Notes

1 The Nehru Commonwealth

1. Dilks, Great Britain, the Commonwealth and the Wider World, p. 10. 2. Dilks, Great Britain, the Commonwealth and the Wider World, pp. 3-5. 3. Garner, The Commonwealth Office, p. 263. 4. Goldsworthy, The Conservative Government and the End of Empire, p. xxv. 5. The Round Table, no. 144, September 1946, p. 312. 6. The Times, 15 November 2002 and Ferguson, Empire. How Britain Made the

Modern World, p. 339. 7. Darwin, The End of the British Empire, p. 18. 8. Porter and Stockwell, British Imperial Policy and Decolonization, vol. 1, p. 57. 9. Dilks, Curzon in India, vol. 1, p. 113.

10. Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation, pp. 92 and 97. 11. Mayall and Payne, The Fallacies of Hope, p. 18. 12. Mcintyre, British Decolonization, p. 26. 13. Mcintyre, India. Ireland and the Headship of the Commonwealth, p. 399. 14. Brown, Nehru, p. 252. 15. The Times, editorial, 2 June 1953. At this time, India was still the only

republic. 16. The Round Table, vol. 50, 1959-60, p. 371. 17. The Round Table, no. 150, March 1948, p. 623. 18. The Round Table, no. 153, December 1948, p. 11. 19. A fuller treatment of South Asia and the Commonwealth is found in

Krishnan Srinivasan's 'Lost Opportunities in South Asia', Centre of South Asian Studies, Cambridge, Occasional paper 5, 2003.

20. Mansergh, Survey of British Commonwealth Affairs, vol. 2, pp. 245-6. 21. Mcintyre, 'India, Ireland and the Headship of the Commonwealth', p. 400. 22. Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation, p. 101. 23. Hyam, The Labour Government and the End of Empire, 1945-1951, p. xxv. 24. Mcintyre, The Commonwealth of Nations, Origins and Impact, p. 442. 25. Hyam, The Labour Government and the End of Empire, 1945-1951, p. xxix. 26. Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation, p. 108. 27. For the simplified purposes of this study, the generic terms 'colony' or

'dependency' are normally used. 28. The Round Table, no. 150, March 1948, p. 520. 29. Miller, The Commonwealth in the World, pp. 53 and 58. 30. Garner, The Commonwealth Office, p. 320. 31. The Round Table, no. 156, September 1949, p. 396. 32. Porter and Stockwell, British Imperial Policy and Decolonization, vol. 1, p. 59. 33. Austin, The Commonwealth and Britain, p. 20. 34. Mansergh, The Commonwealth Experience, vol. 2, p. 167. 35. Mansergh, Survey of British Commonwealth Affairs, vol. 2, p. 368. 36. The Round Table, no. 183, June 1956, p. 218.

162

Notes 163

37. The Round Table, vol. SO, 1959-60, p. 371. 38. Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation, p. 154. 39. Mcintyre, 'India, Ireland and the Headship of the Commonwealth', p. 403. 40. Goldsworthy, Losing the Blanket, pp. 5 and 103. 41. Porter and Stockwell, British Imperial Policy and Decolonization, vol. 2, p. 66. 42. Lyon, 'The Commonwealth in the 1970s', p. 174. 43. Stockwell, Ending the Empire, pp. 24-5. 44. Mansergh, The Commonwealth Experience, vol. 2, p. 160. 45. Miller, Britain and the Commonwealth, p. 189. 46. The Round Table, vo!. SO, 1959-60, p. 339. 47. The Round Table, no. 153, December 1948, p. 11. 48. Miller, Survey of Commonwealth Affairs, p. 14. 49. Miller, The Commonwealth in the World, p. 275. SO. Goldsworthy, Losing the Blanket, p. 105. 51. Miller, The Commonwealth in the World, pp. 113-17. 52. Miller, The Commonwealth in the World, p. 116. 53. Lyon, '1949-1999: Fifty Years of a Renewing Commonwealth', p. x. 54. Mcintyre, British Decolonization, p. 8. 55. Mcintyre, The Significance of the Commonwealth, p. 17. 56. Miller, The Commonwealth in the World, pp. 278-85. 57. Adamson, The Last Empire, p. 34. 58. Porter and Stockwell, British Imperial Policy and Decolonization, vol. 2, p. 8. 59. Garner, The Commonwealth Office, p. 280. 60. Mayall and Payne, The Fallacies of Hope, p. 20. 61. The Round Table, no. 180, September 1955, p. 383. 62. Dilks, Great Britain, the Commonwealth and the Wider World, p. 31. 63. Mansergh, The Commonwealth Experience, vol. 2, p. 173. 64. Miller, Survey of Commonwealth Affairs, pp. 17-18. 65. The Round Table, vol. 52, no. 206, March 1962, p. 172. 66. Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation, p. 222. 67. Darwin, The End of the British Empire, p. 108. 68. Goldsworthy, Losing the Blanket, p. 5. 69. The Round Table, vol. SO, 1959-60, p. 337. 70. Porter and Stockwell, British Imperial Policy and Decolonization, vol. 1, p. 62. 71. The Round Table, vol. 45, no. 177, December 1954, p. 11. 72. Goldsworthy, Losing the Blanket, p. 99. 73. Hyam and Louis, The Conservative Government and the End of Empire,

1957-1964,p.xxxvi. 74. The Times, editorial, 2June 1953. 75. The Round Table, vol. 54, no. 213, December 1963, p. 13. 76. The Round Table, vol. 56, no. 221, December 1965, p. 3. 77. Hyam and Louis, The Conservative Government and the End of Empire,

1957-1964, pp. xli and xliv. 78. Miller, Survey of Commonwealth Affairs, p. 363. 79. 'Third, they respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government

under which they will live; and they wish to see sovereign rights and self­government restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of them.'

80. Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation, p. 145. 81. Ryan and Pungong, The United States and Decolonization, p. 147.

164 Notes

82. Frey, Pruessen and Tan, The Transformation of South East Asia, p. 228. 83. The Round Table, vol. 37, no. 146, March 1947, pp. 105-6. 84. Darwin, The End of the British Empire, p. 69. 85. Adamson, The Last Empire, p. 59. 86. Ryan and Pungong, The United States and Decolonization, p. 173. 87. The Round Table, vol. SO, 1959-60, p. 299. 88. Adamson, The Last Empire, p. 53. 89. The Round Table, vol. 55, 1964-65, p. 105. 90. Mansergh, The Commonwealth Experience, vol. 2, p. 176. 91. Hyam and Louis, The Conservative Government and the End of Empire,

1957-1964, p. lxi. 92. Porter and Stockwell, British Imperial Policy and Decolonization, vol. 2, p. 16. 93. Mansergh, The Commonwealth Experience, vol. 2, p. 171. 94. Eayrs, The Commonwealth and Suez, p. 15. 95. Mansergh, The Commonwealth Experience, vol. 2, p. 235. 96. Mansergh, The Commonwealth Experience, vol. 2, p. 172. 97. Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation, p. 227. 98. Morris, Farewell the Trumpets, p. 530. 99. The Round Table, vol. 63, no. 252, October 1973, p. 415.

