Notes

Introduction

1 . This book relates to the Sicilian Mafia as far as its connection with the American Mafia is concerned. See the Sicilian specific characters in S.Lupo, History of the Mafia . Translated by A. Shugaar, New York, Columbia University Press, 2009.

2 . D. M. P. McCarthy, An Economic History of Organized Crime: A National and Transnational Approach , London, Routledge, 2011, p. 20.

3 . See the definition of “organized crime” (not of “Mafia”) in A. Block, East Side-West Side, Organizing Crime in New York, 1930–1950 , Cardiff, University College Cardiff Press, 1980, p. 10.

4 . The topic of the “territorial conquest” is dealt by F. Varese, Mafias on the Move: How Organized Crime Conquers New Territories , Princeton,NJ, Princeton University Press, 2011. A similar topic relates to the busi-nesses run by different regional southern Italian Mafias (the Camorrain Campania and the ‘Ndrangheta in Calabria) in Northern Italy: see R.Sciarrone, Mafie vecchie e mafie nuove. Radicamento ed espansione , Rome, Donzelli, 1998. A fine historical comparison between Mafia, Camorraand ‘Ndrangheta in J. Dickie, Blood Brotherhoods: The Rise of the Italian Mafias , London, Hodder & Stoughton, 2011.

5 . See, for example, this view—in my opinion misleading—in A. Blok, Mafia of a Sicilian Village: A Study on Violent Peasant Entrepreneurs , New York, Harper, 1974.

6 . See for example C. Sterling, Octopus: The Long Reach of the International Sicilian Mafia , New York, Simon & Schuster, 1991.

7 . President’s Commission on Organized Crime, Report to the President, tVol. I: The Impact , Washington, DC, U.S. Government Printing Office,t1986, p. 51.

8 . S. Raab, Five Families. The Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of America’s Most Powerful Mafia Empires , New York, St. Martin’s Press, 2005, p. 12.

9 . I do not translate the Italian word paese only as “village,” since Sicilian paesi sometimes have thirty or forty thousand inhabitants. I’ll therefore use the term “small town” or “agro-town”; using the term “village” only to refer to minor paesi , and to the so-called borgate around Palermo.

186 NOTES

10 . Following the line drawn by A. Block, Space, Time, & Organized Crime ,New Brunswick, NJ, Transaction Publishers, 1994.

11 . D. Critchley, The Origin of Organized Crime in America: The New York City Mafia, 1891–1931 , New York and London, Routledge, 2009, a rare exam-ple of a professional historical essay in English language on the American Mafia, does not quote the most important Italian studies, and among themthe Italian edition of the present book, published in 2008.

12 . J. Landesco, Organized Crime in Chicago , Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1968 [I ed. 1929], p. 221.

13 . D. Bell, “Crime as an American Way of Life,” in The Antioch Review , 13, wwSummer 1953, pp. 131–54, was published again in D. Bell, The End of theIdeologies , Glencoe, Free Press, 1964.

14 . D. J. Kenney and J. O. Finckenauer, Organized Crime in America , Belmont, CA, Wadsworth, 1995, p. 255.

15 . Valachi, in addition to giving testimony before the McClellan Committee,collaborated on a book about his life: P. Maas, The Valachi Papers , New York, Putnam, 1968.

16 . N. Gentile, Vita di capomafia. Memorie raccolte da Felice Chilanti , Rome, Crescenzi Allendorf, 1993 [I ed. 1963].

17 . But Critchley’s recent essay, The Origins of Organized Crime , makes exten-sive use of the manuscript found in FBI archives.

18 . J. Bonanno, A Man of Honor: The Autobiography of Joseph Bonanno, with Sergio Lalli, New York, St. Martin Paperbacks, 2003.

19 . In Italian, the literal meaning of the word pentito is penitent , but we can bet-tter translate it in English as turncoat . Among the books on which Buscettatcollaborated, see the one edited by P. Arlacchi, Addio Cosa nostra: La vita di Tommaso Buscetta , Milan, Rizzoli, 1994.

20 . The report was written by investigators belonging to a special investiga-tive agency, the “Ispettorato interprovinciale di PS per la Sicilia,” created inSeptember 1933. I’ll refer to it as Investigative Report 1938.

21 . See in particular Investigative Report 1938, p. 61. 22 . See in H. Abadinsky, Organized Crime , Belmont, CA, Wadsworth, 2002,

p. 31, the transcription of one involving members of the New EnglandFamily, celebrated near Boston on October 29, 1989.

23 . President’s Commission on Organized Crime, Report to the President, tpp. 26–27.

24 . B. Turkus and S. Feder, Murder Inc.: The Story of the Syndicate , London, Gollancz, 1952.

25 . M. A. Gosch and R. Hammer, The Last Testament of Lucky Luciano , Bostonand Toronto, Little, Brown, 1975.

1 Amid the Great Flood of Migrants

1 . “By Order of the Mafia,” in New York Times (henceforth NYT), October 22, 1888.

NOTES 187

2 . “Chief Hennessy Avenged. Eleven of His Italian Assassins Lynched by aMob,” in NYT, March 14, 1891. Here and elsewhere, I shall try to simplify the reader’s task by citing in these notes only a few names among the many available within the sources. The mayor’s name was Shakespeare; the nameof the minor politician was Parkerson.

3 . The first were the Matrangas, the other the Provenzanos. Among thelynched people, in any case, we find one Joseph Macheca, whose name does not seem to be Sicilian, nor even Italian. Born in New Orleans in 1834, he was an important businessman who supported the political fac-tion opposed to the mayor’s faction. See M. L. Kurtz, “Organized Crimein Louisiana,” in Louisiana History , 4, 1983, pp. 355–76, in particularypp. 361–62.

4 . Quoted by H. S. Nelli, The Business of Crime: Italians and SyndicateCrime in the United States, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1976,p. 65.

5 . “The Origin of the Mafia,” in NYT, May 3, 1891. 6 . It appears incredible, but until recent times we find authors who refer to

the medieval origins of the Mafia, or to Mazzini as its founder. See for example D. L. Chandler, Criminal Brotherhoods , London, Constable, 1976, pp. 24–30, or W. Balsamo and G. Carpozi Jr., Under the Clock: The Inside Story of the Mafia’s First Hundred Years , Far Hills New York, New Horizon Press, 1988, p. XV.

7 . In the Italian system, the Questura was under the direct authority of thenational government.

8 . See in particular this topic in N. Recupero, La Sicilia all’opposizione (1848–74) , in Storia d’Italia: le regioni dall’Unit à a oggi: La Sicilia , edited by M. Aymard and G. Giarrizzo, Turin, Einaudi, 1987, pp. 41–88; and Id., “Cetimedi e homines novi. Alle origini della mafia,” in Polis , 2, 1987.

9 . I refer overall to the so-called Carboneria . See police reports linking Masonry to Mafia in ASPA, QG, b. 7 (1880).

10 . Really, the first sources spelled the word maffioso . 11 . Police reports dated February 29, 1876, and September 21, 1875, in APA GP,

1876, b. 35. 12 . N. Turrisi Colonna, Cenni sullo stato attuale della sicurezza pubblica in

Sicilia , Palermo, ILA Palma, 1988 [I ed. 1864], p. 48. 13 . This etymon was first proposed by G. Alongi, La maffia nei suoi fattori

e nelle sue manifestazioni. Saggio sulle classi pericolose in Sicilia , Turin, Bocca, 1886, p. 75. We will see later the different interpretation of the eth-nologist G. Pitr è .

14 . Turrisi said it to Leopoldo Franchetti: see the latter’s diary, L. Franchetti, Politica e mafia in Sicilia. Gli inediti del 1876 , edited by A. Jannazzo, Naples, 6Bibliopolis, 1995, p. 58.

15 . See for example J. Schneider and P. Schneider, Culture and Political Economy in Western Sicily, New York, Academic Press, 1976.y

16 . E. J. Hobsbawm, The Rebels: Studies in Archaic Forms of Social Movements , New York, Norton, 1965.

188 NOTES

17 . L. Franchetti, Condizioni politiche e amministrative della Sicilia , in Inchiestain Sicilia , edited by L. Franchetti and S. Sonnino, Florence, Vallecchi, 1974 [I ed. 1876].

18 . G. Mosca, Che cos’ è la mafia , Rome and Bari, Laterza, 2002 [I ed. 1900],p. 27.

19 . S. Lupo, Il giardino degli aranci. Il mondo degli agrumi nella storia del Mezzogiorno , Venezia, Marsilio, 1990. See in particular Luigi Contencin,the most important Italian exporter, interviewed in Citrus Fruit Sales in New York , San Francisco, Pacific Press, October 22, 1897.

20 . G. Blandini’s report (1909) quoted in G. Barone, Lo Stato e le opere pie inSicilia , in AaVv, Chiesa e societ à urbana in Sicilia (1890–1920) , Acireale,Galatea, 1990, pp. 33–66, in particular p. 48. See also S. Lupo, Sangiorgi Report, passim.t

21 . “Commercio degli agrumi italiani sui mercati americani,” Bollettino di notizie commerciali, October 1885, p. 817.

22 . Sources in ACS, MGG, MAP, b. 49.23 . Sangiorgi Report , p. 117 and ff. t24 . Report of the prefetto di Palermo, June 26, 1900, in ACS, MI, PG, b. 252.25 . On the Notarbartolo case see S. Lupo, History of the Mafia. Translated by

A. Shugaar, New York, Columbia University Press, 2009, cit, Chapter III. 26 . G. Marchesano, Processo contro R. Palizzolo & C. Arringa dell’avvocato

G. M. , Palermo, Sciarrino, 1902, p. 120. 27 . Detective A. Cutrera’s report, January 26 and 27, 1900, in ASPA, QG,

b. 20. 28 . Questore Ceola’s Report, April 2, 1909, p. 9, in ASPA, QAG, b. 15.29 . E. J. Hobsbawm and T. Ranger (eds.), The Invention of Tradition , Cambridge,

Cambridge University Press, 1983.30 . “Raffaele Palizzolo Describes the Mafia,” in NYT, July 12, 1908.31 . G. Pitr è , Usi, costumi, usanze e pregiudizi del popolo siciliano , Palermo, Il

Vespro, 1978 [I ed. 1889], vol. II, pp. 292–94. 32 . L. Natoli (William Galt), I Beati Paoli: grande romanzo storico siciliano .

Introduzione di U. Eco, Palermo, Flaccovio, 2003 [I ed. 1910].33 . “Commendator Raffaele Palizzolo,” in NYT, June 14, 1908; “Raffaele

Palizzolo Describes the Mafia.” 34 . A. Train, Courts, Criminals and the Camorra , London, Chapman and Hall,

1912, p. 227 and p. 232. 35 . Train, Courts, Criminals and the Camorra , p. 228. Speranza is quoted by

T. M. Pitkin and F. Cordasco, The Black Hand: A Chapter in Ethnic Crime ,Totowa, NJ, Littlefield, Adams, 1977, p. 224.

36 . The best known Italian gangster of that time, Paolo Vaccarelli, had to choose an Irish name, Paul Kelly.

37 . According to the other Italian-American journalist Alessandro Mastro-Valerio: Nelli, The Business of Crime , p. 71.

38 . We find La Mano bianca , Chicago, 1908, very well quoted in R. E. Park and H. A. Miller, Old World Traits Transplanted , New York, Harper & Brothers,1921.

NOTES 189

39 . Pitkin and Cordasco, The Black Hand , p. 92. 40 . Lindsay Deninson, quoted in Nelli, The Business of Crime , p. 71. There was

something real behind this too: the American press in previous years hadreferred to an anarchist Spanish group called “Mano negra”—that, how-ever, had no relation with the Black Handers.

41 . In 1880, before the great wave of immigration, the newspaper L’Eco d’Italiaexpressed its fear of the “incalculable damage” that the southern Italian immigration would cause “to the now respectable Italian-American com-munity”: L. J. Iorizzo and S. Mondello, The Italian-Americans , New York, Twayne, 1971, p. 36.

42 . Quoted in D. Gallagher, All the Right Enemies: The Life and Murder of Carlo Tresca , New Brunswick and London, Rutgers, 1988, p. 28. Tresca arrived in America in 1904.

43 . He was born in 1860 in Padula, in the province of Salerno. When he arrived in America, he was 13 years old.

44 . Interview to New York Herald , February 20, 1903, quoted in A. Petacco, Joe Petrosino , New York, Macmillan, 1974 (p. 164 of the original Italianedition).

45 . Iorizzo and Mondello, The Italian-Americans , p. 165 ff. 46 . Ceola’s Report, April 28, 1909 (pp. 9–10), in ASPA, QAG, b. 15.47 . The two letters in ASPA, QAG, b. 15. 48 . “Eight Sicilians Held,” in NYT, April 16, 1903. 49 . Flynn, who in the following years directed the FBI, told the story in

Washington Post , 1914, and entitled it “Black Hand.” In the articles of Aprilt19 and June 7, Flynn wrote that his informer inside the group, Antonio Comito, had revealed to him that Morello and Ignazio Lupo were the insti-gators of Petrosino’s murder. See also Flynn’s book: W. J. Flynn, The Barrel Mystery , New York, James A. McCann, 1919. yy

50 . See the ruling of the Corte di Assise di Palermo, December 19, 1899 in ACS,MGG, MAP, b. 132. Here you find the name of the father, Rocco Lupo, and of the mother, Onofria Saitta.

51 . Flynn, “Black Hand.” 52 . G. Selvaggi, Rise of the Mafia in New York from 1895 through World War II, II

Indianapolis, Bobbs-Merril, 1978 [Italian edition: La mia tomba è NewYork , Roma, Vetta, 1957, p. 51]. Trestelle was interviewed by Selvaggi in the1950s, after he came back to Italy. His story is full of mistakes in regard to the prewar period, and is more interesting in regard to the followingyears.

