Notes

Introduction: Transmesis and Postcolonial Reason

1 . Besides producing the Latin Vulgate Bible, in his letter to Pammachius, Jerome (ca. 345–420 CE) also composed the first deliberate work of transla-tion theory in the West. See Jerome, “Letter.”

2 . For a further and more detailed reading of this painting, see Jochen Hörisch, Die Andere Goethezeit 86–88.

3 . Marianne Marroum has coined the very similar term transmimesis but means something rather different by it: a “multifarious mimesis coupled with transculturation” (“ Kalila wa dimna ” 512).

4 . I am using postcolonial in its most basic sense, as referring to the rise of inde-pendent nation-states in the place of modern colonial territories. Postcolonial studies, then, analyzes the “discourse on this condition that is informed by epistemological and psychic orientations that are products of [it]” (Dirlik 54).

5 . Emphasis Wittgenstein’s. Readers will note in the German the repetition of “ übersehen ,” which literally means to look over something, the “over” cor-responding to the sur- in survey. I have emended Anscombe’s translation to emphasize this point.

6 . Wittgenstein’s famous example of the “beetle-in-a-box,” section 293 of the Philosophical Investigations , in which a number of people have boxes with a “beetle” inside, but each person is allowed to see inside only his own box, provides yet another variant of the black-box idea.

7 . In “Translation without Original,” Apter also treats at length “classic” liter-ary pseudotranslations such as Pierre Louÿs’s Chansons de Bilitis (1894), which he claimed to be poems by a sixth-century Greek-Turkish poetess, and Kenneth Rexroth’s One Hundred More Poems from the Japanese (1974).

8 . I take this to be the position of both Julia Kristeva in Revolution in Poetic Language, and of Niklas Luhmann in “Redescription of Romantic Art” and other writings. Both Kristeva and Luhmann posit a radical shift in the object of mimesis toward language and self-reference that takes place in romanticism.

9 . The table is Sternberg’s (224), with some alterations and the addition of examples.

232 Notes

10 . Indeed, Gideon Toury has proposed the idea of a “native translator.” See his “The Notion of ‘Native Translator.’”

1.1 Herizons of Translation: Nicole Brossard

1 . The French title of the second part, “Un livre à traduire,” contains an ambi-guity that does not come over into English, which gives only the active idea of a project to be undertaken. French frequently uses the pronoun à as a sub-stitute for the genitive of quality, hence “a book of translation,” or “a trans-lating book,” as though it were a machine that would help Laures translate.

2 . Susan McGahan (“Cleavages”) surprisingly points to Mélanie herself as the murderer. Certainly there is a deliberate lack of accusative on the part of Laure Angestelle.

3 . The French literally asks her to “have herself screwed,” which is supposedly more in line with anatomical possibilities than the English reflexive.

1.2 Shoot the Transtraitor! The Translator as Homo Sacer

1 . Unfortunately, though Kristeva’s text provides plenty of detail on Gloria’s erotic life, it says nothing specific about her translation activities, not even regarding the genres she translates out of and into.

2 . I wish to gratefully acknowledge the information provided by Işın Bengi Öner, Elif Yilmaz, and Irem Ustunsoz for allowing me to read their work on various additional instances where translators have been placed in parlous situations by “their” cultures. (Most of their examples are drawn from works translated into Turkish.) Their scholarship reveals in a pointed fashion the choice trans-lators face between being ethically invisible and visibly unethical.

3 . For critical and theoretical analysis of this topic, see the special issue of Linguística Antverpiensia , Translation as Creation: The Postcolonial Influence.

4 . On Couto’s unique style in Portuguese and the problems associated with translating it, see Andrés Xosé Salter Iglesias, “Translating Mia Couto.”

2.1 Unknown Language and Radical Translation

1 . Starting with his 1981 Roots of Language, linguist Derek Bickerton has been using the formation of pidgins and creoles as the basis for understand-ing how humans created language.

Notes 233

2 . I owe my discovery of Cros’s text to Haun Saussy, “Interplanetary Literature,” the presidential address at the ACLA Convention in Vancouver, delivered 1 April 2011.

2.3 Translating Ptydepe

1 . For a comparison of Havel’s use of the absurd with that by Western play-wrights such as Eugene Ionesco and Tom Stoppard, see Robert Skloot, “Václav Havel: The Once and Future Playwright.”

2 . One subtlety not reproduced in the English translation is the difference in address between the interlocutors in this dialogue. Gross uses “ Kolego náměstku ” to address Gross, while Gross responds with “ kolego řediteli .” The two terms reflect the relative hierarchy of the two within the company, whereas a common Mr . levels this out, though it does reflect the excessive formality used to mask aggressivity.

3 . In all, the scene shows the influence of Eugene Ionesco’s 1951 play, La leçon , where a supposedly innocent tutoring session ends with the professor mur-dering his pupil.

4 . Gerhard F. Strasser, “From Global Languages to Languages of Concealment: Linguistic Experiments in the Early Modern Period,” unpublished paper.

