A V I S I T TO K U N A D I T A P A R A W I T A MOUNTAIN, CEYLON. 143

Notes on a Visit to Eiunadiyap:ira\~itn nIountain, Ceylon. Ey FREDERICK LEWIS, F.L.S.

(With Tex t-figure.)

[Read 20th March, 1919.1

,I IHE object of this paper i.: to draw attention to tlie influence iipoii plant clistril,ution of very special environnient. The case .selected for consideration is one ot the niost reinarlrahle of the C'c.yloiiese mountains, xncl on^ that m:ty t ie rcy,:ircletl a s ~i i i ir~oe , Iiotli from it< nlnorinul c1itn:itic cori,litioiis ant1 froin it \ 1 ' 1 1 ~ sical siirroiindingi. Tire rc%snltin; feature that :ipp:,rs to he most striking is the high proportion oE Coylon endemics p~rsiisting or surviving :it the sumiiiit of thr. niount:tin itself, R situatioii 15 bich ordinarily is not specially iiiiiiiicnl to the successful growth of foi ms found wild, hoth in lleplon and in nejglihouring countries.

The material olitained froiii the sumniit of the hill under consideration may not be complete, but it i q as ful l as could be made in a day's systeniatic collection within a n area of very limited extent, and for that reason may he taken as comprehensive.

This curious mountain is situated in the Ratnapurn district, in the Province of Sabaragarnuwa, ant1 stands nearly due west of " Atlain's Peali." I t i.: not connected with tlie great chain of inonntains that form* the division between the ('eutrnl and Sabaragamuwa Provinces, of which the Sacred Peak of Adam forms the most conspicnous point, being divided therefrom by a deep i tnt l

wide valley. It rises nitli great abriiptneqs from n inoderately broad but much grooved base to :in altitude of 51% feet above the sea, and is completely surrounded Iiy high forest. On its eastern flank it prepents a bold precipice of rock, that mi-rows to a slionltl~~r of terrific steepness on the south, while on the iiortlr and west the mountain may be described as walled by precipicer of varying height. The stinitnit is small in extcnt, hit is slightly hollowed, gi\ iiig rise to :t sinall stre:m, n hich rapidly descentls over numberless fallq into the country to the south. Roughly speaking, tlii5 summit irixy be regarded as a11 e1ev:ited island, of 5000 feet altitude, i n :L qea of foreqt. 3foreol er, the nioiiiitain stands in the direct p:ith of the S. N. monsoon, \\llich rages over its crest u ith enortnons forcc during the period (from about April to September) wheii tlie S.W. winds are a t their maximum. On the \vest there are no mountains high enough, or near enouglt, to break the force

LINN. SOUEN.-BOTANY, VOL. 1 L V . x

1.14 31R. F. LEWIS ON A VISIT TO

of the wind, with the natural result that the vrgetation is st,unted to a reinarkable degree. The N.E. monsoon, on the other hand, having expended its violence before reaching this mountain, leaves it in possession of a period of calm of a most serene cliaracter, so much so, that one can hear the rumble of the streams some thousands of feet helow, or the crowing of a cock in the sc,a ttered Pillage helow the great eastern flanking precipice.

The effect of these estreines of wind-movement is to prodnce a inarked contrast of r:iinfall ; that. on t,he eastwn base being approximately 230 inches per :inntiin, while on the western limit another 100 inches* may be taken to fall.

1 h r i n g :L short visit I pait1 to the valley on the mest’, in the evenings, txtween noon and C; P.N., over 4, 5, a i d G inches of rain fell each afternoon, leaving the soil saturated with water, and the air conipletely v:iponr-laden from sunrise to 10 A.M., after which the rains fell afresh.

With suclh conditions as t,liese i t is easily realized that the flora of‘ the locality is certain to be curiously affected, not only in structural development, ba t in p r t i c u h r :IS regards fructification. A.; might he expected, the plaiite tlieniselves, that form the vegetation on the suniinit of this remarkable ~iioiintain, are typically of the clpracter cotnprehended as “ wet-zone flora.”

