Notes on Ascomycete Systematics

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VOLUME 13 DECEMBER 31, 2007

Notes on ascomycete systematics Nos. 4408 - 4750

H. Thorsten Lumbsch and Sabine M. Huhndorf (eds.) The Field Museum, Department of Botany, Chicago, USA

Abstract

Lumbsch, H. T. and S.M. Huhndorf (ed.) 2007. Notes on ascomycete systematics. Nos. 4408 – 4750. Myconet 13: 59 – 99. The present paper presents 342 notes on the taxonomy and nomenclature of ascomycetes (Ascomycota) at the generic and higher levels.

Introduction The series ”Notes on ascomycete systematics” has been published in Systema Ascomycetum (1986-1998) and in Myconet since 1999 as hard copies and now at its new internet home at URL: http://www.fieldmuseum.org/myconet/. The present paper presents 342 notes on the taxonomy and nomenclature of ascomycetes (Ascomycota) at the generic and higher levels. The date of electronic publication is given within parentheses at the end of each entry.

Notes 4476. Acanthotrema A. Frisch

This monotypic genus was described by Frisch (2006) to accommodate Thelotrema brasilianum; see note under Thelotremataceae (4561). (2006-10-18)

4477. Acarospora A. Massal.

The genus is restricted by Crewe et al. (2006) to a monophyletic group of taxa related to the type species A. schleicheri. The A. smaragdula group and A. badiofusca are excluded from the genus in a strict sense. (2006-10-18)

4478. Acarosporaceae Zahlbr.

The delimitation of genera in this family is studied by Crewe et al. (2006) who demonstrate

that the genera Acarospora, Polysporinopsis, and Sarcogyne are not monophyletic in their current circumscription; see also notes under Acarospora (4477) and Polysporinopsis (4543). (2006-10-18)

4568. Aciculopsora Aptroot & Trest

This new genus is described for a single new lichenized species collected twice in lowland dry forests of NW Costa Rica (Aptroot et al. 2006). It is placed in Ramalinaceae based on ascus-type. Similar genera include Bacidiopsora Kalb and Squamacidia Brako. The latter is said to differ by thallus morphology and unexplained details of apothecia, while the former differs in morphology, apothecial pigmentation, ascospore morphology and thallus chemistry. The genus will be accepted in the forthcoming outline in

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Ramalinaceae, but additional studies – including molecular data – appear necessary to elucidate the placement of the genus. (2006-12-20)

4569. Almbornia Essl.

See note under Xanthoparmelia (4615). (2006-12-20)

4479. Amphilogia Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.

This genus was described in Gryzenhout et al. (2005) and will be placed in Cryphonectriaceae following Gryzenhout et al. (2006); see note under Cryphonectriaceae (4497). (2006-10-18)

4480. Ampliotrema Kalb

This genus was described by Kalb (2004), but the description lacked a generic type. The name has been validated by Frisch (2006). However, Frisch (2006) discussed the similarities to Ocellularia and Frisch et al. (2006) showed that Ampliotrema is nested within a strongly supported Ocellularia s.str. Consequently, Ampliotrema will be regarded a synonym of Ocellularia in the next outline; see also note under Thelotremataceae (4561). (2006-10-18)

4408. Annulatascaceae S.W. Wong, K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones

In a phylogenetic study using partial LSU rDNA sequences (Vijaykrishna et al. 2005) the family fell into two distinct clades, one was sister to Ophiostomatales and another clade basal to these two groups. (2006-05-30)

4409. Annulohypoxylon Y.-M. Ju, J.D. Rogers & H.-M. Hsieh

Hypoxylon sect. Annulata was raised to generic level by Hsieh et al. (2005); see note under Hypoxylon. (2006-05-30)

4410. Anziaceae M. Sato

Based on deviating ascospores this family is often kept separate from Parmeliaceae (e.g., Kärnefelt & Thell 1992). However, it agrees with the latter family in ascomatal anatomy and molecular studies (Mattsson & Wedin 1999,

Thell et al. 2004) supported its inclusion in Parmeliaceae. Consequently, Anzia will be included in Parmeliaceae in the next outline. (2006-05-30)

4450. Apodus Malloch & Cain

See note under Sordariaceae (4469). (2006-07-17)

4481. Apogaeumannomyces Matsush.

This genus was described by Matsushima (2003) for a species isolated from palm fronds and forming the teleomorph and a Cercosporula anamorph in culture. It is placed in the Sordariomycetidae inc. sed. until its affinities can be established. (2006-10-18)

4616. Aporothielavia Malloch & Cain

Greif and Currah (2007) studied the ascoma development in this monotypic genus and showed that A. leptoderma belongs in Chaetomidium. Consequently, Aporothielavia is placed into synonymy with that genus. (2007-06-05)

4617. Aptrootia Lücking & Sipman

Lücking et al. (2007) described this new genus in Trypetheliaceae for an aberrant species in that family. It was previously believed to belong to Thelenellaceae, but del Prado et al. (2006) demonstrated it belongs to Dothideomycetes. It should be noted that the generic concept in this family requires revision. (2007-06-05)

4618. Arachnomycetales Gibas, Sigler & Currah

Geiser et al. (2007) included this order in Onygenales. (2007-06-05)

4570. Arthroascus Arx

Naumov et al. (2006) described two new taxa in this yeast genus using molecular data to support their decision. The genus was previously included in Saccharomycopsis in the outline, but previously Naumov et al. (2003) provided evidence from a phylogenetic analysis inferred

61

from nu LSU rDNA sequences that Arthroascus is a distinct lineage. Hence the genus will be accepted within Saccharomycopsidaceae in the next outline. (2006-12-20)

4619. Arthrorhaphidaceae Poelt & Hafellner

Miadlikowska et al. (2007) showed that this family needs to be placed in Ostropomycetidae inc. sed. (2007-06-05)

4620. Arxiozyma Van der Walt & Yarrow

Kurtzman & Robnett (2007) showed that the genus is synonymous with Kazachstania. (2007-06-05)

4482. Ascocoronospora Matsush.

This genus was described by Matsushima (2003) for a species isolated from decaying litter and forming the teleomorph and a Coronospora anamorph in culture. It is placed in the Dothideomycetidae inc. sed. until its affinities can be established. (2006-10-18)

4483. Ascofascicula Matsush.

This genus was described by Matsushima (2003) for a species isolated from soil and forming the teleomorph in culture with ascospores that have a spiral-like ornamentation. The hymenium appeared to form without an enclosing structure. It is placed in the Ascomycota inc. sed. until its affinities can be established. (2006-10-18)

4411. Ascomycota

Lopandic et al. (2005) used a SSU rDNA phylogeny framework to discuss chemical differences in major clades of Ascomycota. Cell wall carbohydrates and ubiquinone components were analyzed within numerous Ascomycota. Saccharomycotina were found to have a glucose-mannose pattern differing from that of Pezizomycotina, while basal Ascomycota showed a glucose-mannose-galactose-rhamnose-(fucose) profile. Differences in the ubiquinone patterns were also found. This underlines the phylogenetic importance of chemotaxonomic characters to circumscribe major lineages in fungi. The authors interpret their chemotaxonomic results, however, as

contradictive to molecular phylogenies in placing Saccharomycotina at the base of Ascomycota. (2006-05-30)

4621. Ascosphaerales Gäum. ex Skou

Geiser et al. (2007) included this order in Onygenales. (2007-06-05)

4412. Ascoyunnania L. Cai & K.D. Hyde

This new genus was described for a new species collected from submerged bamboo in China (Cai et al. 2005). A single collection is known and hence no molecular data are available for a placement of this enigmatic fungus that has deeply immersed, ostiolate ascomata, hyaline guttulate ascospores that germinate to form dark brown to black, globose, tuberculate secondary spores. The genus will be placed in Sordariomycetes incertae sedis. (2006-05-30)

4571. Aspicilia A. Massal.

See note under Megasporaceae (4591). (2006-12-20)

4572. Ayria Fryar & K.D. Hyde

This new genus is described for a single species collected on submerged rotting wood that is most similar to Pseudoproboscispora Punith., but differs in having asci lacking an apical ring and non-septate, biseriate ascospores (Fryar & Hyde 2004). It will be accepted in the next outline in Annulatascaceae. (2006-12-20)

4622. Babjevia van der Walt & M.Th. Smith

See note 4643. (2007-06-05)

4413. Baeomycetaceae Dumort.

This family is currently placed incertae sedis, but molecular studies (e.g., Lutzoni et al. 2004, Wedin et al. 2005) supported its placement in Ostropomycetidae. Its exact placement is uncertain and it will be placed in Ostropomycetidae incertae sedis. (2006-05-30)

4623. Baeomycetaceae Dumort.

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In the study of Miadlikowska et al. (2007) this family clustered in Ostropomycetidae and it will be placed in this suborder inc. sed. in the next outline. (2007-06-05)

4484. Basidioascus Matsush.

This genus was described as an ascomycete by Matsushima (2003) for a species isolated from soil. The photographs in the publication clearly show hyphae with clamp connections and developing basidia with up to four basidiospores forming on elongate sterigmata. It is therefore excluded from Ascomycota and placed in Basidiomycota inc. sed. until its affinities can be established. (2006-10-18)

4624. Boreoplaca Timdal

Miadlikowska et al. (2007) provided evidence that this genus should be transferred from Lecanoromycetes inc. sed. to Lecanoromycetidae inc. sed., supporting earlier studies by Wedin et al. (2005). (2007-06-05)

4485. Botryosphaeriaceae Theiss. & H. Syd.

The major clades in Botryosphaeriaceae are resolved by Crous et al. (2006) using nu LSU rDNA sequence data. 12 clades are recognized with two of them falling outside the family. Within the family ten lineages are accepted. The clades are characterized by distinct types of anamorphs. No new teleomorph generic name was proposed. (2006-10-18)

4625. Botryosphaeriaceae Theiss. & H. Syd.

See note 4626 under Botryosphaeriales. (2007-06-05)

4626. Botryosphaeriales Schoch, Crous & Shoemaker

This new order in Dothideomycetes is described by Schoch et al. (2007) to accommodate Botryosphaeriaceae. (2007-06-05)

4627. Bryoglossum Redhead

Wang et al. (2007) suggested transferring this genus from Geoglossaceae to Hyaloscyphaceae. (2007-06-05)

4414. Bryogomphus Lücking, W.R. Buck, Sérus. & L.I. Ferraro

The recently described species Gomphillus caribaeus (Buck 1998) was shown to differ from Gomphillus s.str. in having lecanoroid, Sporopodium-type asci and a prosoplectenchymatous exciple (Lücking et al. 2005). The new genus is placed in Pilocarpaceae (Lecanorales). (2006-05-30)

4415. Bulbotrichella V. Marcano, S. Mohali & A. Morales

This genus is currently accepted in Parmeliaceae, but Lumbsch (1997) showed that its distinction was based on conidiomata that in fact belong to a lichenicolous fungus. Hence, the genus is treated as a synonym of Bulbothrix in the next outline. (2006-05-30)

4628. Caliciaceae Chevall.

Miadlikowska et al. (2007) supported previous results that this family is nested within Physciaceae (Helms et al. 2003, Wedin et al. 2003). Hence in the next outline Caliciaceae will be treated as a synonym of Physciaceae. (2007-06-05)

4416. Candelariaceae Hakul.

Currently this family is included in Lecanoraceae, but phylogenetic analyses showed that it has a basal position in Lecanoromycetes and is not closely related to Lecanoraceae (e.g., Wedin et al. 2005). Thus it will be accepted as an independent family in the next outline. (2006-05-30)

4629. Candelariaceae Hakul.

Miadlikowska et al. (2007) supported the independence of Candelariaceae from Lecanoraceae and found this family to cluster as sister to Lecanoromycetidae+Ostropomycetidae. They indicate that the description of an order to accommodate this family will be necessary. (2007-06-05)

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4630. Capnodiales Woron.