5 . The English examples are quite far from the Czech ones but will provide the basis for my discussion.

Part Three Conversion

1 . For a more detailed analysis of Akutagawa, see Beebee and Amano, “Pseudotranslation in the Fiction of Akutagawa Ryunosuke.”

3.1 Borges Translating Ibn Rushd Translating Aristotle

1 . I will give Ibn Rushd’s full transliterated Arabic name below, but in the main I will refer to him exclusively by the Latinized “Averroes,” since the majority of writing on the philosopher cited in this chapter makes use of this phonetic translation of his name. Note as well that Spanish uses a diaresis for the sec-ond e in his name (English-language practice varies), which I preserve only in quotations from that language.

2 . My thanks to Dr. Muhammed Al-Atawneh of Ben-Gurion University for making me aware of this.

3 . Elsewhere (iv), however, Butterworth calls the use of the terms madih and hija’ a “basic confusion” on the part of Averroes.

234 Notes

3.3 Transmutation, Transmigration, and Forgetting as Conversion: Milorad Pavic’s Dictionary of the Khazars

1 . Pavić was not the first to publish a speculative historical novel on the Khazars. Selig Schachnowitz’s In the Jewish State of the Khazars ( Im Judenstaat der Chasaren ) appeared in German in 1920, and Samuel Gordon’s The Lost Kingdom in English in 1926. The paucity of historical records leaves plenty of room for fictional explorations of this kind.

2 . On the narrative complexity of the Dictionary , see Tomislav Z. Longinovic, “Chaos, Knowledge, and Desire”; on its self-reflexivity, see N. Katherine Hayles, “Corporeal Anxiety in Dictionary of the Khazars .”

3 . A modern Khazar controversy concerns the degree to which Ashkenazi Jews might trace their origins to the Judaized Khazars. For a review of the evi-dence on the Jewish question, see Paul Wexler 534–41.

4 . Wallachian is another term for Romanian. 5 . Fredric Jameson, “Third World Literature in the Era of Multinational

Capitalism”; for a major contestation of Jameson’s thesis, cf. Aijaz Ahmad, “Jameson’s Rhetoric of Otherness and the ‘National Allegory.’”

6 . Pavić, Istorija srpske knjizevnosti 334; cited in Ramadanovic, “Language and Crime in Yugoslavia” 191.

7 . For a fuller account of these differential terms, see Peter Mentzel, “Remembering and Inventing: A Short History of the Balkans.”

8 . I have not been able to find another example of a triply hybridized language name for a natural language. In the 1950s, students at the University of Singapore created an artificial language, Engmalchin, by incorporating English with Malayan and Chinese in their literary writings. The experiment was short-lived (see Holden, “Engmalchin”).

9 . I have not obtained “independent confirmation” of Croatian writer Dubravka Ugresic’s account of Pavić’s excessive code switching, especially in its details (did he really speak with Basques?), though in its perception of the twin ideologies of linguistic fragmentation and nationalism embodied in the Dictionary, hers does agree with Andrew Wachtel’s assessment.

Part Four Postcolonial Dérivations

1 . Eric Cheyfitz’s Poetics of Imperialism argues that “translation was, and still is, the central act of European colonization and imperialism in the Americas” (104). However, Cheyfitz uses a much broader notion of translation than I do in this study.

2 . Takallouf has been honored by inclusion in the lexicon of untranslatable words at the website betterthanenglish.com, which is dedicated to conveying

Notes 235

non-English words and expressions that are better left in the original. The rough English equivalent given there is “formality.”

3 . The German verb Aufheben means both “to keep” and “to cancel.” In the philosophy of G. F. W. Hegel, it represents the action of the dialectic, and its standard English translation is “to sublimate.”

4.1 Abdelkébir Khatibi’s Love in Two Languages

1 . In explaining an illustration of his book on Islamic calligraphy (coauthored with Mohammed Sizelmassi), Khatibi notes that kalima “simply means ‘word’” ( L’art calligraphique 127).

2 . “ Hay un falso utopismo . . . consistente en creer que lo que el hombre desea, proyecta y se propone es, sin más, posible ” (438; “There is a false utopia-nism . . . which consists of the belief that what man wants, projects, and plans is also immediately possible”).

4.2 Faking Translation: Derivative Aboriginality in the Fiction

of B. Wongar

1 . As shown for example in Graham Huggan, “Ethnic Autobiography and the Cult of Authenticity,” and Margaret Nolan, “The Demidenko Affair and Australian Hoaxes.” As the title of Nolan’s piece indicates, Australian literary hoaxes are not limited to whites masquerading as Aborigines; nor, of course, are authorial masquerade and ventriloquism unique to Australia.

2 . I have not been able to locate any information about a place called “Galwan” in Australia. The closest I could come was a plant name. Plonk , interestingly, is an Australian slang term for booze.

3 . Specifically, in 1994 Leon Carmen published My Own Sweet Time under the name “Wanda Koolmatrie.”