Their method of reaching tlie suinniit must probably have been along the narrow wedge of forest that. connects the base with the top : hut while that assumption may bc admitted, i t is difficult to realize that the ultimate result corresponds to forms occurring at corresponding altitudes entirely separated 1)y stupendons chasms of unbridgecl space. Nor is the altitudinal distribution free from exception, for while IZhododerdron a’rbormm is abundant from 4500 feet :ind upwards 011 ‘‘ Adam’s Pe:iB,” there is not a single example of it to he seen on h’nnadiya~~aramita. Conversely, within a very narrow belt between 4000 and 4500 feet altitude, Keizclrickia .Walkeri occurs on liixnadiyaparawita, while i t is to be found in a broad belt between 3000 and 4500 feet in the Ilabekanda Forests, 20 miles away.

In neither of these examples can any particular development of the seed he found t,o suggest a special means for dispersion.

Again, the practical absence of aniinal life, birds, or monkeys at the suminit, of this peak renders it unsafe t’o assume tliat seeds could have heen conveyed I y their agency, nor can it he assumed! on examining the individual structure of the fruits aud seeds of the plants collected at the summit, that the majorit,y owe their presence to wind transport.

One would expect to find that composites mould occur in abundance on the top of tlie niountain, but instmead, I found only three: (Nos. 22 , 30, and 34).

The catdogue of plaiits :it the end of thjs paper affords brief details

* Rome years ago a resident in the valley 011 the ves te ra side of this mountain informed me th;lt in two successive years the recorded rainfall exceeded 400 inches each year.

regarding e x h specie,?, iiicluding an aualysis of their distrilmtion. This catalogue clearly inclicntes that the great inajorit,y of the Kunadiyan flora is endeinic, while the base of t,he inountnin is fully su1i1)lietl with forms not entirely coiifined t,o Ceylon.

It i s striliinji that while mtny of th(1 exatlll)Iej, iu thtl cnsc of Kunac1iy:i- p;irawit,a, appear t,o be confiiml to :L vert,icalIy txxrrow xotie, or hit, of distribution, the same specie.; i n a n o h e r p:irL of the iilnntl apliears t o I)e more widely sl)read.

Two theorirs present themselves I:or coasitleration in the matter, t.hat 111ap be best illustrat,ed by the following d i : ~ gram :-

A, c', 13, represents the wetion across a valley a s i t is a t prefeiit, h i t the dotted linc A, C: was possibly the outline a t a very remote period till eroiion cut bzck tlic intervening foi.nintion to its prcbent outline. The distance from I to 11, :mt1 from III to I V , i \ ~ e i t i c i l l l ~ the w n e , hut, s7q~wfic.ial2y, I I I to 1x7 is larger as regards the area on which plants could ohtain :L foothold. Equ:illy, o \ ~ i n g to the angle from 111 t t J 11 Ixing lower, the direct action of gravitation on such fruits a s are unequipped with spccial tlevelopmentyf or dispersal must be more f a r oui:~lilr to lotlgment than if these fruits, o r seeds, fell on ground of :I high :ingIe of inclination.

If this h j IJOtheLjS he correct, i t sceni': to i n ? that not onlj is the area I, 11

Iesq, but gravitation would tent1 to reduce still further the areas occupied by specie, 011 s twp land , as opposed to land inore gently sloping, for the steel)er the land the more rocky in p n e r d will it be, a i d 40 the 1e.s chanct- nf foothold will i t affoid. I t n o d d follow, therefore, that the proportion of succesdul fruits would I>ecoine less and less as the land hecauie qteeper and steeper.

If this theory is evatnined further, i t appears to be reasoiiablc to accept N:!

