, 160; imports,

111 rice-rubber barter agreement (1952),

87, 199, 283, 293, 298 rice subsidy, 64, 203 River Valleys Development Board,

79 Roman Catholic, bishops, 55;

Church, 20, 23, 54, 137, 184; missionary organisations, 19; priesthood, 54

Roman Catholicism, 38 Roman-Dutch laws, 9, 38 Royal Air Force, 269 Royal Titles Act (1953), 191 rubber, 11, 39, 72, 79, 87, 88, 94,

128, 131, 136, 163, 293, 294, 407

rural banks, 102 Russian interests, 270

Sabaragamuwa province, 40 Saivism,7 Samarakoddy, Edmund, 162 Sanchi, Buddha relics from, 22 San Francisco Conference on the

Japanese Peace Treaty, 297 Sanmugathasan, N., 152, 161 Santiago, 286 Sapumal,8 school system, multi-lateral, 65;

multi-purpose, 65 schools, British-oriented, 126; Col-

ombo, 68; nationalisation, 21, 23, 144, 108; separate, 47

SEATO,298 second chamber, 14 secretaries to ministries, 256 secretary, chief, 12; financial, 12;

legal, 12 Section 29 of the Ceylon Constitu-

tion of 1947-72, 21, 132, 189, 206,248

sectoral development corporations, 97

Secunderabad, 271 Senanayake, D. S., 13, 14, 22, 49,

85, 86, 99, 113, 130, 131, 132, 133, 139, 156, 164, 177, 187, 191, 193, 197, 202, 266, 267, 268, 274, 275, 278, 279, 281, 295, 296, 297

Senanayake, Dudley, 22, 32, 33, 50, 131, 133, 134, 135, 137, 139, 146, 166, 167, 168, 169, 177, 184, 187, 190, 191, 193, 195, 197, 198, 202, 204, 215, 227, 241, 243, 256, 266, 267, 275, 285, 287, 295, 300, 301

Senanayake, R. G., 174, 199,298 Senanayake-Jennings, draft, 13 Senate, 42, 149, 169, 194, 195, 196,

204-6, 237 Senators, appointed, 205; elected,

205 Sethusamudran Canal, 73 Shastri, Lal Bahadur, 277 Shop and Office Employees Act

(1954), 18 Short-Term Implementation Pro-

gramme, 1961-2 to 1963-4, 92, 95,115,116

Short-Term Implementation Pro-gramme, 1962,82

Silva, C. P. de, 46, 86, 144, 146, 154, 194, 195, 197, 198, 199, 201

Silva, Colvin R. de, 156, 163, 187, 235, 236, 237

Silva, K. D. de, 146 Silva, P. H. William de, 143, 152,

200 Silva, T. U. de, 55 Singapore, 270, 280, 286, 294; con-

Index 345 ference, 280; market, 87

Sinhala Maha Sabha, 13, 48, 130 Sinhalese, 12, 53, 85, 206, 241, 246;

Buddhists, 7, 15, 16, 125, 135, 146, 162, 304; low country, 9, 16, 38,39,41, 238

Sinhalese, chauvinism, 129; extrem-ists, 142; language movement, 25; militants, 28, 142, 155; militancy, 304; nationalism, 11, 132, 174; nationalist OpInIOn, 34, 177; nationalists, 35, 304; political parties, 130

Sinhalese, colonists, 86; literary groups, 184; middle class, 47

Sinhalese, the language of the courts of justice, 27; the language of parliamentary business, 27; the sole official language, 20, 24, 26, 203

Sinhalese Buddhist, civilisation, 146; culture, 23; ginger group, 169; grievances, 19; groups, 166, 305; nationalist OpInIOn, 25; nationalists, 185; position, 55; pressure groups, 133; qualities, 265; rights, 174

Sinhalese Buddhists, 7, 15, 16, 125, 135, 146, 162, 304

Sinhalese-Buddhist-Muslim distur-bances of 1915, 1,47

Sinhalese Buddhist-oriented social-ism, 129

Sinhalese-Ceylon Tamil relations, 46-52

Sinhalese letter sri, 143 Sinhalese and Tamil as official lan-

guages, 142, 197,239,240 'Sinhalese only', 133, 142 Sinhalese-Tamil riots of 1958, 1,