100. Darwin, The End of the British Empire, pp. 121-2. 101. Heffer, Like the Roman. The Life of Enoch Powell, p. 249. 102. Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation, p. 217. 103. Mcintyre, British Decolonization, p. 53.

2 The African Commonwealth

1. Darwin, The End of the British Empire, p. 87. 2. Lyon, 'The Commonwealth in the 1970s', p. 175. 3. The Round Table, vol. 72, no. 285, january 1983, p. 6. 4. Mcintyre, British Decolonization, p. 36. 5. Mcintyre, British Decolonization, p. 108. 6. The Round Table, vol. 43, December 1952 to September 1953, p. 360. 7. The Round Table, vol. 46, no. 181, December 1955, p. 26. 8. The Round Table, vol. 46, no. 183, June 1956, p. 219. 9. Mcintyre, The Commonwealth of Nations, Origins and Impact, p. 442.

10. Hyam and Louis, The Conservative Government and the End of Empire, 1957-1964, pp. xxxiv-xxxv.

11. Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation, p. 189. 12. Hyam and Louis, The Conservative Government and the End of Empire,

1957-1964,p.xxviii. 13. Hyam and Louis, The Conservative Government and the End of Empire,

1957-1964, p. xlviii. 14. The Round Table, vol. 52, no. 206, March 1962, p. 173. 15. Mcintyre, Colonies into Commonwealth, p. 251. 16. Miller, Survey of Commonwealth Affairs, p. 117. 17. Miller, Survey of Commonwealth Affairs, p. 123. 18. Gamer, The Commonwealth Office, p. 375. 19. The Round Table, vol. SO, 1959-60, p. 299.

Notes 165

20. Mcintyre, British Decolonization, p. 120. 21. Garner, The Commonwealth Office, p. 350. 22. Miller, Survey of Commonwealth Affairs, p. 158. 23. Mansergh, The Commonwealth Experience, vol. 2, p. 186. 24. The Round Table, vol. 51, no. 203, June 1961, p. 223. 25. Ashton and Louis, East of Suez and the Commonwealth, 1964-1971, p. xxxi. 26. Miller, Survey of Commonwealth Affairs, p. 164. 27. Mcintyre, Colonies into Commonwealth, p. 323. 28. Adamson, The Last Empire, p. 2. 29. Mcintyre, The Significance of the Commonwealth, p. 123. 30. Mcintyre, The Significance of the Commonwealth, p. 122. 31. Mcintyre, The Significance of the Commonwealth. p. 63. 32. Hyam and Louis, The Conservative Government and the End of Empire,

1957-1964, p. XXX.

33. The Round Table, vol. 43, December 1952 to September 1953, p. 228. 34. Southern Rhodesia was represented at the 1930 and 1937 Imperial

Conferences, with its observer status in the latter slightly enhanced over the 1930 arrangements.

35. The Round Table, vol. 54, no. 216, September 1964, p. 324. 36. Mcintyre, A Guide to the Contemporary Commonwealth, p. 23. 37. Kirkman, Unscrambling the Empire, p. 181. 38. Garner, The Commonwealth Office, p. 351. 39. Kirkman, Unscrambling the Empire, p. 185. 40. Garner, The Commonwealth Office, p. 390. 41. Mcintyre, A Guide to the Contemporary Commonwealth, p. 36. 42. Miller, Survey of Commonwealth Affairs, p. 226. 43. Mcintyre, The Significance of the Commonwealth, p. 29. 44. Miller, Survey of Commonwealth Affairs, p. 230. 45. Miller, Survey of Commonwealth Affairs, p. 237. 46. Mcintyre, The Significance of the Commonwealth, p. 30. 47. Mcintyre, Colonies into Commonwealth, p. 323. 48. Mansergh, The Commonwealth Experience, vol. 2, p. 194. 49. Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation, p. 317. SO. Ashton and Louis, East of Suez and the Commonwealth, 1964-1971, p. lxxx. S 1. Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation, p. 322. 52. Mcintyre, A Guide to the Contemporary Commonwealth, p. 37. 53. Mansergh, The Commonwealth Experience, vol. 2, p. 199. 54. Adamson, The Last Empire, p. 22. SS. The Round Table, vol. 71, no. 284, October 1981, p. 335. 56. Mansergh, The Commonwealth Experience, vol. 2, p. 176. 57. Mcintyre, The Commonwealth of Nations, Origins and Impact, p. 444. 58. The Round Table, vol. SO, 1959-60, p. 337. 59. Miller, Survey of Commonwealth Affairs, p. 355. 60. Judd and Slinn, The Evolution of the Modern Commonwealth, p. 96. 61. Goldsworthy, Losing the Blanket, p. 111. 62. Lyon, 'The Commonwealth in the 1970s', p. 175. 63. Mansergh, The Commonwealth Experience, vol. 2, p. 194. 64. Mcintyre, A Guide to the Contemporary Commonwealth, p. 70. 65. Garner, The Commonwealth Office, p. 340.

166 Notes

66. Mcintyre, British Decolonization, p. 94. 67. Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation, p. 334. 68. The Round Table, vol. 57, 1967, p. 154. 69. Brown and Louis, Oxford History of the British Empire volume IV, p. 330. The

figures are unsound but the general argument is telling. 70. Mansergh, The Commonwealth Experience, vol. 2, p. 254. 71. Mansergh, The Commonwealth Experience, vol. 2, p. 188-9. 72. The Round Table, vol. 64, no. 253, January 197 4, p. 111. 73. Mcintyre, Colonies into Commonwealth, p. 345. 74. The Round Table, vol. 57, no. 225, 1967, p. 48. 75. Lyon, 'The Commonwealth in the 1970s', p. 179. 76. The Round Table, vol. 59, 1969, p. 310. 77. Mcintyre, The Commonwealth of Nations, Origins and Impact, pp. 460 and 474. 78. Oral History Interview, 30June 1971. Harry S. Truman Library, Independence,

Missouri. 79. Miller, Survey of Commonwealth Affairs, p. 434. 80. Holland, The Decolonizing Metropole, p. 65. 81. Austin, The Commonwealth and Britain, p. 45. 82. Mcintyre, Colonies into Commonwealth, pp. 327-9. 83. Miller, The Commonwealth in the World, p. 262. 84. Darwin, The End of the British Empire, p. 43. 85. Ferguson, Empire. How Britain Made the Modern World, p. 352. 86. Mcintyre, Colonies into Commonwealth, p. 330. 87. Austin, The Commonwealth and Britain, p. 22. 88. Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation, p. 129. 89. Hyam, The Labour Government and the End of Empire, 1945-1951, p. xxiii. 90. Mcintyre, British Decolonization, p. 87. 91. Ferguson, Empire. How Britain Made the Modern World, p. 354. 92. Porter and Stockwell, British Imperial Policy and Decolonization, vol. 2, p. 32. 93. Louis and Robinson, The Imperialism ofDecolonization, p. 479. 94. Mansergh, The Commonwealth Experience, vol. 2, p. 196. 95. Goldsworthy, Losing the Blanket, p. 135. 96. The Round Table, no. 340, October 1996, pp. 481 and 490. 97. The Round Table, vol. 57, 1966-67, number 225, p. 18. 98. Mcintyre, The Commonwealth of Nations, Origins and Impact, p. 461. 99. Ryan and Pungong, The United States and Decolonization, p. 126.