14G M R . F. 1,ETI‘IS ON A \.-ISIT TO

the converse to account for a wider distribution of those species, unprovided with special structural modification, in those localities where the natural slope of the land is so gradual as to eliminate the influence of gravity on tlie individual fruit or seed. In such c a s ~ s i t ~niglrt follcw that tlie steeper the I n a d , the more rapid the effects of crosion ; while in flatter lancl there woiild be a greater congestion of iiidi~iclunlq, ant1 consequently an effort to spread away froin such congested areas, either upwards or do11 nwards.

Taking a concrete case as a n e\aniple, S t ~ 7 ~ 0 i z o p ) ~ 1 1 s ctj%iis occurs very sparingly hetween 4000 and 5000 feet altitude oii 1~unndiynp:ir:i~r.ita. Thi5 is an endemic form, and bears nearly spherical fruit, tlehiscing p r e ~ ions to gerinination, along ilightly clepressetl sutures, Lnt afl’orcling no hoolcz, prickles, or spines t o arrrzt a rolling rrioT’einPnt on On the flanlri of :I

inountain se\ era1 miles to the east of Iiun:idiS:ip;irnn~ ita this sanie species is to be fountl in rcry great al)und:ince, f rom about 3500 feet altitnclr to eyer

j Q O O f(xet, but in this case the slope of the lnnd is comparatively nlotlerate. I hare :ilreatly 4iown that tlie rainfall nrountl the nionntaiii nncler

considc~ration ia v ~ r p con5icl~r;ihle, : ~ n t l its influence in el ocion (.annot be overlooked, S O tlint conip:irati\ ely r:iliitl cutting a \ r \ : i~ ot‘ tlie soil a p ~ w a r s to I)e :1 reasonable factor, as conipnretl n ith localities n ith a Ion er gt ound inclination and a lesser 1 oluuie of rain.

I t may not be out of placr to mention that in the valley of the Ruruganga, to the north and west of the mountain here treated of, was once a small c‘ 1,lanting district,” knowii as Kururvitti. One of inany pilgrim path3 to Atlaln’s Peak follows this valley, and probably optiiniitic land speciilatorc, attracted by the luxuriant growth of the foreqt, were let1 to believe that equally luxuriant coniinercial ~ ~ r o ( ~ i i c t s rvonl~l result on planting up the locality with coffee, cinchona, nucl tea. I n 1879 an eqtafe was ol’ened by a Scottish gentleman, following an experiment in commercial agriculture, attempted in 1862 by a ilfoornian of more enterprise than judgment, that early failed t o respond to his efforts. Arabian coffee, cinchona, and tea were all tried in turn. The last survived preca~iously, but these ventures were all fiiiancial failures, ni th the result that abandonment follov ed. I t is therefore of interest to note, that while cnl turd operations in C’eylon have invariably been the means of intrnducing inany new “ needs,” the sunitnit of Kunadiya- parawita does not to-day indicate the presence of snch ‘‘ escapes ” from tlie properties that were opened and :ibandond close by. The s;ime may be said of escapes from native pardens, none of which have reached the mountain top, though identical I‘ escapes ” are found at an altitude equal to this peak in distant places.

It is also worthy of notice that, while the rapidity with n hich newly- introduced forins adapt thenisel\ e i and take po:st.ssion is a charaoteiiatic ot

“1’ gronntl.

RUNAUIYBPARAWITA MOUNTAIN, CEYLON. 14 7

Ceyl011, here, a t : ~ n altitude not initiiical to the auccess of inbroduced '' weeds," the absence of sucli plants appears to he a special feature. A t thc same altitucle as tile siunmit of I(unadiyal):irarit:i sucli fo~mis :is A p a t u t t t con,yzoides, d u2n)~uritcts p r y e t i c / t s , imt1 , S o I u ) ~ t ~ r ) ~ tr.i/obcclzir)i :ire constantly met with, but here a re totally a lmnt . Again, a s will be seen 11y reference to the notcs on t,he plants o1)t:tinecl at the apes of the niount,ain referred to, the proportiou of entlemics is far greater t,han that of other s1)ecies oni in ion to Ceylon :mcl it,s ne ighh i i r ing countrics. Tlitr isolution of the point, and it,s reinarknhle surroundings, added to cli~iiatio conditions, superlative as regards Ceylon as ;I whole, tn:iy possibly coinline to influence tlie vegetative result in the direction of ~ ~ r e ~ l o n i i n a i ~ c e of endeniics as compared with fortiis conimon to other countries.