4 . The African American lineage appears to be true, as documented by Cassandra Pybus (“From ‘Black’ Caesar to Mudrooroo”; see esp. 36–37), and the reaction to it and to the question of belonging ranges across a wide spectrum. Colin Johnson was given by his impoverished parents to a boys’ home where he grew up with Aborigines.

5 . That Wongar is not the only Australian writer to face this critique can be seen from Lars Jensen’s study of Les Murray and David Malouf in “Territorial Pains or Gains.”

6 . RW stands for Ray Willbanks, BW for B. Wongar. 7 . According to J. M. Arthur, him is often used in aboriginal English for the

subject of a sentence ( Aboriginal English 206).

236 Notes

Conclusion: Ten Reasons Why Translators Should Read Fiction

1 . “Concretization” was developed by Roman Ingarden, the notion of gaps by Wolfgang Iser.

2 . José María Rodríguez García’s “Literary into Cultural Translation,” for example, never pauses to distinguish between what the title implies are two different approaches to translation.

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1001 Nights , 41

Abadi, Marcelo, 129 Abdullah, Adnan, 209 Aborigines (Australian), 19 , 24 ,

172 , 175 , 176 , 192 , 193–216 , 235n1, 235n4

Absurdism, 96 Abu-Bishr, 116 , 120 Aeschylos, 129 Afghanistan, 87 Agamben, Giorgio, 54 , 55 , 58 , 222 Ahmad, Aijaz, 234n5 Ajello, Aldo, 60 Akutagawa, Ryūnosuke, 111–12 ,

233n1 al-Andalus, 115 , 135 , 148 , 154 Al-Atawneh, Muhammed, 233n2 Albanian, 166 Alchemy, 77 Al-Farabi, 119 , 120 , 125 Algeria, 190–92 al-Ghazali, 120 Aljamiado, 145 All in the Family , 227 Allah, 113 Allen, Woody, 27–28 al-Mutannabi, 127 Alonso, Carlos J., 123 Amano, Ikuho, 233n1

Anderson, Kristine, 41 Andrés, Giovanni, 135 Apter, Emily, 6 , 11 , 13 , 59 , 183 ,

185 , 231n7 Arabic, 12 , 16 , 23 , 24 , 53 , 104–05 ,

110 , 113 , 116 , 117 , 119 , 120 , 122 , 124z , 125 , 126 , 127 , 128 , 129 , 130 , 131 , 134 , 135 , 137 , 139 , 141 , 142 , 144–46 , 148 , 149 , 150 , 156 , 159 , 174 , 175 , 176 , 178 , 179 , 181 , 182 , 184–90 , 191 , 220 , 222 , 227 , 233n1

Argens, Marquis de, 138 Aristotle, 4 , 14 , 46 , 107 , 125 , 126 ,

127 , 128 , 129 , 130 , 131 , 162 , 233

Averroism, 115 vs. Plato, 118 , 122 Poetics , 115–22 , 162

Arrojo, Rosemary, 217 , 225 Arthur, J. M., 235n7 Asad, Talal, 81 , 220 Asín Palacios, Miguel, 131 Assmann, Jan, 113 Augustine, Saint, 27 Austen, Jane, 15 , 45 Australia, 19 , 170 , 175 , 193–213

languages of, 205 literature of, 205 , 235n1 Parliament of, 201

Index

This index contains references to all languages mentioned in the text, most frequently in adjectival form, e.g. English, Greek, Indonesian, etc.

258 Index

Austrian Empire, 166 Averroes, 5 , 115–32 , 173 , 180 , 201 ,

219 , 221 , 226 , 233n1, 233n3 biography of, 119–20

Avicenna, 120 , 125

Babel, 30 , 45 , 69 , 92 , 154 , 156 , 158 , 165 , 166 , 174 , 190 , 191 , 195 , 224

Bacon, Francis, 101 Bactrian, 87–88 Baker, Mona, 222 Balagtas, Francisco, 198 Baldwin, James, 203 Balkans, 155 , 165 , 174 , 213 Banks, Russell, 202 Barnette, Linda C., 140 Basque, 148 Basques, 168 , 234n9 Bassnett, Susan, 9 , 17 Baudelaire, Charles, 46 Baudrillard, Jean, 47 Ben Jelloun, Tahar, 183 Bengali (language), 21 , 22 Benjamin, Walter, 32 , 55 , 77 , 154 ,

173–74 , 189 , 191 , 224 Bensmaïa, Réda, 177 , 187 Berber, 175 , 181–82 , 185 Berbers, 149 Berlioz, Hector, 65–66 , 90 Berman, Antoine, 226 Bery, Ashok, 220 Bible, 2 , 41 , 224–26 , 231n1