53 . Train, Courts, Criminals and the Camorra , pp. 236–38. 54 . Telex of the Prefect of Milan, October 3, 1909, in ACS, MGG, MAP,

b. 132. 55 . “Rich Italian Gone; Once Mafia Leader,” in NYT, December 5, 1908. 56 . Ceola’s Report, March 24, 1909, in ASPA, QAG, b. 15. The name of the man

assassinated was Andrea Fendi. See also the statement of another criminalwe will speak of: “Intorno al mistero Petrosino . . . Un nostro colloquio colCostantino,” in L’Ora , January 27–28, 1911.

190 NOTES

57 . I cite the names of the mafiosi and of the towns: Pietro Inzerillo fromMarineo, Ignazio Milone from Corleone, Giovanni Pecoraro from Piana dei Greci. Some information on Pecoraro: he was “a broker,” affiliated withthe Mafia “of the village of Sancipirrello.” He arrived in America in 1903to escape a murder sentence. In the house of one Rosario Pecoraro, also from Piana dei Greci, who had come back from America a wealthy man and where he had been a close friend of Ignazio Lupo, a “lettera di scrocco ”(extortion letter) had been found, signed “the Black Hand” ( Questore ’s del-egate report, March 17, 1909, in ASPA, QAG, b. 15).

58 . So described in a police report, July 12, 1916 in ASPA, QAG, b. 15. 59 . There is a personal file on Cascio Ferro among police documents dedicated

to subversives: ACS, CPC, b. 1141.60 . The family name of the landlord was Inglese. Cascio Ferro’s other protec-

tor was Domenico De Michele Ferrandelli, long-standing mayor of Burgio, deputy of Bivona. See the police report dated March 29, 1909, in ASPA, QAG, b. 15.

61 . “Intorno al mistero Petrosino . . . Un nostro colloquio col Costantino.” 62 . “Intorno l’assassinio del detective Petrosino,” in L’Ora , April 9, 1909. 63 . The letter in “Barrel Murder Inquest,” in NYT, May 8, 1903. 64 . Letter of the Italian secretary of state, October 1907, ACS, MI, PG, b. 252. 65 . Flynn, “Black Hand.” 66 . Detective A. Davidson’s Report, June 27, 1908, ACS, MI, PG, b. 252. 67 . Ceola’s Report, March 29, 1909, p. 7, in ASPA, QAG, b. 15. 68 . Ceola’s Report, March, 24, 1909, pp. 5–6, in ASPA, QAG, b. 15. 69 . “Get Counterfeiters after Year’s Chase,” in NYT, January 11, 1910; “Federal

Jury Convicts Boscarino,” in NYT, December 11, 1910. 70 . See the family tree in D. Critchley, The Origin of Organized Crime in

America: The New York City Mafia, 1891–1931 , New York and London,Routledge, 2009.

71 . So in Critchley, The Origin of Organized Crime , p. 156. Instead, accordingto Gentile, he was born in 1886.

72 . See La mano Bianca , quoted by Park and Miller, Old Word , p. 249.73 . See the list of their intercontinental trips in N. Volpes, Tenente Petrosino.

Missione segreta in Sicilia , Palermo, Flaccovio, 1972, pp. 120–34. 74 . Police report, March 16, 1909, p. 4, in ASPA, QAG, b. 15. 75 . Some examples in ASPA, QAG, b. 15. The chief of the police of Monreale

knows that the influence of the local Mafia chief Vito Cal ò reaches New York, so he seized two men “affiliated to the local mob or American Black Hand.” Report dated March 17, 1909. A report from Bagheria states thatone Giuseppe Spingola, who returned in 1912 from New York, is reorga-nizing the local cosca . In ACS, PG, 1916–18, b. 236, we find one Calogero Pollara, who comes back from America to the Ficarazzi borgata (villagenot far from Palermo) with “a lot of money,” trying to enter the citrusracket, and who is elected to the city Council. In the end, he is shot todeath.

NOTES 191

76 . See the many judgments quoted in A. Nicasio, Alle origini della ‘ndrangheta. La picciotteria , Soveria Mannelli, Rubettino, 1990, pp. 32–34. In southern Italian dialects, the word picciotto ( picciotteria( is the abstract form) means “young man.”

77 . L. Panepinto, “Ai compagni di Tampa Fla,” in La Plebe , June 1909, in C. Messina (ed.), In giro per la Sicilia con la “Plebe” (1902–1905) , Palermo,Herbita, 1985, pp. 379–81.

78 . Park and Miller, Old World Traits , pp. 151–52; R. D. Alba, Italian-Americans: Into the Twilight of Ethnicity , Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall, y1985, p. 50.

79 . See Iorizzo and Mondello, The Italian-Americans , p. 138 ff. 80 . F. J. Ianni and E. Reuss-Ianni, A Family Business: Kinship and Social Control

in Organized Crime , London, Russell Sage Foundation, 1972. 81 . J. Mangione and B. Morreale, La Storia: Five Centuries of Italian American

Experience , New York, HarperCollins, 1992, p. 174. 82 . Ianni and Reuss-Ianni, A Family Business , p. 66 ff. 83 . The letter in “La ‘Mano nera’ nell’Ohio. Rivelazioni sull’assassinio di

Petrosino,” in Giornale di Sicilia, January 30–31, 1909. 84 . Nelli, The Business of Crime , p. 78. 85 . Letter dated February 25 [1907] in ASPA, QAG, b. 15. The two had another

brother, Francesco, the reports say, who was Ignazio Lupo’s brother-in-law.

86 . Gentile, Vita di capomafia . Memorie raccolte da F. Chilanti, Rome,Crescenti Allendorf, 1993 [I ed. 1963], p. 51, footnote. I do not know how important it is, but in Italian-American mobster slang, cocaine was oftenreferred to as “cloth.”

87 . Gentile, Vita di capomafia , pp. 53–68. 88 . Flynn, “Black Hand,” p. 24 maggio; see also La mano Bianca , pp. 11–16. 89 . “L’enorme impressione destata a Palermo e fuori dall’assassinio del detec-

tive Petrosino,” in Il Giornale di Sicilia , March 14–15, 1909.

2 Roaring Twenties

1 . “Methodist Board of Temperance” quoted by H. Mitgang, Once Upon a Time in New York , New York, Free Press, 2000, p. 31.

2 . R. A. Orsi, The Madonna of 115th Street: Faith and Community in Italian Harlem, 1880–1950 , New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 1985, p. 24.

3 . J. Mangione and B. Morreale, La Storia: Five Centuries of Italian AmericanExperience , New York, HarperCollins, 1992, p. 215.

4 . R. E. Park and H. A. Miller, Old World Traits Transplanted , New York, Harper & Brothers, 1921.

5 . Park and Miller, Old World Traits Transplanted , p. 153 and p. 241. 6 . A. Train, Courts, Criminals and the Camorra , London, Chapman and Hall,

1912, p. 227 and p. 232.

192 NOTES

7 . Here I refer to the classic essay L. Wirth, The Ghetto , Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1928.

8 . J. Landesco, Organized Crime in Chicago , Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1968 [I ed. 1929], p. 221 and p. 169.

9 . Landesco, Organized Crime in Chicago. 10 . W. F. Whyte, Street Corner Society , Chicago, Chicago University Press, y

1955, pp. 113–15. 11 . Whyte, Street Corner Society, p. 142.yy 12 . Whyte, Street Corner Society , p. 273 and p. 274.yy 13 . Landesco, Organized Crime in Chicago , pp. 212–14. 14 . Quoted by Landesco, Organized Crime in Chicago , p. 213. 15 . Landesco, Organized Crime in Chicago , cit., p. 221. 16 . See the interview in F. J. Ianni and E. Reuss-Ianni, A Family Business:

Kinship and Social Control in Organized Crime , London, Routledge, 1972,p. 70.

17 . Landesco, Organized Crime in Chicago , cit., p. 214. 18 . P. Maas, Underboss: Sammy the Bull Gravano’s Story of Life in Mafia ,

London, HarperCollins, 1977, p. 4 and p. 8. 19 . Orsi, The Madonna of 115th Street, p. 103. t 20 . M. H. Haller, Bootlegging: The Business and Politics of Violence , in Violence

in America: The History of Crime , edited by T. R. Gurr, London, Sage, 1989, pp. 146–62 and in particular p. 146.

21 . M. Berger, “Portrait of the Modern Racketeer,” in New York Times (hence-forth NYT), November 10, 1935.

22 . M. H. Haller, Bootleggers and American Gambling, 1920–1950 , in Gambling in America , Commission on the Review of the National Politics towardGambling, Washington, DC, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976, p. 109,quoted by A. Block, East Side-West Side, Organizing Crime in New York,1930–1950 , Cardiff, University College Cardiff Press, 1980, pp. 131–33.

23 . Quoted by Landesco, Organized Crime in Chicago , p. 214. 24 . Bootlegger Tony Mauriello quoted in G. Selvaggi, Rise of the Mafia in

New York from 1895 through World War II, Indianapolis, Bob-Merril,II1978 [Italian ed.ition, p. 37].

25 . So Gordon L. Hostetter, of the Employers’ Association in Chicago, in H. S. Nelli, The Business of Crime: Italians and Syndicate Crime in the United States, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1976, p. 242.

26 . B. Turkus and S. Feder, Murder, Inc.: The Story of the Syndicate , London, Gollanz, 1952.

27 . Turkus and Feder, Murder, Inc. , p. 75. 28 . R. J. Kelly, The Upperworld and the Underworld. Case Studies of Racketeering

and Business Infiltrations in the United States , New York, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 1999, pp. 65–66.

29 . J. Richard (Dixie) Davis, “Things I Couldn’t Tell Till Now,” in Collier’s Magazine , July 22 and 29, 1939; August 3, 5, 19, and 26, 1939; in particularAugust 3, p. 44.

NOTES 193

30 . Davis, “Things I Couldn’t Tell Till Now,” p. 21. 31 . Davis, “Things I Couldn’t Tell Till Now,” p. 37. 32 . So inhabitants of Cornerville in Whyte, Street Corner Society, p. 140.yy 33 . Mitgang, Once Upon a Time , p. 8. 34 . The Italians were John Torrio, Frank Costello, Charlie Luciano: Haller,

Bootleggers and American Gambling.gg 35 . I draw the data from H. Abadinsky, Organized Crime , Belmont, CA,

Wadsworth, 2002, passim. 36 . D. Critchley, The Origin of Organized Crime in America: The New York City

Mafia, 1891–1931 , New York and London, Routledge, 2009, p. 105. 37 . V. W. Peterson, The Mob. 200 Years of Organized Crime in New York ,

Ottawa, IL, Green Hill, 1983, pp. 165–67. 38 . Ianni and Reuss-Ianni, A Family Business . One Lupollo married one of

Ignazio Lupo’s daughters. 39 . E. Perlmutter, “Lucky Luciano’s Story: Prison and Politics,” in NYT,

February 14, 1954. 40 . M. A. Gosch and R. Hammer, The Last Testament of Lucky Luciano , Boston

and Toronto, Little Brown, 1975, p. 3. This book may be considered a sort of autobiography, even though it was published 12 years after Luciano’s death,for it originally derived from a collective effort between Luciano and Gosch at the beginning of the 1960s: see chapter 5 of this book.

41 . Gosch and Hammer, The Last Testament , p. 10.t 42 . Gosch and Hammer, The Last Testament , p. 7.t 43 . Gosch and Hammer, The Last Testament , p. 17 and p. 109.t 44 . The gambling czar was involved in narcotic trafficking, and the former

pusher Luciano continued this business. FBI agents reported he was in Germany in 1930, with Jack Diamond, another infamous New York gang-ster (former Rothstein’s bodyguard), to deal in morphine: Memorandum,August 18, 1935 in FBI Files: Charles “Lucky” Luciano .

45 . Gosch and Hammer, The Last Testament , p. 40.t 46 . A case of a non-Sicilian Americanized gangster belonging to the previous

generation may be that of John Torrio, who in 1925 returned to New York from Chicago, perhaps to avoid a contrast with Al Capone. In effect, after the murder of Rothstein, he “became banker and financer for underworld enterprises of New York”: Nelli, The Business of Crime , p. 173.

47 . N. Gentile, Vita di capomafia . Memorie raccolte da F. Chilanti, Rome, Crescenti Allendorf, 1993 [I ed. 1963], p. 118.

48 . Gentile, Vita di capomafia , pp. 93–94. 49 . Italy v. Garofalo— Sentenza di rinvio a giudizio contro F. Garofalo e altri ,

January 31, 1966, in AC. DOC, v. 4, 14/1, p. 659 ff. 50 . The police raid in Giornale di Sicilia , July 24, 1926. On the claims of US

authorities related to narcotics smuggling see “Per l’esportazione agruma-ria,” in Sicilia Nuova , March 19, 1926.

51 . Mafia Monograph , Section II, p. 6, in FBI Files. 52 . Critchley, The Origin of Organized Crime , p. 288, n. 166.

194 NOTES

53 . Gentile, Vita di capomafia , pp. 70–71. 54 . V. Coco, La mafia dei giardini. Storia delle cosche della Piana dei Colli ,

Rome and Bari, Laterza, 2013, pp. 62–63. 55 . According to any sources, it was even possible that John R. Mac Arthur was

their man of straw: R. Raspagliesi, Guido Jung, imprenditore ebreo e minis-tro fascista, Milan, Franco Angeli, 2012, p. 129 ff.

56 . Allegra’s Testimony (1937). Mauro De Mauro, the reporter who pub-lished the testimony 25 years later, was destined to be murdered by theMafia.

57 . Allegra’s Testimony. 58 . Allegra’s Testimony. 59 . Italy v. S. Termini, August 16, 1928, p. 26; police report, April 29, 1926,

p. 3 and p. 8, both in ACS, MGG, ES, b. 17. Testimonies on the topic arequoted in G. Nania, S. Giuseppe e la mafia , Palermo, Ed. della battaglia,2000, p. 94.