The general inaccessihility oE the mountain top h:is preserved i t f roiu introductions directly t,riiceal)le t,o hnin:rn origin, hencc: the struggle 1i:is been more between eiitlemics and endemics t11:in I)etwren tlieiii ant1 iowders frorn elsewhere. I thiiili i t inay be inferred fro111 the Eacts tha t I 11:tve attempted to set forth, that :t higli percent,age of endeniics may always he associated with exceedingly stjeep mountaiirs, :ind that tlie seeming narrowness of' vertical distribution in these instances is attr i l~utable to pliyeical conditions of' preponderating power.

In conclusion, I must frankly atlniit, tliat the time at iny disljosal did not atlinit of my making an eshanst~ive esainination, foot by foot, of the n~onntain frorn base to sumnnit--;i t rea t for future explorers,-but 1 venture to assume that the material collected f'roiii the actual sumrnit of the ~ ~ i o u i ~ t a i i i is sufficient, to bear out the hypotheses I have ventured to advmce.

This certain1.y appears to he tlie case here.

I have to t h d i 154r. T. Petch, B.A., B.Su., of the R o ~ n l Bot,anic Gardens :it Peradeniya, for his great kindness and consideration in snpplying nie with the identification of tlie n~at~erial I brought away. This obligation is all the greater, as I ain fnlly conscious of the ceaseless strain this gentlenian h:is upon his time in the discharge of his official work, so that his generous assistance leaves me all t he inore indebted to him.

Lastly, my oLligations are due for the valuable aid and liberal help I received from Mrs. L)ulling, who cordially iindertook the irlrsonie and uninteresting work of preparing these pages from my original MSS.

148 1111. F. LEWIS O N A VISIT TO

List of tlic Plants.

1 )ILl,I~>h I h C 14: ‘1;.

(1) i4cmf?*e))iu ioiiflorton var. p e t i o l m e , Tllw. Very coniiiioii on the suiiirnit with the next.

(11, 5 3 ) - var. v o t u t l u t w t t , Thw. On rocks under shade.

Endeinic

Endeinic.

GUTTIFERAL (55) CuZopliJyZlutu 7’hrc&tesii, Planch. Entleniic.

Yorining ;I bush-like tree growing a t the very suniinit, but no others of this species to be seen lower down.

r C ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . (24) ‘/‘e‘msti*cvrnia et)iaiginata, (‘hoisy. Endeinic.

A shrubby plant. rather rare.” Trimen.

(‘ Upper iiioiintnin zone, especially hy streams ;

DIPTEROCARPACE a. (10) X t c ~ ~ i o ) ~ o p o ) w s (iarhzeri , Thw. Endemic.

A short tree with pale stein, growiug in ahunclance at the summit. The twigs are many, short, stiff, terniinating with cluster of leaves. I have found this species in abundance on other exposed mountains in the same province, as a t Wallanlianda and Pettiagallakanda. Trimen gives it :IS rare, and records it froin Ramluoda, where Gardner collected it, and from near Adam’s Peak.

TILIACEB. (4.5) Elrroca rim s z qy lanicir s, Mast . Endemic .

Trimen. I only observed a single plant of this a t the summit. “ Very rare.

Adam’s Peak, at about 5000 ft.”

Forming a bush from 2 to 6 feet high. (29, 50) h‘. gZa,idtil{fer, Mast. Endemic.

Plentiful a t t h t suminit.

GERANIACELE. (3) I ) n p a t i e ~ i ~ elmgata, Arn. Endemic.