100. The Round Table, vol. 53, December 1962-September 1963, p. 21; and vol. 56, December 1965-0ctober 1966, p. 365.

101. Miller, Survey of Commonwealth Affairs, p. 462. 102. Darwin, The End of the British Empire, p. 50. 103. Ashton and Louis, East of Suez and the Commonwealth, 1964-1971, p. lxv. 104. The Round Table, vo!. 61, no. 244, October 1971, p. 444. 105. The Round Table, vol. 58, no. 229, 1968, p. 36. 106. Ferguson, Empire. How Britain Made the Modern World, p. 354. 107. Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation, p. 324. 108. Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation, p. 308. 109. Miller, Survey of Commonwealth Affairs, pp. 522 and 525. 110. Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation, p. 234. 111. Ashton and Louis, East of Suez and the Commonwealth, 1964-1971, p. xxxvi.

Notes 167

112. Darwin, The End of the British Empire, p. 81. 113. Lyon, 'Commonwealth Sense and Sentiment', p. 100. 114. Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation, p. 324. 115. Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation, pp. 299-302. 116. Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation, p. 324. 117. Mansergh, The Commonwealth Experience, vol. 2, p. 199. 118. Lyon, 'The Commonwealth in the 1970s', p. 182. 119. The Round Table, vol. 52, no. 207, June 1962, p. 227. 120. Statistics in this chapter draw inter alia on Mcintyre, Colonies into

Commonwealth, pp. 331-4;. Morris, Farewell the Trumpets, p. 24, Ferguson, Empire. How Britain Made the Modem World, p. 113; Parekh, Report on the Future of Multi-Ethnic Britain, p. 375 and Hitchcock, The Struggle for Europe, pp. 413-20.

121. Migration Watch UK internet website, briefing paper History number 6.2, 10 August 2001.

122. Bourne, Britain in the Commonwealth, p. 17. 123. Ward, British Culture and the End of Empire, p. 183. 124. Porter and Stockwell, British Imperial Policy and Decolonization, vol. 2, p. 76. 125. Porter and Stockwell, British Imperial Policy and Decolonization, vol. 2, p. 77. 126. Hitchcock, The Struggle for Europe, pp. 413-414. 127. Mansergh, Survey of British Commonwealth Affairs, vol. 2, p. 303. 128. Mcintyre, The Significance of the Commonwealth, p. 89. 129. Porter and Stockwell, British Imperial Policy and Decolonization, vol. 2, p. 77. 130. The Round Table, number 206, March 1962, p. 120. 131. Garner, The Commonwealth Office, p. 322. 132. Heffer, Like the Roman. The Life of Enoch Powell, p. 451. 133. Mcintyre, The Commonwealth of Nations, p. 467. 134. The Round Table, vol. 61, no. 242, April1971, p. 291. 135. Mcintyre, The Significance of the Commonwealth, p. 92. 136. Adamson, The Last Empire, p. 165. 137. The Round Table, no. 358, January 2001, p. 92. 138. Morris, The Times, 7 May 2002. 139. The Times, 17 August 2003. 140. Adamson, The Last Empire, p. 159. An astounding figure of 300,000

Australians working in Britain 'at any one time' according to the Australian High Commission quoted in The Times of 9 November 2004 is not a subject of debate or controversy.

141. The Round Table, vol. 75, no. 298, April1986, p. 107.

3 Some Other 'Commonwealths'

1. Bostock, Assessing the authenticity of a supra-national language-based movement­Ia Francophonie, p. 3.

2. Therien, 'Cooperation and Conflict in la Francophonie', p. 497. 3. Bostock, Assessing the authenticity of a supra-national language-based movement­

Ia Francopohnie, p. 14. 4. Ager, Francophonie in the 1990s, Problems and Opportunities, p. 61. S. Bostock, Assessing the authenticity of a supra-national language-based movement­

Ia Francophonie, p. S.

168 Notes

6. Ager, Francophonie in the 1990s, Problems and Opportunities, p. 177. 7. Ager, Francophonie in the 1990s, Problems and Opportunities, pp. 73-5. 8. Bostock, Francophonie; Organisation, Coordination, Evaluation, p. 26. 9. Ager, Francophonie in the 1990s, Problems and Opportunities, p. 113.

10. Therien, 'Cooperation and Conflict in la Francophonie', p. 509. 11. de Castro, 'The Community of the Portuguese Speaking Countries', p. 123. 12. The Round Table, no. 142, March 1946, p. 161. 13. Ryan and Pungong, The United States and Decolonization, p. 125. 14. Doolan, 'Time for Dutch Courage in Indonesia', p. 3. 15. Media Monitor, 10 October 2003. 16. Commonwealth Secretariat Press Release 5 December 2003. 17. Encyclopedia of Public International Law, vol. 10, p. 35. 18. Heffer, Like the Roman. The Life of Enoch Powell, pp. 37 and 98. Powell called

India 'the most striking frontispiece of Empire' ... 'a shared hallucination between the rulers and the ruled'.

4 Nobody's Commonwealth?

1. Ferguson, Empire. How Britain Made the Modern World, p. 249. 2. Mcintyre, 'India, Ireland and the Headship of the Commonwealth', p. 400. 3. Heffer, Like the Roman. The Life of Enoch Powell, pp. 184 and 883. 4. The Times, editorial, 2June 1953. 5. The Round Table, vol. 73, no. 292, October 1984, pp. 360-6. 6. Adamson, The Last Empire, p. 117. 7. Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation, p. 327. 8. BBC News internet website, 21 September 2003. 9. Mansergh, Survey of British Commonwealth Affairs, vol. 2, p. 252.