Genesis, 154 , 190–91 Leviticus, 45

Bickerton, Derek, 232n1 biography, 32

L’Amère, 32 L’Aviva, 32 Mauve Desert , 22 , 31–46 , 219 Picture Theory, 32 , 169

Bishr, Abu, 125 black box, 3–11 , 16 , 20–21 , 23 , 24 ,

30–31 , 50 , 65 , 73 , 78 , 84 , 105 ,

108 , 112–13 , 115 , 131 , 139 , 162 , 168 , 175–76 , 218 , 223 , 227 , 231n1

definition of, 6–7 diagram of, 7

Boccaccio, 52 Boer, Roland, 204 Borges, Jorge Luis, 5 , 67 , 108 , 113 ,

115–32 , 156 , 160 , 173 , 178 , 201 , 219 , 221 , 223 , 226

“Averroes’s Search,” 115–32 “The Circular Ruins,” 131 “Destino escandinavo,” 115 “Pierre-Menard, Author of the

Quixote,” 97–98 “Some Versions of Homer,” 124 “Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius,”

95 , 97 on translation, 122–24

Bosnian, 167 Bossart, W. H., 129 Boym, Svetlana, 13 Brahma, 113 Breen, Gavan, 209 Brisset, Jean-Pierre, 13 Brodzki, Bella, 80 , 153 Brossard, Nicole, 22 , 29 , 31–46 ,

169 , 170 , 178 , 180 , 183 , 219 Buck, Pearl S., 15 Buddhism, 112 Burger, Peter, 85 Burke, Kenneth, 28 Butterworth, Charles, 121 , 130 ,

233n3 Byron, Lord, 106 Byzantium, 52 , 154

Cabanelas, Darío, 147 Cadalso, José, 5 , 113 , 133–50 , 181

biography of, 135 Cartas marruecas, 133–49 Noches lúgubres, 135

calligraphy, 53 , 58 , 175 , 182 , 184 , 185 , 187 , 188 , 189 , 235n1

Index 259

Calvino, Italo, 25 , 84 , 225 Cameron, James, 68 Cantarino, Vicente, 125 Caravaggio, 2 Carey, Peter, 193–94 Carey, Phyllis, 97 , 100 Carlos III, 137 Carmen, Leon, 235n3 Case, Thomas E., 146 Caspian Sea, 156 Castilian. See Spanish Castro, Américo, 147 Catford, J. C., 126 Celan, Paul, 229 Cervantes, Miguel de, 12 , 144 ,

See also Don Quixote Chakrabarty, Dipesh, 112–13 , 215 Chapman, George, 124 chemistry, 77 Cheyfitz, Eric, 234n1 China, 138 Chinese, 15 , 23 , 109 , 217 , 221 , 234n8 Chomsky, Noam, 74 Chorukor, 101 , 104–08 Chozick, Amy, 68 Chraïbi, Driss, 183 Christianity, 81 , 110–12 , 138 , 141 ,

144 , 147 , 148 , 149 , 150 , 152 , 155 , 156 , 158 , 160 , 163 , 174 , 195

Catholicism, 166 Jesuit order, 112 , 136 Orthodox, 154

Colantonio, 2 Coltman, Derek, 37 comedy, 53 , 116 , 118 , 124 , 125 ,

127 , 130 , 201 Comenius, John Amos, 105 Constantine. See Cyril conversion, 3 , 6 , 10 , 84 , 109–68 , 216 Cortázar, Julio, 90 Couto, Mia, 16 , 59 , 218 , 222 , 226 Coward, Noël, 45

Cranach, Lucas, 2

Croatian, 167 , 168 Croats, 165 , 168 Cros, Charles, 67 , 78–80 cultural translation, 60 , 81 , 122 ,

145–47 , 195 , 220–21 Cyril, Saint, 2 , 157 , 158 Cyrillic, 126 , 159 , 167 Czech, 25 , 98 , 103 , 233n5

Dahiyat, Ismail, 116 Dalgarno, George, 101 Damrosch, David, 153 Danielson, David J., 123 Dante, 216 Davidson, Donald, 74 , 77 Dawkins, Richard, 77 de Man, Paul, 205 Derrida, Jacques, 21 , 28 , 58 , 59 ,

80 , 110–12 , 190–91 , 220–21 Rogues, 95

Descartes, René, 101 Deutscher, Guy, 74 Devi, Mahasweta, 21 , 22 Dickens, Charles, 106 Dictionary of the Khazars .

See Pavic, Milorad Dingwaney, Anuradha, 17 Dinka, 220 Döblin, Alfred, 67 Don Quixote , 12 , 76 , 108 , 123 ,

144–48 Dothraki, 68 Dragović-Drouet, Mila, 51 Drewe, Robert, 202 Dryden, John, 46 , 229 Dufresnay, A. M., 138 Duranti, Francesca, 67

Dürer, Albrecht, 2 Dutt, Madhusudhan, 173 Dzhabayev, Dzhambul, 12

Eco, Umberto, 162 , 186 Egypt, 157 Elia, Nada, 118 , 119

260 Index

Eliot, T. S., 28 , 83 , 92 Else, Gerald, 118 English, 3 , 4 , 6 , 9 , 14 , 15 , 27 , 33 ,