Growing iii sniall gregarious masses 017 wet rock, just helow the summit. Trimen saps : “ Very rare ; only known froin Adam‘s Peak, where first collected l)y Mrs. Walker. T found it half-way up on the Maskeliya side, at about 4500 feet, in abundance.” I myself carefully es:iniined the stre:iln lower down for more examples of this remarkably beautiful balsain, but entirely without success.

KtiNADITdPARAKITA MOTNTAIN, CETLOK. 149

RUTACE-E.

(35, :i 9 ) Evodia h’o,cl, i i ?*gliiioza, Bent h . Forming a siiiall stunted trce with curioasly cliininut1i\-c 1cAaves.

Froin the very suiiiniit I iueasiired one tree that wi.i only it little over 2 ft. high. Also Indian hills: Malaya, Suinatra, and Java.

( ~ ! o i ~ ~ l ~ ~ o ~ ~ below 2000 feet in wet zone.

H A LOR 4 c+k;‘E.

(61) &)*picvila ce,y/cxnicLc, Arn. Endemic. Foond on wet rocks i n the stre:iin flowing from t#hc very suiiiuiit.

On Adniii’s I‘e:ik, mliercr it is “ Upper iiiuniitaiii zone : very rare. :~bundant near the Lase of the up~~erii iost cone.” Triiiieii.

n I I - ~ { ~ ~ L t c ~ ~ ; , (1) Eugenia coi*d{jolia, Wight. Endemic.

(33, 4-01 IT. g,:lophylltr, Thw. Sumniit ; plentiful in the wet zone.

Occasional, a t the siiniinit,, where it, forms a lorn Imsh. Endemic.

‘‘ Very rare ; only forincl 011 ascent to AcI:~in’s Peak..’ Trimen.

R~EL.~SLWJIACILE. (55) Sonrriln y o s t m t a , C. 13. Clarke. Endemic.

lllotlerately plentiful in shady, damp plac,ea. Triiiien rrcorcls d inbt .g~mu~va, Hiniduinn, and Reigani Korale for tlii ,~, hiit none of tliese places are anywhere near to Eimnndiyaparawita. H e regards i t as a variety.

(21, 28) S. hirsictzcla, Arn. Endemic. Growing in sinall clusters in d:unp crevices of rock. Flou ers white,

Rare ; froin Peclrotalegnlla, foot of but usually “ deep rosy pink . . . Totapella, Horton Plaiiis.” Trimen.

RliBIaCeB.

( 5 , 20) H e d y t i s Lessertiaiin var. Juivscens, Thw. Endeinic. Foriiiing small trees froin 3 to 5 feet higli, growing in abniidnnce on

tlie shoulder imiiiediately helow the suinmit. Triinen records thi? variet,y froin &slieliya, Adaiii’s Peak, and ~alagain:t , all places of high altitude. I have frequently obtained it in tlie Horton Plains.

(59) H. Gus.dne~i, Tliw. Endemic. A most reinnr1i:tble plant, with thr appearance of :I .lh~arrc.izn, and

rasily distinguislied by its abundnnt ancl profuse chnrtnceous s t i p l e ~ . It is plentifiil j u s t below the very suniiiiit, as11 appears to die off after it attains a height of S feet.

150 MR. F. LEWIS ON A VISIT TO

I first met with this curious plant in the mountainous country north- west of Kunadiyaparnwita, and again near the Lase of the cone of Adam’s Peak, but nowhere el<€. Thwaites gives Adam’s Peak for habitat.

(13 a ) H. Lnirsor,icf, Wight & Arn.

one ; comnioii. Trimen.

Endemic. Abundtlnt at the suninlit, growing gregariouilj . “ Upper mountain ..

(51) Lusiurtthus t*twian~, Tlivv. Endemic.. Growing in inasses and forming stout bushes. “ Upper niountain

zone ; common.” Trimen.

( 2 2 , 3ti) I t w o n i a Wiyhtiuncc, Brn. COMPOSITE.

Endemic. Very plentitul at the highest ~ i ~ i n t of tlic apes of the inountain.