60 . President’s Commission on Organized Crime, Report to the President, Vol tI: The Impact , Washington, DC, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1986, tp. 52.

61 . R. Campbell, Luciano Project: The Secret Wartime Collaboration of the Mafia and the U.S. Navy, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1977, p. 140. yy

62 . See M. Patti, La mafia alla sbarra. I processi fascisti a Palermo , Palermo,Istituto poligrafico europeo, 2014, p. 103 ff., and the sources quoted there.Giuseppe Lo Giudice was Giulio D’Agati’s killer. The former’s two brothers,murdered in New York, were Giovanni and Francesco Lo Giudice.

63 . Mafia Monograph , Part II, pp. 86–87. 64 . J. H. Davis, Mafia Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Gambino Crime Family, yy

New York, HarperCollins, 1993. 65 . FBI report, December 1957, pp. 40–43, in FBI Files: Charles Gambino.

According to Davis, Mafia Dynasty, Gambino was linked to Masseria.y 66 . October 14, 1891: ASTP, Registri dello stato civile, Nascite, ad annum. 67 . According to the documents, he was born in January 21, 1905: ASTP,

Registri dello stato civile, Nascite, ad annum. 68 . On July 31, from Domenico e Antonina Pisciotta: ASTP, Registri dello stato

civile, Nascite, ad annum. 69 . L. Cuidera, Vivai criminali in Sicilia: I—Castellammare del Golfo , Palermo,

Tip del Giornale di Sicilia, 1903, pp. 2–5. 70 . Cuidera, Vivai criminali in Sicilia , p. 10. 71 . “Italian Band Held for Killing of 16,” in NYT, August 16, 1921; “20 murders

Bared, Two at $30 a Piece,” in NYT, September 15, 1921. 72 . His name was Giovanni Bosco. See, in ACS, CPM, b. 38, the prefect of

Trapani’s report, October 29, 1934. 73 . J. Bonanno, A Man of Honor: The Autobiography of Joseph Bonanno , with

Sergio Lalli, New York, St. Martin Paperbacks, 2003. 74 . See his personal file in ACS, CPM, b. 160. Antonino Minore, born in

Castallammare on January 13, 1881, was the son of Mariano Minore andAntonina Cascio.

NOTES 195

75 . Around 1915, he was in business with Francesco Cuccia: reports of thepolice chief of Piana dei greci, June 30 and July 1, 1915, in ASPA, TCP, Associazione a delinquere Cuccia, b. 3205. In Joe Bonanno’s book, Man of Honor , Bucellato’s Christian name is said to be rr Felice .

76 . Questura of Trapani’s report. February 1, 1934 in ACS, CPM, b. 35. 77 . See the files on two members of Buccellato’s group: Giovanni Bosco e

Giovanni Costantino, in ACS, CPM, b. 38 and b. 53. 78 . Carabinieri report, Alcamo, January 29, 1934 in ACS, CPM, b. 38. Strangely

enough, the first part of Bonanno’s autobiography, A Man of Honor, was rrentitled just Odyssey.y

79 . “Italian Band Held for Killing of 16.” Vito Buccellato was murdered in 1914,Giuseppe Buccellato in 1921.

80 . “125 Murders Now Charged to Band. Police Expects to Arrest Chief of ‘Good Killers’ in Buffalo,” in NYT, August 19, 1921.

81 . The two brothers’ criminal records in MCH, p. 1036 and p. 602. 82 . G. Talese, Honor Thy Father , New York, Ivy Books, 1992 [I ed. 1971],rr

p. 175. 83 . See Bonanno, A Man of Honor, cit; but also Talese, rr Honor Thy Father. Joerr

Bonanno’s uncle was named Peter Bonventre. 84 . Talese, Honor Thy Father, p. 177.rr85 . Mafia Monograph , Section II, pp. 72–73. 86 . Bonanno, A Man of Honor , p. 209. rr87 . Garofalo’s testimony in Italy v. Garofalo, pp. 668–71. Martinez himself

(p. 671) confirmed that since about 1925, he had been in contact in New York with Bonanno, Garofalo, and other members of the Castellammarese gang (like Carmine Galante).

88 . A. Block, Space, Time, & Organized Crime , New Brunswick, NJ, TransactionPublishers, 1994, pp. 153–54.

89 . Italy v. Garofalo, p. 654. 90 . In Italy, the prefect is an official representative of the national government

in the provinces (like the questore , but at a higher level). In the Fascistperiod, the political role of the prefects grew further.

91 . Gosch and Hammer, The Last Testament , p. 46. t 92 . “Seek Official Link in Alien Smuggling,” in NYT, September 12, 1931. The

businessman was named Costa. 93 . President’s Commission on Organized Crime, Report to the President, p. 52;t

and, for instance, S. Raab, Five Families: The Rise, Decline, and Resurgenceof America’s Most Powerful Mafia Empires , New York, St. Martin’s Press,p. 75, p. 93, and passim.

94 . This was due on one hand to the reopening of the borders after the end of the war, and on the other hand to the alarm over their next closure.

95 . Memorandum by the Fascist leader Francesco Paternostro, August 1926. It was published by M. Di Figlia, Alfredo Cucco. Storia di un federale , Palermo, Quaderni di “Mediterranea,” 2007, pp. 171–82 and in particular p. 177.

96 . F. Petrotta, Politica e mafia a Piana dei Greci da Giolitti a Mussolini , Palermo, La Zisa, 2001, p. 100 ff.

196 NOTES

97 . This is at least my English translation of the original text, written ina semi-illiterate Italian. See the original in Patti, La mafia alla sbarra ,p. 112.

98 . M. Andretta, “I corleonesi e la storia della mafia,” in Meridiana. Rivista distoria e scienze sociali , n. 54, 2005, pp. 211–32 and in particular p. 227.

99 . Sources on Troja in ACS, MGG, ES, b. 17. 100 . Gentile, Vita di capomafiafi , pp. 99–106. 101 . Paternostro Memorandum, p. 174 and in general Di Figlia, Alfredo Cucco . 102 . A. Petacco, Il prefetto di ferro , Milan, Mondadori, 1975, p. 153 ff ; and in par-ffff

ticular p. 155 and p. 164. Cucco’s contact in Brooklyn was Leo Di Stefano. 103 . Arnaldo Cortesi, “The MafiTh a Dead, a New Sicily Is Born,” in NYT, March 4, fi

1928; see also “Mori War on the Mafi a,” in NYT, January 17, 1928. fi 104 . Whyte, Street Corner Society , p. 274. But in general see J. P. Diggins, yy Mus-

solini and Fascism: Th e View from AmericaTh , Princeton, NJ, Princeton Uni-versity Press, 1972.

105 . Mitgang, Once Upon a Time , p. 95. 106 . Luigi Barzini’s letter to Mussolini, November 8, 1928, quoted by Diggins,

Mussolini and Fascism . 107 . Block, Space, Time, & Organized Crime , pp. 153–54. 108 . I cite the case of Giuseppe Barbaccia, a scion of a Mafi a dynasty in a village fi

of the province of Palermo, Godrano. He was sentenced to life imprison-ment for murder in 1909. He fled to New York and remained there aftfl er ftchanging his name. Twenty years later, a detective picked him up and, re-sorting to an expedient, succeeded in convincing him to reveal his trueidentity. Anyway, it was all in vain. The man was not extradited. See hisThpersonal file in ACS, MGG, ES. fi

109 . “Perch é a New York si commettono delitti,” in L’Ora , November 18–19,1930; “Un giovane assassinato a revolverate,” in L’Ora , March 9–10, 1931.

110 . Report dated March 31, 1938, in ASPA, QAG, 1938, b. 2167. 111 . Th e letter also in ASPA, QAG, 1938, b. 2167. Th

3 History and Myths of Organized Crime

1 . FBI Memorandum dated August 28, 1935 in FBI Files: Charles “Lucky”Luciano.

2 . Berger, “Portrait of the Modern Racketeer.” in New York Times (henceforth NYT), November 10, 1935.

3 . J. R. Davis, “Things I Couldn’t Tell Till Now,” in Collier’s Magazine , August3, 1939, p. 44.

4 . Davis, “Things I Couldn’t Tell Till Now,” p. 36. 5 . Davis, “Things I Couldn’t Tell Till Now,” p. 44. 6 . “Police Mystified in Slaying of ‘Boss,’” in NYT, April 17, 1931. It’s worth

remarking how similar the reconstruction was in Palermo newspapers: seefor example “Un capo della malavita ucciso a revolverate,” in L’Ora, May 1–2, 1931.

NOTES 197

7 . “Seek Official Link in Alien Smuggling.” 8 . “Racket Chief Slain by Gangster Gunfire,” in NYT, April 16, 1931. Yet,

racketeers of various ethnic origins were killed as well: Rothstein, Jack Diamond, Vincent Coll, and so on.

9 . “Aspetti della campagna contro la malavita nel Nord-America,” in L’Ora , September 11–12, 1931; “Maranzano sarebbe stato ucciso quale rappre-sentante di Al Capone a New York,” in L’Ora , September 30–October 1,1931.

10 . Berger, “Portrait of the Modern Racketeer.” 11 . A. Block, East Side-West Side, Organizing Crime in New York, 1930–1950 ,

Cardiff, University College Cardiff Press, 1980, p. 8. 12 . W. F. Whyte, Street Corner Society , Chicago, Chicago University Press,y

1955, pp. 113–15 explains that second generation Italian-Americans used this pejorative term as well.

13 . M. A. Gosch and R. Hammer, The Last Testament of Lucky Luciano , Bostonand Toronto, Little Brown, 1975, p. 46.

14 . Gosch and Hammer, The Last Testament , p. 10.t 15 . Gosch and Hammer, The Last Testament , p. 46. t 16 . Gosch and Hammer, The Last Testament , p. 47.t 17 . Gosch and Hammer, The Last Testament , p. 60.t 18 . Gosch and Hammer, The Last Testament , p. 100.t 19 . Gosch and Hammer, The Last Testament , p. 119 and pp. 100–101.t 20 . Gosch and Hammer, The Last Testament , pp. 133–35.t 21 . According to Valachi’s Testimony in MCH , Organized Crime and IllicitHH

Traffic in Narcotics, Hearings Before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations [Chairman:John L. MacClellan], Washington, DC, United States Senate, 1963–64,p. 215, the meeting was held in the Bronx, on Washington Avenue. I have already said that after Maranzano’s death, the detectives referred to a meet-ing in Coney Island. The others speak of another site, and maybe of anothermeeting: N. Gentile, Vita di capomafia . Memorie raccolte da F. Chilanti, Rome, Crescenti Allendorf, 1993 [I ed. 1963], p. 113 ff (“in a mountainhotel”); J. Bonanno, A Man of Honor The Autobiography of Joseph Bonanno, with Sergio Lalli, New York, St. Martin Paperbacks, 2003, p. 125. (“in aresort near Wappinger Falls, New York”).

22 . Gosch and Hammer, The Last Testament , p. 133. t 23 . B. Turkus and S. Feder, Murder Inc .: The Story of the Syndicate , London,

Gollanz, 1952, pp. 72–73, focused on a similar topic: Maranzano went too far in trying to contrast the Manhattan garment syndicate ruled by Luciano’s Jewish friends Lepke and Gurrah.

24 . Gosch and Hammer, The Last Testament , p. 144 t 25 . Gosch and Hammer, The Last Testament , p. 100.t 26 . Gentile, Vita di capomafia , p. 111. 27 . See the letter dated Palermo, September 25, 1958, in GDF Report 1955–63,

pp. 393–95 and in particular p. 394. 28 . Gentile, Vita di capomafia , p. 111 and p. 116.

198 NOTES

29 . Valachi’s Testimony, p. 156. R. A. Orsi, The Madonna of 115th Street: Faith and Community in Italian Harlem, 1880–1950 , New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 1985, p. 34, confirms: in East Harlem “the rivalry between Neapolitans and Sicilians was particularly fierce. Sicilians had the reputa-tion of keeping only to themselves.”

30 . Valachi’s Testimony, in MCH, pp. 156–58. 31 . Valachi’s Testimony, p. 219, p. 226, and p. 96. 32 . Investigative Report 1938, p. 136 ff. Anello’s uncle, Rosario Napoli, was

murdered in 1936. 33 . For instance, it seems he never knew that the card burned by his godfather

portrayed the image of a saint. 34 . Valachi’s Testimony, p. 215. 35 . Valachi’s Testimony, p. 227. 36 . Bonanno, A Man of Honor, pp. 70–71. rr 37 . Bonanno, A Man of Honor , pp. 70–71. rr 38 . Bonanno, A Man of Honor , p. 123.rr 39 . Bonanno, A Man of Honor , p. 141. rr 40 . See also M. Berger, “The ‘Great Luciano’ Is at Last in Toils,” in NYT,

April 12, 1936. 41 . Turkus and Feder, Murder, Inc. , p. 63. 42 . Gosch and Hammer, The Last Testament , pp. 149–51. Luciano told the t

story in much the same way in an interview he gave around 1954–55 to J.H. Davis, that was published in J. H. Davis, Mafia Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Gambino Crime Family, New York, HarperCollins, 1993. y

43 . Turkus and Feder, Murder, Inc. , p. 73 and, for instance, G. Selvaggi, Rise of the Mafia in New York from 1895 through World War II, Indianapolis, Bob-IIMerril, 1978; G. Wolf and J. Di Mona, Frank Costello: Prime Minister of the Underworld , London, Hodder and Stoughton, 1974, p. 96; D. Cressey, Theft of the Nation: The Structure and Operations of Organized Crime in America , New York, Harper & Row, 1969, p. 44.

44 . Detective Ralph Salerno in MCH , p. 233; A. Block, HH Space, Time, & Organized Crime , New Brunswick, NJ, Transaction Publishers, 1994, p. 4 ff.

