Notes

INTRODUCTION

1. All translations are mine unless otherwise indicated.

1 COLONIAL MEMORIES IN THE MASS MARKET

1. Emir Rodríguez Monegal refers to an even earlier English translation of part of Barea’s trilogy published by Sir Peter Chalmers in 1941, although I have not been able to find bibliographical evidence of this edition (47).

2. All my citations from Imán are from the 2001 edition by Lorenzo Silva. 3. The term novela de la guerra designates the serialized novellas and short fic-

tions that presented Spain’s colonization of the Maghreb to the mass audi-ences of Spanish weeklies. These accounts of the war often blurred the line between the journalistic chronicle and the historical novel, in some cases stretching the verisimilitude of the story by incorporating Gothic/science fic-tion elements like in “Lupo Sargento” where the souls of a Spanish soldier and a Moroccan colonial soldier exchange bodies. The novela de la guerra was almost always favorable to the Africanista project of colonization. The desire to capture the attention of the mass audience to which the novela de la guerra was addressed, however, led writers to alter their initial positions as the war grew to be more and more unpopular. Thus, the chronicles of Juan Ferragut, alias of Julián Fernández Piñero, go from the exalted promotion of the Spanish Foreign Legion to the disenchantment with the colonial project, and eventual desertion of the main character.

2 FROM IMPERIAL TO NATIONAL IDENTITY: REVISITING THE REALIST TRADITION IN SPANISH LITERATURE

1. Goytisolo’s defense of content over form is, indavertently or not, echoed in Silva’s introduction to Imán when he opposes the prestige of the literary form to the sociohistorical weight of its content.

NOTES194

2. Goytisolo’s lecture was included by Anthropos in a monograph of his work in 1986.

3. For a detailed account of European pacifism’s ambivalent position toward colonialism see Cooper.

4. All my references to Barea’s La forja de un rebelde are to the 1951 edition with the exception of the quotation in English which is from Ilsa Barea’s 1946 English translation .

3 HAUNTED BY COLONIAL DREAMS: CONTEMPORARY FICTION ON THE SPANISH

COLONIZATION OF THE MAGHREB

1. This translation is taken from Andrew Keely’s English edition of Kavafy’s poems.

2. In Maghrebian, captivity narratives, abduction was considered an opportu-nity to test, not only the faith of the captive, but the miraculous powers of the holy man who rescued him or her. Sexual abuse of Muslim women at the hands of the Christians rather than being a taboo, often worked as an argu-ment to appeal to the masculity of the Muslim warriors as the captive woman openly despised them for their weakness (Matar, 55–56, 62).

3. The translation of the paragraph from “The Captive’s Tale” is taken from the Random House 2001 edition of Tobias Smollett’s translation.

4. As Rosa Maria Madariaga and Carlos Lázaro explained in “La Guerra Química en el Rif (1921–1927): estado de la cuestión,” published in the mag-azine Historia 16 in an attempt to raise public awareness of the use of chemical weapons during the Rif War, these events have been amply documented,

[c]abe señalar que los primeros en sacarlo a relucir fueron dos periodistas ale-manes, Rudibert Kunz y Rolf-Dieter Müller, en la obra Giftgas gegen Abd el Krim. Deutchland, Spanien und der Gasgrieg in Spanisch Marokko, 1922–1927 (Alemania, España y la guerra del gas en el Marruecos español, 1922–1927), publicada en 1990, de la que no existe versión española (9), pero sí árabe, publicada en Rabat en 1996 con el título Harb al-ghasât as-sammât bi-l-maghreb. Abd-el-Krim el-Jattâbî fî muwâyahat as-silâh al-kîmiyâ’ î ( La guerra de gases tóxicos en Marruecos. Abd-el-Krim El-Jatabi frente a las armas químicas). Posteriormente, abordaron el tema otros autores, entre los que cabe mencionar a los españoles Juan Pando, en Historia secreta de Anual (1999); Carlos Lázaro Ávila, en un artículo titulado “La forja de la Aeronáutica Militar: Marruecos (1909–1927)”, dentro de la obra colectiva Las campañas de Marruecos. 1909–1927 (2001); Ángel Viñas, en la obra Franco, Hitler y el estal-lido de la guerra civil (2001); y María Rosa de Madariaga, en Los moros que trajo Franco . . . La intervención de tropas coloniales en la guerra civil (2002); por último, entre los extranjeros, el hispanista británico Sebastián Balfour aborda extensamente el tema en su obra Abrazo mortal (2002)” (51).

NOTES 195

5. There seems to be a typo in Fernández Parrilla’s reference to Amo and Gómez Camarero’s article that was actually published in 1998.

6. Despite the title, Bouissef refers to his character as Aicha throughout the nov-el—an effective way to remind the reader that the referent of this hyperrealist narrative is constantly deferred by representation.

4 SEPHARDIC IDENTITY AND THE ENLIGHTENMENT’S EUROPEAN PROJECT

1. Although Porzekanski had published her novel in Spanish in 1981 in Montevideo, I am referring here to the translation into English that coincided with the editorial phenomenon in the Western hemisphere that I am analyz-ing in this chapter.

2. There were, of course, prominent Sephardic chroniclers of the Holocaust like Primo Levi.

3. The first Ashkenazic novel, Joseph Perl’s Revealer of Secrets was written in Hebrew in 1819, and there was already a considerable production in English as well as other languages by the time Fiedler published “What Can We do about Fagin?”

4. Ruth Wisse already expresses the need to reintegrate Sephardic literature in the Jewish canon in The Modern Jewish Canon: “It is my hope that this book, which highlights Ashkenazic Jewish culture, will soon be complemented by those that present the Sephardic and Latin side of the Jewish canon” (350).

5. Other ethnic Jews like the Yemenite and Ethiopian Jews experienced a similar marginal position in the construction of a national Israeli discourse.

5 A PLURILINGUAL MEMORY: REPRESENTATIONS OF THE SEPHARDIM IN CONTEMPORARY

SPANISH LITERATURE

1. In his response to Hackl, Muñoz Molina indicated that the observations and events that the Austrian writer considers to be historical inaccuracies were, for the most part, taken from the autobiographies and published correspondence of the historical characters that he had portrayed in his novel.

2. For a detailed description of Zionist efforts to promote and aid the migration of Moroccan Jews to Israel, see Laskier’s North African Jewry in the Twentieth Century: The Jews of Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria (1994), specially the chap-ter “Emigration to Israel in the Shadow of Morocco’s Struggle for Independence 1949–1956.”

3. The boy’s insult basically associates Reina’s father’s Jewishness with an exple-tive questioning his masculinity.

4. Pierre André Taguieff, Alain Finkielkraut, Jon Juaristi among others.

NOTES196

5. For a detailed analysis of the social stratification of Moroccan mellahs cen-tered around the most important one (Marrakech’s) see Emily Gottreich’s The Mellah of Marrakesh: Jewish and Muslim space in Morocco’s Red City (2007), especially pages 45–47.

6. I believe Khatibi’s use of the term bilingualism does not exclude a multilin-gual reality, his main concern is just to prove that two different languages can coexist in one.

7. Benarroch explained to me the laborious writing process that produced En las puertas de Tánger in a personal interview in August 2009.

6 ANTONIO MUÑOZ MOLINA’S SEFARAD: A MONOLINGUAL MEMORY

1. To avoid misunderstandings I will refer to the individual novels that consti-tute Sefarad as “novella” from now on, and to the book as a whole as “novel.”

2. Muñoz Molina’s wife, Elvira Lindo, lived in more than five different cities during her early childhood among them Tarragona and Mallorca. Her mother was from Ademuz.

3. After 1942, the number of Falangista volunteers decreased significantly and was replaced by regular conscripts and individuals that were mainly motivated by the prospect of a stable salary. But the historical data indicates that, while theft may have diminished, the abuse of the Russian peasants at the hands of the División Azul did not decrease after 1942 (“Rusos culpables” 744).

7 IBERIANISM AND ITS DISCONTENTS

1. According to Stanley Payne, during World War II, Francoist policy on the repatriation of Jews was at best ambivalent, “[a] fair conclusion would be that Spanish policy discriminated against Jews less than did that of most European countries, but there was no plan to especially favor or assist them, except with regard to Sephardim who could claim citizenship rights” (220).

8 DAOUDI’S EL DIABLO DE YUDIS: IDENTITY AS PERFORMANCE

1. I would like to emphasize that my interpretation of Daoudi’s novel is merely applying to his novel the characteristics of the halqa, a genre that as Amine explains: “stages a script that is persistently rewritten under erasure (sous rasure, if we wish to put it in Derridean terms). It is a script that escapes clo-sure through its insistence on openness” (58).