“ Common from 4000 feet upwards.” (30) dq,7~nZi.~ ci~z~1a~nomw7 C‘. B. Clarke.

Trimen.

One isolatcd cluster found at the summit. ‘ I UiJPW mountain zone ; Alko in Himalayas, Upper Burma, N. China, and common.” Trimen.

Japan. ( ~ 4 ) Eiizilia zrgla)~icu viir . FVal ke r i, Tr i men. Endemic.

k’roin the very snuiniit ; here it has a creeping hahit, growing ainong low buhes . Flowers bright, soft pink. “ About N. E!ij a . . . Adam’s Peak .” Tri inen.

( ‘ A ~ I ~ ’ ~ ~ N u L ~ c I . , ~ , E .

(15. It;) L o l d i a k t + h d i u , TViglit. l’usiihly S. Incliaii. Very plentiful a t the sumiiiit. C‘orniiion at high altitudes. ltecorded

ky Tiiiiieii as a Iariety (‘. scarcely worth separation ”) of L. itic-otiamz- t‘olia, Heyne.

SAPOTACELE.

(27) 1soiiumJ)u IuIu w l t c t u ~ a r . rottiptu, Thw. Xndeniic. Fo r i i i~ a busliy shrub, ant1 occurs pleiitifullj a t the biiiiiiiiit. b‘Aclmi’~

Peak.” Trimen. ( 3 4 Paluqziizon ru&gim~zitn, Eugl. l.:ndemic.

Very abundant, :ind i n f u l l flower at the time of nij Y i q i t . Plentiful froin 4000 t’ect upwards, and inaliing quite a large tree. Rraiichlets and twigs stout, with leaves crowded at ends. “Moist region up t o 4000 feet. hire.” Trimen.

(46) Yalnrjtriroi~ sp. A single esample, obtained from the suinniit.

STYRACEB. (18) Syiiiplocos lLispiddn, Tliw. Endemic.

Forming :I i r i i : i l I tret, occanrring froin -1000 feet and onwarcls. (‘ lhre.’’ Trill1en.

KUBADIYAPARAWITA MOUNTAIN, CEYLON. 151

(9) 8. covdLfolia, Thw. Endemic. A short huzh growing on the summit. Recorded by Trimen as

groning :It 6000-7000 feet ; rare.

GENTIANACEB. (54) JhacuitL CVal kwi , A r n . EEdeinic .

Coininon a t the summit. Flowers white. ‘‘ Upper mouiitain zone, ,5000-6000 feet ; rare.” Trimen.

( 2 ) Exucitnz sp. Endeniic (?). Plentiful a t the summit. Regarding this Mr. Pe tch \I rite.; :-“ The I G C L L C L L ~ is very interesting.

Certainly i t i, not U U k e t . i . WalXe).i has :i peculiar stamina1 structure, not noted in tlie hook$, ~vhicli a t once differentiates i t froin other species. Your specimens also show a peculiaritg i l l the stamens ; they are curved ;it the a p i , so that the opening at tlie top of the anther beconiei lateral. They :ire near var. pullens ot 13. : e ~ ~ l a t ~ i c i i t t i , but tl iat is a blue one. I do not think it will make a species, hut it is a good variety of zeyZunicunt.”

LENYIBULARIACEE. (6) UtriculnTia orbiculuta, Wall.

Plentif n l on wet rocks immediately below the summit. A heautitul inount:iin species wliich I have repeatedly found in damp places, arid on steins of tree\. Occurs “ i n the mountains of India, Malaya, and S. China.” Trimen.

GhhNlCRAUEX:.

(6 0) UidywL0~~6 TIJ (1 s : t y lanicct s, 12. Y, r . E n de m i c . This e ~ i n p l e was obtained froin wnie very steep, rock) gr ouiid,

:l\JoUt 10u0 feet below the suiiiniit ; here i t giows gregariousIy. LeaLes curioiislj variahle in aizc on the sime plaiit. *‘ Mountain ~ o i i e , very rare ; near Adam’s Penh.” ‘l’riiiien.