This order is placed in Dothideomycetidae by Schoch et al. (2007). (2007-06-05)

4486. Carassea S. Stenroos

Stenroos et al. (2002) showed in a phylogenetic analysis based on nu SSU rDNA sequences that Cladonia is not monophyletic. C. connexa is shown to be closer to Metus and Pilophorus and consequently segregated as a new genus Carassea. The monotypic genus occurs in South America, its primary thallus is unknown and it differs morphologically from Cladonia in having highly anastomosing thallus branches. It will be accepted in Cladoniaceae in the next outline. (2006-10-18)

4631. Catillochroma Kalb

The genus is described by Kalb (2007) for a number of crustose, predominantly tropical species that have a layered exciple with a prosoplectenchymatous outer part and an inner part, which is composed of a textura intricata with large intercellular spaces. It is placed in Megalariaceae and will be accepted in the forthcoming outline. (2007-06-05)

4487. Celoporthe Nakab., Gryzenh, Jol. Roux & M.J. Wingf.

The genus was described by Nakabonge et al. (2006) for a pathogenic fungus on Myrtales in South Africa. The genus resembles Chrysoporthe, but is not closely related in a phylogenetic analysis and differs in morphological characters, such as short perithecial necks, cylindrical to ovoid conidia, and pseudoparenchymatous stromatic tissue at the conidiomatal base. It will be accepted in Cryphonectriaceae in the next outline. (2006-10-18)

4573. Cepsiclava J. Walker

Walker (2004) described this new genus in Clavicipitaceae for an endophyte occurring in southeastern Australia. It is unique in the family in invading stamens before ovaries. (2006-12-20)

4488. Ceratocystiopsis H.P. Upadhyay & W.B. Kendr.

This genus is resurrected by Zipfel et al. (2006); see note under Ophiostoma (4537). (2006-10-18)

4489. Ceratostomella Sacc.

Réblová (2006) emended the generic concept of Ceratostomella, accepting four species and using multigene data found that its affinities are within the Sordariomycetidae in a large unsupported clade that includes members of the Ophiostomatales and the Annulatascaceae. It will be included in the Sordariomycetidae inc. sed. (2006-10-18)

4574. Cetradonia J.-C. Wei & Ahti

Zhou et al. (2006) demonstrated that this monotypic genus belongs to Cladoniaceae where it was sister to Gymnoderma, the genus in which the single species was formerly placed. The status of this genus needs to be re-assessed with special emphasis on the distinction to Gymnoderma. (2006-12-20)

4575. Cetradoniaceae J.-C. Wei & Ahti

The family was shown to be nested within Cladoniaceae in a phylogenetic study by Zhou et al. (2006). Consequently, it will be reduced to synonymy with the latter family in the next outline.

4490. Chaetosphaeria Tul. & C. Tul.

Huhndorf and Fernández (2005) using data from ITS, expanded the concept of Chaetosphaeria to include additional scolecosporous species with distinct globose, outer ascomatal wall cells. This characteristic was used by Matsushima (2003) to describe a new genus (see note 4538). Fernández et al. (2006) upheld the monophyly of Chaetosphaeria and the separation of Zignoella and Melanopsammella from Chaetosphaeria in analyses using data from LSU and beta tubulin genes. (2006-10-18)

4491. Chaetosphaerides Matsush.

This genus was described by Matsushima (2003) for a species isolated from plant material and

64

forming the teleomorph and a Ramichloridium anamorph in culture. It is placed in the Sordariomycetidae inc. sed. until its affinities can be established. (2006-10-18)

4492. Chapsa A. Massal.

This genus was resurrected by Frisch (2006); see note under Thelotremataceae (4561). (2006-10-18)

4632. Chlorencoelia J.R. Dixon

Wang et al. (2007) suggested transferring this genus from Helotiaceae to Hemiphacidiaceae. (2007-06-05)

4417. Chondropsis Nyl.

This genus is currently accepted in Parmeliaceae, but since morphological and molecular data have shown it to be part of Xanthoparmelia (Hawksworth & Crespo 2002, Blanco et al. 2004), it will be treated as a synonym of the latter in the next outline. (2006-05-30)

4493. Chroodiscus (Müll. Arg.) Müll. Arg.

The genus is used in a restricted sense by Frisch (2006); see note under Thelotremataceae (4561). (2006-10-18)

4494. Chrysoporthe Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.

This genus, currently classified as Diaporthales inc. sed., will be placed in Cryphonectriaceae following Gryzenhout et al. (2006); see note under Cryphonectriaceae (4497). (2006-10-18)

4576. Cladoniaceae Zenker

See note under Cetradoniaceae (4575). (2006-12-20)

4451. Clathroporina Müll. Arg.

See note under Porinaceae (4465). (2006-07-17)

4577. Coccotremataceae Henssen ex J.C. David & D. Hawksw.

In a phylogenetic study employing nu LSU and mt SSU rDNA sequence data, Schmitt et al. (2006) showed that Coccotremataceae are closely related to Pertusariaceae s.str. Although this relationship is not strongly supported, Pertusariales is strongly supported and hence the family will be placed in Pertusariales in the next issue of the outline. (2006-12-20)

4418. Coenogoniaceae (Fr.) Stizenb.

Kauff & Büdel (2005) presented morphological evidence that supports the distinction of Coenogoniaceae from Gyalectaceae proposed by Kauff & Lutzoni (2002) based on molecular data. They showed that members of Coenogoniaceae differ in ascomatal ontogeny and anatomy, ascospore size and septation, and thallus and pycnidial anatomy. (2006-05-30)

4495. Cornipulvina Huhndorf, A.N. Mill., F.A. Fernández & Lodge

This genus was described for a single species with long-necked stromata and ellipsoid ascospores (Huhndorf et al. 2005). LSU sequence data places it in the Boliniaceae where it will be listed in the next outline. (2006-10-18)

4633. Coryneliales Seaver & Chardon

Geiser et al. (2007) and Spatafora et al. (2007) showed that this order belong to Eurotiomycetidae. (2007-06-05)

4634. Crivellia Shoemaker & Inderbitzin

The genus is described in Inderbitzin et al. (2006) for a species previously included in Pleospora, but differing in ascospore- and anamorph-morphology. Molecular analyses show that it belongs to the Alternaria group and not in Pleospora. Hence, the genus will be accepted in the forthcoming outline. (2007-06-05)

4496. Cryphonectria (Sacc.) Sacc. & D. Sacc.

This genus, currently classified as Diaporthales inc. sed., will be placed in Cryphonectriaceae following Gryzenhout et al. (2006); see note under Cryphonectriaceae (4496). Gryzenhout et al. (2005a) proposed the conservation of the

65

genus name with a conserved type, C. parasitica, against C. gyrosa. (2006-10-18)

4497. Cryphonectriaceae Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.

Gryzenhout et al. (2006) described this family to accommodate genera that cluster in the Cryphonectria-Endothia complex and that are distinguished from other groups in the Diaporthales by pigmentation or distinctive color pigment reactions. Additional genera that cluster in this well supported familial clade are Amphilogia, Chrysoporthe and Rostraureum. All five genera form distinct and well supported clades. (2006-10-18)

4498. Cucurbitariaceae G. Winter

Kruys et al. (2006) demonstrated that the family that is currently listed among families with uncertain position in Dothideomycetes/Chaetothyriomycetes belongs to Pleosporales where it will be listed in the next outline. (2006-10-18)

4635. Cucurbitariaceae G. Winter

This family will be placed in Pleosporales in the forthcoming outline, following the study by Schoch et al. (2007). (2007-06-05)

4578. Cuspidatispora A. Mill., Shearer, Bartolata & Huhndorf

Miller et al. (2006) described a new genus and species in Sordariales based on data from beta tubulin and LSU genes. It has apiosporous ascospores with a pronounced apical wall extension and villose ascomata with a central melanized wall layer and an areolate outer wall layer. While apiosporous ascospores are routinely found within the order, the apical wall extension is a unique character in the group. The family designation of Cuspidatispora is unresolved and thus it is placed in Sordariales inc. sed. (2006-12-20)

4579. Cyttariales Luttr. ex Gamundi

See note under Leotiomycetes (4586). (2006-12-20)

4419. Dasyscyphus Nees

The genus is shown to be a synonym of Lachnum (Hyaloscyphaceae) by Suková (2005). For the later homonym Dasyscyphus Fuckel, nom. illeg. the new name Neodasyscypha Suková & Spooner is proposed; see note under that name. (2006-05-30)

4636. Davidgallowia Aptroot

Aptroot (2007) described this new lichen genus for a single collection from Papua New Guinea. The genus is placed in Parmeliaceae and said to differ from the morphologically similar genera Cavernularia and Hypogymnia by the absence of atranorin in the cortex and bicornute ascospores. It differs from Menegazzia in having a smooth upper surface and also bicornute ascospores. No molecular data were presented. Since bicornute ascospores are not regarded as a generic character in other genera in Parmeliaceae (e.g. Bulbothrix contains species with ellipsoidal and bicornute ascospores; Divakar & Upreti 2004, Elix 1994), the status of this genus requires additional studies. It will be accepted in Parmeliaceae for the time being. (2007-06-05)

4637. Davidiellaceae Schoch, Spatafora, Crous & Shoemaker

This new family in Capnodiales is described for Davidiella species with their Cladosporium anamorphs (Schoch et al. 2007). (2007-06-05)

4638. Dekkera van der Walt

See note 4710 under Pichiaceae. (2007-06-05)

4499. Delitschiaceae M.E. Barr

The distinction of this family from Sporormiaceae is supported by Kruys et al. (2006). (2006-10-18)

4500. Diademaceae Shoemaker & C.E. Babc.

Kruys et al. (2006) demonstrated that the family that is currently listed among families with uncertain position in Dothideomycetes/Chaetothyriomycetes belongs

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to Pleosporales where it will be listed in the next outline. (2006-10-18)

4639. Diatrypaceae Nitschke

A phylogenetic study based on morphological characters of the family is presented by Caraman et al. (2006) who propose to resurrect Peroneutypa (see under note 4701). (2007-06-05)

4640. Dictyographa Müll. Arg.

This genus is reduced to synonymy with Opegrapha by Ertz and Diederich (2007). These authors confirm previous studies (Matzer 1996) showing that the two genera agree in most ascomatal characters, with the sole exception of spore septation. While Opegrapha has transversally septate ascospores, the spores in Dictyographa are muriform. Consequently, the two genera are merged, which will be followed in the next outline. (2007-06-05)

4641. Didymella Sacc. ex D. Sacc.

This genus clustered in Pleosporales in the analyses by Schoch et al. (2007). (2007-06-05)

4501. Didymosphaeriaceae Munk

Kruys et al. (2006) showed that the family that is currently listed among families with uncertain position in Dothideomycetes/Chaetothyriomycetes belongs to Pleosporales where it will be listed in the next outline. (2006-10-18)

4642. Diomedella Hertel

Diomedella was reduced to synonymy with Lecanora by Rambold (1989), which will be followed in the forthcoming outline. (2007-06-05)

4452. Diplogelasinospora Cain

See note under Sordariaceae (4469). (2006-07-17)

4643. Dipodascopsis L.R. Batra & Millner

Kurtzman et al. (2007) emendated the diagnosis of this genus to include Babjevia. (2007-06-05)

4453. Dolichousnea (Y. Ohmura) Articus

This genus will be treated as a synonym of Usnea in the next outline; see note under Usnea (4473). (2006-07-17)

4644. Dothideomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka

Schoch et al. (2007) presented a new phylogenetic analysis using a multigene data set from 96 taxa and discussed the evolution of characters in this class. Numerous changes are necessary as the result of this study; these are listed under the subclass, order, family and generic names. (2007-06-05)

4645. Dothideomycetidae P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon, J.C, David & J.A. Stalpers ex Schoch, Spatafora, Crous & Shoemaker

The new subclass in Dothideomycetes (Schoch et al. 2007) is described for the aparaphysate Dothideomycetes and includes the orders Capnodiales, Dothideales, and Myriangiales. (2007-06-05)

4502. Endothia Fr.


4420. Enterographa Fée

The genus is revised by Sparrius (2004). He accepted 35 species, mainly distributed in the tropics. (2006-05-30)

4503. Eremodothis Arx

Kruys et al. (2006) showed that this genus belongs to Sporormiaceae and not Testudinaceae. Hence it will be placed in the former in the next outline. (2006-10-18)

4580. Erysiphales Gwynne-Vaughan

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4504. Erythromada Huhndorf, A.N. Mill., F.A. Fernández & Lodge

This genus was described for a single species with superficial, clustered ascomata and scolecosporous ascospores (Huhndorf et al. 2005). LSU sequence data places it near Rimaconus among a group of unresolved taxa in the Sordariomycetidae. It will be listed in the Sordariomycetidae inc. sed. in the next outline. (2006-10-18)