34 , 37 , 45 , 50 , 52 , 53 , 55 , 57 , 62 , 68 , 69 , 72 , 73 , 76 , 79 , 81 , 83 , 85 , 90 , 91 , 95 , 98 , 102 , 105 , 111 , 113 , 121 , 123 , 126 , 127 , 130 , 135 , 139 , 152 , 156 , 165 , 167 , 170–71 , 174 , 175 , 185 , 195 , 196 , 197 , 198 , 199–201 , 203 , 205 , 206 , 216 , 220 , 221 , 223 , 225 , 227 , 233n5 , 234n2

Aboriginal, 207 Australian, 194 , 208–14 , 235n2 ,

235n7 as imperial language, 21–24 , 106 Singaporean, 173 , 234n8 Victorian, 24

Engmalchin, 234n8 Ernst, Carl, 110 Esperanto, 81–82 , 101 eulogy, 116 , 121 , 124 , 128 Europe, 52 , 53 , 96 , 101 , 107 , 113 ,

115 , 119 , 134 , 135 , 139 , 144 , 165 , 202 , 213

Even-Zohar, Itamar, 11

Farabi Ibn Kora, 157 , 159 Felstiner, John, 8 Fichte, J. G., 20 Fielding, Henry, 76 Finnegan’s Wake , 15 , 91 Flotow, Luise von, 33 Foer, Jonathan, 13–14 Foley, William A., 74 Fontane, Theodor, 67 Forsyth, Louise, 39 Foucault, Michel, 202–03 France, 78 , 101 , 131 , 134 , 136 , 138 ,

178 , 181 FRELIMO, 60 French, 41 , 66 , 141 , 166 , 175 , 178 ,

184 , 186 , 214 French Revolution, 133 Freud, Sigmund, 29 , 30 , 227

Freytag’s triangle, 91 Frisian, 69 Frolof, 172 Frommer, Paul R., 68 fusion of horizons. See horizon,

fusion of

Gadamer, Hans-Georg, 35–36 Gaelic, 12 García Garrosa, María Jesús, 134 Gaulle, Charles de, 190 Gelder, Geert Jan van, 127 Genouni, Abdelslam, 187 Gentzler, Edwin, 17 Gerli, Michael, 146 German, 12 , 20 , 44 , 62 , 67 , 90 , 95 ,

96 , 111 , 165 , 166 , 174 , 198 , 224 , 226 , 231n5 , 234n1 , 235n3

Gestell , 43–44 Ghirlandaio, 2 Glagolitic, 159 Godard, Barbara, 31 Goethe, J. W. von, 229 Goldsmith, Oliver, 138 Golumbia, David, 80–81 Gordon, Samuel, 234n1 Gould, Karen, 41 Goya, Francisco de, 139 Graf, E. C., 148 Graffigny, Madame de, 138 Greek, 3 , 4 , 34 , 44 , 52 , 58 , 67 , 115 ,

116 , 117 , 118 , 119 , 120 Greeks, 88 , 178 Guantánamo, 53 , 55 Gunew, Sneja, 205

Ha Jin, 15 Halabi, Ahmad I al, 53 Hamann, Johann G., 77 Hamlyn, D. W., 6 Hari, Daoud, 218 , 222 Havel, Václav, 6 , 78 , 84 , 93 , 233n1

biography, 96 Memorandum, 95–108

Index 261

Hayles, N. Katherine, 234n2 Hebrew, 13 , 16 , 119 , 147 , 151 ,

155 , 156 , 157 , 158 , 159 , 160 , 195 , 224

Hegel, G. F. W., 19 , 20 , 235n3 Heidegger, Martin, 5 , 42–44 , 227 Hermannus Alemannus, 124 Hinduism, 110 , 112–13 Holbrook, Susan, 38 Holz, Arno, 11 Homer, 52 , 124 , 216

Odyssey, 124 homo sacer , 31 , 50 , 54–55 , 58 ,

59 , 61 , 63 , 129 , 204 , 205 , 222 , 226

Hopi, 72 , 73 Hörisch, Jochen, 231n2 horizon, 32 , 34–39 , 41 , 46 , 55 ,

56 , 169–70 , 180 , 219 fusion of, 34–37

Howard, Richard, 179 , 187 Howland, John, 139 Huet, Peter Daniel, 8 , 143–44 Huggan, Graham, 235n1 Hume, David, 71 Hunain, Ishaq ibn, 120 Hungarian, 69 , 160 Husserl, Edmund, 35 hybridity, 23 , 24 , 170 , 172

Ibn Rushd. See Averroes Ido, 101 Iglesias, José, 136 , 232n4 Ilie, Paul, 139 India, 24 , 170 , 215

Indian writers, 171 Indonesian, 197 Ingarden, Roman, 236n1 Inghilleri, Moira, 54 Ingsoc, 105–06 Interlingua, 101 International Monetary Fund, 18 Ionesco, Eugène, 233n1 , 233n3 Iran, 87 Isidore, 125