45 . Luciano completely denies the existence of the purge according to Goschand Hammer, The Last Testament , p. 143; Bonanno denies it as well, t A Man of Honor ; Gentile, Vita di capomafia , p. 124, refers to a “carnage” but quotes the names of only a couple of murdered men; Valachi’s Testimony, p. 232, minimizes (instead P. Maas, The Valachi Papers , New York, Putnam, 1968,paradoxically affirms the existence of the purge).

46 . Bonanno, A Man of Honor , p. 84. rr47 . Bonanno, A Man of Honor , p. 190. rr48 . Bonanno, A Man of Honor, p. 161. rr49 . Wolf and Di Mona, Frank Costello , p. 11. 50 . Gosch and Hammer, The Last Testament , p. 150.t 51 . That also according to Gosch and Hammer, The Last Testament , p. 134. t52 . Davis, “Things I Couldn’t Tell Till Now,” p. 44.

NOTES 199

53 . Davis, “Things I Couldn’t Tell Till Now,” p. 36. 54 . Whyte, Street Corner Society , pp. 111–15 and in particular p. 115.yy 55 . Block, East Side , p. 129 and passim. 56 . See also Block, East Side , p. 228. 57 . Block, East Side , p. 44. 58 . I quote only those industries among the many listed by the New York Police

Department and the Manhattan District Attorney T. Crain in 1930–31: seeBlock, East Side , p. 41.

59 . H. Mitgang, Once Upon a Time in New York , New York, Free Press, 2000. Yet, we know that Marinelli and Luciano himself supported Roosevelt dur-ing the Democratic National Convention: M. Stolberg, Fighting Organized Crime: Politics, Justice, and the Legacy of Thomas Dewey, Boston, MA,yyNortheastern University Press, 1995, p. 216.

60 . Stolberg, Fighting Organized Crime , p. 49. 61 . “Loot of Tammany and the Gangs Ended. La Guardia Asserts,” in NYT,

October 1, 1937. 62 . Berger, “The ‘Great Luciano’ Is at Last in Toils.” 63 . “Lucania is Called Shallow Parasite,” in NYT, June 19, 1936. 64 . Gosh and Hammer, The Last Testament , p. 151. t 65 . “Friend of Lucania Acts as Accuser,” in NYT, May 26, 1936. 66 . Stolberg, Fighting Organized Crime , p. 116. 67 . “Lucania is Forced to Admit Crimes,” in NYT, June 4, 1936; “Lucania

Guilty,” in NYT, June 8, 1936. 68 . Stolberg, Fighting Organized Crime , p. 116. 69 . R. Carter, “The Strange Story of Dewey and Luciano,” in The Daily Compass ,

September 4, 1951; but see also S. J. Woolf, “Dewey Points a Way to Crush Racketeering,” in NYT, August 29, 1937.

70 . See “T. E. Dewey’s Address,” in NYT, April 29, 1938. 71 . “Mayor Denounces Vice Protectors,” in NYT, June 20, 1936. 72 . “Lewis J. Valentine’s Statements. Schultz Dies of Wounds,” in NYT, October

25, 1935. 73 . The informer also alluded to a political connection, citing Marinelli, too, as

responsible for the murder of Schultz: Block, East Side , p. 73. 74 . Gentile, Vita di capomafia , pp. 131–32. 75 . Gentile, Vita di capomafia , p. 140 and pp. 152–53. But on Gentile’s arrest see

also FBN, History of Narcotic Traffic , in MCH, pp. 881–94 and in particular p. 891.

76 . Lonardo’s testimony in United States v. Salerno , pp. 111–19. 77 . Lonardo’s testimony, p. 113. Lonardo’s cousins were John and Dominic

DeMarco.78 . Gentile, Vita di capomafia , p. 132. 79 . See also J. B. Jacobs, C. Panarella, and J. Worthington, Busting the Mob:

United States v. Cosa Nostra , New York, New York University Press, 1994,p. 90: “In our view, there is not sufficient evidence to conclude that thereexists a national decision making [Cosa Nostra] body].”

200 NOTES

80 . Lonardo’s testimony, p. 112. United State vs Salerno, quoted n. 76. 81 . See the letter, signed Gerald C. Lundy, in FWP, “US Senate Special

Commission to Investigate Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce,” box 2, “Miscellaneous correspondence.” Block was the first to quote it in Space, Time, & Organized Crime , p. 27. It is possible that the expression “GrandCouncil” drew inspiration from the name (“Gran Consiglio”) of the Fascist Regime’s highest-ranking institution.

82 . D. Valentine, The Strength of the Wolf: The Secret History of America’s War on Drugs , London and New York, Verso, 2006, p. 19 and p. 16.

83 . In order to confront the source in question with another one, I remark thatall of the nine members of the Grand Council are quoted as top echelons by Gentile, Vita di capomafia .

84 . This is the case of Antonino Sirchia; while Angelo Di Vincenzo was said to have always lived “here [in Palermo] and in America within and on behalf of the Mafia”: Investigative Report 1938, pp. 162–63 and p. 191.

85 . See Bonanno’s name in the list of Ispettorato’s informants, date May 15,1938, in ACS, MI, PS, Segreteria del capo della polizia, Ispettorato generale di PS per la Sicilia, b. 16. I thank Vittorio Coco, who indicated the docu-ment to me.

86 . H. S. Nelli, The Business of Crime: Italians and Syndicate Crime in the United States , Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1976, p. 238.

87 . See on the two Canebas and on Mancuso MCH, p. 975, p. 976, and p. 987. 88 . It seems that the Eliopoulos brothers, of Greek origin, had almost monopo-

lized the trafficking: FBN, Brief History of Illicit Interstate Narcotic Traffic ,in MCH, pp. 917–30 and in particular pp. 918–19.

89 . FBN, Brief History of Illicit Interstate Narcotic Traffic , p. 917. 90 . Mafia Monograph , Section II, p. 82. 91 . R. Campbell, Luciano Project: The Secret Wartime Collaboration of the

Mafia and the U.S. Navy, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1977, p. 139.yy 92 . “Reles Confesses 5 More Killings,” in NYT, September 17, 1940; “Two in

Murder Ring Quickly Convicted,” in NYT, September 20, 1940. 93 . D. Bell, The End of the Ideologies , Glencoe, Free Press, 1964, p. 165. 94 . District Attorney’s statements to the December 1949 Grand Jury, quoted by

Block, East Side , p. 184. 95 . Article quoted by Bell, The End of the Ideologies , p. 167. 96 . Quoted by Bell, The End of the Ideologies , pp. 131–32. 97 . Turkus and Feder, Murder, Inc. , p. 13. 98 . Turkus and Feder, Murder, Inc. , p. 9.99 . Block, East Side ; but also Block, Space, Time, & Organized Crime , p. 13.

100 . Block, East Side , p. 204. 101 . Block, East Side , p. 221 ff . and in particular p. 230.ffff 102 . Memorandum of information furnished by Seymour Magoon, in Block,

East Side , pp. 253–54. 103 . Block, East Side , p. 192. 104 . “Link Democrats to Murder Ring, Herlands Charges Direct Tie,” in NYT,

November 3, 1941.

NOTES 201

4 The New World and the Old World at War

1 . M. Berger, “Exploded Big Shots,” in New York Times (henceforth NYT),January 4, 1942.

2 . W. F. Whyte, Street Corner Society, Chicago, Chicago University Press, y1955, p. xvii.

3 . I. B. Child, Italian or American? The Second Generation in Conflict, New tHaven, CT, Yale University Press, 1943, particularly p. 2 and pp. 88–89.

4 . M. Tucker, “Carlo Tresca,” in The Greenwich Villager, April 22, 1922, p. 8.rr 5 . Tresca’s speech in Providence, October 29, 1923, in FBI Files: Carlo

Tresca. 6 . D. Gallagher, All the Right Enemies: The Life and Murder of Carlo Tresca ,

New Brunswick and London, Rutgers University Press, 1988, p. 144. 7 . So for instance the Italian American Students League of East Harlem: R. A.

Orsi, The Madonna of 115th Street: Faith and Community in Italian Harlem,1880–1950 , New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 1985, p. 21.

8 . Poletti’s intervew to G. Puglisi in I protagonisti: La storia dell’Italia attraverso i siciliani illustri. Gli anni difficili dell’autonomia , Palermo, Regione sicili-ana, 1993, pp. 13–46. See in particular pp. 18–19.

9 . Tresca’s change on the matter was due to the bloody conflicts between Stalinists and Anarchists during the Spanish Civil War, and to the murder of Trockij.

10 . “Tresca Slaying,” in NYT, January 13, 1943. 11 . See p. 4 and passim in the transcription of Taddei’s speech—both in the

English and in the Italian versions—entitled The Tresca Case in FBI Files:Carlo Tresca. See there also Tresca’s article “We Accuse Generoso Pope,” in Il Martello , October 28, 1934 (where anyway one finds no reference toGarofalo).

12 . The Assassination of Carlo Tresca , pp. 9–11, in FBI Files: Carlo Tresca. Many FBI reports in the same file followed this investigative line: see, among theothers, the one dated January 13, 1943.

13 . Memorandum, January 13, 1943, p. 1, in FBI Files: Carlo Tresca. 14 . See especially two memorandums, dated March 29, 1944, p. 5, and

November 4, 1944, in FBI Files: Carlo Tresca. 15 . J. P. Diggins, Mussolini and Fascism: The View from America , Princeton,

NJ, Princeton University Press, 1972. Taddei was threatened and in 1945, assoon as it was possible, went back to Italy.

16 . Memorandum dated March 29, 1944 in FBI Files: Carlo Tresca. 17 . J. Kwitny, Vicious Circles , New York, Norton, 1979. 18 . William H. Schneider in MCH – Organized Crime and Illicit Traffic in

Narcotics, Hearings Before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations [Chairman: John L. MacClellan], Washington, DC, United States Senate, 1963–64 (henceforth MCH), p. 579.

19 . See a remarkable description of the Buffalo Family by Detective Michael Amico in MCH, pp. 585–614; on Montana in particular see pp. 589–93.

202 NOTES

20 . On Barbara, see in F. Sondern, Jr., Brotherhood of Evil: The Mafia, witha forward by Harry J. Anslinger, New York, Farrar, Straus and Cudahy,1959.

21 . C. Grutzner, “Business Leaders, Mafia Firm,” in NYT, April 17, 1965. Seealso Mafia Monograph in FBI Files , Section II, p. 82.

22 . Valachi’s Testimony in MCH, pp. 305–306. 23 . G. Wolf and J. Di Mona, Frank Costello: Prime Minister of the Underworld ,

London, Hodder and Stoughton, 1974, p. 119 and passim. 24 . In a call made in 1943 and recorded by a wire tap on Costello’s phone,

Aurelio gave the boss full credit for his nomination. See Wolf and Di Mona,Frank Costello , pp. 133–47.

25 . Mafia Monograph , p. 58. 26 . D. Bell, The End of the Ideologies , Glencoe, Free Press, 1964, p. 132. 27 . S. Bohem, “Murder, Inc. Ace Now Army Top Sergeant,” in New York Journal ,

September 28, 1943. 28 . R. Campbell, The Luciano Project: The Secret Wartime Collaboration of the

Mafia and the U.S. Navy, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1977.. yy 29 . FBI Memorandum March 22, 1946, p. 2, in FBI Files: Luciano. 30 . Quoted in Campbell, The Luciano Project, p. 48. t 31 . Campbell, The Luciano Project, p. 65 and passim. t 32 . Campbell, The Luciano Project, pp. 89–110. t 33 . So one of Haffenden’s men, Felix Sacco, interviewed in “Navy Officer Insists

Lucky Luciano Aided War Effort,” in New York World-Telegram , February 26, 1947.

34 . FBI Memorandum March 22, 1946, p. 4, in FBI Files: Luciano. 35 . Campbell, The Luciano Project, pp. 121–23. t 36 . Bell, The End of the Ideologies , p. 163. 37 . E. Kefauver, Crime in America , Garden City, NY, Doubleday, 1951. 38 . M. A. Gosch and R. Hammer, The Last Testament of Lucky Luciano , Boston

and Toronto, Little Brown, 1975, pp. 260–62. 39 . FBI agent E. E. Conroy’s report, March 1, 1946, p. 3, in FBI Files: Luciano. 40 . FBI agent E. E. Conroy’s report, March 1, 1946, p. 2, in FBI Files: Luciano. 41 . G. R. Mormino, The Liberation of Southern Italy: Italian-American

Prospective , in Italy and America 1943–44 , Naples, La citt à del sole, 1997, pp. 353–73 and in particular p. 360 and 363.

42 . Scotten’s Memorandum, p. 623. 43 . Scotten’s Memorandum, p. 627. 44 . Rennel’s letter, August 1943, in Civil Affairs: Soldiers Become Governors,

Washington, DC, Center of Military History, U.S. Army, 1964, p. 210;Rennel, introduction to G. R. Gayre, Italy in Transition , London, 1946.

45 . N. Gentile, Vita di capomafia . Memorie raccolte da F.Chilanti, Rome,Crescenti Allendorf, 1993 [I ed. 1963], pp. 163–64.

46 . According to D. Valentine, The Strength of the Wolf: The Secret History of America’s War on Drugs, New York, Verso, 2006, p. 151.

47 . CAO W. Sullivan’s report, December 19, 1943, referred to the village of Villafrati in ACS, ACC, 689c, box 140, 143/28, File Mafia .

NOTES 203

48 . The Allies rescued the carabinieri from the chaotic confusion of publicadministration after the collapse of the Fascist Regime and reorganized thespecial police forces created by Mori.

49 . See a list of Mafiosi in the province of Palermo, and different reports onvillages like Godrano, Marineo and Villafrati, in ACS, ACC, 689c, box 140,143/28, File Mafia .