4646. Etheirophora Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.

See note 4662 under Hypocreomycetidae. (2007-06-05)

4454. Eumitria Stirt.


4647. Eurotiomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka

Geiser et al. (2007) used a multigene data set to infer the phylogeny of this class and provided an overview of the incredible morphological diversity in this clade. They confirmed the monophyly of the class with two subclasses, i.e. Chaetothyriomycetidae and Eurotiomycetidae. The former includes the orders Chaetothyriales, Pyrenulales, and Verrucariales, while Eurotiomycetidae includes Coryneliales, Eurotiales, and Onygenales (including Arachnomyctales and Ascosphaerales). The placement of Mycocaliciales in the class is not strongly supported. (2007-06-05)

4505. Fibrillithecis A. Frisch

This genus was described by Frisch (2006); see note under Thelotremataceae (4561). (2006-10-18)

4506. Fremitomyces P.F. Cannon & H.C. Evans

This new genus was introduced by Cannon & Evans (1999) for two species from East Africa and the Seychelles occurring on Erythroxylaceae with initially brightly colored stromata. The genus will be listed in Phyllachoraceae. (2006-10-18)

4455. Frigidopyrenia Grube

Grube (2005) described this new genus to accommodate an arctic lichen that was previously placed in Collemopsidium or Pyrenocollema. It, however, differs from these genera by producing relatively large ascomata with thick-walled, pigmented hyphae connecting the ascomatal base with the lichen thallus, different peridial cells and more cylindrical asci. (2006-07-17)

4581. Funiliomyces Aptroot

This new genus was described by Aptroot (2004). In a phylogenetic analysis of ITS rDNA sequences, the new genus was sister to a clade including Arecophila K.D. Hyde and a Rosellinia spp. The genus will be accepted in Amphisphaeriaceae in the next outline. (2006-12-20)

4421. Fusoidispora D. Vijaykrishna, R. Jeewon & K.D. Hyde

This new genus was described by Vijaykrishna et al. (2005) to accommodate a freshwater fungus with fusoid ascospores with mucilaginous pads at both apices and long cylindrical asci with refractive apical rings. The genus is placed in Annulatascaceae, which was found to be polyphyletic (see under Annulatascaceae). (2006-05-30)

4648. Gallaicolichen Serux. & Lücking

This new genus is introduced for a sterile foliicolous lichen that cannot be placed elsewhere (Serusiaux & Lücking 2007). In the absence of any ascomata or molecular data, the genus will be placed incertae sedis in the next outline. (2007-06-05)

4507. Gelasinospora Dowding

68

In a molecular study using partial LSU, Garcia et al (2004; see also Note #4194) determined that Gelasinospora could not be maintained as separate from Neurospora and was placed into synonymy under the earlier genus. In that study species of Sordaria were not included. With multiple gene analyses the picture changes. Cai et al. (2006) in a phylogenetic study using partial LSU, ITS, and partial beta-tubulin, presented evidence that is suggestive of a complex relationship between species of Sordaria, Gelasinospora and Neurospora with species of Gelasinospora and Neurospora not forming a single monophyletic clade separate from species of Sordaria. As Gelasinospora and Neurospora appear to be closely related but do not resolve as monophyletic groups, Gelasinospora cannot be maintained as a synonym of Neurospora and will again be accepted as a separate genus in the Sordariaceae. (2006-10-18)

4649. Gemmaspora D. Hawksw. & Halici

The new genus Gemmaspora is described for a lichenicolous fungus occurring on Aspicilia species. It is referred to Verrucariales based on ascoma and ascus structure (Hawksworth & Halici 2007). (2007-06-05)

4582. Geoglossaceae Corda

Geoglossaceae together with Sarcoleotia formed a strongly supported clade outside Leotiomycetes in an analysis by Wang et al. (2006). The authors proposed ad interim a separate class Geoglossomycetes to accommodate these fungi. This clade of helotialean terrestrial fungi is characterized by paraphyses with dark pigments and dark ascospores. The family will be removed from Leotiomycetes and placed incertae sedis in the next outline. It remains to be seen in a study including a wider taxon sampling of other classes whether the group needs recognition as a separate class. (2006-12-20)

4583. Geopyxis (Pers.) Sacc.

Zhuang & Liu (2006) emended the generic concept of Geopyxis to accommodate species with ornamented and guttulate ascospores and presented morphological and nuSSU rDNA sequence data to support their emendation. (2006-12-20)

4650. Gilkeya M.E. Sm., Trappe & Rizzo

Gilkeya is described as a monotypic genus for an ectomycorrhizal fungus in Pyrenomataceae (Smith et al. 2006). The new genus is similar to Genea, but differs in having globose ascospores, vinaceous peridium and lack of a basal tuft of hyphae. In the phylogenetic analyses using nu LSU rDNA sequences, the genus is sister to Genea. (2007-06-05)

4508. Glionectria Crous & C.L. Schoch

Crous & Schoch (in Schoch et al. 2000) described the new genus Glionectria (Nectriaceae, Hypocreales) with the type species G. tenuis Crous & C.L. Schoch – O. Eriksson (in litt.). (2006-10-18)

4651. Glomerellaceae Locq. ex Seifert & W. Gams

This new family is described in Zhang et al. (2007) to accommodate the genus Glomerella. The new family is placed in Hypocreomycetidae inc. sed. (2007-06-05)

4456. Glomerobolus J. Kohlmeyer & B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer

An asexual fungus isolated from standing dead leaves and culms of the black needle rush has been placed in this monotypic genus by Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer (1996). Its relationship was unknown. A molecular study by Schoch et al. (2006) showed that it belongs to Stictidaceae in Ostropales, where it will be listed in the next outline. (2006-07-17)

4584. Graphidaceae Dumort.

A combined data set of mt SSU and nu LSU rDNA data was used by Staiger et al. (2006) to evaluate the revised generic concept in the family proposed by Staiger (2002). They confirm that the family is paraphyletic and suggest including Thelotremataceae as a synonym. Given the restricted number of taxa studied so far and the poor backbone support of the phylogenetic tree presented, we prefer to postpone formal changes in the classification of the two families until a study including a wider taxon sampling

69

has been made. Some revised generic circumscriptions, such as that of Glyphis, Phaeographis and Platygramme are supported, while other genera, such as Graphis and Hemithecium are shown to be non-monophyletic. (2006-12-20)

4509. Grosmannia Gold.

This genus is re-instated by Zipfel et al. (2006); see note under Ophiostoma (4537). (2006-10-18)

4652. Guignardia Viala & Ravaz

Schoch et al. (2007) showed that the genus belongs to Botryosphaeriaceae. (2007-06-05)

4653. Gyalectales Henssen & Jahns ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss.

Gyalectales was shown to be nested within Ostropales by Miadlikowska et al. (2007) who discussed the possible classification of Ostropales (Ostropales s. lat. vs. Graphidales, Gyalectales and Ostropales s.str.). Gyalectales will be included in Ostropales in the next outline. Molecular analyses including Gomphillaceae and Odontotremataceae are urgently needed for a revised classification in this group. (2007-06-05)

4510. Gymnostellatospora Udag., Uchiy. & Kamiya

Rice & Currah (2006) confirmed that this genus is distinct from Pseudogymnoascus using ITS sequence data. Gymnostellatospora accommodates taxa with walnut-shaped ascospores with distinct longitudinal crests and striations. (2006-10-18)

4511. Gyrotrema A. Frisch

This monotypic genus was described by Frisch (Frisch & Kalb 2006) to accommodate Ocellularia sinuosa; see note under Thelotremataceae (4561). (2006-10-18)

4654. Helicogonium W.L. White

Suh et al. (2007) include this genus in Endomycetaceae. However, no molecular data are currently available and Baral (1999) and Ertz

and Diederich (2007) point out similarities to other mycoparasitic Helotiales. Currently, the genus is placed under Ascomycota inc. sed. and will remain there until molecular data become available that will allow us to understand the relationships of that genus. (2007-06-05)

4585. Helotiales Nannf.

In a phylogenetic analysis employing nu rDNA sequence data, Wang et al. (2006) found nine distinct clades within the order, which may form the basis for a future family classification within this order. The morphology of the clades is discussed and some of the clades correspond to currently recognized families, but in most the data suggest that the circumscriptions of these need revision. (2006-12-20)

4655. Helotiales Nannf.

Wang et al. (2007) found this order to be paraphyletic with Cyttariales, Erysiphales, and Rhytismatales nested within. (2007-06-05)

4656. Heyderia (Fr.) Link

Wang et al. (2007) suggested transferring this genus from Helotiaceae to Hemiphacidiaceae. (2007-06-05)

4657. Himantormia I.M. Lamb

The placement of this Antarctic endemic in Parmeliaceae is supported by Thell et al. (2007), but the closest relative within the family remains unknown. The genus is expanded to include Nimisia that occurs in Tierra del Fuego (see note 4694). (2007-06-05)

4512. Holocryphia Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.

This genus was described by Gryzenhout et al. (2006a) to accommodate Cryphonectria eucalypti that is distinguished by its ascospore septation from other Cryphonectria species and is distinct in a phylogenetic analysis. It was included in analyses of ITS data (Nakabonge et al. 2006) and clusters near Cryphonectria. The genus will be accepted in Cryphonectriaceae in the next outline. (2006-10-18)

70

4658. Holwaya Sacc.

Wang et al. (2007) suggested transferring this genus from Helotiaceae to Bulgariaceae. (2007-06-05)

4422. Hyaloscyphaceae Nannf.

A phylogenetic study employing nu SSU rDNA sequences by Untereiner et al. (2006) showed the family to be polyphyletic. (2006-05-30)

4659. Hymeneliaceae Körb.

In the analysis by Miadlikowska et al. (2007) this family was sister to Agyriales. It will be placed in Ostropomycetidae inc. sed. in the next outline. (2007-06-05)

4660. Hyphopichia von Arx & van der Walt

Kurtzman (2005) presented molecular evidence for the distinction of this genus, which will be accepted in Saccharomycetales inc. sed. in the next outline. (2007-06-05)

4661. Hypocenomyce M. Choisy

Miadlikowska et al. (2007) showed that this genus should be transferred from Lecideaceae to Ophioparmaceae, supporting earlier studies by Wedin et al. (2005). (2007-06-05)

4662. Hypocreomycetidae O.E. Erikss. & Winka

Schoch et al. (2007b) demonstrated the presence of a third lineage of marine fungi in this subclass in addition to Halosphaeriales and Lulworthiales. This clade is informally named TBM clade, since relationships are not resolved with confidence. The genera in this clade will be placed in Hypocreomycetidae inc. sed. In the next outline. The clade includes the genera Etheirophora (previously Halosphaeriales), Juncigena (previously in Magnaporthaceae), Swampomyces and Torpedospora (both previously in Sordariomycetes inc. sed.). The placement of Bertia, Chaetosphaerella and Melanospora in the TBM clade is uncertain due to long branches leading to these taxa, although the placement of these groups in the Hypocreomycetidae is

supported by other studies (Zhang et al. 2007). (2007-06-05)

4423. Hypoxylon Bull.

Beta-tubulin and alpha-actin sequence data were used by Hsieh et al. (2005) to infer phylogenetic relationships among several xylariaceous genera with nodulisporioid anamorphs. Hypoxylon was found to be polyphyletic with Hypoxylon sect. Hypoxylon closely related to Daldinia and Hypoxylon sect. Annulata as a distinct lineage. The latter was accepted as a separate genus Annulohypoxylon. (2006-05-30)

4663. Hysteriales Lindau

The order was is not monophyletic with only three out of the four species sampled forming a clade. Although falling within the Dothideomycetes, the clade containing Hysterium could not be placed within the two subclasses defined (Schoch et al. 2007). (2007-06-05)

4664. Jahnulales Pang, Abdel-Wahab, El-Sharouney, E.B.G. Jones & Sivichai

The placement of this order in Dothideomycetes remains unclear based on nu SSU (Schoch et al. 2007, data not shown, however). (2007-06-05)

4513. Japewiella Printzen

This genus was segregated from Japewia (Printzen 1999) for species differing in spore wall morphology, paraphyses branching, structure of the exciple, and the presence of atranorin. The genus will be accepted in Lecanoraceae in the next outline. (2006-10-18)