NOTES 197

9 NECESSARY FICTIONS: BUILDING NEW IMAGINED COMMUNITIES IN CONTEMPORARY

CATALONIA

1. The cover of the Catalan edition contrasts with that of the Spanish transla-tion, also published by Planeta, in which we find the silhouette of a Moroccan girl walking across the fields with a blurry mountain range in the background. Thus, while the original Catalan edition emphasizes the testimonial nature of the narrative, the Spanish one highlights its fictional dimension.

2. I would not equate orality to Moroccaness, just as I would not equate literari-ness to Europeaness.

3. El Hachmi has been active in defending Amazigh nationalism in Catalonia working with both the Congreso Mundial Amazigh and with local associa-tions such as the Associació Cultural dels Drets del Poble Amazigh a Catalunya. The conflictive relation between Amazigh and Moroccan national identities are no explicitly addressed in her novel.

4. El Hachmi had already published an autobiographic essay titled Jo també sóc catalana in 2004.

5. Christian Ricci has presented a similar argument in his article “L’ultim patri-arca de Najat El Hachmi y el forjamiento de una identidad amazigh-catalana.” Ricci indicates that “in the case of El Hachmi, considerations about national identity are substituted by considerations about ethnic identity.” (82). My reading of El Hachmi’s novel differs from Ricci’s in arguing that L’ultim patri-arca is a subversion of modern and Western notions of national identity.

6. For a detailed account of the aversion to the novel among the representatives of Noucentisme see Alan Yates’s Una generació sense novel.la?, Lluis Marfany’s “Reflexions sobre Modernisme y Noucentisme (a propòsit de La literatura Catalana Contemporania de Joan Fuster),” and Joan Ramón Resina’s revision of the arguments presented in the latter “Las Glosas de la Ben Plantada.” Despite its more nuanced explanation, Resina seems to agree with the basic tenet of Yates’s and Marfany’s argument that the Noucentistes were not will-ing to lose control of the Catalan nationalist project they undertook by allow-ing for the creation of a populist Catalan culture represented by the novel.

10 WESTERN SAHARA: THE LAST AND LASTING COLONIAL CONFLICT IN AFRICA

1. Although I use the term “Saharawi” throughout my essay, I have maintained the multiple spellings that were used, often simultaneously, to refer to them during the last 100 years in my quotations.

2. This use of ethnology to promote colonialist objectives had also been used in Morocco as I mentioned in chapter 2.

NOTES198

11 RHIZOME AND COLONIAL DESIRE: SPAIN IN WESTERN SAHARA

1. Vázquez Montalbán wrote the prologue to a journalistic account of the Saharaui conflict: Fernando Guijarro Arcas’s La distancia de cuatro dedos. En la guerra del Sahara con el Polisario. (1997), and provided a Marxist interpreta-tion of the conflict in ¿Qué es el imperialismo? (1976).

2. By “nacionalespañolistas,” Juan Manuel García Ramos is referring to the rad-ical Spanish nationalist parties like Democracia Nacional that oppose Canarian nationalism and defend a neo-Nazi ideology.

3. The Saharawi began to become sedentary in the 1960s as a result of severe droughts and increasing interaction with the Spanish colonial administra-tion.

4. Deleuze and Guattari use the term “minoritarian” to distinguish an ethnic or religious minority that may be totally integrated with the workings of a state, thus becoming territorialized, from a group that exists outside the state and would according to their explanation be deterritorialized.

12 SPANISH CULTURAL PRODUCTION ON WESTERN SAHARA

1. The Spanish actress Victoria Abril expressed a very similar opinion in an interview to the daily El Mundo on occasion of her visit to the seventh edition of the FiSahara film festival in Dajla:

Yo no he venido aquí a hacer un mitin. Creo que por la vía pacífica y con la ayuda humanitaria estamos más cerca de alcancar la solución y eso es una mentalidad muy de mujer … Lo que podemos hacer es pasar del Gobierno. Esto es un problema geopolítico y nosotros, pobres mor-tales, no vamos a alcanzar a entender las causas de lo que hacen, pero venimos para que se oiga. (“Victoria Saharaui Abril”)

2. The editor did donate a number of copies to the Saharawi camps in Algeria. 3. The Saharawi, including Larossi, speaks Hassaniya, a dialect of Arabic. 4. As late as 1973, the Spanish anthropologists, gathered in the Primera Reunión

de Antropólogos Españoles organized by the dean of the Department of Anthropology and Ethnology of America of the University of Seville, com-plained about the weak institutionalization of Cultural Anthropology in Spain (Reyes 64). According to Reyes, the exile of most of the Spanish anthro-pologists after the Spanish Civil War resulted in the practical disappearance of the discipline from the Spanish cultural field (Reyes 12).

Bibliography

Abrams, Sam. “Najat El Hachmi: un debut novel.lístic massa precipitat.” El Mundo March 14, 2008: n. pag. Web. March 14, 2008.

Adam, Carole. “The Re-Use of Identical Plot Material in Some of the Novels of Ramón J. Sender.” Hispania 43:3 (1960): 347–352. Print.

Agreda Burillo Fernando de. Encuesta sobre la literatura marroquí actual. Madrid: Instituto Hispano-Árabe de Cultura, 1975. Print.

Al Mansour, Mohamed. “Moroccan Historiography Since Independence.” The Maghrib in Question: Essays in History and Historiography. Ed. Michel Le Gall and Kenneth J. Perkins. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1997. Print.

Alaminos, Antonio. “Domestic Actors and Spanish European Policy.” Spain: The European and International Challenges. Ed. Richard Gillespie and Richard Youngs. London: Frank Cass Publishers, 2001. 93–107. Print.

Albert, Caterina. Solitut. Barcelona: Biblioteca Joventut, 1909. Print.Alhadeff, Gini. The Sun at Midday: Tales of a Mediterranean Family. New York:

Pantheon Books, 1997. Print.Alvarado, María J., Limam Boicha, and Pepe Dámaso. Bubisher: Poesía Saharaui

Contemporánea. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria: Puentepalo, 2003. Print.Ameller, Victoriano. Juicio Critico De La Guerra De Africa, Ó, Apuntes Para La

Historia Contemporánea: Dedicados Á La Prensa Periódica De Todos Los Mátices Políticos. Madrid: F. Abienzo, 1861. Print.

Amine, Khalid. “Crossing Borders: Al-Halqa Performance in Morocco from the Open Space To the Theatre Building.” TDR / The Drama Review 45. 2 (2002): 55–69. Print.

Amo, Mercedes and Carmen Gómez Camarero. “Literatura árabe contemporánea en español, 1985–1996.” Miscelánea de estudios árabes y hebraicos 47 (1998): 27–64. Print.

Amorós, Oriol. “Respostes per viure junts i juntes. Les polítiques d’immigració a Catalunya.” Idees. Revista de temes contemporanis 31 (2008): 7–13. Print.

Amran el Maleh, Edmond. Mille Ans, un Jour: roman. Paris: La Pensee Sauvage Editions, 1986. Print.

Aragón Reyes, Manuel “El modelo territorial del estado en España y sus problemas actuales.” Cuestiones Constitucionales 1 (1999): 25–47. Print.

Arkinstall, Christine. Gender, Class, and Nation: Merce Rodoreda and the Subjects of Modernism. Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press, 2004. Print.

Bibliography200

Aub, Max. Conversaciones con Buñuel, seguidas de 45 entrevistas con familiares, ami-gos y colaboradores del cineasta aragonés. Madrid: Aguilar, 1985. Print.

———. Discurso de la novela española contemporánea. México: El Colegio de México, 1945. Print.

Avineri, Shlomo. “Hegel and Nationalism.” Debating the Political Philosophy of Hegel. Ed. Walter Kaufman. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 2010. 109–136. Print.

Ayache, Germain. Les origines de la guerre du Rif. Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 1981. Print.

Aziza, Mimoun. La sociedad rifeña frente al Protectorado español de Marruecos (1912–1956). Barcelona: Edicions Bellaterra, 2003. Print.

Bachoud, Andrée. Los españoles ante las campañas de Marruecos. Madrid: Espasa Calpe, 1988. Print.

Baepler, Paul Michel. White Slaves, African Masters: An Anthology of American Barbary Captivity Narratives. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999. Print.

Balfour, Sebastian. Abrazo mortal: de la Guerra Colonial a la Guerra Civil en España y Marruecos, 1909–1939. Barcelona: Península Ediciones, 2002. Print.

Barea, Arturo. The Forging of a Rebel: Trans. Ilsa Barea. New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1946. Print.