142 Sino-Indian War, 301 Sino-Malay problem, 303 Sino-Soviet conflict, 152 Sirima-Shastri pact, see under

'Indo-Ceylon agreement (1964)' Siriwardena, C. D. S., 55 Siroky, Viliam, 300

Sivagnanasunderam, N., 207 Six-Year Plan, 1947-8 to 1953-4,

113 Six-Year Programme of Investment,

1954-5 to 1959-60,91 S.L.F.P., 19, 20, 26, 28, 33, 35, 54,

57, 83, 115, 116, 117, 123, 135, 139-51, 155, 160, 161, 165, 166, 168, 169, 177, 178, 180, 187, 194, 196, 199, 200, 209, 211, 212, 213, 214, 235, 237, 238, 242, 266, 277, 296,301,304,305

S.L.F.P.-L.S.S.P. coalition, 152,167 S.L.F.P.-L.S.S.P. government

(June 1964), 162, 177, 183 Smith, S. A. de, 208 S.M.P., 169, 174 social services, 104, 105, 115, 150 socialist democracy, 248 socialist study circle, 147, 236 socio-economic survey of April 1972,

18-19 Soekarno, 300 Soulbury, Lord, 14, 191, 192, 193,

199 Soulbury, Commission, 29, 44, 49,

53; commissioners, 205, 207; con-stitution, 49, 189; Report, 14

South Africa, 33, 87, 280,293 south India, 25, 47; Dravidian mil-

lions, 15; Dravidian sovereign state of, 165

south Indian invaders, 46 Soviet, action in Hungary, 285;

assistance, 287; foreign policy, 151; intervention, 275; revision-ists, 161; 'social imperialism', 161

Soviet bloc, 152, 159, 283, 302 Soviet Union, 87, 213, 271, 276,

282, 288, 291, 293, 294, 296, 297, 300, 302

Soviets, 161, 270, 288 Speaker, 189, 208, 245, 250, 251,

252,255,259,264 specialised interests, 182 Spender, Percy, 132-3, 281, 298 Sri Lanka Petroleum Corporation,

121

346 Politics in Sri Lanka 1947-1973 Sri Vikrama Rajasinha, 10 Stalinism, 127, 151, 153 State Agricultural Corporation, 150 State Council, 12, 13, 14, 126, 208,

221 State Engineering Corporation, 233 State Film Corporation, 121 state industrial corporations, 107 State Industrial Corporations Act,

92 state of emergency, 166, 216, 259 State Services, 260-1 State Services Advisory Board, 257,

260,261 State Services Disciplinary Board,

260,261 State Trading Corporation (Conso-

lexpo), 121 , stateless', 34 Steering and Subjects Committee

(Constituent Assembly), 238, 239, 242

sterling balances, 131, 279 strikes, 72, 178; one-day general

strike (1959), 160 Suez Canal, 72, 268, 270 Supreme Court, 207, 262 Survey of Private Investment in

Ceylon, 1964,90 swabasha, 128; majority, 142; edu-

cated intelligentsia, 142 Switzerland, 284; Ceylon as an

Asian, 295; of Asia, 276 Syria, 293

Taiwan, 299 Tambapanni, 6 Tamil, kingdom, 125; political

parties, 28, 30; separatism, 125; subnationalism, 165

Tamil groupings, 209 Tamil language, 7, 26, 27, 28,50,51

142, 155, 167, 199, 203, 240, 241, 247; for prescribed administra-tive purposes, 27; in the adminis-trative and judicial spheres, 27; in the 1972 constitution, 50; of administration, 168; use of, 26

Tamil Language (Special Provi-sions) Act (1958), 26, 51, 143, 247

Tamil Nadu, 275 Tamil Regulations, 27, 50, 51, 148,

198,247 Tamils, 27, 53, 129; of Ceylon and

south India, 25 Tampoe, Bala, 162, 180 Tanzania, 278 Task Force Illicit Immigration