4665. Juncigena Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm. & O.E. Erikss.


4666. Kawasakia Y. Yamada & Nogawa

See note 4677. (2007-06-05)

71

4514. Kazachstania Zubcova

Based on different ascospore walls and molecular data Kurtzman et al. (2005) accepted this genus as distinct from Saccharomyces. It includes pathogenic yeasts occurring in birds and mammals. The genus will be accepted in Saccharomycetaceae in the next outline. (2006-10-18)

4667. Kirschsteiniothelia D. Hawksw.

This genus clustered in Dothideomycetes in the analysis by Schoch et al. (2007). (2007-06-05)

4668. Kodamaea Y. Yamada, T. Suzuki, Matsuda & Mikata

See note 4718 under Saccharomycetes. (2007-06-05)

4515. Komagataella Y. Yamada, M Matsuda, K. Maeda & Mikata

This genus is accepted by Kurtzman (2005); it will be listed in Saccharomycetaceae in the next outline. (2006-10-18)

4669. Kregervanrija Kurtzman

Kurtzman (2006) proposed this new genus that is placed in Pichiaceae, see also note 4710 under Pichiaceae. (2007-06-05)

4516. Kuraishia Y. Yamada, K. Maeda & Mikata

Peter et al. (2005) used this generic name for a yeast-type isolated from wood-associated habitats. The genus will be accepted in Saccharomycetaceae in the next outline. (2006-10-18)

4517. Lachancea Kurtzman

This genus was described by Kurtzman (2003) for a monophyletic group of species formerly placed in Kluyveromyces, Saccharomyces and Zygosaccharomyces. It will be accepted in Saccharomycetaceae in the next outline. (2006-10-18)

4518. Lachnocaulon Clem. & Shaer. nom. illeg.

This genus is currently placed in Cladoniaceae. It is a later homonym of Lachnocaulon Kunth (1841). Acccording to Feuerer (see "Checklist of lichens and lichenicolous fungi of New Zealand"; http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/checklists/australia-newzealand/newzealand_l.htm) it is a synonym of Stereocaulon and hence will be treated as a synonym of the latter in the next outline. - O. Eriksson (in litt.). (2006-10-18)

4424. Lasiobolidium Malloch & Cain

The placement of Lasiobolidium in Pyrenomataceae is supported Hansen et al. (2005); see note under Orbicula. (2006-05-30)

4670. Lecanoromycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka

Miadlikowska et al. (2007) presented a new phylogenetic analysis based on five different nuclear loci including over 250 taxa. The class is strongly supported as monophyletic with three monophyletic subclasses: Acarosporomycetidae, Ostropomycetidae, Lecanoromycetidae, and Candelariaceae that cannot be placed in either of the sublclasses. (2007-06-05)

4671. Lecanoromycetidae nom. nud.

The circumscription of this subclass remains uncertain. In the study of Miadlikowska et al. (2007) the subclass including Umbilicariaceae, Rhizocarpaceae and allied families lacks support. The phylogenetic placement of these families requires additional studies. (2007-06-05)

4672. Lecideaceae Chevall.

Miadlikowska et al. (2007) demonstrated that this family should be transferred from Lecanorales to Lecanoromycetidae inc. sed. Further, they confirmed previous results of Buschbom & Mueller (2004) Porpidiaceae is synonymous with this family. (2007-06-05)

4673. Lecidoma Gotth. Schneid. & Hertel

72

Miadlikowska et al. (2007) showed that this genus needs to be transferred from Psoraceae to Lecideaceae. (2007-06-05)

4519. Lentomitella Höhn.

This genus is resurrected by Réblová (2006) for three species formerly in Ceratostomella that have a phaeoisaria-like anamorph in culture along with other morphological distinctions. The genus is separate from Ceratostomella using data from SSU and LSU but also lies within the Sordariomycetidae inc. sed. (2006-10-18)

4674. Leotiomyceta O.E. Erikss. & Winka

Spatafora et al. (2007) found Leotiomyceta to be a strongly supported monophyletic group in a five-gene analysis of Pezizomycotina with Pezizomycetes and Orbiliomycetes being basal to this clade. Consequently, Leotiomyceta will be resurrected in the next outline. (2007-06-05)

4586. Leotiomycetes Eriksson & Winka

The monophyly of a core group of helotialean fungi, including Cyttariales, Erysiphales, Helotiales, Rhytismatales, and Myxotrichaceae is supported in a phylogenetic study by Wang et al. (2006). However, the sole member of Lichinomycetes (Peltula umbilicata) included in the study was nested within Leotiomycetes, which was interpreted as long-branch attraction. Geoglossaceae fell outside Leotiomycetes, see note under Geoglossaceae (4582). (2006-12-20)

4675. Leotiomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka

Wang et al. (2007) studied the phylogeny of this class using nuclear ribosomal sequences. They found strong support for the class including the orders Cyttariales, Erysiphales, Rhytismatales, a paraphyletic Helotiales, and the families Myxotrichiaceae and Pseudoeurotiaceae that cannot be placed in either of these orders. Geoglossaceae was confirmed as being outside the class (corroborated by Spatafora et al. 2007). (2007-06-05)

4587. Leptosphaerulina D. McAlpine

See note under Pleosporaceae (4598). (2006-12-20)

4520. Leptotrema Mont. & Bosch

The genus is used in a restricted sense by Frisch (2006) including only L. wightii; see note under Thelotremataceae (4561). (2006-10-18)

4521. Letendraea Sacc.

Kruys et al. (2006) provided evidence that this genus does not belong to Tubeufiaceae, where it is currently placed. It will be placed in Pleosporales inc. sed. in the next outline. (2006-10-18)

4522. Leucodecton A. Massal.

This genus was resurrected by Frisch (2006); see note under Thelotremataceae (4561). (2006-10-18)

4676. Lignoscripta B.D. Ryan

This new genus is described for a single new lichen species collected on wood in southwestern North America (Ryan 2004). It is said to differ from the similar Xylographa by having whitish pruinose apothecial margins, black discs, bacilliform conidia and further ascomatal characters. The genus is placed in Agyriaceae. (2007-06-05)

4677. Lipomycetaceae E.K. Novák & Zsolt

Kurtzman et al. (2007) used a multigene data set to study the phylogeny of Lipomycetaceae. They confirmed this family to be monophyletic and proposed a revised generic concept: the genera Kawasakia and Zygozyma are reduced to synonymy with Lipomyces and Babjevia with Dipodascopsis. (2007-06-05)

4425. Lithographa Nyl.

Coppins & Fryday (2006) described a new species from the Subantarctic Campbell Island that differs from previously described species in having submuriform ascospores. Septate ascospores are very rare in Agyriales and were previously known only in Anzina. (2006-05-30)

4523. Lobariella Yoshim.

73

This genus was described by Yoshimura (2002) to accommodate the Lobaria crenulata group. Lobaria appeared non-monophyletic in some phylogenetic studies (e.g., Thomas et al. 2002, Stenroos et al. 2003) hence supporting a generic splitting as suggested by Yoshimura. However, in multi-gene studies (Wiklund & Wedin 2003, Wedin & Wiklund 2004) the genus is supported in the traditional circumscription as monophyletic. Until further evidence, Lobariella will be treated within Lobaria in the outline. (2006-10-18)

4588. Lobothallia (Clauzade & Cl. Roux) Hafellner

See note under Megasporaceae (4591). (2006-12-20)

4524. Loflammiopsis Lücking & Kalb

This genus was described by Lücking & Kalb (2000) for a new foliicolous lichen collected in the Amazonian rainforest. It is placed in the Pilocarpaceae in the next outline. (2006-10-18)

4678. Lopezaria Kalb & Hafellner

Miadlikowska et al. (2007) provided evidence that this genus should be transferred from Lecanoromycetes inc. sed. to Ramalinaceae. (2007-06-05)

4679. Lophiostomataceae Sacc.

The family is polyphyletic and falls into two groups in the study by Schoch et al. (2007). (2007-06-05)

4680. Loxosporaceae Kalb & Staiger

See note 4720 under Sarrameanaceae. (2007-06-05)

4589. Lueckingia Aptroot & Umana

Lueckingia is described for a single new lichenized species from a single locality in a lowland forest in Costa Rica (Aptroot et al. 2006). It is placed in Ramalinaceae based on ascus-type. It differs from Physcidia Tuck. in having polysporous asci and other characters and

Piccolia A. Massal. by thallus morphology, ascus-type and secondary chemistry. The genus will be accepted in the forthcoming outline in Ramalinaceae, but additional studies – including molecular data – appear necessary for a proper placement of the genus. (2006-12-20)

4681. Lulworthiales Kohlm., Spatafora & Volkm.-Kohlm.

Tang et al. (2007) and Zhang et al. (2007) showed that the order does not fit into any of the three subclasses of Sordariomycetes. (2007-06-05)

4590. Macroventuria Aa


4525. Malcolmiella Vezda

This genus was described by Vezda (1997) for lecideoid taxa with tube-like structures in the ascal tholus, paraplectenchymatous exciple and halonate ascospores. Several species were added by Lücking & Kalb (2000). This tropical genus will be accepted in the next outline and tentatively placed in Pilocarpaceae; molecular data are necessary to confirm this placement that is based on similarities in ascus-type. (2006-10-18)

4526. Malvinia Döbbeler

This monotypic genus was described by Döbbeler (2003) for a muscicolous fungus occurring in the Falkland Islands. It is placed in Ostropales inc. sed. (2006-10-18)

4682. Massalongiaceae Wedin, P.M. Jørg. & E. Wiklund

This new family is introduced for a monophyletic clade including the genera Leptochidium, Massalongia and Polychidium (Wedin et al. 2007). These genera were previously placed inc. sed. in Peltigerinaeae (Massalongia) or Placynthiaceae (Leptochidium, Polychidium). The new family is morphologically characterized by a similar type of ascoma development and ascus-type. (2007-06-05)

74

4591. Megasporaceae Lumbsch, Feige & K. Schmitz

Schmitt et al. (2006), using a combined nu LSU and mt SSU rDNA data set, confirmed placement of the family in Pertusariales and showed that the genera Aspicilia and Lobothallia, currently placed in Hymeneliaceae, also belong to this family. In the next outline these two genera will be included in Megasporaceae. (2006-12-20)

4683. Melanosporales nom. nud.

This order is suggested in Zhang et al. (2007) but not validly described. (2007-06-05)

4527. Melanotrema A. Frisch

This genus was described by Frisch (Frisch & Kalb 2006); see note under Thelotremataceae (4561). (2006-10-18)

4528. Menisporopascus Matsush.

This genus was described by Matsushima (2003) for a species isolated from decaying litter and forming the teleomorph and a Menisporopsis anamorph in culture. It is placed in the Sordariomycetidae inc. sed. until its affinities can be established. (2006-10-18)

4684. Microascales Luttr. ex Benny & Kimbr.

This order was paraphyletic in the studies by Tang et al. (2007) and Zhang et al. (2007) with Halosphaeriales nested within. (2007-06-05)

4685. Microglossum Gillet

This genus was previously placed in Geoglossaceae, but according to Spatafora et al. (2007) it should be classified in Leotiaceae. This is also corroborated in the study by Wang et al. (2007). (2007-06-05)

4529. Microthia Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.

Gryzenhout et al. (2006a) distinguished this monotypic genus in Cryphonectriaceae based on their phylogenetic analysis and subtle

morphological differences, such as small and superficial ascomata and long paraphyses between conidiophores. (2006-10-18)

4686. Mollicamarops Lar. N. Vassilijeva

Vassilijeva (2007) described this new genus from the Russian Far East. Mollicamarops is characterized by effused, colored, soft and thin stromata with black stellate ostioles. The stipitate asci and ellipsoid brown ascospores are similar to those found in some species of Camarops and typical for members of the Boliniaceae, where it will be included. No molecular data were included but these could help to determine if it is distinct from Camarops. (2007-06-05)

4426. Moristroma A.I. Romero & Samuels

The genus, which is currently placed in Teichosporaceae (Pleosporales), has been studied by Nordén et al. (2005). Their analysis of the ITS and LSU rDNA suggested a placement in Chaetothyriomycetidae instead. It differs from other Chaetothyriales, however, in lacking periphyses and hence will be classified as Chaetothyriomycetidae incertae sedis. (2006-05-30)