———. La forja de un rebelde. 3 vols. Buenos Aires: Editorial Losada, 1951. Print.———. La forja de un rebelde. Mexico, D.F.: Ediciones Montjuich, 1959. Print.———. La forja de un rebelde. Madrid: Turner, 1977. Print.———. La forja de un rebelde. Barcelona: Plaza & Janés, 1985. Print.———. La forja de un rebelde. Barcelona: Plaza & Janés, 1993. Print.———. La forja de un rebelde. Ed. Nigel Townson. Madrid: Debate Editorial,

2000. Print.Barral, Carlos. Memorias. Barcelona: Ediciones Península, 2001.Basfao, Kacem. “Trajets, Structure(s) du texte et du recit dans l’oeuvre romanesque

de Driss Chraibi.” Diss. Thesis. Université de Provence,1988. Print.Bénabou, Marcel. Jacob, Ménahem et Mimoun, une épopé familiale. Paris: Seuil,

1995. Print.Benarroch, Mois. “Entrevista a Mois Benarroch, poeta y escritor.” Authors Den.

com, April 1, 2008. Web. April 15, 2009.———. En las puertas de Tánger. Barcelona: Ediciones Destino, 2008. Print.Bendahan Cohen, Esther. Déjalo, ya volveremos. Barcelona: Seix Barral, 2006.

Print.———. Deshojando alcachofas. Barcelona: Seix Barral, 2005. Print.———. La cara de marte. Sevilla: Algaida, 2007. Print.———.“Memoria rota de los judios del norte de Marruecos.” El País.com. March 1,

2006. Web. February 10, 2008.———. “No recuerdo manzanitas rojas, pero si fishuelas.” El legado de Serafarad.

Centro Cervantes Virtual. 1997. Web. March 10, 2007.———. “Sefardistán.” El País.com. February 8, 2007. Web. March 10, 2008.———. “Sobre los judíos de Marruecos.” El País.com. March 25, 2006. Web.

March 1, 2008.

Bibliography 201

Bendahan, Esther and Ester Benari. Soñar con Hispania. Santander: Ediciones Tantín, 2002. Print.

Benet, Juan. La inspiración y el estilo. Madrid: Revista de Occidente, 1966. Print.Berrada, Mohamed. The Game of Forgetting. 1987. Trans. Issa J. Boullata. Austin:

University of Texas at Austin, 1996. Print.Bertrana, Aurora. El Marroc sensual i fanàtic. Barcelona: Edicions Mediterrània,

1936. Print.Boicha, Limam. Los versos de la madera. Editorial Puentepalo: Las Palmas de Gran

Canaria, 2004. Print.Borges, Jorge Luis. Obras completas, 1923–1972. Buenos Aires: Emecé, 1976.

Print.Boughdadi, Mohamed. Le Conflit Saharien dans le Contexte Sécuritaire Euro

Magrhébin. Rabat: Impressions Bouregreg, 2007. Print.Bouissef-Rekab, Mohamed. Aixa, el cielo de Pandora. Cádiz: Quorum Editores,

2007. Print.———. El dédalo de Abdelkrim. Granada: Port-Royal Ediciones, 2002. Print.Bourdieu, Pierre. The Field of Cultural Production: Essays on Art and Literature.

New York: Columbia University Press, 1993. Print.Bradley, Eliza. An Authentic Narrative of the Shipwreck Of Mrs. Eliza Bradley, the

Wife of Captain James Bradley. Boston: J. Page, 1832. Print.Braidotti, “The Becoming Minoritarian of Europe.” Deleuze and the Contemporary

World. Ed. Ian Buchanan and Adrian Parr. Edinburgh University Press: Edinburgh, 2006. 78–94.

Buñuel, Luis, dir. El Angel Exterminador. Tamarelle’s International Films, 1980. Film.

Burke III, Edmund. “Theorizing the Histories of Colonialism and Nationalism in the Arab Maghrib.” Beyond Colonialism and Nationalism in the Maghrib: History, Culture, and Politics. Ed. Ali Abdullatif Hamida. New York: Palgrave, 2000. 17–33. Print.

Camamis, George. Estudios sobre el cautiverio en el Siglo de Oro. Madrid: Editorial Gredos, 1977. Print.

Candela Romero, . “El español en los campamentos de refugiados saharauis (Tinduf, Argelia).” Enciclopedia del español en el mundo. Anuario del Instituto Cervantes 2006–2007. Barcelona: Plaza & Janés Editores, 2006. Print.

Canetti, Elias. Crowds and Power. New York: Fararr, Straus, and Giroux, 1962. Print.

———. The Voices of Marrakesh: A Record of a Visit. New York: Seabury Press, 1978. Print.

Carnero, Alberto and David Sarias. “Sahara Occidental: Deslealtad, dejación … o responsabilidad.” Papeles 46 (2007): n. pag. Web. June 4, 2010.

Carrasquer, Francisco. Sender en su siglo: antología de textos críticos sobre Ramón J. Sender. Huesca: Instituto de Estudios Altoaragoneses, 2001. Print.

Carro, Antonio. “La descolonización del Sahara.” Revista de Política Internacional 144 (1976): 11–38. Print.

Casals, Jesús. “Una oportunidad perdida.” Quimera 300 (2008): 70. Print.

Bibliography202

Castiglia, Christopher. Bound and Determined: Captivity, Culture-Crossing, and White Womanhood from Mary Rowlandson to Patty Hearst. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. Print.

Cerezales, Marta, Miguel Angel Moreta, and Lorenzo Silva, eds. La puerta de los vientos: narradores marroquíes contemporáneos. Barcelona: Ediciones Destino, 2004. Print.

Cervantes, Miguel de. Don Quijote de la Mancha I. 1605. Ed. John Jay Allen. Madrid: Cátedra, 1994. Print.

Chakrabarty, Dipesh. Provincializing Europe. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008. Print.

Cherkaoui, Mohamed. Morocco and the Sahara. Social Bonds and Geopolitical Issues. Oxford: Bardwell Press, 2007. Print.

Cohen, Albert. Belle du Seigneur. Paris: Gallimard, 1968. Print.“Con los Saharauis” Falange Auténtica. falange-autentica.org. Web. March 1, 2009.“Concluyó su visita a Cuba el presidente saharaui.” america.cubaminrex.cu. Ministerio

de Relaciones Exteriores de Cuba. July 6, 2009. Web. June 10, 2010.Cooper, Sandi E. Patriotic Pacifism: Waging War on War in Europe, 1815–1914.

New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. Print.Cordero Torres, José María. Política colonial. Madrid: Ediciones Cultura

Hispánica, 1953. Print.Courtine-Denamy, Sylvie. The House of Jacob. Ithaca: Cornell University Press,

2003. Print.Daoudi, Ahmed. El diablo de Yudis. Madrid: Vosa, 1994. Print.Dejeux, Jean, and Ruthmarie H. Mitsch “Francophone Literature in the Maghreb:

The Problem and the Possibility.” Research in African Literatures 23:2 (1992): 5–19. Print.

Del Pino Olmedo, Francisco Luis. “Tres editores ante Rodoreda: Una conver-sación con Josep Ma Castellet, Daniel Fernández y Maria Antonia de Miquel” Turia: Revista Cultural 87 (2008): 217–223. Print.

Deleuze, Gilles and Felix Guattari. A Thousand Plateaus. Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 1987. Print.

———. Anti-Oedipus. Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 1983. Print.

Delgado, Elena. “Settled in Normal: Narratives of a Prozaic (Spanish) Nation.” Nationalisms. Ed. Teresa M. Vilarós. Arizona Journal of Hispanic Cultural Studies 7 (2003): 117–132.

Derrida, Jacques. Of Grammatology. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997. Print.

———. The Monolingualism of the Other, Or, the Prosthesis of Origin. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998. Print.

Díaz-Fernández, José. El blocao, novela de la guerra marroquí. Madrid: Historia Nueva, 1928. Print.

———. El nuevo romanticismo: polémica de arte, política y literatura. 1930. Ed. José Manuel López de Abiada. Madrid: J. Esteban, 1985. Print.

———. Introduction. El blocao, novela de la guerra marroquí. Madrid: Historia Nueva, 1930. Print.

Bibliography 203

Domínguez, Jorge I. To Make a World Safe for Revolution: Cuba’s Foreign Policy. Harvard: Harvard University Press, 1989. Print.

Dueñas, María. “En mi éxito no hay mito, sólo curro” elpais.es. El Pais. June 23, 2010. Web. June 23, 2010.

———. El Tiempo Entre Costuras. Madrid: Temas de Hoy, 2009. Print.———. “He querido rescatar del olvido las vidas de españoles en Marruecos.”

elpais.es. El Pais. January 11, 2010. Web. June 23, 2010.Eagleton, Terry. Criticism and Ideology: A Study in Marxist Literary Theory.

London: Verso, 2006. Print.Echevarría, Ignacio. “El taciturno novio de la muerte.” El País.com. El País. April

24, 2004. Web. June 8, 2006.———. “Estimado Luís.” El País.com. El País. December 10, 2004. Web.