Islam, 22 , 53 , 110–11 , 112–13 , 117 , 120 , 125 , 138 , 141 , 151 , 154 , 155 , 156 , 159 , 163 , 166 , 168 , 174 , 178 , 184 , 185

in Christian Spain, 144–46 Sufism, 118–19

Italian, 62 , 67 Ithkuil, 108

Jakobson, Roman, 45 , 155 , 161 , 219 James, Alison, 85 James, William, 28 Jameson, Fredric, 165 , 234n5 Japanese, 9 , 26 , 55–57 , 103 , 126 ,

221 , 226 Jefferson, Thomas, 106 Jensen, Lars, 235n5 Jerome, Saint, 1–2 , 9 , 28 , 42 ,

109–10 , 231n1 Jesenska, Milena, 25 John, Saint, 162 Jordan, Mary Ellen, 197 Joyce, James, 15 Judaism, 13 , 110 , 112 , 113 , 148 ,

151 , 152 , 154 , 156 , 159 , 163 , 234n1

Kabbalah, 163 , 164 Kafka, Franz, 25

influence on Havel, 96 “The Truth About Sancho Panza,” 85

Kant, Immanuel, 17–19 , 20 , 69 , 76 , 173 , 210

Kazakh, 12 Kemp, Gary, 77 Keneally, Thomas, 202 , 210

The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith, 208–09 , 213

Khair, Tabish, 173 Khatibi, Abdelkébir, 16 , 170 , 173 ,

176 , 177–92 , 219 , 223 , 227 Amour bilingue, 177–92 biography of, 174–75 , 178 L’art contemporain, 182 , 184 Le mémoire tatouée, 183

262 Index

Maghreb pluriel, 181 Penser le Maghreb, 182–83 The Splendour of Islamic

Calligraphy, 188 , 235n1 Khazar, 154 , 157 , 168 Khazars, 15 , 16 , 67 , 75 , 88 , 149 ,

151–68 , 234n1, 234n3 Kilito, Abdelfattah, 221–22 Kim Jong Il, 49–50 Kiraly, Donald, 8 Koraïshi, Rashid, 182 Koran. See Qur’an Kriol, 173 , 206–07 Kristal, Efraín, 122–23 Kristeva, Julia, 29–30 , 169–70 ,

231n8 , 232n1 Possessions, 51

Lacan, Jacques, 30 Lafarga, Francisco, 134 Lane, Edward William, 131 Lang, Andrew, 124 language

surveyability of, 5 Latin, 2 , 52 , 95 , 101 , 102 , 109 ,

117 , 119 , 123 , 125 , 126 , 136 , 158 , 215 , 225 , 226 , 231n1

Leaman, Oliver, 122 Leduc, Violette, 37 Legba, 225 Lindstrom, Naomi, 125 Liu, Lydia, 16 , 223 Lodwick, Francis, 101 Loki, 225 Longinović, Tomislav, 234n2 Lope, Hans-Joachim, 135 Lotbinière-Harwood, Susanne

de, 37 Louÿs, Pierre, 231n7 Lowell, Robert, 46 Lozano y Casela, Pablo, 134–35 Luhmann, Niklas, 231n8 Luther, Martin, 226 , 229

Macadam, Afred, 122 Macedonian, 168 Macpherson, James, 12 Madame Bovary, 28 , 29 Maghreb, 174 , 175 , 177–82 ,

191 , 223 Mahmud, Sultan, 110 Maier, Carol, 217–18 Malayan, 234n8 Mallarmé, Stéphane, 83 , 92 Malouf, David, 235n5 Marana, Giovanni Paolo, 138 Marías, Javier, 61–62 Marroum, Marianne, 231n3 Marshall, Alan, 202 Marx, Karl, 19 , 20 , 44 , 190 , 191 Marx-Scouras, Danielle, 190 , 191 Mathews, Harry, 6 , 9 , 78 , 82 ,

102 , 203 , 211 “The Dialect of the Tribe,” 83–93 and Oulipo, 84–85 Selected Declarations of

Dependence, 85 on translation, 83–84

Mauritian Creole, 173 McGahan, Susan, 232n2 McGuire, James, 175 Mehrez, Samia, 174 , 188 Meier, Carol, 17 Melbourne, 62 Menocal, María Rosa, 148 Menon, Nirmala, 24 Mentzel, Peter, 234n7 Menzies, Sir Robert, 201 Merrell, Floyd, 125–26 Mersenne, Marin, 101 Meschonnic, Henri, 174 Metamoro, Blas, 123 metaphor, 186 Methodius, 158–59 Mezgueldi, Zohra, 183 Milan, 67 Miller, William Ian, 110 Milton, John, 106

Khatibi, Abdelkébir—Continued

Index 263

mimesis , 2–7 , 9–11 , 14 , 15 , 28 , 67 , 68 , 88 , 96 , 115 , 118 , 123 , 129–32 , 135 , 149 , 170 , 171 , 182–83 , 188 , 197 , 209–10 , 217 , 228 , 231n3

defined, 4 of language, 14 Plato vs. Aristotle on, 118

monadism, 73 , 74 Montaigne, Michel de, 149 Montale, Eugenio, 46 Montesquieu, 134 , 135 , 138 ,