4592. Muhria P.M. Jørg.

In a phylogenetic study employing ITS and beta-tubulin sequences of 49 ingroup taxa, Högnabba (2006) supported the nesting of Muhria in Stereocaulon Hoffm. and formerly synonymized Muhria with Sterecaulon, which will be followed in the next outline. (2006-12-20)

4687. Mycosphaerellaceae Lindau

The family belongs to Capnodiales (Schoch et al. 2007). (2007-06-05)

4688. Myriangiales Starbäck

This order is placed in Dothideomycetidae by Schoch et al. (2007). (2007-06-05)

4689. Myriogonium W.L. White

Suh et al. (2007) accepted this genus in Endomycetaceae. However, no molecular data

75

are currently available and Baral (1999) placed the genus into synonymy with Helicogonium. Until more data are available, the genus will be regarded as a synonym of Helicogonium. (2007-06-05)

4530. Myriotrema Fée

The circumscription of this genus is changed by Frisch (2006); see note under Thelotremataceae (4561). (2006-10-18)

4690. Mytilinidiaceae Kirschst.

The family is shown to belong to Pleosporales (Schoch et al. 2007). (2007-06-05)

4457. Myxotrichaceae Currah

In a study on the phylogenetic position of Pseudogymnoascus roseus Jian & Yao (2005) found Myxotrichaceae to be polyphyletic and supported that the family is not related to Onygenales. (2006-07-17)




Wang et al. (2007) found this family to be polyphyletic. (2007-06-05)

4531. Nakaseomyces Kurtzman

Nakaseomyces was described by Kurtzman (2003); it will be accepted in Saccharomycetaceae in the next outline. (2006-10-18)

4692. Nakazawaea Y. Yamada, Maeda & Mikata


4594. Namakwa Hale


4532. Naumovia Kurtzman nom. illeg.

This genus was described by Kurtzman (2003) including two species. Unfortunately, the name is a younger homonym of Naumovia Dobrozr. (Dothideomycetes). (2006-10-18)

4533. Neococcomyces Y.R. Lin, C.T. Xiang & Z.Z. Li

Lin et al. (1999) described this new genus that belongs to Rhytismataceae. The genus is characterized by multi-angular ascomata opening by several radial or irregular splits and bifusiform, septate ascospores. Gao & Hou (2006) recently described an additional species in that genus. (2006-10-18)

4427. Neodasyscypha Suková & Spooner

For Dasyscyphus Fuckel, nom. illeg. this new generic name was proposed by Suková (2005), which has been proposed previously (Spooner 1987) but not validly published. Neodasyscypha will be included in the next outline in Hyaloscyphaceae. (2006-05-30)

4428. Neofuscelia Essl.

This genus is currently accepted in Parmeliaceae, but since molecular data have shown it to be part of Xanthoparmelia (Blanco et al. 2004), it will be treated as a synonym of the latter in the next outline. (2006-05-30)

4458. Neofuscelia Essl.

This genus will be treated as a synonym of Xanthoparmelia in the next outline; see note under Xanthoparmelia (4474). (2006-07-17)

4693. Neolectomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka

See note 4733. (2007-06-05)

4429. Nephromopsis Müll. Arg.

Thell et al. (2005) studied the phylogeny of cetrarioid lichens (Parmeliaceae) with bifusiform

76

conidia, dorsiventral thalli that contain usnic acid using ITS, beta-tubulin, and GAPDH sequences. Tuckneraria is polyphyletic and nested within Nephromopsis. Consequently, the concept of Nephromopsis is enlarged to include Tuckneraria and some species previously classified in Cetraria sensu lato. The genus has its center of distribution in eastern Asia and includes 19 species. (2006-05-30)

4459. Neuropogon Nees & Flotow


4534. Nigromammilla K.D. Hyde & J. Fröhl.

This genus is described for a new ascomycete (as "Nigramammilla") found in Ecuador and Hong Kong (Hyde & Fröhlich 2003) that is placed in Lasiosphaeriaceae, where it is distinguished by mammiform and thin-walled ascomata and asci with a distinctive apical ring. It does not however match the concept for the group outlined by Huhndorf et al (2004) and will be moved to the Sordariomycetidae inc. sed. (2006-10-18)

4694. Nimisia Kärnefelt & A. Thell

This monotypic genus is shown to belong to Himantormia using molecular and morphological data (Thell et al. 2007) and hence will be placed in synonymy with the latter genus is the forthcoming outline. (2007-06-05)

4535. Notocladonia S. Hammer

The genus Ramalea is shown to be polyphyletic with Ramalea s.str. being outside Cladoniaceae and R. cochleata being transferred to the monotypic genus Notocladonia (Hammer 2003). It will be accepted in Cladoniaceae in the next outline, while Ramalea will be moved to Lecanorales inc. sed. (2006-10-18)

4430. Nyungwea Sérus., Eb. Fischer & Killmann

Sérusiaux et al. (2006) described a new crustose lichen collected in east Africa in this new genus. It is unusual in producing goniocysts in pale

stipes. Its taxonomic position is unclear, since it is only known in sterile condition and no molecular data are presented. Nyungwea will be listed as genus of uncertain affinities in the next outline. (2006-05-30)

4536. Ocellularia G. Mey.


4595. Ochrolechiaceae R.C. Harris ex Lumbsch & I. Schmitt

In a combined nu LSU and mt SSU rDNA sequence analysis Schmitt et al. (2006) showed that Ochrolechia and the “Variolaria” and “Varicellaria” groups of Pertusaria do not belong to Pertusariaceae and hence the previously proposed family Ochrolechiaceae is resurrected and validly described. In the next outline Ochrolechiaceae will be accepted as a family within Pertusariales. (2006-12-20)

4460. Oevstedalia Ertz & Diederich

This new genus is described for an Antarctic endemic species that is shown to be distinct from Trimmatothele, in which it was classified previously. The new genus is characterized by pale ascomata with a hyphal wall, pseudoparaphyses, an I- center, and subcylindrical, thin-walled asci, and the production of ascoconidia (Ertz & Diederich 2004). The authors compare the genus to Epigloeaceae. It will be listed as genus of uncertain affinities in the next outline. (2006-07-17)

4695. Ogataea Y. Yamada, Maeda & Mikata

This genus was recently accepted by Morais et al. (2004) and Peter et al. (2007). (2007-06-05)

4596. Okeanomyces K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones

This genus was described for Halosphaeria cucullata, which was shown by Pang et al. (2004) not to be congeneric with the type species of Halosphaeria. It will be accepted in

77

Halosphaeriaceae in the next outline. (2006-12-20)

4696. Ophioparmaceae R.W. Rogers & Hafellner

Miadlikowska et al. (2007) demonstrated that this family should be transferred from Lecanorales to Lecanoromycetidae inc. sed. (2007-06-05)

4537. Ophiostoma Syd. & P. Syd.

The heterogeneity of the genus has been supported in a multi-gene phylogenetic study by Zipfel et al. (2006). Two distinct groups are segregated at generic level and will be accepted in the next outline. Species with Leptographium anamorphs are included in the genus Grosmannia, while the genus Ceratocystiopsis includes cycloheximide-sensitive species with short perithecial necks, falcate ascospores and Hyalorhinocladiella anamorphs. (2006-10-18)

4431. Orbicula Cooke

The placement of this cleistothecial genus in Pyrenomataceae is supported by a phylogenetic study using nu SSU rDNA sequences (Hansen et al. 2005). Orbicula parietina and Lasiobolidium orbiculoides, a second cleistothecial fungus, studied by Hansen et al. (2005), were deeply nested within Pyrenomataceae. (2006-05-30)

4697. Otidea (Pers.) Bon.

The phylogeny of this genus is examined by Liu and Zhuang (2006) using nu LSU rDNA sequences. The genus is shown to be monophyletic including Flavoscypha and Otideopsis. (2007-06-05)

4698. Otideopsis B. Liu & J.Z. Cao

Liu and Zhuang (2006) reduced this genus into synonymy with Otidea (see note 4697). (2007-06-05)

4699. Oxneria S. Kondratyuk & Kärnefelt

See note 4735. (2007-06-05)

4700. Pachyphysis R.C. Harris & Ladd

This genus is described for a crustose lichen found on calcareous rocks in eastern North America (Harris & Ladd 2007). It is related to Farnoldia and Melanolecia (Buschbom & Mueller 2004), but differs from these genera in paraphyses and apothecial pigmentation. The genus is tentatively placed in Porpidiaceae. This family cannot be distinguished from Lecideaceae. Additional studies on the generic concept in the group are urgently needed. (2007-06-05)

4538. Paragaeumannomyces Matsush.

This genus was described by Matsushima (2003) for a species with distinctive spherical cells in the outer ascomatal wall. The species described is the same as Chaetosphaeria raciborskii, so the genus is considered a synonym of Chaetosphaeria in the Chaetosphaeriaceae. (2006-10-18)

4461. Parasiphula Kantvilas & Grube

This new genus is described to accommodate the Siphula complanata- and S. fragilis-groups (Grube & Kantvilas 2006). Using nu LSU and ITS rDNA sequences, the new genus is shown to belong to Coccotremataceae, while Siphula s.str. belongs to Icmadophilaceae. Parasiphula consists of species restricted to cool to cold latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere, which is also the center of distribution of Coccotrema. The authors show a remarkable case of parallel evolution of lineages that have lost sexual stages and propagate via thallus fragments in two families of Ostropomycetidae. (2006-07-17)

4539. Paratalaromyces Matsush.

This genus was described by Matsushima (2003) for a species isolated from soil and forming the teleomorph and a Penicillium anamorph in culture. It is placed in the Eurotiomycetidae inc. sed. until its affinities can be established. (2006-10-18)

4462. Parmelaria D.D. Awasthi

This genus was nested within Parmotrema A. Massal. in a phylogenetic study by Blanco et al. (2005). However, independence of the genus

78

could not be rejected significantly and hence the authors did not suggest to reduce the genus under synonymy under Parmotrema until additional data becomes available. Parmelaria is therefore accepted in the outline until more data clarify the phylogenetic placement of the genus. (2006-07-17)

4701. Peroneutypa Berl.

Carmaran et al. (2007) resurrected this genus for a monophyletic clade of species characterized by a special type of ascus (“type 2 asci”) in Diatrypaceae. It will be accepted in the next outline. (2007-06-05)

4597. Pertusariaceae Körb. ex Körb.

Schmitt et al. (2006) showed that the family in the current circumscription is heterogeneous and restricted the family to Loxosporopsis Brodo, Henssen & Imshaug and Pertusaria DC. s. str., which will be followed in the next outline. (2006-12-20)

4432. Peterjamesia D. Hawksw.

For nomenclatural reasons this new generic name is introduced to accommodate two taxa previously placed in Sclerophytomyces Cif. & Tomas., which is an illegitimate name (Hawksworth 2006). (2006-05-30)

4702. Pezizales C. Bessey

Hansen and Pfister (2007) presented a treatment of this order of operculate discomycetes that included a two-gene analysis of nuclear ribosomal sequences. Basically their results agree with those previously presented (Landvik et al. 1997). The order is supported as monophyletic with three major clades, each including several families. Pyrenomataceae is not monophyletic with Ascodesmiaceae and Glaziellaceae nested within. However, additional data are necessary before nomenclatural consequences can be drawn. (2007-06-05)

4703. Pezizomycotina O.E. Erikss. & Winka

In a five-gene analysis including nine classes Spatafora et al. (2007) studied the phylogeny of Pezizomycotina. The subphylum is strongly

supported as monophyletic with Orbiliomycetes being basal (basal position lacks support) and Pezizomycetes being sister to Leotiomyceta. Within Leotiomycetes the currently accepted classes are supported as monophyletic with the exception of Leotiomycetes. Geoglossaceae cluster with a single Lichinomycete taxon included in the study. The tree topology resembles that found in a study including clades from all fungi by James et al. (2006). (2007-06-05)

4704. Phaffomyces Y. Yamada, Higashi, S. Ando & Mikata


4705. Phlyctidaceae Poelt & Vezda ex J.C. David & D. Hawksw.

Miadlikowska et al. (2007) showed that this family should be placed in Ostropales, which agrees with previous molecular studies (e.g., Wedin et al. 2005). (2007-06-05)