December 12, 2004.———. “Una elegía pastoral.” El País.com. El Pais. September 4, 2004. Web. June

8, 2006.El Hachmi, Najat. “Entrevista.” Gencat.cat. Generalitat de Catalunya. March

16, 2005. Web. November 20, 2009. http://www.gencat.cat/salut/portal/cat/_notes/trans/nachat.pdf

———. “He intentado alejarme de unos orígenes que duelen.” El País.com. El País. February 2 2008. Web. March 17, 2009.

———. Jo també sóc catalana. Barcelona: Columna, 2004. Print.———. L’últim patriarca. Barcelona: Planeta, 2008. Print.———. “Najat El Hachmi: ‘O la literatura catalana es deixa contaminar o es

mor’.” El Periódico.cat El Periódico de Catalunya. February 2, 2008. Web. March 17, 2009.

———. “No soy un símbolo de nada.” El País.com. El País. February 1, 2008. Web. March 17, 2009.

El Maleh, Edmon Amran “Patología de la memoria.” El País.com. El País. March 1, 2008. Web. February 3, 2009.

El-Harti, Larbi. Después de Tánger. Madrid: SIAL Ediciones, 2003. Print.Epps, Brad. “Before Postnationalism, Supernationalism, Modernisme, and

Catalonia.” Arizona Journal of Hispanic Cultural Studies 7 (2003): 133–159. Print.

———. “Between Europe and Africa: Modernity, Race, and Nationality in the Correspondence of Miguel De Unamuno and Joan Maragall.” Anales De La Literatura Española Contemporánea 30: 1/2 (2005): 97–132. Print.

Espriu, Salvador. Obres Completes. 5 vols. Barcelona: Edicions 62, 1985. Print.Fernández Parrilla, Gonzalo. La literatura marroquí contemporánea: la novela y la

crítica literaria. Cuenca: Ediciones de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 2006. Print.

———.“Marruecos y España: ¿unos vínculos poco literarios?” Afkar/Ideas Winter (2005): 106–108. Print.

———. “Panorámica de los estudios y traducciones de literatura marroquí en espa-ñol.” Cuadernos de la Escuela de Traductores de Toledo 1 (1998): 7–16. Print.

Flesler, Daniela. The Return of the Moor: Spanish Responses to Contemporary Moroccan Immigration. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press, 2008. Print.

Bibliography204

Fox-Genovese, Elizabeth. “Literary Criticism and the Politics of the New Historicism.” The New Historicism. Ed. Harold Aram Veeser. New York: Routledge, 1989. 213–224. Print.

Fraser, Nancy. Justice Interruptus: Critical Reflections on the “Postsocialist” Condition. New York: Routledge, 1997. Print.

Fraser, Robert. Book History through Postcolonial Eyes: Rewriting the Script. New York: Taylor & Francis, 2008. Print.

“Foreign citizens made up 6.4% of the EU27 population” Eurostat. September 7, 2010. Web. September 10, 2010.

Fuentes, Victor, ed. Introduction. El blocao. By Díaz-Fernández, Jose. Madrid: Ediciones Turner, 1976. vii-xxii. Print.

Galán, Carlos Javier. “Sahara en el corazón.” elhoyodepinares.net/falange. Web. June 3, 2010.

García Canclini, Nestor. Culturas híbridas: estrategias para entrar y salir de la mod-ernidad. México, D.F.: Grijalbo, 1989. Print.

García Ramos, Juan Manuel. “Contra el nacionalismo canario.” pnc-canarias.eu. Partido Nacionalista Canario. October 27, 2008. Web. June 1, 2010.

Gaudio, Attilio. Le dossier du Sahara Occidental (1978) Paris: Nouvelles Editions Latimes, 1978. Print.

———. Sahara espagnol, fin d’un mythe colonial? Rabat: Arrissala, 1975. Print.Giannakouris, Konstantinos. “Ageing characterizes the demographic perspectives

of the European population.” Eurostat. July 16, 2008. Web. March 12, 2009.Giménez Caballero, Ernesto. “Ante la nueva justicia: la Gaceta Literaria y la

República” Ernesto Giménez Caballero. Casticismo, nacionalismo y vanguar-dia. Ed. José Carlos Mainer. Madrid: Fundación Santander Central Hispano, 2005. 179–182. Print.

———. “En torno a Katyn. Visión de Rusia.” El Español, II: 28, 8.5 (1943): 16. Print.

———. “La ‘nueva arquitectura’ o la revolución fracasada” Ernesto Giménez Caballero. Casticismo, nacionalismo y vanguardia. Ed. José Carlos Mainer. Madrid: Fundación Santander Central Hispano, 2005. 203–209. Print.

González Alcantud, José Antonio. Marroquíes en la guerra civil española: campos equívocos. Barcelona: Anthropos, 2003. Print.

González García, Isidoro. “España y el problema judío en la Europa del siglo XIX.” Cuadernos de Historia Moderna y Contemporánea VII (1986): 123–140. Print.

Gottreich, Emily. The Mellah of Marrakesh: Jewish and Muslim Space in Morocco’s Red City. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007. Print.

Goytisolo, Juan. “Discurso de Juan Goytisolo en Europalia.” Anthropos 6061 (1986) 44–50. Print

———. “Lectura y relectura.” El País.com. El País. March 19, 1993. Web. June 20, 2009. Print.

———. Makbara. Barcelona: Seix Barral, 1988. Print.———. “Para una literatura nacional.” Problemas de la novela. Barcelona: Seix

Barral, 1959. Print.———.“Vamos a menos.” El País.com. El País. January 10, 2001. Web. October 12,

2008.

Bibliography 205

———. “Voltaire y el islam.” El País.com. El País. May 4, 2006. Web. September 15, 2009.

Grafe, Regina. Distant Tyranny: Markets, Power, and Backwardness in Spain, 1650–1800. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012. Print.

Gregg, Gary S. Culture and Identity in a Muslim Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. Print.

Guijarro Arcas, Fernando. La distancia de cuatro dedos. En la guerra del Sáhara con el Polisario. Barcelona: Flor del Viento Ediciones, 1997. Print.

Habermas, Jürgen and Jacques Derrida. “February 15, or What Binds Europeans Together: A Plea for a Common Foreign Policy, Beginning in the Core of Europe.” Constellations 10.3 (2003): 291–297. Print.

Habermas, Jürgen. Europe: The Faltering Project. Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2009. Print.

———. The Postnational Constellation: Political Essays. Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2001. Print.

Hackl, Erick. “El caso Sefarad. Industrias y errores del santo de su señora.” Lateral 78 (2001): n. pag. Web. June 8, 2009.

Hansen, Hans Lauge. “España y la otra cara de la modernidad europea. Una lectura de Sefarad de Antonio Muñoz Molina.” Desde el Sur: el discurso sobre Europa : Actas del X Simposio Internacional de la Asociación Andaluza de Semiótica. Ed. Francisco Linares Alés and María Carmen Ávila Martín. Granada: Universidad de Granada, 2007. 241–248. Print.

Harrak, Fatima. “Captivity and Slavery in the Maghrib.” The Journal of African History 41: 2 (2000): 295–346. Print.

Hellyer, H. A. Muslims of Europe: The ‘other’ Europeans. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009. Print.

Hernández-Reguant, Ariana “Copyrighting Che: Art and Authorship under Cuban Late Socialism.” Public Culture 16.1 (2004): 1–29. Print.

Herrero-Olaizola, Alejandro. The Censorship Files: Latin American Writers and Franco’s Spain. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2007. Print.

Herzberger, David K. “Representing the Holocaust: Story and Experience in Antonio Muñoz Molina’s Sefarad.” Romance Quarterly 51. 2 (2004): 85–96. Print.

Hodges, Tony. “The Origins of Saharawi Nationalism” Third World Quarterly 5.1 (1983): 28–57. Print.

Hoffman, K. E. “Purity and Contamination: Language Ideologies in French Colonial Native Policy in Morocco.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 50.3 (2008): 724–752. Print.

Hollier, Dennis. “Surrealism and Its Discontents.” Papers of Surrealism 7 (2007): 1–16. Print.

Horkheimer, Max and Theodor W. Adorno. Dialectic of Enlightenment: Philosophical Fragments. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2002. Print.

Ilkjaer, Jeppe. “The Late Europe: Elias Canetti and the Ordering of Time and Space in Auto Da Fé” Ed. Nele Bemong, Mirjam Truwant, and Pieter Vermeulen. Re-Thinking Europe: Literature and (Trans)National Identity. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2008. 223–236. Print.

Bibliography206

Illades, Gustavo. El Discurso Crítico De Cervantes En “El Cautivo”. Biblioteca de letras. México, D.F.: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1990. Print.