10. Coolum Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (Chogm), internet website, 2002.

11. Garner, The Commonwealth Office, p. 356. 12. Mcintyre, A Guide to the Contemporary Commonwealth, p. 61. 13. The Round Table, no. 369, April2003, pp. 221-33. 14. Mcintyre, Colonies into Commonwealth, p. 5. 15. Morris, Farewell the Trumpets, pp. 24 and 29. 16. Parekh, A Report on the Future of Multi-Ethnic Britain, p. 21. 17. Brown and Louis, 'The Twentieth Century', p. 217. 18. Morris, Farewell the Trumpets, p. 30. 19. Louis and Robinson, 'The Imperialism of Decolonization', p. 464. 20. Morris, Farewell the Trumpets, p. 474. 21. Morris, Farewell the Trumpets, p. 474. 22. Morris, Farewell the Trumpets, p. 497. 23. Brown and Louis, 'The Twentieth Century', p. 225. 24. Mcintyre, The Commonwealth of Nations, pp. 462-3. 25. Heffer, Like the Roman. The Life of Enoch Powell, p. 916. 26. Neillands, A Fighting Retreat, pp. 41-2. 27. Darwin, The End of the British Empire, pp. 51-3. 28. Mansergh, The Commonwealth Experience, vol. 2, p. 241. 29. Brown and Louis, 'The Twentieth Century', p. 252.

Notes 169

30. Morris, Farewell the Trumpets, p. 497. 31. Miller, The Commonwealth in the World, p. 249. 32. Porter and Stockwell, British Imperial Policy and Decolonization, vol. 2, p. 69. 33. Miller, The Commonwealth in the World, p. 252. 34. Miller, Survey of Commonwealth Affairs, p. 505. 35. The Round Table, vol. 57, no. 225, 1967, p. 55. 36. Judd and Slinn, The Evolution of the Modem Commonwealth, p. 13. 37. Morris, Farewell the Trumpets, p. 501. 38. Ward, British Culture and the End of Empire, pp. 51-3. 39. Miller, Survey of Commonwealth Affairs, p. 506. 40. The Round Table, vol. 63, no. 251, July 1973, p. 368. 41. Mcintyre, British Decolonization, p. 81. 42. Garner, The Commonwealth Office, p. 343. 43. The Round Table, vol. 60, n. 240, October 1970, p. 379. 44. Darwin, The End of the British Empire, p. 29. 45. Holland, The Decolonizing Metropole, p. 66. 46. Darwin, The End of the British Empire, p. 31. 47. Adamson, The Last Empire, p. 17. 48. Dilks, Communications, the Commonwealth and the Future, p. 5. 49. The Round Table, vol. 73, no. 289, January 1984, p. 7. SO. Bahamas, Belize, Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago opposed US intervention,

as did the United Kingdom. But Barbados, Jamaica and the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States supported it.

51. Parekh, A Report on the Future of Multi-Ethnic Britain, p. 24. 52. Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation, p. 328. 53. Doxey, The Commonwealth Secretariat and the Contemporary Commonwealth, p. 10. 54. The Round Table, vol. 79, no. 316, October 1990, p. 369. 55. Adamson, The Last Empire, p. 34. 56. James Mayall quoted in Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, vol. 39,

no. 3, November 2001, p. 4. 57. House of Commons, The Future Role of the Commonwealth, vol. 1, p.xliii. 58. The Round Table, vol. 59, 1969, pp. 170-1. 59. Sir David Steel, Speaker of the Scottish Parliament, in his Commonwealth Day

Lecture, 2001, half-jokingly said: 'there was no such thing as the British Empire; it was a Scottish Empire on to which the English attached themselves.'

60. Mcintyre, The Significance of the Commonwealth, p. 22. 61. Bourne, Britain in the Commonwealth, p. 13. 62. See supra chapter 4, p. 123 and Ward, British Culture and the End of Empire,

p. 128. 63. The Round Table, val. 66, no. 262, April1976, pp. 117-19. 64. The Round Table, val. 72, no. 285, January 1983, pp. 3-5. 65. The Round Table, val. 79, no. 315, July 1990, p. 264. 66. Morris, Farewell the Trumpets, p. 500. 67. The Times, editorial, 2 June 1953. 68. The Round Table, vol. 84, no. 334, April 1995, p. 191. 69. The Round Table, val. 64, no. 256, October 1974, p. 366. 70. Miller, The Commonwealth in the World, p. 303. 71. Adamson, The Last Empire, p. 130. 72. The Round Table, no. 183, June 1956, p. 220.

170 Notes

73. House of Commons, The Future Role of the Commonwealth, vol. 11, p. 204, Dr john Wood's submission.

74. Steel, Commonwealth Day Lecture, 2001. 75. West, Economic Opportunities for Britain and the Commonwealth, p. 9. 76. jenkins, 'Reassessing the Commonwealth', p. 22. 77. House of Commons, The Future Role of the Commonwealth, vol. 1, p. xxxvi. 78. Dilks, Communications, the Commonwealth and the Future, p. 11. 79. House of Commons, The Future Role of the Commonwealth, vol. 1, p. v. 80. House of Commons, The Future Role of the Commonwealth, vol. 1, p. lxi. 81. House of Commons, The Future Role of the Commonwealth, vol. 1, p. xviii. 82. House of Commons, The Future Role of the Commonwealth, vol. 1, pp. lx-lxi. 83. House of Commons, The Future Role of the Commonwealth, vol. 1, p. lxi. 84. House of Commons, The Future Role of the Commonwealth, Minutes of

Evidence, pp. 143-4. 85. House of Commons, The Future Role of the Commonwealth, vol. 1, p. v. 86. House of Commons, The Future Role of the Commonwealth, Minutes of

Evidence, p. 145. 87. House of Commons, The Future Role of the Commonwealth, vol. II, p. 292. 88. House of Commons, The Future Role of the Commonwealth, vol. II, pp. 88-91. 89. House of Commons, The Future Role of the Commonwealth, vol. II, p. 124. 90. House of Commons, The Future Role of the Commonwealth, vol. II,

pp. 127-31. 91. House of Commons, The Future Role of the Commonwealth, vol. II, pp. 181-2. 92. House of Commons, The Future Role of the Commonwealth, vol. II, pp. 265-6. 93. House of Commons, The Future Role of the Commonwealth, vol. 1, p. xxiv;

and West, Economic Opportunities for Britain and the Commonwealth, p. 39. 94. House of Commons, The Future Role of the Commonwealth, vol. 1, p. xxvii. 95. West, Economic Opportunities for Britain and the Commonwealth, pp. 22, 27, 39. 96. Ford and Katwala, 'Reinventing the Commonwealth', p. 10. 97. West, Economic Opportunities for Britain and the Commonwealth, p. 25. 98. Lundan and jones, 'The Commonwealth Effect', pp. 102-16. 99. Bostock, Francophonie: Organisation, Coordination, Evaluation, p. 108.

100. House of Commons, The Future Role of the Commonwealth, vol. 1, pp. xxviii-xxix; and the internet website of the Department for International Development.