4706. Phoebus R.C. Harris & Ladd

This new genus in Roccellaceae is described for a crustose lichen found on calcareous rocks in eastern North America (Harris & Ladd 2007) and will be accepted in this family in the next outline. (2007-06-05)

4707. Physciaceae Zahlbr.

Miadlikowska et al. (2007) demonstrated that this family (including Caliciaceae) should be transferred from Lecanorales to Teloschistales. (2007-06-05)

4708. Piceomphale Svrcek

Wang et al. (2007) suggested transferring this genus from Helotiales inc. sed. to Rutstroemiaceae. (2007-06-05)

4709. Pichia Hansen


79

4710. Pichiaceae Zender

Suh et al. (2007) accepted this family as separate from Saccharomycetaceae. This will be followed in the next outline. The following genera will be placed in Pichiaceae: Dekkera, Kregervanrija, Pichia, and Saturnispora. (2007-06-05)

4540. Piedraiaceae Viégas ex Cif., Bat. & Campos

This family is shown to belong to Myriangiales (Kruys et al. 2006), where it will be placed in the next outline. (2006-10-18)

4711. Piedraiaceae Viégas ex Cif., Bat. & Campos

Piedraiaceae will be placed in Capnodiales in the next outline, as a result of the phylogenetic analyses by Schoch et al. (2007). (2007-06-05)

4712. Placynthiaceae Å.E. Dahl

Miadlikowska et al. (2007) demonstrated that this family should be transferred from Peltigerineae to Collematineae. (2007-06-05)

4463. Plectocarpon Fée

This genus is monographed by Ertz et al. (2005). They accept 32 species of lichenicolous species. The distinction to similar genera in Arthoniales are discussed and a key to the genera of Arthoniales including lichenicolous taxa is presented. (2006-07-17)

4598. Pleosporaceae Nitschke

Kodsueb et al. (2006) examined the phylogenetic relationships of the Pleosporaceae using nu LSU sequence data. They identified five clades containing fungi that are currently classified in the family (A1, A2, B, D, G). The relationships among these clades have no support and two of the clades containing Pleospora, Pyrenophora, Cochliobolus and Setosphaeria have little support except at the terminal branches. The clade containing Leptosphaerulina and Macroventuria has strong bootstrap and Bayesian support as does the Wettsteinina clade that also includes Pleomassaria siparia. Another clade with strong support is Kirschsteiniothelia

elaterascus with Massarina ramunculicola. The polyphyletic nature of Kirschsteiniothelia and its removal from the Pleosporaceae based on the type species, K. aethiops, has already been discussed elsewhere (see Note 4397). Wettsteinina is separate from the clades containing Pleospora species and should probably be removed from the Pleosporaceae. It will be listed among Dothideomycetes inc. sed. until more sequence data are available. The family placement for Leptosphaerulina and Macroventuria is also unclear. They appear separate from the other Pleosporaceae but the backbone support of the phylogenetic tree is poor. They will be listed among Dothideomycetes inc. sed. until more sequence data are available. (2006-12-20)

4713. Pleosporomycetidae Schoch, Spatafora, Crous & Shoemaker

This new subclass is described to accommodate pseudoparaphysate taxa mainly represented by the Pleosporales in Schoch et al. (2007). (2007-06-05)

4714. Pneumocystidomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka

See note 4733. (2007-06-05)

4433. Podospora Ces.

See note under Schizothecium. (2006-05-30)

4541. Podostroma P. Karst.

Chamberlain et al. (2004) include Podostroma in Hypocrea based on similarities of microscopic and anamorphic characters. The genus will be included in Hypocrea in the next outline. (2006-10-18)

4542. Polysporella Woron.

Woronichin (1916) described this genus with the type species P. woronowii Woron. (Mycosphaerellaceae) – O. Eriksson (in. litt.). (2006-10-18)

4543. Polysporinopsis Vezda

80

This genus is shown to be polyphyletic by Crewe et al. (2006) and the type (P. sinopica) is shown to belong to Acarospora s.str. Consequently, the genus will be treated as a synonym of Acarospora in the next outline. (2006-10-18)

4464. Porina Müll. Arg.


4465. Porinaceae Reichenb.

The phylogeny within this family is inferred by Baloch and Grube (2006) using mt SSU rDNA sequences. Previously different generic concepts were applied in this family resulting in deviating classifications (Hafellner & Kalb 1995, Harris 1995, McCarthy 2003). The inferred phylogeny does not support any of these concepts: Clathroporina Müll. Arg. and Segestria Fr., accepted by Harris (1995), are polyphyletic; Hafellner and Kalb (1995) accepted Pseudosagedia (Müll. Arg.) M. Choisy, which is polyphyletic; Trichothelium Müll. Arg. is polyphyletic in the circumscription of Harris (1995) and nested within Porina in the circumscription of McCarthy (2003). The authors do not suggest any formal consequences, but distinguish four main clades within the family that are mostly characterized by a combination of characters, although none of these characters uniquely characterizes a group. (2006-07-17)

4599. Porinella R. Sant.

This new name was described in Vezda (2004b) for Porinula Vezda, which is a younger homonym of Porinula (Nyl. ex Hue) Flagey. However, Porinula Vezda was included in Caprettia Bat. & H. Maia by Serusiaux and Lücking (2003), which is followed here. In the next outline Porinella and Porinula Vezda will be treated as synonyms of Caprettia, which is placed in Monoblastiaceae following Serusiaux and Lücking (2003). (2006-12-20)

4600. Porinula Vezda

See note under Porinella (4599). (2006-12-20)

4715. Porpidiaceae Hertel & Hafellner

Miadlikowska et al. (2007) demonstrated that this family should be transferred from Lecanorales to Lecanoromycetidae inc. sed. Further, they confirmed previous results of Buschbom & Mueller (2004) that this family cannot be distinguished from Lecideaceae. Consequently, it will be placed into synonymy with Lecideaceae in the next outline. (2007-06-05)

4544. Potridiscus Döbbeler & Triebel

This muscicolous genus was described by Döbbeler & Triebel (2000) and is placed in Helotiales inc. sed. in the next outline. (2006-10-18)

4434. Protoparmeliopsis M. Choisy

This genus is currently accepted in the outline. It is a name available for the Lecanora muralis group in the heterogeneous genus Lecanora. However, since currently we lack sufficient data, the genus will be listed as a synonym of Lecanora until further data become available. (2006-05-30)

4435. Protothelenellaceae Vezda, H. Mayrhofer & Poelt

This family is currently placed incertae sedis, but Schmitt et al. (2005) demonstrated it belongs to Ostropomycetidae. Its exact placement is uncertain and it will be placed in Ostropomycetidae incertae sedis in the next outline. (2006-05-30)

4545. Pseudocalopadia Lücking

This genus was described to accommodate a foliicolous lichen that is morphologically somewhat intermediate between Barubia and Calopadia (Lücking 1999). It will be accepted in Pilocarpaceae in the next outline. (2006-10-18)

4546. Pseudogymnoascus Raillo

Rice & Currah (2006) confirmed that this genus is distinct from Gymnostellatospora using ITS sequence data. Pseudogymnoascus includes species with smooth to verrucose or lobate-reticulate ascospores. (2006-10-18)

81

4601. Pseudolignincola Chatmala & E.B.G. Jones

This genus is described for a new species isolated from plant substratum in Thai mangroves. It is characterized by having clavate asci with truncate, thickened apices, a pore and plasmalemma retraction and cylindrical ascospores without appendages. The genus is morphologically similar to Lignincola but differs in the size of ascomata, asci and ascospores, and septation of the latter. In a phylogenetic analysis of partial nu SSU rDNA sequences, the two genera were not closely related. Pseudolignincola will be accepted in Halosphaeriaceae in the next outline. (2006-12-20)

4466. Pseudosagedia (Müll. Arg.) M. Choisy


4547. Pulveria Malloch & C.T. Rogerson

Stadler et al. (2005) treated Pulveria as a synonym of Pyrenomyxa Morgan (Xylariaceae, Xylariales). – O. Eriksson (in litt.). (2006-10-18)

4548. Pyrenomyxa Morgan

Stadler et al. (2005) accepted and emended the genus Pyrenomyxa (Xylariaceae, Xylariales) – O. Eriksson (in litt.). (2006-10-18)

4549. Pyrenulales Fink ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss.

See note under Trypetheliaceae (4563). (2006-10-18)

4550. Ramalea Nyl.

See note under Notocladonia (4535). (2006-10-18)

4551. Redingeria A. Frisch

This genus was described by Frisch (Frisch & Kalb 2006); see note under Thelotremataceae (4561). (2006-10-18)

4436. Regiocrella Chaverri & K.T. Hodge

This genus is described with two newly described species collected in Cameroon and China, which are parasites on scale insects (Chaverri et al. 2006). The new genus is classified in Clavicipitaceae (Hypocreales). Morphological and molecular evidence are presented that show the relationships of the new genus and its distinctiveness. Morphologically the genus is characterized by perithecia partly immersed in a subiculum, noncapitate asci, unicellular fusiform ascospores and pycnidial-acervular conidiomata. (2006-05-30)

4716. Rhizocarpaceae M. Choisy ex Hafellner

Miadlikowska et al. (2007) demonstrated that this family should be transferred from Lecanorales to Lecanoromycetidae inc. sed. (2007-06-05)

4602. Rhytismatales M.E. Barr ex Minter


4552. Rostraureum Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.


4717. Rusavskia S. Kondratyuk & Kärnefelt

See note 4735. (2007-06-05)

4553. Sablicola E.B.G. Jones, K.L. Pang & Vrijmoed

Sablicola (as "Sablecola") was described as a new genus in Pang et al. (2004) to accommodate marine fungus with ascospores having two polar and four equatorial, flattened, attenuate, strap-like appendages with parallel striations, which disintegrate in seawater. The genus is placed in Halosphaeriaceae and will be accepted in the next outline. (2006-10-18)

4603. Saccharata Denman & Crous

82

This genus in Botryosphaeriaceae was described for an ascomycete occurring on Proteaceae (Crous et al. 2004). The genus differs from Botryosphaeria s.str. by having unilocular ascomata that develop under a clypeus. It formed an isolated clade in a phylogenetic analysis of the family (Crous et al. 2006). (2006-12-20)

4718. Saccharomycetes Kudrjanzev

Suh et al. (2007) provided an overview of the classification of the class and presented a new phylogenetic analysis. Numerous changes are proposed, these are listed under the family and generic names, when based on recent publications. Further they suggested accepting the following previously described genera that were not accepted in Myconet: Kodamaea, Nakazawaea, Phaffomyces, Starmera, Starmerella, and Yamadazyma. These genera will be accepted in the next outline in Saccharomycetales inc. sed. (2007-06-05)

4604. Santessonia Hale & Vobis

The circumscription of this genus is modified by Follmann (2006) to include Pacific-Andean species previously classified in Roccella DC. (Arthoniaceae). The morphological similarities of these unrelated genera is interpreted as adaptation to similar ecological niches that are occupied by these lichens. (2006-12-20)

4605. Sarcoleotia Ito & S. Imai

In a molecular phylogeny by Wang et al. (2006) this genus clustered with Geoglossaceae with strong support and hence the genus will be transferred from Helotiaceae to Geoglossaceae in the next outline. (2006-12-20)

4719. Sarcoleotia Ito & S. Imai

Wang et al. (2007) suggested transfering this genus from Helotiaceae to Rutstroemiaceae. (2007-06-05)

4720. Sarrameanaceae Hafellner

The relationships of Loxospora and Sarrameana were discussed by Kantvilas (2000) who noted that they are very closely related. Hence Loxosporaceae was placed into synonymy with

Sarrameanaceae (Kantvilas 2000, 2004). This will be accepted in the forthcoming outline. The family will be placed in Ostropomycetidae inc. sed. following the results of the study by Miadlikowska et al. (2007). (2007-06-05)

4721. Saturnispora Liu & Kurtzman


4437. Schaereria Th. Fr.

Schaereria is currently placed in Agyriaceae, but recent molecular studies suggest that it does not belong here (e.g., Lumbsch et al. 2004, Wedin et al. 2005). Its phylogenetic relationships are uncertain, but since it is not closely related to Agyriaceae it will be treated as a separate family Schaereriaceae Hafellner in the next outline. (2006-05-30)