International Court of Justice. Western Sahara. Advisory Opinion of October 16, 1975. The Hague: ICJ, 1975. Print.

Izaguirre, Marian. El león dormido. Sevilla: Algaida Editores, 2005.Jameson, Fredric. Postmodernism Or the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. Durham:

Duke University Press, 1992. Print.Jensen, Erik. “José Millán Astray and the Nationalist ‘Crusade’ in Spain.” Journal

of Contemporary History 27 (1991): 425–447. Print.———. Western Sahara. Anatomy of a Stalemate. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner

Publishers, 2005. Print.Judge, Anne. “French as a Tool for Colonialism: Aims and Consequences” Institute

of European Studies (2005). March 5, 2009. Print.Kavafy, Constantine. Collected Poems. Trans. Edmund Keeley. Princeton University

Press: Princeton, 1992. Print.Kenbib, Mohammed. Les protégés: contribution à l’ histoire contemporaine du Maroc.

Casablanca: Faculté des Lettres et des Sciences Humaines, 1996. Print.Khatibi, Abdelkebir. “Nationalisme et internationalisme littéraires.” Figures de

L’etranger. Paris: Denoël, 1987: 201–214. Print.Kraniauskas, John. “Hybridity in a Transnational Frame: Latin-Americanist and

Post-Colonial Perspectives on Cultural Studies.” Hybridity and Its Discontents: Politics, Science, Culture. Ed. Brah and Annie E. Coombes. New York: Routledge, 2000. Print.

La forja de un rebelde. Dir. Mario Camus.Perf. Antonio Valero, Lydia Bosch, and Carmen Rossi. Divisa Home Video, 2006. Film.

Lalia. Dir. Silvia Munt. Bausan, 1999. Film.“La Révolution d’abord et toujours!” La Révolution surréaliste 5 (1925): 31–32. Print.Larosi, Sas Nah. Sáhara en el corazón. Madrid: Gráficas Almeida, 2007. Print.Laroui, Abdallah. The History of the Maghrib: An Interpretive Essay. Trans. R.

Mannheim. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1971. Print.Laskier, Michael M. North African Jewry in the Twentieth Century: The Jews of

Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria. New York: New York University Press, 1994. Print.

Laskier, Michael, and Eliezer Bashan. “Morocco.” The Jews of the Middle East and North Africa in Modern Times. Ed. Reeva Simon, Michael M. Laskier, and Sara Reguer. New York: Columbia University Press, 2003. 471–504. Print.

Leante, Luís. “En dos horas ha cambiado toda mi vida literaria.” El País.com. El País. March 10, 2007. Web. July 5, 2009.

———. “Luis Leante: “El Latín y la lectura han sido muy útiles para mi carrera literaria” abc.es. ABC. May 18, 2007. Web. July 5, 2009.

———. Mira si yo te querré. Madrid: Alfaguara, 2007. Print.López-García, Bernabé. “El Sáhara, España y Marruecos.” Política Exterior 13.70

(1999): 21–26. Print.———. “Moral en la hammada.” El País.es. El País. June 16, 2008. Web June 16,

2008.

Bibliography 207

Lorenzo, Arturo. “Posibilidades del español en Marruecos desde el punto de vista editorial.” Jornadas profesionales de la edición y traducción Andalucía-Marruecos. 26–27 de Mayo, 2006. Federacion Editores.org. Federación de Gremios de Editores de España, January 10, 2009. Web. July 7, 2009.

“Los transportes en la División Azul” Hoja de Campaña 19 (1942): 4. Print.Ludmer, Josefina. “Literaturas postautónomas.” Ciberletras 17 (2007): n. pag.

Web. June 1, 2008.“Luis Leante gana el X Premio Alfaguara con la novela ‘Mira si yo te querré.’”

El País.com. El País. March 9, 2007. Web. February 20, 2009.Madariaga, Maria Rosa de, and Carlos Lazaro Ávila. “La guerra química en el Rif

(1921–1927): estado de la cuestión.” Historia 16 324 (2003): 50–87. Print.———. “Existe una élite hispanohablante en Marruecos.” Marruecos Digital.net.

Marruecos Digital. September 30, 2007. Web. May 26, 2008.———. España y el Rif: crónica de una historia casi olvidada. Melilla: Ciudad

Autónoma de Melilla, 2008. Print.———. Los moros que trajo Franco: la intervención de tropas coloniales en la

Guerra Civil Española. Barcelona: Ediciones Martínez Roca, 2002. Print.Mainer, Juan Carlos. “Los judios en la literatura española de la primera mitad

del siglo XX: notas sobre un tema.” Judios en la literatura española. Ed. Iacob M. Hassan and Ricardo Izquierdo Benito. Cuenca: Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, 2001. 375–402. Print.

Maragall, Joan. Obra poética. Madrid: Castalia, 1984. Print.———. Obres Completes, Vol. I. Obra Catalana. Barcelona: Editorial Selecta,

1981. 775. Print.Martin, Maria. History of the Captivity and Sufferings of Maria Martin, Who

Was Six Years a Slave in Algiers; Two of Which She Was Confined in a Dismal Dungeon, Loaded with Irons … to Which Is Added, a Concise History of Algiers, with the Manners and Customs of the People. New Haven, CT: Sidney’s Press, 1812. Print.

Martin-Márquez, Susan. “Brothers and Others: Fraternal Rhetoric and the Negotiation of Spanish and Saharawi Identity.” Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies 7.3 (2006): 241–258. Print.

———. Disorientations: Spanish Colonialism in Africa and the Performance of Identity. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008. Print.

———. “Here is Looking at You: Shifting Perspectives on North African Otherness in Galdós and Fortuny.” Arizona Journal of Hispanic Cultural Studies 5 (2001): 7–24. Print.

Martínez Estudillo, Luis. “Muñoz Molina, Sebald y la identidad desheredada de Europa.” Insula: Revista de Letras y Ciencias Humanas 737 (2008): 8–10. Print.

Martínez de Pisón, Ignacio. Interview. El Pais.com. El País. February 1, 2003. Web. March 2, 2008.

———. Una guerra africana. Gran angular, 195. Madrid: Ediciones SM, 2000. Print.

Martín-Rodríguez, Manuel. “Aztlán y Al-Andalus: la idea del retorno en dos literaturas inmigrantes.” La Palabra y El Hombre 120 (2001): 29–38. Print.

Bibliography208

Martín Santos, Luis. Tiempo de silencio. Biblioteca Formentor. Barcelona: Seix Barral, 1962. Print.

Márquez Villanueva, Francisco. Personajes y temas del Quijote. Madrid: Taurus, 1975. Print.

Massó, Enric. Viure no és fàcil. Barcelona: Editorial Selecta, 1961. Print.Matar, N. I. Europe Through Arab Eyes, 1578–1727. New York: Columbia

University Press, 2009. Print.“Mayol intervé a l’ONU per reivindicar la pau i la llibertat del poble sahraui”

Esquerra.cat. Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya. October 8, 2003. Web. June 4, 2010.

Mayrata, Ramón. El imperio desierto. Madrid: Mondadori España, 1992. Print.Mercer, John. Spanish Sahara. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1976. Print.———.“The Cycle of Invasion and Unification in the Western Sahara.” African

Affairs 75.301 (1976): 498–510. Print.Merino, Eloy. “Hyperlinked Fascism.” Traces of Contamination: Unearthing

the Francoist Legacy in Contemporary Spain Discourse. Ed. Eloy Merino and H. Rosi Song. Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press, 2005.

Mignolo, Walter. Local Histories/Global Designs: Coloniality, Subaltern Knowledges, and Border Thinking. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000. Print.

———. “The Geopolitics of Knowledge and the Colonial Difference.” The South Atlantic Quarterly 101:1 (2002): 57–96. Print.

———. The Idea of Latin America. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005. Print.Miller, Christopher. “Beyond Identity. The Postidentitarian Predicament in

Deleuze and Guattari’s A Thousand Plateaus.” Nationalists and Nomads: Essays on Francophone African Literature and Culture. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1998. Print.

Miller, Stephen. “The Spanish Novel from Perez Galdos to Marias: Tradition and Nescience, Rupture, and Europeanization.” South Central Review 18 (2001): 45–65. Print.

Milner, Jean-Claude. Les penchants criminels de l’Europe démocratique. Paris: Editions Verdier, 2003. Print.

Mojtar, Bachir Mohamed Ali. El precio de Fátima. Madrid: Bubok, 2009. Print.Molina, Ángela. “Lorenzo Silva y Jose Carlos Somoza, ganador y finalista de la

LVI edición del premio Nadal.” ABC. January 7, 2000. Print.Morales Lezcano, Victor. “El Protectorado Español en Marruecos durante la

Segunda República (Las reformas administrativas).” Actas de las Jornadas de Cultura Árabe e Islámica, 1978. Madrid, 1981, 457–489.