139 , 143 Montgomery, James, 76 Morocco, 134–37 , 139 , 144 , 149 ,

170 , 177–78 , 181 , 183 Mozambique, 59 , 60–61 , 63 , 226 Mudrooroo Narogin Nyoongah

(Colin Johnson), 204 , 235n4 Mughals, 112 Muhammad, 110 Muley Zidán, 137 Mungindi, 208 Murray, Les, 235n5

Na’vi, 68 Nabokov, Vladimir, 51 NATO, 96 Neruda, Pablo, 8 New Guinea, 67 Newspeak, 105–07 Newton, Sir Isaac, 107 Nida, Eugene, 109–10 , 222–23 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 80 Nilus, Sergius, 13 Niranjana, Tejaswini, 17 , 174 , 220 Nolan, Margaret, 195 , 203 , 235n1

Old Norse, 205 Öner, Işın Bengi, 232n2 ONUMOZ, 60 Oppenheimer, Robert, 42–43 Ortega y Gassett, José, 191 , 194 ,

196 , 215 , 235n2

Orwell, George, 96 1983 , 105

Ottoman Empire, 166 Oulipo, 84–85 , 87 , 103

Pagolak, 67 , 83–93 Pakistan, 60 panegyric, 128 Papias, 125 Para, 211 Paul, Saint, 111 Pavić, Milorad, 15 , 16 , 67 , 113 ,

150–68 , 180 , 221 , 234n9 biography of, 151 , 152 , 155–56 Dictionary of the Khazars,

150–68 The Inner Side of the Wind, 153 Landscape Painted with Tea, 153 Last Love in Constantinople, 153

Perec, Georges, 84 Persian, 222 Persians, 88 Peterson, David J., 68 pharmakos , 50

relation to pharmakon , 58–59 Philip II, 147 Philippines, 112 , 198 Phoenicians, 178 Pike, Kenneth, 70 Pilato, Leonzio, 52 Pipalia, 211 Plato, 4 , 14 , 59 , 80 , 115 , 118

Phaedrus, 58 Republic, 118

Polet, Theodore C., 53 Popovich, Anton, 135 Portugal, 60 , 134 Portuguese, 59 , 61 , 63 , 226 , 232n4 postcolonial studies, 3 , 4 , 5 , 16 ,

17 , 18 , 19 , 21 , 23 , 24 , 60 , 80 , 105 , 168 , 170 , 171 , 172 , 173 , 175–78 , 185 , 189 , 196 , 204 , 216 , 229 , 231n4

postlapsarian language, 154

264 Index

Potolsky, Matthew, 3 Pound, Ezra, 29 Prasad, G. J. V., 171 Premchand, Munshi, 227 Primary Chronicle of Rus’, 168 Protocols of the Elders of Zion , 13 pseudotranslation, 6 , 11–13 , 28 ,

116 , 142 , 148 , 192 , 228 in Calvino, 27

Ptydepe, 67 , 84 , 95–108 Putnam, Hilary, 76 Pybus, Cassandra, 235n4 Pyongyang, 50

Qader, Nasrin, 179 Queneau, Raymond, 84 Quijada, John, 108 Quine, Willard van Orman, 5 , 67 ,

69–82 , 84 , 86 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 107 Qur’an, 116 , 118 , 120 , 121 , 125 ,

129 , 131 , 175 , 182 , 187–89 , 222

Rafael, Vicente, 17 , 112 , 198 Ramadanovitch, Petar, 234n6 Ray, Satyajit, 227–28 Recdep, 96 , 105 Renamo, 60 Renan, Ernest, 116 , 117 , 131 Rexroth, Kennet, 231n7 Richardson, Samuel, 45 Rilke, Rainer Maria, 46 Rivera, Ray, 54 Robinson, Douglas, 11 , 17 , 27 , 28 ,

29 , 30 , 109 , 110 , 135–36 , 196 Rodríguez, Bernardo, 1–2 , 7 , 224 Rodríguez García, José María,

236n2 Romanian, 234n4 Romans, 178 Rosetta stone, 157 Rossetti, Dante Gabriel, 45 Roth, Philip, 28 Rothenberg, Jerome, 92

Rothwell, Phillip, 60 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 81 Roussel, Raymond, 13 Rushdie, Salman, 15–16 , 170

Shame , 171–72 Russian, 96 , 159 Rutherford, John, 76

Sakai, Naoki, 9 , 16 , 18 , 226 Sangari, 157 Sanskrit, 110 Santaella, Lúcia, 123 satire, 116 , 121 , 124 , 125 ,