4722. Schizosaccharomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka

See note 4733. (2007-06-05)

4438. Schizothecium Corda

Cai et al. (2005a) in a phylogenetic study using partial LSU, ITS, and partial beta-tubulin, found that Schizothecium formed a distinct well-supported clade while Podospora is polyphyletic. Schizothecium is also distinguished by the morphological character of swollen agglutinated hairs on the ascomata but ascal and ascospore morphological characters overlap with the genus Podospora. Ascospore shape is thought to be phylogenetically informative at the species level, however gelatinous ascospore appendages appear to be less informative. (2006-05-30)

4439. Sclerophyton Eschw.

The genus is revised and enlarged to include species with hyaline, macrocephalic ascospores, thick septa, clavate-cylindrical asci and ascomata in pseudostromata (Sparrius 2004). (2006-05-30)

4440. Sclerophytomyces Cif. & Tomas.

83

Taxa with wide paraphysoids and pigmented ascospores are segregated from Sclerophyton by Sparrius (2004) in the genus Sclerophytomyces (as “Scleorphytonomyces”). This generic name, however, is illegitimate; see note under Peterjamesia. (2006-05-30)

4723. Scoliciosporum A. Massal.

In the study of Miadlikowska et al. (2007) this genus, as in numerous previous studies did not cluster with other Lecanoraceae. Hence the family Scoliciosporaceae will be resurrected in the next outline and accepted in Lecanorales. (2007-06-05)

4467. Segestria Fr.


4606. Septotrapelia Aptroot & Chaves

Septotrapelia is described for two species (Aptroot et al. 2006) and is placed in Pilocarpaceae based on the ascus-type. Within the family the genus is unique by having a squamulose thallus and 3-septate ascospores. The genus will be accepted in the forthcoming outline in Pilocarpaceae, additional studies are necessary to show which genus is the closest relative. (2006-12-20)

4607. Servitia M.S. Christ. & Alstrup

This genus was described for a peltate Arctic lichen that is morphologically similar to Placopyrenium Breuss (Alstrup & Hansen 2001). It is placed in Verrucariaceae. (2006-12-20)

4554. Shiraia P. Henn.

This genus is currently placed with uncertain affinities in Dothideomycetes/Chaetothyriomycetes and was shown to belong to Pleosporales by Kruys et al. (2006). (2006-10-18)

4468. Siphula Fr.

This genus is shown to be polyphyletic and the Siphula complanata- and S. fragilis-groups were segregated as a new genus Parasiphula (Grube

& Kantvilas 2006); see note under Parasiphula. The placement of Siphula s.str. in Icmadophilaceae is supported. (2006-07-17)

4724. Sivanesaniella Gawande & Agarwal

This new genus in Venturiaceae is described by Gawande and Agarwal (2004) for a phytopathogenic fungus collected in India. The genus is similar to Apiosporina and Venturia, but differs in having hyaline, naviculate ascospores. (2007-06-05)

4469. Sordariaceae G. Winter

Cai et al. (2006) in a phylogenetic study using partial LSU, ITS, and partial beta-tubulin, found that Apodus and Diplogelasinospora segregated outside the well-supported Sordariaceae clade and among taxa currently placed in the Lasiosphaeriaceae. The two Apodus species did not group together and the type species of Diplogelasinospora was not included. Species in both genera are reported to have the presence of a spore septum and a hyaline or pale basal cell, both of which are more characteristic of taxa in the Lasiosphaeriaceae. Both genera will be included in that family in the next outline. (2006-07-17)

4725. Sordariomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka

Zhang et al. (2007) discussed the evolution of this class of fungi and presented a new phylogenetic analysis based on four different nuclear loci. The class is strongly supported as monophyletic with three monophyletic subclasses: Hypocreomycetidae, Sordariomycetidae, Xylariomycetidae, and Lulworthiales that cannot be placed in either of the sublclasses. In a parallel study employing a somewhat different taxon and gene sampling, Tang et al. (2007) came to very similar results. (2007-06-05)

4608. Spathaspora Nguyen, S.O. Suh & M. Blackw.

This new genus was described by Nguyen et al. (2006) for a yeast isolated from a wood-boring beetle. (2006-12-20)

84

4555. Sporormiaceae Munk

Monophyly of this family (including Eremodothis) is strongly supported by Kruys et al. (2006). (2006-10-18)

4726. Squamarina Poelt

Miadlikowska et al. (2007) showed that this genus should be transferred from Ramalinaceae to Stereocaulaceae. (2007-06-05)

4727. Starmera Y. Yamada, Higashi, S. Ando & Mikata


4728. Starmerella Rosa & Lachance


4556. Stegobolus Mont.

This genus was resurrected by Frisch & Kalb (2006); see note under Thelotremataceae (4561). (2006-10-18)

4729. Stephanoascus M.T. Sm., Van der Walt & Johannsen

The genus was shown to be polyphyletic by Kurtzman & Robnett (2007) with the type species clustering in Trichomonascus. Consequently, Stephanoascus is placed into synonymy with that genus. (2007-06-05)

4557. Stephanonectria Schroers & Samuels

This monotypic genus is segregated from Nectriella (Schroers et al. 1999) and will be listed in Bionectriaceae in the next outline. (2006-10-18)

4441. Stereocaulaceae Chevall.

The phylogeny of this family was studied by Myllys et al. (2005) using beta-tubulin, GAPDH and SSU rDNA sequences. The placement of Lepraria in Stereocaulaceae was confirmed and Muhria was nested within Stereocaulon. This

agrees with the analysis of Ekman & Tønsberg (2002). Myllys et al. (2005) discussed morphological characters that support a placement of Muhria in Stereocaulon including similar ascoma development, crustose growth form, and the secondary metabolites to some Stereocaulon spp. Cephalodia, which are characteristic for fruticose Stereocaulon spp., are not formed by the crustose taxa, nor in Muhria. Hence, Muhria will be treated as a synonym of Stereocaulon in the next outline. The combination of the single species of Muhria into Stereocaulon will be made by Filip Högnabba elsewhere (Högnabba, pers. comm.). (2006-05-30)

4442. Stirtoniella D.J. Galloway, Hafellner & Elix

This new genus in Ramalinaceae is described for a species previously included in Catillaria. The authors provide tabular comparisons with many similar genera (Galloway et al. 2005). (2006-05-30)

4730. Strangospora Körb.

Miadlikowska et al. (2007) provided evidence that this genus should be transferred from Lecanoromycetes inc. sed. to Lecanorales inc. sed. (2007-06-05)

4731. Sugiyamaella Kurtzman & Robnett

The genus was described by Kurtzman & Robnett (2007) for a monophyletic clade of yeasts that are sister to the genus Wickerhamiella. It will be accepted in the next outline in Trichomonascaceae. (2007-06-05)

4609. Sungaiicola Fryar & K.D. Hyde

Fryar and Hyde (2004) described this monotypic genus for an ascomycete from submerged wood. Morphological characters are inconclusive and until molecular data become available this genus will be treated in Sordariomycetes inc. sed. (2006-12-20)

4732. Swampomyces Kohlm. & Volkm.


85

4443. Tainosphaeria F.A. Fernández & Huhndorf

Fernández & Huhndorf (2005) described this genus for one species that differs from morphologically similar species in Chaetosphaeria and Zignoella. Tainosphaeria is characterized by perithecial ascomata with a thickened wall and a anamorph with setulose conidia. It is classified in the Chaetosphaericeae. (2006-05-30)

4558. Tapellariopsis Lücking

This genus includes a foliicolous lichen that is morphologically intermediate between Tapellaria and Calopadia (Lücking 1999). It will be accepted in Pilocarpaceae in the next outline. (2006-10-18)

4733. Taphrinomycotina O.E. Erikss. & Winka

Sugiyama et al. (2007) discussed the relationships of this subphylum and presented a new phylogenetic analysis using nuclear rDNA, beta-tubulin and RPB2 sequence data including eleven ingroup taxa. Taphrinomycetes is sister to a clade including Neolectomycetes, Pneumocystidomycetes and Schizosaccharomycetes. However, this relationship lacks support. In a five-gene analysis of Spatafora et al. (2007) Taphrinomycetes is sister to a clade including Pneumocystidomycetes and Schizosaccharomycetes, which is sister to Neolectomycetes. In a six-gene study by James et al. (2006), the subphylum is strongly supported as monophyletic. Consequently, Taphrinomycotina will be again accepted in the outline, including four classes. (2007-06-05)

4734. Taphrinomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka

The class is monophyletic with a strongly supported Taphrinales (including Taphrina and Protomyces), while the basal position of Saitoella lacks support. Consequently, the latter genus will remain as Taphrinomycetes inc. sed. in the next outline (see also note 4733). (2007-06-05)

4735. Teloschistaceae Zahlbr.

Kondratyuk and Kärnefelt (2003) described three new genera: Oxneria, Rusavskia, and Xanthoanaptychia in this family. The differentiating characters of these newly described genera include mainly thallus characters. For the time being we suggest not to accept these new genera since phylogenetic relationships within the family need further resolution before new genera can be circumscribed. Further, there are nomenclatural problems with the generic name Oxneria as discussed by Lindblom (2006) and the distinction from Xanthomendoza is unclear. The circumscription of Rusavskia is uncertain and Xanthoanaptychia is a superfluous name for Seirophora (Søchting, pers. comm.). (2007-06-05)

4736. Tephromela M. Choisy

Miadlikowska et al. (2007) provided evidence that this genus should be transferred from Ramalinaceae to Mycoblastaceae. (2007-06-05)

4559. Testudinaceae Arx

This family will be moved from Ascomycota inc. sed. to Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes in the next outline based on the studies by Kruys et al. (2006). (2006-10-18)

4737. Testudinaceae Arx

In the study by Schoch et al. (2007) the family was shown to belong to Pleosporales. (2007-06-05)

4444. Tetramelas Norman

Nordin & Tibell (2005) presented a phylogenetic study, showing that the genus forms a monophyletic group close or including Buellia elegans and B. zoharyi. Buellia s.str. was sister-group to the latter two species and Tetramelas. The authors interpreted their results as support for a distinction of Tetramelas from Buellia. However, it should be noted that Buellia including Tetramelas would be monophyletic in their analyses as well. A wider taxon sampling will be necessary to address the issue of generic boundaries in Buellia s.lat. (2006-05-30)

86

4610. Thalespora Chatmala & E.B.G. Jones

This new monotypic genus includes a fungus that occurs on plant substratum in Thai mangroves. It has deliquescing asci and elongate-cylindrical ascospores with an appendage. The genus will be accepted in Halosphaeriaceae in the next outline. (2006-12-20)

4445. Thelenellaceae H. Mayrhofer

This family is currently placed incertae sedis, but recent molecular studies (Schmitt et al. 2005) showed it belongs to Ostropomycetidae. Its exact placement is uncertain and it will be placed in Ostropomycetidae incertae sedis in the next outline. (2006-05-30)

4560. Thelotrema Ach.


4561. Thelotremataceae (Nyl.) Stizenb.

In a series of three papers (Frisch 2006, Frisch & Kalb 2006, Frisch et al. 2006), the generic concept in this family has been revised. Five new genera are described and three old names resurrected. Historically the bulk of tropical species with trentepohlioid photobiont were placed in four schematic genera based on ascospore septation and pigmentation. This coarse classification was revised by Hale (1980) who distinguished three main genera based on the exciple-type (presence and absence of lateral paraphyses, presence of a columella, carbonization of the exciple). In their new classification Frisch (2006) and Frisch and Kalb (2006) distinguish 16 genera. In addition to the characters used by Hale (1980) they employ a wide array of characters in their classification, including ascoma morphology, ascus morphology, paraphyses agglutination, epihymenium-type, ascospore pigmentation, septation and wall thickness, conidia morphology, presence of vegetative propagules, thallus anatomy, secondary chemistry, and substrate ecology. Frisch et al. (2006) provide a molecular analysis using mt SSU rDNA sequence data to test the new classification. The

taxon sampling and the lack of support for most of the backbone in the phylogeny does not allow many conclusions, but some results of the molecular analysis contradict the proposed classification; however, consequences are not drawn by the authors. These include that the resurrected genus Stegobolus is shown to be polyphyletic and that by the acceptance of Ampliotrema the genus Ocellularia s.str. becomes paraphyletic. A number of species remain formally unclassified. Despite the provisional nature of the new classification, it certainly represents a huge step forward towards a more natural generic classification within the family and hence all genera suggested in Frisch (2006) and Frisch & Kalb (2006) will be accepted in the next outline with the exception of Ampliotrema, which is clearly shown to be nested within a monophyletic Ocellularia. Consequently, Ampliotrema is regarded a synonym of Ocellularia. (2006-10-18)