Moreno Torregrosa, Pasqual, and Mohamed El Gheryb. Dormir al raso. Madrid: Vosa, 1994. Print.

Moretti, Franco. The Way of the World: The Bildungsroman in European Culture. London: Verso, 1987. Print.

Muñoz, Juan, Juan A. Alonso-Hierro, and Martín Fernández. Involución y Autarquía: La Economía Española Entre 1890 Y 1914. Madrid: Editorial Complutense, S.A, 2002. Print.

Muñoz Molina, Antonio. Ardor guerrero. Una memoria militar. Madrid: Alfaguara, 1995. Print.

Bibliography 209

———. “El caso Hackl. El autor de Sefarad responde.” Lateral 79 (2001) June 8, 2009. Print.

———. “El nacionalismo y el niño interior” El País.com. El País. October 30, 1993. Web. October 28, 2009.

———. “La historia y el olvido” El País.com. El País. November 9, 1997. Web. November 30, 2009.

———. Sefarad: una novela de novelas. Madrid: Alfaguara, 2001. Print.Navajas, Gonzalo. “La novela española de la posnación.” Ínsula 688 (2004): 13–15.

Print.Naylor, Phillip C. “Spain and France and the Decolonization of Western Sahara:

Parity and Paradox, 1975–87.” Africa Today 34.3 (1983): 7–16. Print.Nerín, Gustau. Guinea Ecuatorial, historia en blanco y negro. Barcelona: Península,

1998. Print.———. La Guerra Que Vino De África. Barcelona: Crítica, 2005. Print.Nissán, Rosa. Novia que te vea. México: Ed. Planeta Mexicana, 1992. Print.Norris, H. T. The Arab Conquest of the Western Sahara. Studies of the Historical

Events, Religious Beliefs and Social Customs Which Made the Remotest Sahara a Part of the Arab World. London: Longman, 1986.

Núñez Seixas, and Xosé Manoel. “¿Eran los rusos culpables? Imagen del enemigo y políticas de ocupación de la División Azul en el frente del este 1941–1944.” Hispania. Revista Española de Historia LXVI (2006): 695–750. Print.

———. “Los vencedores vencidos. La peculiar memoria de la división azul, 1945–2005.” Pasado y Memoria. Revista de Historia Contemporánea 4 (2005): 88–113. Print.

Ojeda Mata, Maite. “¿Intermediarios naturales? Los judios y el colonialismo occidental y español en el mediterráneo musulmán: el caso de Marruecos.” Intelectuales, mediadores y antropólogos, la traducción y la reinterpretación de lo global en lo local. Ed. Mónica Martínez Mauri and Eugenia Rodríguez Blanco. Donostia, Spain: Ankulegi, 2008. 187–205. Print.

Oliver Asín, Jaime. El “Quijote” de 1604. Madrid: S. Aguirre, 1948. Print.Orejudo Utrilla, Antonio. “La literatura del boom (demográfico) español.” Ínsula

688 (2004): 7–8. Print.Ortega y Gasset, José. España invertebrada: bosquejo de algunos pensamientos históri-

cos. 1921. Madrid: Ediciones de la Revista de Occidente, 1967. Print.———. Meditaciones del Quijote ; Ideas sobre la novela. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe,

1964. Print.Pennell, C. R. “Ideology and Practical Politics: a Case Study of the Rif War in

Morocco, 1921–1926.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 14 (1982): 19–33. Print.

———. Morocco Since 1830: A History. New York: New York University Press, 2000. Print.

Perera, Victor. The Cross and the Pear Tree: A Sephardic Journey. New York: Knopf, 1995. Print.

Pérez Galdós, Benito. Aita Tettauen. 1905. Ed. Francisco Márquez Villanueva. Madrid: Akal Ediciones, 2004. Print.

———. Nazarín. 1895. Ed. Gregorio Torres Nebrera. Madrid: Editorial Castalia, 2001. Print.

Bibliography210

Pietz, William. “The Problem of the Fetish, I.” RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics 9 (1985): 5–17.

Porta, Roser. Mercè Rodoreda i l’ humor (1931–1936): les primeres novel.les, el peri-odisme i polèmica. Barcelona: Fundació Mercè Rodoreda, 2007. Print.

Porzecanski, Teresa. Invención de los soles. Montevideo: M/Z Editor, 1981. Print.———. Sun Inventions; Perfumes of Carthage: Two Novellas. Trans. Phyllis

Silverstein and Johnny Payne. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2000. Print.

Pulido, Antonio. Españoles sin patria y la raza sefardí: Intereses Nacionales. Madrid: E. Teodoro, 1905. Print.

Real Mercadal, Neus. Mercè Rodoreda: l’obra de preguerra. Barcelona: Publicacions de l’Abadia de Montserrat, 2005. Print.

Regnault, François. Notre objet a. Lagrasse: Verdier 2003. Print.Resina, Joan Ramon. “Las glosas de la Ben Plantada.” Oceanografía de Xènius:

Estudios críticos en torno a Eugenio d’Ors. Ed. Carlos X. , Eloy E. Merino, and Xavier Pla. Girona: Universitat de Girona, 2005. 149–163. Print.

———. “The Spanish Identity and Unamuno.” The Battle Over Spanish between 1800 and 2000: Language Ideologies and Hispanic Intellectuals. Ed. José del Valle and Luis Gabriel-Stheeman. London: Routledge, 2002. 106–133. Print.

Reyes, Román. Las ciencias sociales en España: Antropología y etnología. Madrid: Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 2004. Print.

Ricci, Cristian. Foreword. Aixa, el cielo de Pandora. Cádiz: Quorum Editores, 2007. Print.

———. “L’Ultim Patriarca De Najat El Hachmi Y El Forjamiento De Una Identidad Amazigh-Catalana.” Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies. 11.1 (2010): 71–91. Print.

Rif, 1921: una historia olvidada. Screenplay by Manuel Horrillo, Lorenzo Silva, and Felipe Vega. Dir. Manuel Horrillo. Columbia Tristar Home Video, 2008. Film.

Ringrose, David R. Spain, Europe, and the “Spanish Miracle”, 1700–1900. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Web.

Riudor, Lluis. “Sueños imperiales y africanismo durante el franquismo (1939–1956).” Espana En Marruecos (1912–1956): Discursos Geograficos E Intervencion Territorial. Ed. Joan Nogué and Jose Luis Villanova. Lleida, Spain: Editorial Milenio, 1999. Print.

Rodoreda, Mercè. La plaça del diamant. 1962. Barcelona: Club Editor, 1976. Print.

———. Primeres novel.les. 1, Soc una dona honrada?. Del que hom no pot fugir. Ed. Roser Porta. Barcelona: Fundació Mercè Rodoreda, 2006. Print.

Rodríguez Monegal, Emir. Tres testigos españoles de la guerra civil: Max Aub, Ramón Sender, Arturo Barea. Colección Donaire. Caracas, Venezeula: Monte Avila, 1971. Print.

Rodríguez Richart, José. “Algunos aspectos de La forja de un rebelde.” Actas del X Congreso de la Asociación Internacional de Hispanistas. [Barcelona, 21–26 de agosto de 1989]. Antonio Vilanova: PPU, 1992. Print.

Roth, Norman “What Constitutes Sephardic Literature?” From Iberia to Diaspora: Studies in Sephardic History and Culture. Ed. Yedida Kalfon Stillman and

Bibliography 211

Norman A. Stillman. Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill, 1999. 247–263. Print.

Rubert de Ventós, Xavier. De la identidad a la independencia: la nueva transición. Barcelona: Anagrama, 1999. Print.

———. Nacionalismos: el laberinto de la identidad. Madrid: Espasa Calpe, 1994. Print.

Ruiz-Miguel, Carlos. “Sáhara Occidental: independencia, paz y seguridad.” Cuadernos de Pensamiento Político 12 (2006): 151–179. Print.

———. “La propuesta Marroquí de autonomía para el Sáhara Occidental de 2007: Una antigua propuesta sin credibilidad.” REAF 7 (2008): 268–291. Print.

Saaf, Abdallah. “Des intellectuels ‘independants’ au Maroc.” Parcours d’ intellectuels maghrebins. Ed. Aïssa Kadri. Paris: Karthala, 1999. Print.

Said, Edward. “The Clash of Ignorance.” The Nation.com. The Nation. October 4, 2001. Web February 10, 2010.

Salhi, Kamil. “Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia.” A History of Theater in Africa. Ed. Martin Banham. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. 37–76. Print.