101. Miller, Britain and the Commonwealth, p. 200. 102. Adamson, The Last Empire, p. 53. 103. de Castro, 'The Community of the Portuguese Speaking Countries', pp. 268

and 294. 104. Miller, The Commonwealth in the World, p. 255. 105. The Times of India, editorial, 27 March 2002. 106. Crowe, 'The Commonwealth in a Changing World', p. 23. 107. Transparency International's internet website. 108. The Times, editorial, 2 june 1953. 109. Miller, The Commonwealth in the World, pp. 260-1. 110. A more detailed treatment of this subject is found in Krishnan Srinivasan's

'Complaisance or Compliance with Commonwealth Principles?', The Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, vol. 41, no. 3, November 2003.

111. Brown and Louis, 'The Twentieth Century', p. 702.

Notes 171

112. Ford and Katwala, 'Reinventing the Commonwealth', pp. 2-3. 113. Commonwealth Secretary-General's Report, 1999, p. 21. 114. Commonwealth Secretariat Press Release, 5 December 2003. 115. See supra chapter 3, p. 95. 116. Lyon, '1949-1999: Fifty Years of a Renewing Commonwealth', editorial, The

Round Table, no. 350, April1999, p. i. 117. Austin, The Round Table, no. 376, September 2004, p. 620. 118. Austin, 'The Commonwealth and Britain', p. 16. 119. The Round Table, vol. 83, no. 329, January 1994, p. 21. 120. Cluff, A Future for the Commonwealth, pp. 2 and 7. 121. The Times, 11 April 2003. 122. Ancram, 'After Zimbabwe, has the Commonwealth still got a purpose?',

Chatham House lecture, 5 February 2003. 123. Lyon, 'Commonwealth Sense and Sentiment', p. 100. 124. Garner, The Commonwealth Office, p. 373. 125. The Round Table, vol. 68, no. 271, july 1978, p. 270. 126. Garner, The Commonwealth Office, p. 430. 127. Miller, The Commonwealth in the World, p. 303. 128. The Round Table, vol. 70, no. 277, january 1980, p. 14. 129. Austin, 'The Commonwealth and Britain', p. 47. 130. House of Commons, The Future Role of the Commonwealth, vol. II, pp. 243-5. 131. Mcintyre, The Significance of the Commonwealth, p. 22. 132. Adamson, The Last Empire, p. 1. 133. Miller, The Commonwealth in the World, p. 284. 134. The Round Table, vol. 79, no. 313, January 1990, p. 5. 135. Neillands, A Fighting Retreat, p. 559. 136. West, Economic Opportunities for Britain and the Commonwealth, epigraph. 137. Crowe, 'The Commonwealth in a Changing World', p. 1. 138. Steel, Commonwealth Day Lecture, 2001. 139. Commonwealth Secretary-General's Report, 1999, p. 24. 140. The Round Table, vol. 60, no. 240, October 1970, p. 377. 141. Ferguson, Empire. How Britain Made the Modem World, pp. 354-5. 142. Dilks, Communications, the Commonwealth and the Future, p. 6. 143. Ferguson, Empire. How Britain Made the Modem World, p. xiii. 144. Dilks, correspondence with the author, October 2004. 145. Miller, The Commonwealth in the World, p. 299. 146. The Round Table, vol. 84, no. 333, January 1995, p. 91. 147. Adamson, The Last Empire, p. 1. 148. BBC News, internet Online, 10 December 2003. 149. CHOGRMs, Sydney: 13-16 February 1978; New Delhi: 4-8 September 1980;

Suva: 14-18 October 1982; and Port Morseby: 8 August 1984. 150. House of Commons, The Future Role of the Commonwealth, vol. II, p. 191. 151. Adamson, The Last Empire, p. 175. 152. In 2003, for example, the BBC World Service reported that the

United Kingdom had criticized Secretariat officials as being 'unhelpful' by instigating developing countries to adopt protectionist and anti-free market policies, apparently in connection with negotiations in the WTO. The Commonwealth Secretary-General was quoted as riposting that the Commonwealth was no longer Britain-centred and claimed that he had

172 Notes

the freedom to act and employ such persons as he chose. Another rift was reported in The Times of 18 October 2004 when the secretary-general was said to rebuff a British government suggestion of a joint meeting between the British Prime Minister, the French President and the secretaries-general of the Commonwealth and Ia Francophonie. And in a press release on 20 July 2005, the secretary-general condemned the British government's unwillingness to facilitate the commercial sale of the defunct Commonwealth Institute as 'selfish imperialism' and 'a betrayal'.

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Index

1941 Atlantic Charter 32 1948 First Round Table Conference

102 1948 Prime Ministers Meeting 17 1949 Commonwealth Prime Ministers

Meeting 21 1949 London Declaration 11, 21,

108, 110 1954 Geneva Conference 24 1964 Malay-Chinese inter-communal

riots 16 1974 coup in Lisbon 94 1993 Mauritius Summit 90

Abacha, Sani 141 Abuja 109

Summit Conference 148 Acheson, Dean 41, 62 Adamson, David 119, 126, 143,

153, 156 Aden 31, 104, 124 Afghanistan 81 Africa/African 1-2, 29, 58,

80, 141 colonial independence 44 erosion of democracy in 58 nationalism 1, 36, 52

Afro-Asian Conference at Bandung 25 Agence de Cooperation Culturelle

et Technique (ACCT) 87 Agence Intergouvermentale de Ia

Francophonie (AIF) 87 Alexander, A.V. 65 Algeria 83-5, 88, 103-4 Alvar Agreement of 1975 94 Amery, Leo 116 Amin, see Idi Amin Ancram, Michael 151 Anglophone community lOS Angola 56, 94-5 Antigua/Barbuda 146 Anti-Memoirs 113 Anyaoku, Emeka 110

ANZUS, see Australia, New Zealand and the United States

apartheid 48, 51, 150 Archbishop Makarios 42 Argentina 120 Aruba 102 Ashdown, Paddy 80 Ashton, Stephen 73 Asian Commonwealth 29 Asian independence 16-26 Asia-Pacific Commonwealth

regionalism 156 Attlee, Clement 7, 10-11, 13, 18, 25,

28,44, 52-3 Auckland 141, 144 Aung San 13, 98 Austin, Dennis 63, 149 Australia/Australian 6, 16, 20, 22-3,