4446. Togninia Berl.

The genus and its anamorph Phaeoacremonium is monographed by Mostert et al. (2006). Phylogenies of the SSU and LSU rDNA supported a placement of Togninia in Diaporthales. (2006-05-30)

4738. Torpedospora Meyers


4447. Trematosphaeria Fuckel

The generic concepts in this group of fungi are discussed by Tanaka et al. (2005), who point out that the genus appears morphologically heterogeneous. (2006-05-30)

4611. Tribulatia J.E. Taylor, K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones

This new monotypic genus was described for a tropical ascomycete growing on ferns (Taylor & Hyde 2003). It will be accepted in Phyllachoraceae in the next outline. (2006-12-20)

4562. Trichomonascus H.S. Jackson

87

Kurtzman (2004) confirmed using LSU rDNA sequences that the genus belongs to Endomycetaceae where it was previously placed with a question mark. (2006-10-18)

4739. Trichomonascus H.S. Jackson

See note 4740 under Trichomonascaceae. (2007-06-05)

4740. Trichomonascaceae Kurtzman & Robnett

This new family is described (Kurtzman & Robnett 2007) to accommodate the genera Sugiyamaella, Trichomonascus, Wickerhamiella, and Zygoascus. (2007-06-05)

4470. Trichothelium Müll. Arg.


4471. Trimmatothele Zahlbr.

The genus is shown to differ from Verrucaria only by multispored asci (Ertz & Diederich 2004). Hence the genus is reduced to synonymy with Verrucaria. For the deviating T. antarctica a new genus Oevstedalia is described (see note above). (2006-07-17)

4563. Trypetheliaceae Zenker

Del Prado et al. (2006) studied the phylogenetic position of this family using nu LSU and mt SSU rDNA sequence data. They showed that the family does not belong to Pyrenulales as previously thought, but is a further lichenized member of Dothideomycetes in addition to Arthopyreniaceae. Monophyly of lichenized Dothideomycetes was significantly rejected, suggesting independent origin or loss of this nutritional mode within the class. The order will be placed in Dothideomycetes inc. sed. in the next outline. (2006-10-18)

4448. Tubeufiaceae M.E. Barr

In a phylogenetic study using SSU and LSU rDNA (Tsui & Berbee 2006), the Tubeufiaceae s. str. formed a strongly supported monophyletic group including five species of Tubeufia and

most species of the asexual genera Helicoma, Helicomyces, and Helicosporium. The asexual genera were not monophyletic and traditional morphological characters were more useful for species delimitation than for higher level relationships. Tubeufia pezizula unexpectedly clustered with Capronia in the Chaetothyriales and misidentification or contamination of the culture were speculated. Helicodendron and Helicoon were polyphyletic with representatives occurring in different ascomycete orders. Other members traditionally placed in the Tubeufiaceae clustered in Pleosporales (Acanthostigmella brevispina and Letandraea helminthicola) or in Dothideomycetes (Tyrannosorus pinicola). (2006-05-30)


In a study using LSU rDNA, Kodsueb et al. (2006) found a strongly supported monophyletic clade that corresponds to the family Tubeufiaceae and contains a number of species of Tubeufia and Helicomyces. Three other members traditionally placed in the family clustered elsewhere. Acanthostigma perpusillum (syn: Tubeufia clintonii) clustered with Capronia (Chaetothyriales). (Interestingly, in another study (Tsui & Berbee 2006; see Note 4448) Tubeufia pezizula found its placement in that group as well.) Boerlagiomyces based on B. websteri (not the type species) groups with Rhytismatales. The type species B. velutinus is rather different morphologically than this species and should be used to determine the placement of the genus. Thaxteriella was represented by T. helicoma and T. amazonensis, both of which grouped with Tubeufia species in the Tubeufiaceae clade in this study. If the type species, Thaxteriella corticola is a lost species identical to T. pezizula as was stated by Petrak (1953; reported in Crane et al. 1998) then Thaxteriella belongs in the Chaetothyriales assuming the species used by Tsui & Berbee (2006) is correctly identified. Other putative members of the Tubeufiaceae were not included. (2006-07-17)


In the study by Schoch et al. (2007) the family had an uncertain position in Dothideomycetes. (2007-06-05)

88

4742. Tuckermannopsis Gyeln.

Teuvo Ahti (Helsinki, in litt.): Since Linnaeus the scientific names commemorating persons with the surname ending –man are frequently latinized with –nn-, e.g., Tuckermannia, Tuckermannopsis, Sparrmannia, Burmannia. The are not to be treated as spelling errors correctable under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature Art. 60.7. Ex. 15. Thus the name of the lichen genus Tuckermannopsis Gyeln. is to be retained and should not be changed to Tuckermanopsis, as suggested by some recent authors. However, the latter spelling would be acceptable if it were proposed by the author Gyelnik. Similarly, Triophthalmidium sect. Tuckermania is correct. The spelling of the name of the lichen genus Tuckermannopsis Gyeln. (Gyelnik 1933: 6) was corrected by Santesson et al. (2004: 337) to read “Tuckermanopsis”, and many authors have followed their action. An obvious reason for the change was that the name was supposedly (not stated in the protologue!) intended to honor the well-known American lichenologist and botanist Edward Tuckerman (1817-1886), who always spelled his named Tuckerman, not Tuckermann. However, I think that the spelling Tuckermannopsis must be retained, because the change is not allowed by the Art. 60.7 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (McNeill et al. 2006: 60). The use of -nn- is to be regarded as an intentional latinization, because many authors, including Linnaeus, have used double n in a similar way when coining new generic or other epithets from other persons’ names. A search from the ING (Index Nominum Genericorum; Farr et al. 1979) brought many such cases, e.g., Burmannia(ceae) (from Burman), Sparrmannia (from Sparrman), and Chapmannia (from Chapman). They also include two vascular plant genera, Tuckermannia and Tuckermania, which are both acceptable spellings, but are to be treated as homonyms, however (correctly treated in ING). It is probably due to the easier pronunciation (in some languages) that the extra n was added by some authors into the latinized forms. As to other lichen names, Gyelnik (1933: 6) also published Tuckermannopsis sect. Eutuckermannopsis Gyeln. (nom. inval. and illeg.) and sect. Pseudotuckermannopsis Gyeln., and further (Gyelnik 1933: 8) Triophthalmidium sect. Tuckermannia Gyeln. In these cases the spellings with double n’s are to be maintained as well. (2007-06-05)

4449. Tuckneraria Randlane & A. Thell

This genus is reduced to synonymy with Nephromopsis by Thell et al. (2005), see note under Nephromopsis. (2006-05-30)

4612. Uluguria Vezda

This new monotypic genus was introduced by Vezda (2004) for a foliicolous lichen formerly placed in Bacidia. However, according to Lücking (in press) the species belongs to Szczawinskia A. Funk and consequently, the genus is regarded as a synonym of Szczawinskia A. Funk in the next outline. (2006-12-20)

4473. Usnea Dill. ex Adans

Articus (2004) studied the phylogeny of usneoid genera and suggested to accept Neuropogon as an independent genus and to raise the subgenera in Usnea, Eumitria and Dolichousnea, to generic level. She further suggested that Usnea s.str. was heterogeneous, since Neuropogon was nested within a paraphyletic Usnea s.str. Wirtz et al. (2006) included additional taxa of Neuropogon in their analyses and found Neuropogon to be polyphyletic with a core group that was the sister-group to section Usnea, while other Neuropogon species were basal to the section Usnea clade or had unresolved relationships within subgenus Usnea. Monophyly of Neuropogon was significantly rejected and hence Neuropogon reduced to synonymy with Usnea. The authors further suggested to continue the traditional generic concept in Usnea, i.e. accepting Eumitria and Dolichousnea as subgenera within Usnea as proposed by Ohmura (2002). Consequently, the genera Dolichousnea, Eumitria and Neuropogon will be included within Usnea in the next outline. (2006-07-17)

4564. Vanderwaltozyma Kurtzman

Two species are classified in this genus by Kurtzman (2003), which will be accepted in Saccharomycetaceae in the next outline. (2006-10-18)

4743. Vittatispora P. Chaudhary, J. Campb., D. Hawksw. & K.N. Sastry

89

Morphological and molecular data are presented by Chaudhary et al. (2007) to show that a fungus isolated from soil in India represents a new genus in Ceratostomataceae. Its morphology is somewhat intermediate between Melanospora and Sphaerodes. In the molecular phylogeny Vittatispora is basal to these two genera. (2007-06-05)

4613. Wettsteinina Höhn.


4744. Wickerhamiella Soneda


4745. Xanthoanaptychia S. Kondratyuk & Kärnefelt

See note 4735. (2007-06-05)

4614. Xanthomaculina Hale


4474. Xanthoparmelia (Vain.) Hale

Blanco et al. (2004) studied the phylogeny of parmelioid lichens containing Xanthoparmelia-type lichenan as cell wall polysaccharide to provide a basis for a revised generic concept in this group. Nuclear ITS and LSU rDNA and mitochondrial SSU rDNA sequences were used infer phylogenies. Segregate genera suggested earlier did not form monophyletic groups. Neofuscelia was polyphyletic and nested within Xanthoparmelia and hence reduced to synonymy with the latter. Karoowia is polyphyletic, but since the type species was not included ad interim accepted as a separate genus. The synonymy of Chondropsis and Paraparmelia under Xanthoparmelia was already proposed earlier. (2006-07-17)

4615. Xanthoparmelia (Vain.) Hale

Thell et al. (2006) used ITS sequences to study the phylogeny of Xanthoparmelia and related

genera. The segregate genera Almbornia Essl., Namakwa Hale, and Xanthomaculina Hale nested within Xanthoparmelia. Hence these three genera were reduced to synonymy with Xanthoparmelia, which will be followed in the next outline. (2006-12-20)

4746. Xyleborus R.C. Harris & Ladd

This is another crustose genus in the family Stereocaulaceae (Harris & Ladd 2007). It occurs on weathered lignum in eastern North America. It is similar to Hertelidea, but differs in exciple structure. (2007-06-05)

4565. Xylomelasma Réblová

This genus is described by Réblová (2006) for two species morphologically distinct from Ceratostomella. In analyses using data from SSU and LSU the genus is separate from Ceratostomella but also lies within the Sordariomycetidae inc. sed. (2006-10-18)

4747. Xylotumulus J.D. Rogers, Y.M. Ju & Hemmes

Rogers et al. (2006) described this new genus in Xylariaceae for a single species occurring on wood in Hawaii. It differs from the similar Amphirosellinia in having a non-amyloid ring in the ascus apex, a variable number of ascospores per ascus and sporodichial conidiomata. (2007-06-05)

4748. Yamadazyma Billon-Grand


4566. Zopfiaceae G. Arnaud ex D. Hawksw.

This family is currently placed in Dotideomycetes/Chaetothyriomycetes inc. sed., but Kruys et al. (2006) demonstrated it belongs to Pleosporales, where it will be listed in the next outline. (2006-10-18)

4475. Zopfiella G. Winter

Cai et al. (2006b) in a phylogenetic study using partial LSU, ITS, and partial beta-tubulin, found

90

that Zopfiella is polyphyletic. The type species formed a well-supported group with a species each of Podospora and Cercophora. The group shared the characteristic of ascospores with a septum in the dark cell and suggested that Zopfiella be restricted to species having that character. However, Cai et al. (2006b) did not mention that the same character shows up in some distantly related taxa included in their analyses. The type species of Zopfiella did not group with the representatives of the Chaetomiaceae so the genus returns to the Lasiosphaeriaceae. (2006-07-17)

4749. Zygoascus M. Th. Smith


4567. Zygotorulaspora Kurtzman

A well supported clade including two species is accepted at generic level by Kurtzman (2003), which will be accepted in Saccharomycetaceae in the next outline. (2006-10-18)

4750. Zygozyma Van der Walt & Arx

See note 4677. (2007-06-05)

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Notes on Ascomycete Systematics