Sánchez-Mesa Martínez, Domingo. “Imágenes del inmigrante en la literatura espa-ñola.” Didáctica del español como segunda lengua para inmigrantes. Ed. Aurelio Rios Rojas and Guadalupe Ruiz Fajardo. Sevilla: Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2008. 158–189. Print.

Santana, Mario. Foreigners in the Homeland: The Spanish American New Novel in Spain, 1962–1974. Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press, 2000. Print.

Schammah Gesser, Silvina. “La imagen de Sefarad y los judios españoles en los orígenes vanguardistas del fascismo español.” España e Israel veinte años después. Sevilla: Fundación Tres Culturas, 2007. 67–83. Print.

Sefamí, Jacobo. Los dolientes. México D.F.: Plaza & Janés, 2004. Print.Sender, Ramón. Ariadna. México: Colección Aquelarre, 1954. Print.———. Cabrerizas altas. Mexico D.F.: Editores Mexicanos Unidos, 1965. Print.———. Cabrerizas altas. Arabescos. Impresión del carnet de un soldado. Ed. Moga

Romero. Melilla: Consellería de Cultura, Melilla, 1990. Print.———. Imán (novela). Madrid: Editorial Cenit, 1930. Print.———. Imán. Ed. Marcelino C. Peñuelas. Barcelona: Destino, 1976. Print.———. Imán. Ed. Francisco Carrasquer Launed. Huesca: Instituto de Estudios

Altoaragoneses, 1992. Print.———. Imán Ed. Lorenzo Silva. Barcelona: Destino, 2001. Print.———. “Primero en discordia. Orden del día: Teresa de Jesus” La Libertad 3655

(1931): 1. Print.Serotte, Brenda. The Fortune Teller’s Kiss. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press,

2006. Print.Shelley, Toby. Endgame in the Western Sahara. New York: Palgrave Macmillan,

2004. Print.Silva, Lorenzo. Carta blanca. Madrid: Espasa, 2004. Print.———. El nombre de los nuestros. Barcelona: Ediciones Destino, 2001. Print.———. Introduction. Iman. By Ramón J. Sénder. Madrid: Destino, 2001. Print.Smith, Sidonie and Julia Watson. Reading Autobiography: A Guide for Interpreting

Life Narratives. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001. Print.

Bibliography212

Solé Tura, Jordi. “Sobre el modelo de Estado.” El País.com. El País. December 13, 1997. Web. October 12, 2009.

Soysal, Yasemin Nuhoğlu. “Postnational Citizenship: Reconfiguring the Familiar Terrain.” The Blackwell Companion to Political Sociology. Ed. Kate Nash and Alan Scott. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2004. 333–341. Print.

Spires, Robert C. Post-Totalitarian Spanish Fiction. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1996. Print.

Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. “Criticism, Feminism and the Institution” The Postcolonial Critic. Interviews, Strategies, Dialogues. Ed. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak and Sarah Harasym. New York: Routledge, 1990. 1–17. Print.

———. “In a Word: Interview” Outside in the Teaching Machine. New York: Routledge, 1993. 1–24. Print.

Stavans, Ilan. The Schocken Book of Modern Sephardic Literature. New York: Schocken Books, 2005. Print.

Stutcliffe, Adam. Judaism and Enlightenment. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Print.

Tayar, Aline P’nina. How Shall We Sing?: A Mediterranean Journey Through a Jewish Family. Sydney: Picador, 2000. Print.

Thomas, Dominic R. D. Black France: Colonialism, Immigration, and Transnationalism. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007. Print.

Thompson, Virginia, and Richard Adloff. The Western Saharans. Background to the Conflict London: Croom Helm, 1980. Print.

Torrente Ballester, Gonzalo. “Los problemas de la novela española.” Arbor 9 (1948): 395–400. Print.

Torres, Rafael. Yo, Mohamed: historias de inmigrantes en un país de emigrantes. Madrid: Temas de Hoy, 1995. Print.

Tortella, Casares G. The Development of Modern Spain: An Economic History of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000. Print.

Trigano, Shmmuel. “The Memory of the Lost People.” Contemporary French and Francophone Studies 11. 2 (2007): 177–188. Print.

Ugarte, Michael. “Working at a Discount: Class Consciousness in Mercè Rodoreda’s “La Plaça Del Diamant”.” MLN 114. 2 (1999): 297–314. Print.

Unamuno, Miguel de, and Joan Maragall. Epistolario. Miguel de Unamuno Juan Maragall: con escritos complementarios. Barcelona: Distribuidora Catalonia, 1976. Print.

Valera, Juan. “Del influjo de la Inquisición y del fanatismo religioso en la decaden-cia de la Literatura española.” cervantesvirtual.com. Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes. n.d. Web. June 15, 2010.

Vázquez Montalban, Manuel. Introduction. La distancia de cuatro dedos. By Fernando Guijarro. Barcelona: Flor del Viento Ediciones, 1997.

———. ¿Qué es el imperialismo? Barcelona: Ediciones La Gaya Ciencia, 1976. Print.

“Victoria Saharaui Abril” el mundo.es. El Mundo. May 1, 2010. Web. May 10, 2010.Vila-San Juán, Sergio. Pasado página. Autores y editores en la España de la democra-

cia. Madrid: Destino, 2003. Print.

Bibliography 213

Vilarós, Teresa. “The Passing of the Xarnego Immigrant: Postnationalism and the Ideologies of Assimilation in Catalonia.” Arizona Journal of Hispanic Cultural Studies 7 (2003): 231–248. Print.

Vilches, María Francisca de. “Ramón J. Sender como crítico literario (1929–1936).” Revista de literatura 45: 89 (1983) 73–94. Print.

Villanova, José Luis. “La organización territorial del Protectorado español en Marruecos.” Revista de Estudios Internacionales Mediterraneos. January–December 2010. Web. January 15, 2012.

Von Sivers, Peter. “Northwest Africa and the Western Sahara.” Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines 15. 1 (1981): 124–127. Print.

Wexler, Paul. The Non-Jewish Identity of the Sephardic Jews. New York: Suny, 1996. Print.

Wisse, Ruth R. The Modern Jewish Canon: A Journey through Language And Culture. New York: Free Press, 2000. Print.

Ybarra, Maria Concepción. “La rebelión del Rif (1958–1959).” Historia Contemporánea 10 (1997): 333–347. Print.

Zapata-Barrero, Ricard. “Filosofies de la immigració i autogovern: el Quebec, Flandes i Catalunya.” Revista d’Estudis Autonòmics i Federals 2 (2006): 177–223. Print.

Žižek, Slavoj. “Christians, Jews and Other Criminals: A Critique of Jean-Claude Milner” Lacan.com 2004. Web. June 3, 2008.

Abdelaziz, Mulei, 134–5Abdelhafi d, Mulei, 134–5Abrams, Sam, 139–40, 146Abuzeid, Leila, 67Adloff , Richard, 157, 172Adorno, Th eodor, 35–6, 79–80Africanista discourse, 1–2, 8–9Albert, Caterina, 147–8Al Mansour, Mohamed, 62–3Amine, Khalid, 130–2Amorós, Oriol, 128Arab League, 161Arab Sephardim, 92–3Aragón Reyes, Manuel, 124Arimany, Miquel, 126Ashkenazic literary canon, 78Aub, Max, 31Authorship, 172Ayache, Abdallah, 60–1Aziza, Mimoun, 66, 185Aznar, Jose María, 164

Baepler, Paul Michel, 57Bachoud, Andrée, 28–9Balfour, Sebastia, 46–7, 64–5Barea, Arturo, 30–1, 36

La forja de un rebelde, 30, 48, 52, 186

Barral, Carlos, 20Basfao, Kacem, 73Benarroch, Mois, 84, 187

En las puertas de Tánger, 96–9Lucena, 96

Bendahan, Esther, 84–104, 187Dejalo, ya volveremos, 86Deshojando alcachofas, 85–6La cara de Marte, 99–102“Memoria rota de los judíos de

Marruecos,” 90“No recuerdo manzanitas rojas,

pero si fi shuelas,” 103Soñar con Hispania, 84–5

Ben Jelloun, Tahar, 67, 69Berrada, Mohammed, 67

Th e game of Forgetting, 73–4Bilingualism, 93–6Boicha, Limam, 173Bouissef-Rekab, Mohamed, 186

Aixa, el cielo de Pandora, 70El dédalo de Abdelkrim, 61

Bourdieu, Pierre, 68Braidotti, Rosi, 165Buñuel, Luis, 32

El angel exterminador, 85Las Hurdes: tierra sin pan, 31

Burke, Edmund, 45

Candel, Francisco, 126Candela, Romero, 172Canetti, Elias, 187

Auto Da Fe, 100–1Crowds and Power, 85Voices of Marrakech, 101–2

Cánovas del Castillo, Antonio, 117Carrasquer, Francisco, 37Carro, Antonio, 160–1

Index

Index216

Casals, Jesús, 139Casbah, 91Cervantes, Miguel de, 57–9Chakrabarty, Dipesh, 187, 191Cherkaui, Mohamed, 158Chraibi, Driss, 67Cohen, Albert, 85Cola Alberich, Julio, 161Commoditization of the New