50 . CAO’s W. Sullivan’s report, December 10, 1943, p. 1, in ACS, ACC, 689c,box 140, 143/28, File Mafia . The boss’ name was Santamauro.

51 . Scotten’s Memorandum, p. 626. 52 . Scotten’s Memorandum, p. 627. 53 . See the reports dated August 13, 1943, and December 14, 1943, in a book

containing a selection of OSS documents: N. Tranfaglia, Come nasce laRepubblica. La mafia, il Vaticano e il neofascismo nei documenti ameri-cani e italiani, 1943–1947 , note di G. Casarrubea, Milano, Bompiani, 2004,77pp. 91–99 and pp. 99–106.

54 . Russo was interviewed by the BBC. The interview was broadcast by theRTSI (Radiotelevisione svizzera di lingua italiana) on July 6, 1993 as part of a program entitled Gli Alleati e la mafia (The Allies and the Mafia).

55 . OSS Report August 3, 1943, in Tranfaglia, Come nasce la Repubblica , p. 94.

56 . OSS Report April 27, 1944, signed by Scamporino, in Tranfaglia, Come nasce la Repubblica , pp. 117–22 particularly p. 117.

57 . OSS Report April 5, 1945, in Tranfaglia, Come nasce la Repubblica , pp. 157–59, in particular p. 159.

58 . R. Mangiameli, La regione in guerra (1943–1950) , in Storia d’Italia: le regionidall’Unit à a oggi: La Sicilia , edited by M. Aymard e G. Giarrizzo, Torino, Einaudi, 1987, pp. 485–601, and in particular p. 502; and the letter signed by Andrea Finocchiaro Aprile (the leader of the MIS), December 4, 1943, quoted by F. Renda, Storia della Sicilia dal1860 al 1970 , Palermo, Sellerio, 1987, p. 69.

59 . Gentile, Vita di capomafia , p. 165. 60 . Poletti’s intervew, p. 21 and p. 23. 61 . M. Patti, La Sicilia e gli Alleati. Tra occupazione e liberazione , Roma,

Donzelli, 2013. 62 . F. M. Ottanelli, “Fascist Informant and Italian American Labor Leader. The

Paradox of Vanni Buscemi Montana,” in Italian American Review , 1, 2000, wwpp. 104–16.

63 . See the two documents quoted and commented upon in Patti, La Sicilia e gli Alleati , pp. 28–47.

64 . FBI Memorandum March 22, 1946, p. 4, in FBI Files: Luciano. 65 . M. Corvo, The OSS in Italy: A Personal Memory , New York, Praeger, 1990,yy

pp. 22–23. 66 . The document, from British National Archives, London (War Office), is

quoted by Patti, La Sicilia e gli Alleati , p. 44. 67 . C. D’Este, Bitter Victory: The Battle for Sicily, New York, E. P. Dutton, yy

1988.

204 NOTES

68 . Corvo, The OSS in Italy, p. 62 ff. 69 . M. Pantaleone, The Mafia and Politics , London, Chatto & Windus, 1966. 70 . See the testimonies in question in L. Lumia, Villalba, storia e memoria ,

Caltanissetta, Lussografica, 1990, vol. II, pp. 428–30. 71 . Gosch and Hammer, The Last Testament , p. 268.t 72 . “Luciano Plea Cites His Aid to US Armies,” in NYT, May 23, 1945. 73 . O’Dwyer told this story during the Kefauver Committee’s hearings: see W.

H. Moore, The Kefauver Committee and the Politics of Crime (1950–1952) ,Columbia, University of Missouri Press, 1974, p. 197.

74 . V. W. Peterson, The Mob: 200 Years of Organized Crime in New York ,Ottawa, IL, Green Hill, 1983, pp. 269–70.

75 . FBI Memorandum, April 15, 1946; Conroy’s report, March 1, 1946, p. 3 andp. 9 (both in FBI Files: Luciano). Haffenden soon resigned: according to thesame sources, the public made a scandal out of sub-contracts he stipulatedwith a company in which he was a stakeholder.

76 . Campbell, The Luciano Project, p. 2. t 77 . Letter to Life , March 13, 1964, in GWP.

5 Looking for and at the Enemy

1 . W. H. Moore, The Kefauver Committee and the Politics of Crime (1950–1952) , Columbia, University of Missouri Press, 1974, p. 117; D. Valentine, The Strength of the Wolf: The Secret History of America’s War on Drugs ,New York, Verso, 2006, p. 86.

2 . “Navy Officer Insists Lucky Luciano Aided War Effort,” in New York World-Telegram , February 26, 1947.

3 . Conroy’s report, March 1, 196, in FBI Files: Luciano. One finds this accusa-tion against the Republicans in Poletti’s interview also, p. 21.

4 . B. Andrews, “Myth of Luciano’s Aid to the War Deflated by US Action onDrug,” in New York Herald Tribune , February 22, 1947.

5 . E. Kefauver, Crime in America , Turin and Garden City, Doubleday, 1951. 6 . See also R.Carter, “The Strange Story of Dewey and Luciano”, in The Daily

Compass , September 4, 1951. 7 . We are aware of them thanks to R. Campbell, The Luciano Project: The

Secret Wartime Collaboration of the Mafia and the U.S. Navy, New York,yyMcGraw-Hill, 1977.

8 . The book is S. Feder and J. Joesten, The Luciano Story , New York, McKay,y1954. One finds Joesten’s remarks in a text entitled A Statement Concerning the Book “the Luciano Story ,” January 7, 1955, in GWP.y

9 . White’s argument in a letter addressed to “John,” New York, January 25,1955, in GWP.

10 . FBN, History of Narcotic Traffic , in MCH – Organized Crime and IllicitTraffic in Narcotics, Hearings Before the Permanent Subcommittee onInvestigations of the Committee on Government Operations [Chairman: John L. MacClellan], Washington, DC, United States Senate, 1963–64, p. 891.

NOTES 205

11 . FBN, History of Narcotic Traffic , p. 892. 12 . Report by FBN’s John T. Cusack (1958), memorandum March 13, 1959,

pp. 30–33, in FBI Files: Charles Gambino. 13 . The GDF referred in particular to Antonio Sorci AKA “Ninu u riccu” (“the

rich man”): GDF Report 1955–63, p. 185. Rosario Mancino, former citrusexporter, belonged to the same ring.

14 . FBN list of high echelon narcotics traffickers in MCH, p. 801. 15 . Among the returned migrants who were part of the gang, I have already

mentioned Serafino Mancuso as a drug merchant. He had been sentencedin the United States in 1937 to 40 years in prison for narcotics trafficking,and in 1947 had been paroled and sent back to Italy.

16 . Prefect Angelo Vicari’s report, May 12, 1951, in AC, DOC, vol. 4, 14/3, pp. 947–51 and in particular p. 949.

17 . The interview in J. H. Davis, Mafia Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Gambino Crime Family, New York, HarperCollins, 1993.yy

18 . E. Permutter, “Lucky Luciano’s Story: Prison and Politics,” in New York Times (henceforth NYT), February 14, 1954.

19 . F. Sondern, Jr., Brotherhood of Evil: The Mafia, with a forward by Henry J. Anslinger, New York, Farrar, Straus and Cudahy, 1959.

20 . Moore, The Kefauver Committee , p. 114. 21 . H. Abadinsky, Organized Crime , Belmont, CA, Wadsworth, 2002, p. 139. 22 . O’Dwyer had been re-elected mayor one year before; but Truman—

promoveatur ut amoveatur —had later appointed him Ambassador to rMexico.

23 . V. W. Peterson, The Mob: 200 Years of Organized Crime in New York , Ottawa, IL, Green Hill, 1983, pp. 268–69.

24 . D. Bell, The End of the Ideologies , Glencoe, Free Press, 1964, pp. 115–17 and126 ff. See also D. C. Smith, The Mafia Mystique , London, Hutchinson,1975, in particular p. 141 and pp. 185–86, according to which the McCarthy Committee might be compared to a “Puritan board of Inquiry.”

25 . L. Bernstein, The Greatest Menace: Organized Crime in Cold War America , Boston, University of Massachusetts Press, 2002.

26 . And Elia Kazan, an intellectual who followed a “McCarthyist” logic, didnot refer to the Mafia when he put organized crime and Communism inclose connection in a famous movie like On the Waterfront (1954). t

27 . Back in the United States, Genovese had to face the prewar murder chargewe already referred to. But the case vanished when both the men who were to testify against him died: the former in prison for what was presented as asuicide, while the latter was more simply shot to death.

28 . J. Bonanno, A Man of Honor: The Autobiography of Joseph Bonanno , withSergio Lalli, New York, St. Martin Paperbacks, 2003, confirms that themeeting was organized by Stefano Magaddino.

29 . Mafia Monograph , in FBI Files, Section II, p. 94. 30 . Mafia Monograph , Section II, p. I and pp. VI–VII. 31 . Mafia Monograph , Section II, p. 111 and passim.

206 NOTES

32 . Mafia Monograph , Section I, p. 107. 33 . Mafia Monograph , Section I, p. 52. 34 . Bernstein, The Greatest Menace , p. 9; Robert F. Kennedy, The Enemy

Within , New York, Harper & Brothers, 1960, pp. 324–25. 35 . E. Perlmutter, “Valachi Names 5 as Crime Chiefs,” in NYT, October 2,

1963. 36 . Gentile was contacted in Rome in October 21, 1958; “a number of meetings”

followed: GDF Report 1958–63, pp. 389–91. 37 . D. Critchley, The Origin of Organized Crime in America: The New York City

Mafia, 1891–1931 , New York and London, Routledge, 2009, cit. 38 . See Chilanti’s statements in N. Gentile, Vita di capomafia . Memorie rac-

colte da F. Chilanti, Rome, Crescenti Allendorf, 1993 [I ed. 1963], p. 43. 39 . See FBN, History of Narcotic Traffic , p. 891. 40 . Nino Calderone’s (Pippo’s brother) testimony in P. Arlacchi, Men of

Dishonor, Inside the Mafia, an Account of Antonino Calderone , New York,Morrow, 1993 [p. 158 of the original Italian edition].

41 . GDF Report 1958–63, p. 280 and pp. 283–84. 42 . See the introduction in M. A. Gosch and R. Hammer, The Last Testament

of Lucky Luciano , Boston and Toronto, Little Brown, 1975. Hammer affirms he worked on the original text of the interview, but admits that the text inquestion no longer existed when the book was published because Gosch’s wife had accidentally destroyed it.

43 . D. Gambetta, Sicilian Mafia: The Business of Private Protection , Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1993.

44 . R. T. Anderson, “From Mafia to Cosa Nostra,” in The American Journal of Sociology, November 1965, pp. 302–10. yy

45 . E. Perlmutter, “Mafia Wields Sinister Power,” in NYT, September 29, 1963. 46 . S. Raab, Five Families: The Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of America’s Most

Powerful Mafia Empires , New York, St. Martin’s Press, 2005, p. 36. 47 . H. Abadinsky, The Mafia in America: An Oral History , New York, Praeger,yy

1981, pp. 93–140.48 . V. Teresa, My Life in the Mafia , New York, Doubleday, 1973, p. 86.49 . De Cavalcante Tapes, The FBI Trascripts on Exhibit in Usa v. De Cavalcante ,

New York, Lemma Publishers, 1970, p. 1.13 and p. 3.12.50 . De Cavalcante Tapes, see for example p. 4.29.51 . Bonanno, A Man of Honor , p. 164.rr52 . De Cavalcante Tapes, p. 4.24. 53 . G. Wolf and J. Di Mona, Frank Costello: Prime Minister of the Underworld ,

London, Hodder and Stoughton, 1974, p. 12.54 . Raab, Five Families , pp. 91–92.55 . P. Maas, The Valachi Papers , New York, Putnam, 1968. 56 . Raab, Five Families , p. 137. 57 . Valachi’s Testimony in MCH, p. 80. 58 . Valachi’s Testimony, p. 82. 59 . Valachi’s Testimony, p. 219, p. 226, and p. 96.

NOTES 207

60 . Valachi’s Testimony, pp. 115–17. 61 . Critics indeed (see for instance Smith, The Mafia Mystique , pp. 234–35)

exaggerated in remarking that he was a second-tier member of the organi-zation, who as such couldn’t know the secrets he pretended to reveal.

62 . D. Cressey, Theft of the Nation: The Structure and Operations of Organized Crime in America , New York, Harper & Row, 1969.

63 . G. Hawkins, “God and the Mafia,” in Public Interest , Winter 1969, now in J. tE. Conklin (ed.), The Crime Establishment. Organized Crime and American Society , Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall, 1973, pp. 43–72.yy

64 . Conklin, Introduction to The Crime Establishment , p. 26. t 65 . Abadinsky, Organized Crime , p. 46. 66 . Abadinsky, Organized Crime , p. 33. 67 . N. Pileggi, Wiseguy: Life in a Mafia Family , London, Corgi Books, 1987, y

pp. 40–41. 68 . Sal Gravano’s testimony in The Gotti Tapes , London, Arrow Books, 1992,

p. 136 and p. 141. 69 . Pistone’s Testimony in United States v. Salerno , p. 102. But see also his auto-

biographic book: J. D. Pistone, Donnie Brasco, My Uncovered Life in theMafia, New York, New American Library, 1987.

70 . P. Reuter, Disorganized Crime , Cambridge, MA, MIT University Press, 1983, p. 159 and in general chapters 1 and 7 .

71 . Abadinsky, The Mafia in America , p. 61. 72 . Abadinsky, The Mafia in America , p. 71. 73 . Abadinsky, The Mafia in America , p. 123 and passim.

6 The Last Sicilian Wave

1 . The Italian word is “ragionare .” In Mafia jargon it has various meanings: I could translate it “to argue,” or “to find agreements” as well.