25, 27, 29, 31-2, 39, 45, 48-9, 52, 54-5, 58, 60, 65, 67, 75, 77, 79, 100-1, 109, 112, 117, 123-4, 138-43, 156, 159

canned fruits 64 Commonwealth summit in 2002

142 Australia, New Zealand and Malaya

(ANZAM) agreement of 1948 29 Australia, New Zealand and the United

States (ANZUS) 29, 31, 139 Treaty in 1951 27

Baghdad Pact 25, 28, 42 Balewa, Abubakr Tafewa 53 Bamako 93 Bandaranaike, Sirimavo 15 Bandaranaike, Solomon 15

government 30 Bandung 100 Bangladesh 80, 125, 156 Bao Dai, Emperor 29, 84 Barnes, Simon 126 battle of Surabaya 98 Beatrix, Queen 101

177

178 Index

Belgium 86, 91, 114 Belize 120, 156 Beloff, Max 124 Benelux 24 Bevan, Aneurin 118 Bevin, Ernesf 23, 118 Biafra 124 Birmingham 79 Blair, Tony 81 Bolivia 96 Bonaire 102 Bostock, William 13 7 Bourne, Richard 136 Boutros-Ghali, Boutros 92-3 Brazil 95, 105 Brisbane 142 Britain/British 3, 7--8, 15-27, 32, 35,

53, 57, 66, 71,83,85, 100,103, 114, 150, 155-6

Act of 1953 108 Act of Parliament, 1958 127 Africa 43--8 balance of payment crises 66 colonialism 117, 145 Commonwealth of Nations 130 entry to the EEC 71-4 Foreign Office 35 Honduras 120 Monarchy 108 Nationality Act of 1948 75 opinion 116 press 121 referendum on EEC membership,

1975 70, 73 Services Mission 14

Brook, Norman 19, 42, 111, 151 Brown, Michael 125 Brunei 16, 32 Brussels 95 Buddhist populism 15 Bulganin, Nicolai 40 Bunker, Ellsworth 101 Buraimi oasis 35 Burma 5, 10, 13-14, 17, 21, 107, 158

Cambodia 84 Cameroon 63, 83 Canada/Canadian 6, 17-18, 20, 23,

25-9,38-9,47-8,52,54,60,63,

75-7,86-7,90,92-3,105,112, 133, 138-43, 159

Nationality Act 76 Canal Zone 104 Canard Enchafne 91 Cape Verde 94 Caribbean islands, see West Indies

Federation 38 Celebes 98 Central Africa Federation 23, 36, 46,

51-6, 72, 114 Central African Republic 89 Central Treaty Organization

(CENTO) 13; see also Baghdad Pact

Centre for Commonwealth Education in the Faculty of Education in Cambridge 127

Ceylon 1, 8, 10, 12, 14-15, 18, 20-1, 30,39,53,64,108

Chan, Stephen 153 Charlton, Evan 122 Chatham House 136, 151 Chiang Kaishek 32 China 25, 32, 74,81, 84,124,136 Churchill, Winston 5, 25, 34, 37, 118 Cold War 11, 28, 39 Colombo plan 22 Colonial Conferences 139 Committee of Good Offices in

Indonesia (UNGOC) 99 Commonwealth

Afro-Asian members 59 Arts Festival 126 Asian independence 16-26 British 1-4 Business Council (CBC) 137 civil society links 3, 103, 130-2,

142, 144, 159 decolonizing process 22 defence 26-32 economic matters 63-70 factor in trade and economic

relations 136--8 Fund for Technical Cooperation

(CFTC) 93 Games SO, 127 Heads of Government Regional

Meetings (CHOGRMs) 140, 156

Commonwealth -continued Immigration Act of 1962 77, 117 Immigrants Act of 1968 78 immigration and citizenship 7 4-82 and independent Africa 57-63 Institute in Kensington 128 knowledge of the modern 126 media comments through the years

121-6 Ministerial Action Group

142, 146 ministerial meeting in Asia 23 modern post-Second World War 1,

3, 24, 114 multiracial 20, 21, 40, 51, 118 Nehru S-42; see also Nehru,

Jawaharlal new agenda for the old 138-43 newly independent countries 27 new members 19, 22 nobody's 107-61 Prime Ministers Meetings 24, 53,

60, 149 Relations Office (CRO) 10, 17, 61 settler-based S some other 83-106 today and tomorrow 143-61 Trade Conference at Montreal 67 Trust 135

Comunidade dos Paises de Lingua Portuguesa (CPLP) (The Community of Portuguese­speaking countries) 2, 93, 95, lOS

Congo 36 crisis 26, 41

Congress Party 9-11 Conservatives 37, 57, 68, 118

Government 31, 49, 74 Party 7, 39, 123, 151

Costa Rica 96, lOS Cote d'Ivoire 89 CPLP, see Comunidade dos Paises de

Lingua Portuguesa Cripps, Stafford 8 CRO, see Commonwealth Relations

Office Crossman, Richard SS Crowe, Virginia 154

Crown, the 107, 109 Colony 2, 14 Commonwealth 20 as Head of State 109 position of 107-11 scheme 23

Cuba 94 Curar,:ao 97, 102 Curzon, Lord 9

Index 179

,,

Cyprus 30, 41-2, 48, 104, 120 enosis 42

Dadra Nagar-Haveli 94 Daily Telegraph, The 123-S, 128 Dakar 92 Daman and Diu 94 Dar ul Islam 100 Darwin, John 121 de Castro, P.C. 143 de Gaulle, Charles 32, 46, 68-9, 72,

84-S, 88, 116 Dien Bien Phu 84 Dilks, David 119, ISS Dominions S, 8, 10, 12, 17-18, 20,

24, 27, 29, 64-S, 73, 83, 107, 116, 124, 138, 145, 158

settler -based S Douglas-Home, Alec 22, 52, 58 Dulles, John Foster 33-4, 36 Dumbarton Oaks 6 Duncan Report on Overseas

Representation, 1969 61 Dutch-Indonesian Union 98, 157;

see also Netherlands, the

East Africa 72 East Timor 95 Eayrs, James 61, 115 Economist, The 121, 123-4 Eden, Anthony 25 Egypt 43 Eisenhower, Dwight 33, 34 Elizabeth II, Queen 3, 108-11, 158 Empire Day 112 Empire Exhibitions 112 Equatorial Guinea 96 European Common Market 117 European Economic Community

(EEC) 26, SS, 68

180 Index

European Free Trade Agreement 67 European Free Trade Area 72 European Human Rights Commission

80 European markets 64 European Union 136, 152, 169 External Relations Act 107

Falkland Islands, the 96, 104, 120 invasion of 120 War 116, 127

Federation of South Arabia 31 Field, Winston 52 Fighting Retreat, A 126 Fiji 141, 144, 146 'Five Power Defence Arrangements' of

1971 32 da Fonseca, Luis de Matos

Monteiro 95 Foreign and Commonwealth Office

(FCO) 61, 127 former Soviet Union 81 former Yugoslavia 81 Franc Zone 83, 91 France/French 7, 24, 32, 71, 73,

83-93, 102-5, 158 anti-American 92 African colonies 84 colonialism 88 hegemony 68