LABIATB. ( 7 ) Poyostrnzo) i wpestris, Benth. Endeniic.

In d m i p places under other growth. A very coininon mountain syiecitia.

LAUKACEB. (49) .lctitiotEuplitw )nolochina var. LIJoonti, Hook. f.

Moderately plentitul a t the summit. Endemic.

‘‘ Central 1)rov. a t an elevation of 5000 to 7000 ft.” Thwaites.

( 3 7 ) A. spcios( i , Nees. Endemic. Occasioual, not very coininon on the suinmit, and with leaves much

stunted and crumpled. Abundant in forests of 6000 feet altitude.

152 1IR. F. LEWIS ON A VISIT TO

PIPERACEB. (1 4) Pepe)*ornia refP.ca, A. Dietr.

C;rowing on tree stun:s a t the very suminit. Recorded from India, Malaya, China, Australia, Africa, America.

I-PMO R A I h C 6 2 .

(23 ) Dnphniplz?~lbuni glaiccemws, B1 II i n u . A plentiful bush where the soil is a little deep. " Forests of mountain

Also in South India, Java, mne, &OO-iOO() feet j cotninon." and China.

Trimen.

(26 ) dg)~os f i s fachgs loiiyifiiliu, Benth. r ' i h e most coninion plant oil the top of this 1nountain, but very much

stunted. Stein3 often crowded with nioss. Comiiion from 3000 feet npwards. Also in S. India and Malaya.

OIICHIL~AC IS,+;.

( 5 2 ) Ih i i c l i~oCi t s i i i t'wtetvcaipuni, Wall. The " Primrose Orchid."

tiiouiitaiti zone xL0l-e 6000 ft." Trimen. Nilgiri Mts., Burma, Java, Philippines.

Not, very scarce at the suttiniit. " Upper Also Hinidayas, Iihasia, and

(57) (,'aZogy)ie brewiscap, Lindl. Endemic. Growing at about 500 feet below the summit. " Upper niountain

zone ; rather rare." Trimen. (12, 13, 17, 41) Saccolabiicni h ? t i f O ~ i l i ? ) l , Lindl. Endemic.

(;ommon or1 the very summit. " Common ; forests throughout mountnin zone." Trimen.

(4) Podochiku jalcatus, Lindl. Endemic. From the suiiiniit. Fairly common in the hill-country between

3000 and 6000 feet altitude.

PAXDANACE AC.

(47) Fwycinetia Wulkeri, Solms. Obtained from the rocks on the very summit. " Clitiibing over large

trees in moist region up to 4000 feet. Coniinon." Trimen. Also i n Andamans. I have found this in abundance in the lower valleys a t the foot of Kunadiyaparawita.

EKIOCAULOSACEZ. (48) E~*iocauZon ca~Zesc tms, Hook, f . ti Thoms. Endemic.

Growing in a small swamp in the valley immediately below the summit. '' 5000-SO00 ft., very rare. Adam's Peak, plentiful." Trimen.

GRABIINI.;d;.

(31) Arwidin ayia Wcclke?kian, Mu nro. A short pestiferouG lmnlioo, growing in ~ 1 n a 1 1 cluinps at the very

An alinoyingly epine-tipped leaf makes the presence of this Coiiiinoii on the Horton plain$, at 7000 feet altitude.

siiuimit.

I J h t readily felt. Also in S. India.

(42) -4. tlrbilis, Thw. Endemic. Scrambling tliiiily over I)ushes a t the summit. Cotninon at highest

a 1 ti t i ldes.

FILIC E b.

(19) LiiitIsnya orh’ciiIatLt var. schixl,hyllu, Baker. Endemic. From the summit ; the only other ferns T found here Leirig the

coininon (;leicJteizin li7ic&s, C. B. C’larke, and the next. (56) L. decoinposita, Willd.

Found alone, on dniiip ground at the summit.