2 . Italy v. Caruana, Tribunale di Palermo. Ufficio Istruzione, Ordinanza con-tro Pasquale Caruana e Giuseppe Cuffaro , September 8, 1990, p. 70 ff. Thesecond Sicilian Mafioso’s name was Giuseppe Cuffaro.

3 . FBN, History of Narcotic Traffic , in MCH—Organized Crime and IllicitTraffic in Narcotics, Hearings Before the Permanent Subcommittee onInvestigations of the Committee on Government Operations [Chairman: John L. MacClellan], Washington, DC, United States Senate, 1963–64,p. 891.

4 . A similar case: Mafia bosses in Pitson, Pennsylvania, from the beginning of the century to the 1950s were from Montedoro, a village in the Sicilian province of Caltanissetta. See Mafia Monograph , in FBI Files, Section II,pp. 9–14.

5 . There is no evidence that these Badalamentis have anything to do with the Palermitan Badalamenti family I referred to in the first chapter.

6 . Police report, May 24, 1971, in AC. Doc, v. 4, t.14/2, p. 1008.

208 NOTES

7 . GDF Report 1958–63, p. 184. 8 . GDF Report 1958–63, passim. 9 . FBN, History of Narcotics Traffic , p. 885.

10 . GDF Report 1958–63, pp. 287–88. 11 . GDF Report, April 5, 1971, in AC. DOC., vol. 4, 14/2, p. 993. 12 . F. Sondern, Jr., Brotherhood of Evil: The Mafia , with a forward by Henry

J. Anslinger, New York, Farrar, Straus, and Cudahy, 1959. 13 . D. Gambetta, Sicilian Mafia: The Business of Private Protection , Cambridge,

MA, Harvard University Press, 1993. The case was similar to bootlegging, of which we have already spoken; the businessmen involved couldn’t appealto official law to regulate their disputes.

14 . Italy v. Garofalo, p. 908. 15 . See MCH, Organized Crime and Illicit Traffic in Narcotics, Hearings

Before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee onGovernment Operations [Chairman: John L. MacClellan], Washington,DC, United States Senate, 1963–64, p. 777.

16 . Italy v. Garofalo, Sentenza di rinvio a giudizio contro F. Garofalo e altri ,January 31, 1966, in AC. DOC, v. 4, 14/1, pp. 643–44.

17 . De Cavalcante Tapes, The FBI Trascripts on Exhibit in Usa v. De Cavalcante ,New York, Lemma Publishers, 1970, p. 5.24 and 3.61.

18 . Buscetta’s Testimony A. 19 . GDF Report 1958–63, p. 232. 20 . Buscetta’s Testimony B, I, p. 218. 21 . Buscetta’s Testimony B, I, p. 41. 22 . Buscetta’s Testimony A, p. 251. 23 . P. Arlacchi, Addio Cosa nostra. La vita di Tommaso Buscetta , Milan, Rizzoli,

1994, p. 60 ff. Anyway Buscetta referred to a meeting at the “Span ò ” restau-rant—not at “Hotel delle Palme.”

24 . P. Arlacchi, Men of Dishonor, Inside the Mafia, an Account of Antonino Calderone , New York, Morrow, 1993 [p. 72 of the original Italian edition].

25 . Italy v. La Barbera, Sentenza di rinvio a giudizio contro S. La Barbera e altri , June 23, 1964, in AC. DOC, v. 4, 17, p. 492 ff.

26 . See prosecutor Giovanni Falcone’s counter-argument in Buscetta’s Testimony A, p. 299.

27 . Arlacchi, Addio Cosa nostra , p. 144 ff.28 . Local policemen casually arrested them, but soon released them when

they showed (false) South American papers. The other two attendees at the meeting were Gerlando Alberti and Pippo Calderone.

29 . R. Blumenthal, Last Days of the Sicilians: At War with the Mafia, the FBI Assault on the Pizza Connection , New York, Times Books, 1988, p. 85. Do not forget that Buscetta arrived in Mexico City thanks to a well-known nar-cotics merchant like Pietro Dav ì .

30 . Buscetta’s Testimony A, p. 216. 31 . According to the United States v. Salerno Indictment, p. 96, “controlling

relations between [American] La Cosa Nostra and members of the SicilianLa Cosa nostra” was among the specifics purposes of the Commission;

NOTES 209

Lonardo’s Testimony, p. 112, considered the prohibition of narcotics one of the principal rules the Commission had to enforce.

32 . Blumenthal, Last Days of the Sicilians , cit., p. 24. 33 . About the difference between this particular investigation and other inves-

tigations of American La Cosa Nostra, see J. B. Jacobs, C. Panarella, andJ. Worthington, Busting the Mob: United States v. Cosa Nostra , New York,New York University Press, 1994, p. 131.

34 . Blumenthal, Last Days of the Sicilians , cit., p. 7. 35 . Pistone’s Testimony in United States v. Salerno (1986), in J. B. Jacobs, C.

Panarella, and J. Worthington, Busting the Mob: United States v. Cosa Nostra , p. 105 and p. 109.

36 . Italy v. Sindona, Sindona. Gli atti d’accusa dei giudici di Milano [1984],Rome, Editori Riuniti, 1986.

37 . Italy v. Sindona, p. 269, p. 276, and passim. 38 . Marino Mannoia’s and Gaspare Mutolo’s testimonies in Italy v. Andreotti,

Memoria presentata dal pubblico ministero nel procedimento penale contro G.Andreotti [1993], in La vera storia d’Italia , edited by S. Montanaro and S. Ruotolo, Naples, Pironti, 1995, pp. 458–62.

39 . Enrico Cuccia’s testimony in Italy v. Sindona, pp. 24–26. Cuccia was at that time the most important Italian banker. The information came fromSindona’s son-in-law, P. A. Magnoni.

40 . Detective Salvatore Certa’s Testimony in Italy v. Accardo, Corte d’Assise diTrapani, Procedimento penale a carico di Accardo Antonino + 86, February 28, 2000.

41 . See for instance cases of gunmen that acted on the both continents atGalante’s and Minore’s orders in F. Viviano, “Uccisi 2 killer della Mafia,” in Repubblica , March 29, 1990.

42 . Arlacchi, Men of Dishonor [p. 27 and p. 94 of the original Italian edition].r 43 . Italy v. Spatola, Tribunale di Palermo, Sentenza di rinvio a giudizio contro

R.Spatola + 119, January 22, 1982, p. 365 and passim. 44 . Buscetta’s Testimony A. 45 . See for example the interview Buscetta gave to E. Biagi, Il boss è solo , Milan,

Mondadori, 1986, p. 125. 46 . Buscetta’s Testimony A, p. 35 and p. 36. 47 . Giuffre’s Testimony in Italy v. Casamento, Tribunale di Palermo, Direzione

distrettuale antimafia—Ordinanza di custodia in carcere di F.Casamento+ 29, 2008, pp. 44–45.

48 . The two were Antonino Rotolo and Antonino Cin à (a medical doctor): Italy v. Casamento, pp. 67–69. Filippo Casamento, born in Palermo in 1926, was among the defendants at the Pizza Connection trial: after being expelled to Italy, he illegally returned to the United States in 2004.

49 . G. Falcone, Cose di Cosa nostra . A cura di M. Padovani, Milano, Rizzoli, 1991, pp. 27–28.

50 . Mutolo’s Testimony in Italy v. Casamento, pp. 76–77. In addition to Mutoloand Gambino, Rosario Naimo and Rosario Riccobono also attended the meeting (Riccobono was later murdered).

210 NOTES

51 . Prosecution’s Opening Statement in United States v. Badalamenti, p. 148. 52 . Buscetta’s Testimony A, p. 60. 53 . Italy v. Accardo. 54 . Alfano was under surveillance by the same FBI agents who had been

involved in the Galante case, who continued to investigate the Knicker-bocker Avenue Sicilian gang.

55 . Conversations quoted in Blumenthal, Last Days of the Sicilians , p. 221 and p. 236.

56 . Quoted in Jacobs, Panarella, and Worthington, Busting the Mob , p. 139.

7 Mafia’s Ideology

1 . G. Pitr è , Usi, costumi, usanze e pregiudizi del popolo siciliano , Palermo, Il Vespro, 1978 [I ed. 1889], vol. II, pp. 292–94.

2 . Letter to Life magazine signed by M. L. Herney. 3 . Italy v. Spatola, Tribunale di Palermo, Sentenza di rinvio a giudizio contro

R.Spatola + 119, January 22, 1982, p. 485. 4 . S. M. Gilbert, Mysteries of the Hyphen. Poetry, Pasta and Identity Politics ,

in Beyond the Godfather. Italian-American Writers on the Real Italian-American Experience , edited by A. K. Ciongoli and J. Parini, Hanover, University Press of New England, 1997, p. 56.

5 . G. Talese, Honor Thy Father, New York, Ivy Books, 1992 [I ed. 1971],p. XV.

6 . L. Bernstein, The Greatest Menace: Organized Crime in Cold War America , Boston, University of Massachusetts Press, 2002, p. 164 and p. 166.

7 . R. Salerno and J. S. Tompkins, The Crime Confederation , Garden City, NY,Doubleday, 1969.

8 . D. Cressey, Theft of the Nation: The Structure and Operations of Organized Crime in America , New York, Harper & Row, 1969, pp. 16–20.

9 . “One expert, with years of experience as a law enforcement officer,” sen-sationally abandoned the conference. See L. J. Iorizzo, An Inquiry into Organized Crime, Proceedings of the Conference, October 24, 1970 (no information available about publisher). Iorizzo himself, Francis J. Ianni,Salvatore Mondello, and Dwight C. Smith, Jr. attended the conference.The latter, a professor at Albany University, published a book in 1975according to which the Mafia was only a mystique due to the “specula-tion and theory” originating in the government’s “strategic intelligence”:D. C. Smith, The Mafia Mystique , London, Hutchinson, 1975, p. 19 andpassim.

10 . J. L. Albini, The American Mafia: Genesis of a Legend , p. 177. 11 . Albini, The American Mafia , p. 176. 12 . Vecoli, Negli Stati Uniti , in Storia dell’emigrazione italiana , edited by

P. Bevilacqua, A. De Clementi, and M. Franzina, Roma, Donzelli, 2001, vol. II, pp. 55–88, in particular p. 84.

NOTES 211

13 . So in 2001 Professor J. Scelsa, director of the Italian American Institute of the City University of New York, during a forum on The Sopranos : G. DeStefano, An Offer We Can’t Refuse: The Mafia in the Mind of America , New York, Faber and Faber, 2006, p. 13.

14 . See for instance Puzo’s account of his altercation with Frank Sinatra in arestaurant in M. Puzo, The Godfather Papers & Other Confessions , New York, Putnam, 1972.

15 . It seems enlightening to read P. Novick, The Holocaust in American Life , Boston and New York, Houghton Mifflin, 1999, pp. 7–10 and passim.

16 . Puzo, The Godfather Papers. 17 . De Stefano, An Offer We Can’t Refuse , p. 98. 18 . P. Maas, Underboss. Sammy the Bull Gravano’s Story of Life in Mafia ,

London, HarperCollins, 1977, p. 72. 19 . It’s worth quoting the impressive lecture on this subject held by Nelson

Moe at the University of Palermo on April 11, 2006. 20 . M. Puzo, The Godfather , London, Penguin, 1978, pp. 29–32. rr 21 . Pitr è , Usi e costumi , p. 255. 22 . Police Report, March 29, 1927, p. 3, in ASPA, TCP, b. 3240. 23 . Mafia Monograph , in FBI Files, Section II, p. 6. 24 . Puzo, The Godfather, p. 67. 25 . It is used by Puzo to refer to don Vito’s enemies, and by outsiders to don

Vito’s world: see for instance Puzo, The Godfather, p. 68, p. 69, p. 147, p. 170,rrand p. 241.

26 . Puzo, The Godfather, p. 368. rr 27 . Puzo, The Godfather, p. 39.rr 28 . Puzo, The Godfather, p. 179.rr 29 . B. Bonanno, Bound by Honor: A Mafioso’s Story, New York, St. Martin’sy

Press, 1999. 30 . L. Abbate, “Picciotti americani a lezione di mafia,” in ANSA, March 6,

2004. But see also C. Bizzi, La mafia di Castellammare del Golfo , tutor S. Lupo, Tesi di Laurea, Universit à di Palermo, 2008.

31 . Talese, Honor Thy Father, pp. 270–71.rr 32 . J. Bonanno, A Man of Honor: The Autobiography of Joseph Bonanno , with

Sergio Lalli, New York, St. Martin Paperbacks, 2003, p. 405. 33 . Bonanno, A Man of Honor , p. 13 and p. 406. rr 34 . Talese, Honor Thy Father, p. 164; Bonanno, rr A Man of Honor , cit., p. 39. rr 35 . Bonanno, A Man of Honor , p. 147.rr 36 . Bonanno, A Man of Honor , p. 119.rr 37 . Bonanno, A Man of Honor, pp. 404–405.rr 38 . Bonanno, A Man of Honor , p. 141.rr 39 . Bonanno, A Man of Honor , p. 404.rr 40 . N. Gentile, Vita di capomafia . Memorie raccolte da F. Chilanti, Rome,

Crescenti Allendorf, 1993 [I ed. 1963], p. 55. 41 . Gentile, Vita di capomafia , p. 55. 42 . Gentile, Vita di capomafia , p. 101.