Franco-African summits 89 Francophonie 86-92

civil socieity 86, 91, 104 currency harmonization 88 press 91 summits 89 trade 91

Fraser, Peter 23 Frente de Libertar;:ao de Mor;:ambique

(FRELIMO) 94 Frente Nacional de Libertar;:ao de

Angola (FLNA) 94

G8 summit at Evian 90 Gallup poll 123 Gambia 146 Garner, Joe 24, 52, 59, 110, 117, 152 General Agreement on Tariffs and

Trade (GATT) 69

Geneva Agreement 29, 35 George VI, King 11, 110 Germany 24, 64, 124 Ghana 10, 20, 26, 42, 44-5, 47-8,

51,53,60, 72,156 Independence Bill in 1957 45

Gibraltar 120 referendum of 196 7 48

Goa 26, 94, 95, 156 Gold Coast 44 Greece 42 Green, L.C. 102 Grenada 120 Guadalajara 96 Guatemala 120 Guinea Bissau 95 Guyana 146

Hague, The 99-100 Round Table Conference 100

Haiti 92, 96 Halifax, Lord 5 Hanoi 29 Harare 93, 144

Commonwealth Declaration of 1991 146

principles 2 Harrison, Eric, Sir 23 Heath, Edward 31, 49, 62, 67, 72, 74,

109 Helms-Burton Act 96 Ho Chi Minh 29 Hodson, H.V. ISS Holland, Robert 135 Hong Kong 59, 65, 120 House of Commons Foreign Affairs

Committee Report 127, 132-6 Howe, Geoffrey 119 Hull, Cordell 69 Hurd, Douglas 150

Idi Amin 62, 79 immigration debate 81 Imperial Conferences 139 Imperial Institute 126-7 Independent, The 125 India 1, 8, 9-13, 18, 19, 21, 23-4,

26-8,39,48, 64, 74, 78,105,108, 118, 156, 159

Indonesia 22, 33, 97, 100 Indo-Pakistan war of 1965 156 Ingram, Derek 153 Institute of Commonwealth Studies

135 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 39 Iran 81 Iraq 81 Ireland 17, 21, 104, 107

Act of 1949 76 Islamic radicalism, problems of 160 Italy 32 Ivory Coast 92

Jakarta 100 Jamaica 27, 32, 37-8, 64, 66, 74,

78,97 Java 98-100

state of anarchy in 98 Jenkins, Rob 132 Jenkins, Simon 155 Johnson, Daniel 88 Johnston, Philip 123 Jones, G. 137 Joop den Uyl 102 Judicial Committee of the Privy

Council 126 Juliana, Queen 100

Kashmir 124, 156 dispute 24 question 12

Katunayake 15 Kaunda, Kenneth SO, 53 Kenya 23, 30,43,45, 47, 53, 62, 72,

78, 104, 110, 114 Keynes, John Maynard 112 Khan, Liquat Ali 12-13 Khruschev, Nikita 40 Korea 29, 33

War 22 Kuala Lumpur SO

Labour Party 7, 9, 42, 52,151 economists 65 Government 31, 64

Lagos Summit 53 Laos 84 Last Empire, The 126

Latin America 96 League of Nations 139 Lebanon 84 Lesotho 47, 146 Liberal Democrats 80 Linggadjati 98 Lisbon 94-S Listowel, Lord 45 Lloyd, Selwyn 58 London Declaration 18 Low, David 115 Lundan, Sarianna M. 137

Index 181

Lusaka Commonwealth Summit 56 Luxembourg 91 Lyon, Peter 10, 20, 61, 73, 82, 149, 151

MacDonald, Malcolm 13, 55 MacKenzie, King W.L. 6 Macleod, lain 46 Macmillan, Harold 20-1, 24, 36, 43,

45-6,48-9,51,57-8,67,111, 119, 139

Madagascar 83 Madrid lOS Madura 98 Mahendra, Yusri Ihza 101 Maitland, Patrick 23 Major, John SO, 141, 153 Makarios, Archbishop 117 Malan, D.F. 44 Malawi 47, 54 Malaya 10, 13, 15-16, 19-20, 29, 31,

33-S, 64-S, 104, 114 Malayan rubber 64 Malaysia/Malaysian 16, 26, 30, 32,

46, 72, 103, 125, 132-3, 156, 159 Federation 46

Malraux, Andre 113 Malta 42, 54, 90 Mansergh, Nicholas 37, SS-6,

58, 130 Mao Zedong 11 Marshall Plan 23, 65, 99 Masjumi 100 Mau Mau 43, 103 Maulding, Reginald 79 Mazuri, Ali 62 Mcintyre, David 148 McKinnon, Don 102, 110

182 Index

Menzies, Robert 20, 38-9, 48-9, 58, 67

Middle East 29, 34, 41-2 Millbrook 93, 142

Commonwealth Action Programme 142

Miller ].D.B. 17, 47, 61, 114, 130, 143, 153, 155

Mitterand, Franc;ois 88 Moco, M.J.C. 95 modern Commonwealth, see

Commonwealth modern Morocco 83-4 Morris, Jan 41, 80 Morris-Jones, W.H. 25 Moscow 10, 40 Mossadeq, Mohammed 34 Most Favoured Nation (MFN) 69 Mountbatten Lady 11 Mountbatten, Lord 10 Movimento Popular de Libertac;ao de

Angola (MPLA) 94 Mozambique 56, 63, 94-S Mugabe, Robert 51, 56, 142, 144 Muslim League 9 Mutasa, Didymus 156 Muzorewa, Abel 56

Nasser, Gamal Abdel 34 NATO, see North Atlantic Treaty

Organization Nehru, Jawaharlal 10, 20, 24, 28-9,

39,48,52, lOS, 107,110,114 Neillands, Robin 126 Netherlands, the 96, 99, 102

Empire 96-102 Cabinet 100 West Indies 102

New Society 128 New Zealand 6, 16, 18, 23, 25, 27,

29,31-2,49, ss, 62, 67, 70, 75, 77, 79, 112, 124, 138-43, 150, 156

Newfoundland 17, 52 Newly Independent States 73 Nigeria 26, 30, 47, SO, 53, 72, 142,

146, 159 Nkurmah, Kwame 44, 60 Non-Aligned Movement 160 non-alignment policy 24, 28

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 7, 28, 36, 71, 152

North Borneo 104 North Korea 84 Nyasaland S 1 Nyerere, Julius 49-50

Obote, Milton 60 Official Development Assistance

(ODA) 147 Ogdensburg pact of 1940 27 Organisation Armee Secrete (OAS)

85 Organisation Internationale de la

Francophonie (OIF) (The Organization of la Francophonie) 2, 83, 86-93, 157

Organization de Estados Iberoamericanos (OEI) para la Education, la Ciencia y la Cultural (Organization of Iberian-American States for Education, Science and Culture) 95-6, lOS