(T.A.F.I.I.), 273 Taxation Inquiry Commission, 89 T.C., 13, 31, 36, 50, 132, 137, 163-

164, 168, 238, 243 tea, 11, 39, 64, 72, 77, 79, 87, 88,

94, 128, 163, 292, 293, 307; in-dustry,87

tea plantations, British-owned, 307 territorial principle, 12 Thailand, 294 'The Five Lectures', 162 'the Present Political Situation',

158 The U.N.P. in Opposition, 1970,

138 Third International, 151 Thondaman, S., 168, 169 throne speech, 195, 197 Times Group, 176, 177 Tiruchelvam, M., 167 Tito, 300 tombos, 9 tourism, 98-9 Tourist Development Act (1968), 98 trade and aid agreements, 140 Trade Union (Amendment) Act

(1948), 132 trade unionism, 72, 151, 160-1 trade unions, 178-81, 230, 233;

left wing, 192; trade union struggles, 214

'traditional homelands of the Tamil speaking peoples', 50

traditional left, 151-61 transport system, 71-2 Treasury, 226 Trotskyism, 127, 308 Trotskyist, 131, 146, 151, 268, 301;

Index 347 candidates, 153; leaders, 29; par-liamentarians, 149; parties, 55, 152, 155

T.U.F., 168 'twenty-one demands', 154

U.A.R., 149, 272, 285, 293, 301, 302 Uda Walauwe project, 80 U.F., 27, 37, 147, 149, 154, 159,

162, 164, 169, 181, 182, 212, 213, 234, 235, 241, 256, 287, 288; leaders, 285

Uganda, 278 U.L.F., 145, 154, 160, 161 U.L.F.-S.L.F.P. coalition govern-

ment, negotiations for a, 154 unemployment, 38, 62, 63, 66, 96,

128 under-employment, 38, 63, 96 unions, Marxist, 72 United Kingdom, 208, 279 United Nations, 280, 282, 283, 285,

298; General Assembly, 284; sec-retary-general of the, 280, 284; Security Council, 149, 284, 301; Sri Lanka in the, 282-5

United Socialist Party, 151 United States, 87, 113, 161, 271,

287, 288 290, 293, 295, 298, 302 universities, 66, 150 university, Tamil-medium, 164 University of Ceylon, 16, 66, 127,

131 U.N.P., 14, 19, 20, 23, 25, 26, 49,

50, 54, 90, 91, 92, 93, 123, 130-139, 140, 142, 147, 154, 155, 177, 180, 182, 187, 190, 203, 206, 209, 211, 212, 214, 232, 234, 237, 238, 240, 241, 242, 243, 276, 277, 278, 282, 283, 292, 296, 304, 305

U.N.P.'s working committee, 139 Uva province, 39, 41

vaddas, 6

Vaithianathan, Sir Kanthiah, 199 Vereenigde Oostindische Cam-

pagnie (United East India Com-pany),9

Vidyalankara, 22, 23 Vidyodaya Pirivena, 23, 65 Vietnam, 285 Vijaya,6 Vitanage, Gunaseela, 55 V.L.S.S.P., 140, 143, 151, 152, 157,

199

wages board, 178 Walauwe project, 79 Waste Lands Ordinance (1897), 40 water tax, 287 West Germans, 290 West Germany, 87, 149-50, 288,

293, 294 western province, 48 westernised intelligentsia, 267 westernised middle and upper

layers, 11 Westminster, 208 Westminster model, 187, 189 What we Believe, September 1963,

134, 136 WHO,297 Wickremasinghe, S.A., 152, 187 Wickremasinghe group (C.P.), 152 Wijewardena family, 176 Wijeweera, Rohana, 161, 163, 302 workers' councils, 149, 232-3 workforce, 63 World Bank, 109, 148,301,308 Wriggins, W. Howard, 304

Yakkhas, 6 'Yamuna', 213 Young Men's Buddhist Association,

183 youth settlement schemes, 63, 78 Yugoslavia, 288, 291, 302 Yugoslavs, 296