212 NOTES

43 . Gentile, Vita di capomafia , p. 120. 44 . Gentile, Vita di capomafia , p. 79. 45 . Gentile, Vita di capomafia , p. 157. 46 . De Cavalcante Tapes, The FBI Trascripts on Exhibit in Usa v. De Cavalcante ,

New York, Lemma Publishers, 1970, p. 3.90 and p. 4.26. 47 . De Cavalcante Tapes, pp. 1.15–17. 48 . F. J. Ianni and E. Reuss-Ianni, A Family Business: Kinship and Social Control

in Organized Crime , London, Routledge, 1972, p. 73 ff. 49 . Ianni, A Family Business , p. 72. 50 . Ianni, A Family Business , pp. 66–67 and passim. 51 . Italy v. Spatola, p. 480. 52 . Italy v. Spatola, p. 488 and p. 505. 53 . G. Selvaggi, Rise of the Mafia in New York from 1895 through World War II,II

Indianapolis, Bob-Merril, 1978. 54 . So in Processo dei fratelli Amoroso & C., Palermo, Tip. Il Giornale di Sicilia,

1883, p. 43 and p. 69. 55 . “Terranova Charges He Is a Political Goat,” in New York Times (henceforth

NYT), December 28, 1929. 56 . H. Abadinsky, Organized Crime , Belmont, CA, Wadsworth, 2002, p. 46. 57 . Buscetta’s Testimony in United States v. Badalamenti, p. 150. Italics mine. 58 . Bonanno, Bound by Honor, p. 18. rr 59 . In H. Abadinsky, The Mafia in America: An Oral History, New York, yy

Praeger, 1981, pp. 92–93. 60 . V. Teresa, My Life in the Mafia , New York, Doubleday, 1973, p. 3. 61 . P. Jenkins, “Narcotics Trafficking and the American Mafia: The Myth of

Internal Prohibition,” in Crime, Law and Social Change , 18(3), November1992, pp. 303–18.

62 . Quoted in S. Raab, Five Families: The Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of America’s Most Powerful Mafia Empires , New York, St. Martin’s Press, 2005, pp. 280–81.

63 . The conversation is dated March 28, 1983. Quoted by Raab, Five Families , p. 266.

64 . S. Alexander, The Pizza Connection: Lawyers, Money, Drugs and Mafia , New York, Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 1988, p. 43.

65 . As we know, it was not only an attitude of the Mafia. Bell referred to it by quoting the words of a gangster from Chicago, who told a marshal inDallas, “something I’m against, that’s dope peddlers, pickpockets, and hired killers”: D. Bell, The End of the Ideologies , Glencoe, Free Press, 1964, cit., p. 118.

66 . Among them, Salvatore Catalano and Cesare Bonventre. 67 . R. Blumenthal, Last Days of the Sicilians: At War with the Mafia, the FBI

Assault on the Pizza Connection , New York, Times Books, 1988, p. 296. 68 . Alexander, The Pizza Connection , p. 7. 69 . Alexander, The Pizza Connection , p. 68 and p. 73. 70 . Blumenthal, Last Days of the Sicilians , p. 300.

NOTES 213

71 . Bonanno, A Man of Honor , p. 52. The same version of the story is proposed rrby the boss’s son, Bonanno, Bound by Honor, pp. 44–46.rr

72 . Blumenthal, Last Days of the Sicilians , pp. 51–52. 73 . Kennedy quoted by Alexander, The Pizza Connection , pp. 30–32. 74 . Quoted in Alexander, The Pizza Connection , p. 32. 75 . J. B. Jacobs, C. Panarella, and J. Worthington, Busting the Mob: United

States v. Cosa Nostra , New York, New York University Press, 1994, pp. 4–5. 76 . I refer, respectively, to Joseph Massimo, boss of the Bonanno Family, and to

Vincent the Chin Gigante, boss of the Genovese Family. 77 . G. Natoli, Italia e USA: esperienze a confronto , in Pentiti. I collaboratori

di giustizia, le istituzioni, l’opinione pubblica , edited by A. Dino, Roma, Donzelli, 2006, pp. 39–62, in particular p. 62.

Bibliography and Sources

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b. 49, b. 132. MGG, ES—Ministero di Grazia e Giustizia, Estradizioni, b. 17. MI, PG—Ministero degli Interni, Polizia Giudiziaria, b. 252 (1907–8), b. 236

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ASPA—Archivio di Stato di Palermo. PG—Gabinetto Prefettura. QG—Gabinetto Questura, b. 7 (1880). QAG—Affari generali Questura, b. 15 (Petrosino’s murder); b. 2167 (1938). TCP—Tribunale civile e penale, b. 3205.

ASTP—Archivio di Stato di Trapani Registri dello stato civile, Nascite.

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Published

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MCH—Organized Crime and Illicit Traffic in Narcotics, Hearings Before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations [Chairman: John L. MacClellan], Washington, DC, United States Senate, 1963–64.

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Sangiorgi Report (1898–1900), in S. Lupo, t Il tenebroso sodalizio. Il primo rap-porto di polizia sulla mafia siciliana. Postfazione di J. Dickie, Rome, XL, 2011,pp. 51–161 (Original in ACS, MI).

Scotten Memorandum (1943), in R. Mangiameli, Le allegorie del buongoverno. I rapporti tra mafia e americani nel 1943 , in “Annali” del Dipartimento di scienze storiche della Facolt à di Scienze politiche dell’ Universit à di Catania,1980, pp. 622–29. Original: The Problem of Mafia in Sicily, in Public Record yOffice, London—Foreign Office, 371/37327.

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Newspapers

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Abadinsky, Howard, 127, 132–4, 144Adonis, Joe (Joey Doto), 76, 89, 102,

110, 174Agrigento, 30, 45, 60, 104, 135, 147Albini, Joseph, 164, 173. See also

Mafia revisionist currentAlcamo, 86, 140, 154Allegra, Melchiorre

testimony of, 46–50, 56Ambrosoli, Giorgio, 152, 156AMG (Allied Military Government),

103–7, 111Anastasia, Albert (Anastasio,

Umberto), 41, 88–91, 99–100, 102, 110, 120, 130, 139–40, 151

Anastasio, Anthony, 88Anastasio, Umberto. See Anastasia,

AlbertAnderson, Robert T., 126, 133Anello, Francesco, (nickname:

maistreddu), 73Anslinger, Harry J., 85, 113, 115,

118, 131Antonini, Luigi, 79, 95–6, 107Apalachin, Mafia summit at, 4–5,

99, 120–1, 140–2Aurelio, Thomas, 99Avellino, Sal, 177–8

Badalamenti, Emanuele, 136Badalamenti, Family, 15–17Badalamenti, Gaetano (born in 1923)

background of, 15, 136–7boss of the Sicilian Commission,

153–5drug trafficking, 146, 150–9

on Mafia ideology, 174, 179–82See also Calderone, A. on

BadalamentiBadalamenti, Gaetano (born in the

19th century), 15Barsotti, Carlo, 19Bell, Daniel, 5. See also Mafia

revisionist currentBender, Tony, 76Berger, Meyer, 38, 65, 67, 75, 80, 93.

See also Luciano, L.Biondo, Joe, 72, 83, 116, 124Block, Alan A., 68, 81, 90, 119

“power syndacates” and “enterprisesyndicates,” 77–8, 134, 144

Bonanno, Giuseppe-Joeautobiography, 6, 9, 53background of, 41, 51–5Buscetta, T. on, 144, 146first arrival in the United States,

41, 48–9, 55and Garofalo, F., 55, 93–7at the Hotel delle Palme

summit, 140–1on Mafia ideology, 168–82and Maranzano S., 56–8, 73–6role in the Commission, 139, 141on the word Mafia, 126–8See also Castellammarese gang

Bonanno, Salvatore-BillHonor Thy Father, 168–70and Mafia ideology, 168–72

Bonanno Mafia Family, 53, 132,141, 150–1, 153, 159, 169–70,173, 178–9

family tree, 52

Index

230 INDEX

Bonanno Salvatore sr., 53Bontate, Stefano

Buscetta T. and, 179drug trafficking, 153–7

Bonventre, family, 53, 56, 151family tree, 52

Boston, 3, 35, 77, 129Brasco, Donnie. See Pistone, JoeBrazil, 143, 146–7, 156–9Bridges, Harry, 102Brod, Mario. See Brod, MaxBrod, Max, 104, 106Brooklyn, 27, 49–50, 53–7, 61, 79,

85–91, 93, 100, 111, 146, 150, 156Bruno, Angelo, 84, 177Bruno, Joe, 173Buccellato, Family, 54, 153, 155Buccellato, Francesco (nickname:

Rovina), 53–4, 56Buccellato, Niccolò Cola, 153–4, 159Buchalter, Louis “Lepke,” 39, 44, 76,

82, 91Buffalo, 3, 54–7, 127, 129, 139

Mafia Family, 85, 98, 120See also Magaddino S.

Buscemi Montana, Vanni, 107–9, 180on Mafia ideology, 180World War II activities, 107–9See also OSS

Buscetta, Tommaso-Masinobackground of, 143Bonanno J. and, 144Bontate S. and, 156, 179drug trafficking, 143–8Gambino Mafia Family and,

145–50on Mafia codes, 143–4role in the second Mafia war, 157testimony of, 6–7, 143–51, 156–7,

179Byrnes, Thomas, 11, 15

Calabria, 28, 30, 42–3, 85, 88, 135Calderone, Antonino Nino: on

Badalamenti, 154–5Calderone, Pippo, 125

Camarda, Emile, 88, 93Camorra, 13, 15, 35, 68Campania, 29, 42, 43, 72, 85, 104Campbell, Rodney, 100, 115Canada, 37, 57, 136, 146–7Caneba, Salvatore, 86Caneba, Ugo, 86Capone, Al (Alphonse Gabriel), 36,

41, 44, 80, 81, 85, 97Caruana, Leonardo, 136, 147Caruana, Pasquale, 147Caruana-Cuntrera clan, 147Cascio Ferro, Vito, 23–4, 26, 58–9.

See also Petrosino, J.Castellammarese gang, 51, 57–8, 75, 146Castellammarese War

Americanization/modernization of the mob, 66, 75–7

Davis, R. on, 66–8ending of, 76The Last Testament of Lucky

Luciano on, 68–70origin of the name, 67relation between Luciano, L. and

Masseria, J., 69Valachi, J. on, 74See also Luciano, L. and

Maranzano, S.Castellano, Family, 50Castellano, Paul, 50, 121, 151, 158,

178, 181–2Catalano, Salvatore “Saca,” 146–7Catalano, Salvatore “Sal,” 150–1Ceola, Baldassarre, 21, 26, 28Chicago, 3, 20, 29, 34, 37, 41, 49, 65,

75, 77, 84–5, 86, 97, 127, 129Chilanti, Felice, 124, 172Ciaculli, 145, 179Cinisi, 34, 136, 140, 150, 154Cinisi Mafia Family, 137, 145Cleveland, 3, 45, 49, 83–5, 87, 129Coco, Vittorio, 46Colombo, Joe, 163Coney Island, 67, 68Coppola, Francesco Paolo “Frank,”

116, 136

INDEX 231

Coppola, Francis Ford, 9, 165–6, 174, 176. See also The Godfather

Corleone, 21, 23–6, 29, 58, 153, 155–7Corleone, Michael, 175Corleone, Vito, 178, 182Corleonesi gang, 153–60, 169, 179, 182Corvo, Max

World War II activities, 107–9See also OSS

Cosa NostraBuscetta T. on, 143–4origins of the term, 6–8Valachi J. on, 123–9

Costantino, Carlo, 24–6Costello, Frank (earlier Francesco r

Castiglia), 41, 43–4, 76, 85, 93, 99–102, 108, 110–11, 114–15,118, 120, 128, 139

Cressey, Donald R., 5, 131Critchley, David, 46, 48–9, 124Cuccia, Francesco, 47–8, 58–9Cucco, Alfredo, 60–1

D’Agati, Giulio, 46, 48–50D’Aquila, Salvatore, 27, 49, 71, 172

role in the New York Mafia, 43–6Davì, Pietro (nickname: Jimmy the

American), 86, 116Davis, Richard “Dixie,” 39–40,

66–8, 75, 77, 80, 123, 125De Cavalcante, Samuel Rizzo,

172–3, 179tapes, 127–8, 141

De Niro, Robert, 165De Stefano, George, 165DEA (Drug Enforcement

Administration), 150. See alsoFBN

Detroit, 45, 54, 116, 136, 150, 159Dewey, Thomas, 79–82, 90–1, 93, 102,

111, 114–15, 117, 119, 182. See alsoLuciano, L.