Organization of the African and Malagasy Community (OCAM) 87

Ouagadougou 92, 104

Pakistan 1, 8, 9-13, 18-19, 21, 24, 25, 27,28, 30,48, 66, 78,81, 108, 146

Palestine 19, 34 Palmer, Geoffrey SO parliamentary democracy 18 Paterson, P.]. 109 Patten, Chris 120 Pearson, Lester 38, 53, 60 People's Republic of China 11, 33;

see also China Portugal/Portuguese 60, 85, 95, 96,

102, lOS, 114, 158 African colonies 93 Community of Portuguese-speaking

countries 2, 93-S, lOS Powell, Enoch 79, 123-4 Pretoria 51, 56 Prime Ministers Meeting of]uly 1957

38

Prime Ministers Meetings in the 1950s 24

Privy Council appeals 10 Protectorate, see Crown Colony 14 public opinion 111 Puerto Rico 96

Quebec 60, 87-8, 92, 140

racism 2 Rahman, Tunku Abdul 16 Rajagopalachari, Chakravarti 38 Ramphal, Shridath 51, 56 Renville agreement in 1948 99 Republic of South Africa, see South

Africa Revolutionary Front of Independent

East Timor (FRETILIN) 94 Rhodesia 30, 46, 49, 50-8, 60, 71,

72,82, 105,109,116,124,133 Rifkind, Malcolm 134 Roosevelt, Franklin 32-3 Round Table, The 2, 7, 12, 19, 21,

25-8,30,37,43-4,46,48-9,51, 57,60-1,67, 70, 74, 79,82, 111, 115-16, 118, 122, 123, 128-30, 152, 154

Roy, Jean-Louis 92 Royal Commonwealth Society 111,

135 Library 127

· Royal Empire Society 126

Saba 102 Sahel groups 91 St. Eustace 102 St. Maarten 102 Salisbury, Lord 111, 117 San Francisco 6, 86 Sao Tome Principe 95 Saudi Arabia 35 Schermerhorn, Wim 98 SEATO, see South East Asian Treaty

Organization Senghor, Leopold 86-7, 92, 103 Sharir, Sutan 98 Sharpeville massacre 48 Shawcross, Hartley 76 Sierra Leone 47, 54, 72, 146, 156

Index 183

Simonstown Agreement of 1955 49 Simpson, John 122, Singapore 16, 32, 49-50, 55, 72, 109,

132 Heads of Government Meeting in

1971 49, 55, 109 Sinhala politicians 15 Smith, Arnold SO, 149 Smith, Ian 52 Smuts,Jan 6 Solomon Islands 146 Somalia 81 Soulbury, Lord 14 South Africa 2, 12, 17, 19, 23, 24-5,

28-9,45-6,48-51,58,60,75,90, 112, 116, 133, 141, 142, 150, 159

South Arabian Federation 46 South Asian nationalist movements

5, 17 South East Asian Treaty Organization

(SEATO) 13, 24-5, 28-9 Soviet Union 8, 11, 32, 56, 74,

94, 127 invasion of Hungary 39

Spain 95-6, 105, 158 Spectator, The 122 Sri Lanka 15, 81 Stalin, Joseph 36 Statute of Westminster doctrine 110 Steel, David 131 Sterling Area 9, 20, 21, 33, 44, 46,

63,64,66,68, 103,139 Sterling devaluation

in 1949 66 in 1967 31

Straw, Jack 8, 81 Sudan 43 Suez Canal 31, 41-2, 104, 156

crisis and aftermath 38-41 Group 119

Sukarno 98 Sumatra 98-100 Sunday Telegraph 125 Sunday Times, The ISS Surinam 97, 102 Swaziland 57, 146 Sweden 24 Swinton,Lord 76 Syria 84, 103

184 Index

Tanganyika 48 Tanzania 30, 47, 53, 56, 60, 72, 156 Tanzania-Zanzibar 146 Templer, Gerald 34 Thatcher, Margaret SO, 56, 62, 63,

80, 153, 150 Third World Power 35 Thompson of Montifieth 154 Times of India, The 144 Times, The ll, 30, 108, 111, 121-4,

126, 129, 145 Timor Democratic Union (UDT) 94 Timorese Popular Democratic

Association (APODOTI) 94 Tinker, Hugh 59 Togo 83 Trans-Atlantic Alliance 160 Treaty of Rome 69, 89 Trend, Burke 151 Trincomalee 15 Trinidad 37, 78

and Tobago 38, 53 Trudeau, Pierre SO Truman, Harry 33 Tunisia 22, 83-4 Turkey 42, 81 Twentieth Party Conference of the

CPSU in 1956 40

Uganda 30, 47,53, 60, 62, 72,79 UN Security Council, see United

Nations Security Council Uniao Nacional para a Independencia

Total de Angola (UNIT A) 94 Unilateral Declaration of

Independence (UDI) 30, 49, 52-6 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

5, 7 Unitary Republic of Indonesia, see

Indonesia United Kingdom 6, 19, 21, 23, 70,

73, 127, 133; see also Britain and Colonies citizenship 75

United Nations 6, 10, 18, 24, 29, 93, 100, 114, 139, 152

Commission on Indonesia (UNCI) 100

Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) 60

Emergency Force (UNEF) 38 General Assembly 48 Security Council 31, 83, 99, 160

United States 5, 7, 11, 20, 25, 27-9, 32-7,36,64, 66, 74, 77,91, 100, 114, 127

and Empire 32-7

van Mook, Hubertus 98 van Royen, Herman 100 van Royen-Rum (representing Sukarno

and Hatta) agreement 100 Vancouver 141 Verwoerd, Hendrik 48-9 Victoria League 135 Vietnam 16, 22, 29, 30, 33, 53, 72,

74,85,88, lOS British intervention in 33

Walker, Gordon Patrick 137 Washington 10, 34-5, 40

defence 27 Waverly, Viscount 134 Wembley Empire Exhibition 126 West, Katherine 131, 136 West Africa 31, 65 Westerling, Raymond 100 Western European Union 160 West Germany 7, 32, 104 West Indies Federation 37-8,

46,80 Westminster-style democracy 18,

21, 72 West New Guinea 101 Wheare, K.C. 153 Whitehall policy 6, 8, 14-16, 18, 22,

26,28,39,46,52,57,60,90,99, 116-17, 150, 158, 159, 160-1

White House 33, 35 Wilhelmina, Queen 9 7 Williams, Eric 53 Wilson, Harold 30-1, 52-4, 60,

68-9 World Trade Organization (WTO) 160 Worsthome, Peregrine 125

Zambia 47, SO, 53, 56, 62, 72 Zimbabwe 51, 56, 82, 109, 125,

142, 144, 146, 156, 160