Romantic novel, 36–7

Daoudi, Ahmed, 129–36, 187–8Deleuze & Guattari, 159, 164–5, 180,

188Delgado, Elena, 20, 122–3, 186Del Pino Olmedo, Francisco Luís, 142Derrida, Jacques, 165, 187

Th e Monolinguism of the Other, 93–6

Of Grammatology, 88Dhimma, 91Díaz-Fernández, José, 27–8, 186

Critique of Surrealism, 31El blocao, 29–30, 38–9El nuevo romanticismo, 29–30

Diplomatic protections, 92División Azul, 111–14D’Ors, Eugeni, 143Dueñas, Maria, 190

Eagleton, Terry, 37Echevarria, Ignacio, 19, 35Écriture bilingue, 93–6El Hachmi, Najat, 137, 187–8

“Entrevista,” 141“He intentado alejarme de unos

orígenes que duelen,” 138–9Jo també soc catalana, 197L’últim patriarca, 137“No soy símbolo de nada,” 138

El-Harti, Larbi, 186Después de Tanger, 69–70

El Maleh, Edmon, 90–1

EnlightenmentEthnocentric notion of modernity,

79–81Epps, Brad, 120–1, 125Espriu, Salvador, 122Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya

(ERC), 163Europe, concept of

in Elias Canetti, 100–1in Esther Bendahan, 100–1in Solé Tura, 108–9

Fernández Parrilla, Gonzalo, 67–9Fetish, 154, 174–84Fiedler, Leslie, 79Franco, Francisco, 159–60Fraser, Nancy, 109Frente Polisario, 155, 158, 159, 168,

172, 182–3Fuentes, Victor, 27Fundación para el Análisis y los Estudios

Sociales (FAES), 164Fuster, Joan, 142–3

Galán, Carlos Javier, 163García-Canclini, Nestor, 71–2García Ramos, Juan Manuel, 163Gaudio, Attilio, 156–7Generación de la amistad, 172Generación del boom demográfi co

español, 18–20Ghellab, Abdelkarim, 67Gímenez Caballero, Ernesto, 114,

118–19González García, Isidoro, 117–18González Márquez, Felipe, 161Goytisolo, Juan, 19, 26–7, 72, 186Green March, 155

Habermas, Jürgen, 125, 165Halqa, 130–2Hansen, Hans Lauge, 106Hassan I, 134

Index 217

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 181Hernández-Regant, Ariana, 174Herrero-Olaizola, Alejandro, 68Herzberger, David, 83–4Hispano-Saharawi fraternity, 153,

159–66Hispanotropicalism, 9, 65Hodges, Tony, 160Hoff man, Katherine E., 64Hollier, Dennis, 31Horkheimer, Max, 35–6, 79–80Huntington, Samuel, 138

Ilkjaer, Jeppem, 100–1Immigration, 9–10, 126–8, 129, 132,

138, 140, 149, 171, 187, 189–91

International Court of Justice, 154Izaguirre, Marian, 186

El león dormido, 54–60

Jameson, Frederic, 170Jensen, Erik, 158Jewish diaspora

lacanian interpretation of, 88–90

Jouissance, 170

Khatibi, Abdelkebir, 187“Nationalisme et internationalisme

littéraires,” 93–6, 98

Laabi, Abdelatif, 67Laalaj, Ahmed, 131Larosi, Sas Nah, 176–8Laroui, Abdallah, 60Laroui, Fouad, 67Laskier, Michael M., 91Leante, Luís, 167, 179Levi, Primo, 115López Bargados, Roberto, 157Lorenzo, Arturo, 68Ludmer, Josefi na, 20–1

Madariaga, Maria Rosa, 61, 67Maeztú, Ramiro de, 162Mainer, José Carlos, 118Malley, Robert, 180Manrique, Jorge, 111Maragall, Joan, 119–20Martínez Estudillo, Luis, 84Martínez de Pisón, Ignacio, 23, 186

Una guerra africana, 35–6, 38–41Martín-Márquez, Susan, 9, 65–6,

153–4, 172, 176, 178, 181, 185Martín-Rodriguez, Manuel, 133Martín Santos, Luis, 25–6, 32Mayrata, Ramón, 181–3Mellah, 91Mendoza, Eduardo, 20Menéndez Tolosa, Camilo, 160Mercer, John, 156Merino, Eloy, 162Mignolo, Walter, 26–7Miller, Christopher, 165Miller, Stephen, 25, 32Milner, Jean-Claude, 89Minurso, 155Mojtar, Bachir Mohamed Ali, 178–81Monolingualism, 93–6, 103Moretti, Franco, 146Movimiento por la Autodeterminación

e Independencia del Archipielago Canario (MPAIAC), 163

Muñoz Molina, Antonio, 83–4, 187Ardor guerrero, 108“El nacionalismo y el niño interior,”

110“La historia y el olvido,” 108Sefarad, 103–15, 122

Munt, Silvia, 178

Nación de naciones, 124National identity

as Derridean good/bad writing, 87–8

lacanian interpretation of, 88–90

Index218

National identity—Continuednationalism, 5, 11, 93, 108–11, 114,

118, 121–6, 131, 142, 157Peripheral national identities, 9–10,

12, 108–10, 115, 120, 123–4, 185, 189

Navajas, Gonzalo, 21Naylor, Philip, 161Nerín, Gustau, 65Nomad, 165–6, 167, 181, 188Norris, T. H., 158Nuñez Seixas, Xosé, 112–14

Ojeda Mata, Maite, 92Orejudo, Antonio, 18–19Ortega y Gasset, José, 25–6, 186

Paraliterature, 95–6Pardo Bazán, Emilia, 118Partido de Unión Nacional Saharaui

(PUNS), 154Partido Popular (PP), 163–4Partido Socialista Obrero Español

(PSOE), 161, 163Pennell, C. R., 61, 134–5Pérez Galdós, Benito, 25, 32, 186

Aita Tettauen, 32–3Pietz, William, 174–6, 180, 188Plà, Josep, 142Pluralism of repressive tolerance, 124Pujol, Oriol, 190Pulido, Antonio, 117

Rajoy, Mariano, 190Ramon Llull, literary prize, 137, 140Readerly pleasure, 170Regnault, François, 89República Arabe Saharaui Democrática

(RASD), 157, 164Resina, Joan Ramón, 121, 143Rhizome, 159Ricci, Christian, 71Riudor, Lluís, 66

Rodoreda, Mercé, 141–9, 188Rubert de Ventós, Xavier, 123

Saaf, Abdalah, 66Saddiki, Tayeb, 131Sagasta, Práxedes Mateo, 117Saharawi Confl ict (chronology),

153–5Saharawi nationalism, 159–66,

174–84Said, Edward, 138Salhi, Kamil, 130–2Sánchez-Mesa Martínez, Domingo,

133Santana, Mario, 20, 68Sarkozy, Nicholas, 10, 190Schammah Gesser, Silvina, 117–18Sender, Ramón J., 28, 183

Cabrerizas altas, 36Imán, 36, 49

Sephardic autobiography, 77–8Setmana Tràgica, 3–4Silva, Lorenzo

Carta blanca, 35–6, 47–53El alquimista impaciente, 20El lejano país de los estanques, 20El nombre de los nuestros, 35–6,

41–7Introduction to Imán, 22La puerta de los vientos, 53Rif 1921: una historia olvidada,

53–4Solé Tura, Jordi, 108–9Soysal, Yasemin, 126–7Spanish fi losemitism, 11–14, 117–19Spanish periperal national identities,

108–10Spanish Protectorate

Absence of literary and historiographical representation, 18

Rearticulation of Spanish State, 4–9Spivak, Gayatri, 123–4Stavans, Illan, 79

Index 219

Strategic essentialism, 123–4Stutcliff e, Adam, 79–81

Th omas, Dominic, 191Th ompson, Virginia, 157, 172Torrente Ballester, Gonzalo, 25Treaty of Fez, 133Trigano, Shlomo, 78, 81Tripartite Accords, 161

Ugarte, Michael, 145–6Unamuno, Miguel de, 121

United Nations, 154

Valera, Juán, 118Vázquez Montalbán,

Manuel, 20Vilarós, Teresa, 126–7Vila-San Juán, Sergio, 20Von Sivers, Peter, 157

Zapata-Barrero, Ricard, 126–8Zionism, 81, 90Žižek, Slavoj, 89–90