Doto, Joey. See Adonis, Joe

East Harlem, 27, 29, 42–3, 72–4, 79, 94England, 147

Falcone, Giovanni, 156–7, 159,174–5, 182

FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation),45, 50, 61, 82, 87, 95–7, 100–2,111, 114, 118–19, 121–2, 124,127–34, 142, 148, 150, 151,162–3, 167, 181

FBN (Federal Bureau of Narcotics),4, 6, 83, 85–7, 104, 108, 111, 113,115–19, 121–2, 124, 128, 136–7,140, 142, 145, 150, 161

Feder, Sid, 8–9, 39, 75–6, 80Flegenheimer, Arthur. See Schultz,

DutchFlorio, Ignazio, 24Flynn, William J., 22, 26, 31Fontana, Giuseppe, 17, 23–4, 26Forni, Paul, 137France, 51, 57, 60, 86, 138Franchetti, Leopoldo, 14, 27

Gagliano, Tom, 70, 76Galante, Carmine, (nickname: Big

cigar), 96, 121–2, 140–2, 150–3,r156, 168–9, 176, 178

Gallo, Joe (nickname: Crazy), 122Gambino, Carlo-Charles, 41, 48–51,

58, 88, 93, 99, 116, 120–1, 139,141, 146–8, 150–1, 178

Gambino, Ernesto, 30Gambino, Giovanni-John (from

Cherry Hills), 148, 152, 158Gambino, Giulio, 30Gambino Mafia Family, 72, 99, 123, 127,

133, 141, 147–8, 150–3, 168, 174drug trafficking, 153–6family tree, 149

Gambino (from Cherry Hills), family,148, 151–2, 158

family tree, 149Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 13, 103, 169Garofalo, Francesco-Frank, 55–7, 61,

76, 95, 97, 99, 139–41Genco Russo, Giovanni, 140Genova, Francesco. See Motisi,

Francesco

232 INDEX

Genovese, Vitobackground of, 41, 43in Italy, 86, 93–5, 104and Mangano, 82–3postwar period, 120–1role in the New York Mafia, 44,

74–6, 83–5and Valachi, 123

Gentile, Nicola-Nick, 6, 57, 60, 70–2, 76,86–7, 116, 126, 135, 143, 168, 179

on American Mafia organization,44, 83–5, 171–2

background of, 30transatlantic network, 45–6, 124–5World War II activities, 104–6

Giammona, Antonino, 13, 15–16Gioisa, Carlo, 62–3Giuffrè, Antonino, 157, 169Giuliani, Rudolph, 182Giuliano, Boris, 155–6The Godfather, 9, 164–9, 172–6, 179,rr

181. See also Mafia ideologyGosch, Martin, 8–9, 44, 75, 110, 125.

See also Luciano, L.Gotti, John, 181–2Gravano, Salvatore “Sammy Bull,”

37, 165Greco, Family, 137, 145, 153Greco, Michele (nickname: “the

Pope”), 153, 155Greco, Salvatore (nickname:

ciaschiteddu), 137, 144–6Greco, Salvatore (nickname:

l’ingegnere), 137Grillo, Antonino, 46–8, 71

Haffenden, Charles R., 100–3, 108,110–11, 114–15. See also Luciano,L. and World War II

Haller, Mark H., 38–40Hammer, Richard, 44, 68, 71, 75, 77,

125. See also Luciano, L.Harlem, 39–40, 80Harney, Malachi L., 111–12, 161, 181Hawkins, Gordon, 131, 164. See also

Mafia revisionist current

Hennessy, David G., 11Herlands, William B., 91, 100, 110,

115–16Hewitt, Henry Kent, 109Hill, Henry, 132Hines, Jimmy, 40, 68, 80, 82Hobsbawm, Eric J., 14, 18, 161Hogan, Frank S., 96Hoover, John Edgar, 82, 118–19, 121–2Hotel delle Palme, Mafia summit at,

140–1, 150

I Beati Paoli. See Natoli, LuigiIanni, Francis A., 173–4. See also

Mafia revisionist currentIanni-Reuss, Elizabeth, 173–4. See

also Mafia revisionist currentInzerillo, Antonino, 158Inzerillo, Family, 148–51, 174–5

drug trafficking, 153–8family tree, 149

Inzerillo, Giuseppe, 158Inzerillo, Pietro, 158Inzerillo, Salvatore, 148, 153, 155,

157–8, 179

Jenkins, Philip, 177Joesten, Joachim, 115

Kefauver, Estes, 5Special Senate Committee on

organized crime, 113–19, 124,131, 162

Kennedy, Michael, 99, 179–81Kennedy, Robert, 122–3

La Barbera, Angelo, 116La Barbera, brothers, 137, 145La Barbera, Salvatore, 116La Cosa nostra. See Cosa nostraLa Guardia, Fiorello, 79, 82, 89, 91, 94Lalli, Sergio, 5, 53, 168–70Lampedusa, 62–3Landesco, John, 5, 35–7Lansky, 43, 75, 76, 85, 101–2, 114Lanza, Joseph “Socks,” 101, 121

INDEX 233

Le Havre, 23, 55Lepke. See Buchalter, LouisLercara Friddi, 43Liverpool, 26, 46Lo Giudice, brothers, 49Lonardo, Angelo, 83–5Lonardo, Peppino-Joe, 45Louisiana, 24Lucchese, Family, 132, 177–8Lucchese, Tommaso-Tommy, 41, 76,

87, 123Luciano, Charles “Lucky” (Salvatore

Lucania)Americanization/modernization of

the mob, 44, 66, 71–7background of, 41, 43Berger M. on, 65–6expulsion from Usa and postwar

career, 114–18and Gosh M. and Hammer R., 75,

125and Maranzano S., 66–71prosecution by Dewey T., 79–82and World War II, 93–4, 101–3, 108–13

Lupo, Ignazio, 22, 24, 26–7, 29, 31, 43,46, 66

Lupollo, family, 36, 42, 174. See alsoIanni, Francis A. and Ianni-Reuss, Elizabeth

Maas, Peter, 129, 163Mafia

Commission, 6, 48, 71, 75–7, 82–7, 117, 123, 141, 144, 154–5

and Fascism, 58–63first Mafia war, 145ideology of, 7–9, 37, 71, 148, 160–81initiation rite, 7, 123, 176mythology, 8–9, 109–10, 173–5,

177–81old/new, 174Italian Parliamentary Committee

of Inquiry on, 124, 145protection and extortion by, 29revisionist current on, 5–6, 164,

173–4

structure, 7, 86–7, 123–4, 128,131–2

transatlantic network, 2–3, 6–8, 21–7, 45–58, 86, 143–50, 153–7, 168

transplantation theory on, 2the word, 1, 4–5, 12, 113, 126,

143, 163, 170Magaddino, Antonio, 57, 120Magaddino, Family, 53–4, 56, 93, 98

family tree, 52Magaddino, Gaspare, 56, 140–1, 146Magaddino, Peter, 55Magaddino, Stefano-Stephan, 41,

48–9, 51, 54, 75, 85, 98, 120, 139,141. See also Castellammaresegang

Magliocco, Joseph, 49, 121Mancuso, Serafino, 86Mangano, Philip, 85, 88, 93, 120Mangano, Vincenzo-Vincent, 41,

48, 70, 76, 82–5, 87, 89–91, 108, 110, 120, 124, 128, 139. See also Mafia transatlantic network

Mangano Mafia Family, 85, 87–8,90, 99, 124

Mangione, Jerre, 34Maranzano, Salvatore

Allegra M. on, 47–8background of, 41, 48–9, 51–6Bonanno J. on, 75–6illegal emigration business, 57illicit liquor enterprises, 57Luciano, L. on, 68–71murder of, 65–8and Valachi, J., 73–4, 129–30See also Castellammarese War;

Mafia transatlantic networkMarcantonio, Vito, 79, 94Marinelli, Albert C., 65, 82Marino, Salvatore, 16Marsala, 27, 56Marseilles, 23, 47, 55, 62, 137–8Martinez, Vincenzo-Vincent, 56,

61, 141

234 INDEX

Masseria, Giuseppe-Joebackground of, 27, 41Davis, R. on, 65–7Luciano, L. on, 69–70murder of, 68, 74role in the New York Mafia,

43–6, 71See also Castellammarese war

Mazzini, Giuseppe, 12Mazzini Society, 94–6.

See also Tresca, CarloMcCarthy, Joseph Raymond, 119McClellan, John L., 123, 127, 163Milan, 86, 145–7, 151–2, 156Milano, Frank, 85Miller, Arthur, 95Miller, Herbert A., 34–5Minore, Antonino, 53, 56Minore, Salvatore “Totò,” 153, 159MIS (Movement for the Independence

of Sicily), 105–6. See alsoSeparatism

Monreale, 16Montana, John C., 98, 120Montreal, 135, 147Morello, Giuseppe-Joe (nickname:

Piddu or Fritteddu), 21–7, 42–6, 66, 71. See also Mafia transatlantic network

Mori, Cesare, 58, 60–1, 66Morreale, Ben, 34Mosca, Gaetano, 15, 27Motisi, Francesco, also known as

Francesco Genova (nickname:“the American”), 16, 24, 26–7,46–8

Mussolini, Benito, 58–9, 61, 97, 108,162

Mutolo, Gaspare, 158

Naples, 22, 30, 114, 117Natoli, Luigi, 18, 161. See also Mafia

ideology; Mafia mythologyNelli, Humbert S, 86New Jersey, 50, 121, 127, 129, 148, 158

New Jersey Mafia Family, 127, 158,173

New Orleans, 3, 11–12, 16, 18, 23–4,46, 83, 87

New York, 3–4, 6, 11, 15–17, 19, 21–7,29–30, 33–4, 38–46, 48–51, 53–4, 56, 60–6, 70–1, 76–87, 89, 93–7,99–101, 108–11, 114–16, 118–21,123–4, 129, 133, 138–9, 141,146–8, 151–3, 156, 158–9, 163, 167, 172, 174, 179

Notarbartolo, Emanuele, 17, 23, 26

O’Dwyer, William, 89, 91, 100,110–11, 118–19

Operation Husky, 103. See also AMGOrlando, Calogero, 45Orsi, Robert A., 37OSS (Office of Strategic Services),

105–10. See also Operation Husky

Pagliarelli, 46, 49Palermo, 3, 6, 11, 13, 15–17, 18, 21–4,

26–8, 30, 34, 43, 45–50, 51, 55–8,60, 62–3, 67, 71, 73, 85–7, 103–5,110, 116, 124, 136–8, 140–1,143–8, 153–60

maxi-trial, 159, 182–3Palermo, Vito, 127–8, 133–4, 176Palizzolo, Raffaele, 17–18, 161Panepinto, Lorenzo, 28Pantaleone, Michele, 109–10. See also

Luciano, L. and World War IIPark, E. Robert, 34–5Passanante, Antonino, 24, 26Petrosino, Joe

and the “Italian squad,” 20–2murder of, 21–3, 26–31

Philadelphia, 3, 16, 30, 84, 129Philadelphia Mafia Family, 177Piana degli Albanesi (or Piana dei

Greci), 47, 57–8Pistone, Joe, also known as Brasco,

Donnie, 133, 150–1

INDEX 235

Pitkin, Thomas M., 20Pitrè, Giuseppe

on Mafia ideology, 18, 22, 161, 166Pittsburgh, 30, 54, 83Pizza Connection

investigation, 150trial, 159, 179, 182

Poletti, Charles, 93, 104–9. See also AMG

Pope, Generoso, 61, 68, 95–6, 100Pope, Generoso, jr., 140Proface, Domenico, 49Proface, Rosalie, 139Profaci, Joe (or Proface, Giuseppe)

background of, 41, 48–9, 58role in the New York Mafia, 70, 76,

85, 87–8, 121–3, 141role in the Sicilian Mafia, 137See also Mafia transatlantic

networkProhibition

and organized crime in US, 33–40Puzo, Mario, 9, 164–8, 174, 176, 178–9.

See also The Godfather

Ranger, Terence, 18, 161Reina, Family, 123Reina, Mildred, 130Reles, Abe, 89–91, 93, 111, 123Rennell-Rodd, James, 104Riina, Salvatore, 153, 179, 182

role in the second Mafia war, 155–60See also Corleonesi gang

Rizzuto, Antonino (nickname:“Perez”), 17

Rockefeller, Nelson Aldrich, 163Romano, Joseph, 84Roosevelt, Franklin D., 78–9, 95, 103,

117Rothstein, Arnold, 38–42, 44Russo, Joseph, 105–6Ryan, Joseph P., 88

Sacco, Nicola, 94Saitta, Salvatore, 22

Salemi, 136Salemi, Carmelo, 135San Giuseppe Jato, 47, 57, 60Sangiorgi, Ermanno, 16Scamporino, Vincent, 105, 107.

See also OSSSchneider, Charles A., 82Schultz, Dutch (Arthur

Flegenheimer), 39–44, 77–82Scorsese, Martin, 165Scotten, William E., 103–5Schultz, Dutch. See Dutch SchultzSeabury, Samuel, 78–9Senise, Renato Carmine, 95Separatism, 105–6. See also MISSerrecchia, Mario, 35Sferracavallo, 62Shapiro, Jacob “Gurrah,” 39, 41,

81–2Siculiana, 30, 135–6, 147Siegel, Benjamin “Bug,” 43, 76, 81Sindona, Michele, 151–3, 156, 158Siragusa, Charles, 117Sorge, Santo, 140Spatola, Rosario, 153, 156, 161Spatola, Vincenzo, 153, 156Speranza, Gino C., 19Suchowljansky, Meier. See LanskySwitzerland, 145, 147, 158

Taddei, Ezio, 95–6Talese, Gay, 9, 53, 55, 162, 168–70.

See also Bonanno, Salvatore BillTasca Bordonaro, Lucio, 105Teresa, Vincent, 127–8, 176–7Terranova, brothers, 26–7Terranova, Ciro, 27, 41–2, 46, 72–3,

81–2, 174–5Terrasini, 45, 136Toronto, 98, 146–7Torrio, John, 29, 41, 76, 82Train, Arthur C., 19, 22, 31, 35Traina, Joe, 71, 85Trapani, 27, 46–7, 51, 56, 107, 137,

153–4, 156

236 INDEX

Tresca, Carlo, 20, 107murder of, 94–7

Trestelle zio, 22Trieste, 79Troja, Vincenzo, 47–8, 60Truman, Harry S., 91, 117Tunis, 47Tunisia, 16–17, 23, 55–6, 59, 60, 62–3,

97Turkus, Burton, 8–9, 39, 75–6, 80,

89–90Turrisi Colonna, Nicolò, 13–14

Uditore, 15Unione Siciliana

Davis, R., on, 66–8Luciano, L. and, 75, 80the term, 4, 66See also Castellammarese war

Valachi, Joebackground of, 72on Castellammarese war, 74

on his own initiation rite, 73–4an the “old style’ bosses, 73testimony of, 123–32, 143See also Cosa Nostra

Valente, Umberto, 46, 72Vanzetti, Bartolomeo, 94Vassallo, Santo, 16, 46Venezuela, 145–7Villabate, 17, 49–50, 71, 137, 167.

See also Mafia transatlantic network

Violi, Paul, 135–6, 139, 147–8Vitale, Albert H., 42Vizzini, Calogero, 104–6, 109–10

Walker, Jimmy, 38, 42, 44, 61, 79Waxey Gordon, Irving, 39, 41Weinberg, Bo, 67–8, 75White, George H., 84, 102, 108, 115Whyte, William F., 35–6, 77, 93, 100

Yale, Frankie (Francesco PaoloIole), 41