127 , 141 Saussure, Ferdinand de, 27 Saussy, Haun, 233n2 Scarry, Elain, 27 , 44 Schachnowitz, Selig, 234n1 Schlaf, Johannes, 11 Schleiermacher, Friedrich, 228–29 Sebold, Russell, 139 Seleskovitch, Daniela, 51 Sellin, Eric, 184 semitranslation, 11 , 13 , 14 , 15 Sempere y Guarinos, Juan, 135 Serbian, 113 , 156 , 159 , 166 , 167 ,

168 , 214 Serbo-Croatian, 167 Serbs, 165 , 166 , 168 Servin, Henri, 46 Shakespeare, William, 45 , 106 ,

112 , 216 Hamlet, 100 The Merchant of Venice, 110

Sharrad, Paul, 203 , 215–16 Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 219 Shepard, Jonathan, 154 Shinto, 113 Shtovakian, 167 Sidi Hamet el Gazel, 137 Simon, Sherry, 17 Sizelmassi, Mohammed, 235n1 Skloot, Robert, 233n1 Slaughter, M. M., 105 , 107

Index 265

Slavonic, 158 Slovenes, 165 , 168 Slovenian, 168 somantics, 3 , 5 , 27 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 37 ,

87 , 177 , 185–87 defined, 3 , 26

Sophocles, 121 Soviet Union, 96 Spanglish, 170 Spanish, 126 , 133 , 160

Gallicisms in, 140–42 Spivak, Gayatri C., 17–24 , 69 , 92 ,

170 , 173 , 193 , 210 , 227 as critic of translationese, 23 on the subaltern, 214–16 as translator, 21

Star Trek , 185 Starkie, Walter, 76 Staten, Henry, 18 , 21 Steiner, George, 28–29 , 30 , 45 , 69 ,

73 , 123 , 154 , 158 , 174 , 175 , 190 , 224

Sternberg, Meir, 14–15 , 65–66 , 170 , 171 , 183 , 231n9

Stetkevyich, Suzanne, 128 Stoppard, Tom, 233n1 St-Pierre, Paul, 17 Strasser, Gerhard F., 101 , 233n4 Sturrock, John, 125 Sudan, 220 surveyability, 67 Swift, Jonathan, 106

Tagalog, 112 , 198 Tajikistan, 88 Taussig, Michael, 4–5 Team America , 49–50 , 51 , 61 Tito, Marshal, 168 Todrosi, Todros, 120 Toury, Gideon, 11–12 , 232n10 tragedy, 44 , 116 , 118 , 121 , 124 ,

125 , 127 , 128 , 129 , 130 , 173 , 190 , 201

transculturation, 3 , 217 , 231n3

transmesis, 3 , 4 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 13 , 14 , 16 , 17 , 25 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 37 , 55 , 66 , 67 , 69 , 78 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 105 , 109 , 113 , 123 , 127 , 130 , 134 , 135 , 139 , 144 , 147 , 148 , 149 , 150 , 153 , 155 , 170 , 172 , 173 , 175 , 176 , 179 , 185 , 192 , 196 , 204 , 205 , 211 , 216 , 222 , 226 , 228

defined, 2 varieties of, 6

Trilingual controversy, 158 Trivedi, Harish, 17 Tuaregs, 149 Turkish, 160 , 232n2 Turkmenistan, 88 Tymoczko, Maria, 17

Ugrešić, Dubravka, 168 , 234n9 Umayyads, 178 United Nations, 60 , 61 , 63 ,

212 , 222 Urdu, 14 , 15 , 171 , 172 , 227 , 234n2 Ustunsoz, Irem, 232n2 Uzbekistan, 87

Vance, Jack, 67 , 74–75 Vandals, 178 VanNatta, John, 53 Vargas Llosa, Mario, 51 Vargas Ponce, José de, 133–34 Velvet Revolution, 96 Venetian Republic, 166 Venuti, Lawrence, 7 , 29 Vico, Giambattista, 81 Vienna, 67 Vishnu, 113 Volapük, 101

Waanyi, 209 Wachtel, Andrew, 163 , 168 Waldheim, Kurt, 212 Wallachian, 160 , 161 , 234n4 Wang Ning, 220

266 Index

Wawrzinek, Jennifer, 34–35 Webber, Edwin, 124–25 Weisberg, Richard, 217 Wexler, Paul, 234n3 Whorf, Benjamin, 72 , 77

Whorf-Sapir hypothesis, 122 Wilkins, John, 101 Willbanks, Ray, 205 , 210 , 235n6 Winterson, Jeannette, 51–52 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 5 , 28 , 231n5,

231n6 Wolf, Mary Ellen, 182 Wolfson, Louis, 13 Wongar, B., 14 , 16 , 67 , 170 , 173 ,

175 , 176 , 193–216 , 221 , 227 , 229 , 235n5

Babaru/The Family, 193–96 biography of, 201 , 212–14 Dingoes Den , 201 , 212 , 214 Karan , 202 , 211 knowledge of Australian

languages, 210–11 The Last Pack of Dingoes, 200

pseudonym of, 204 Raki , 201 , 212–13 The Track to Bralgu, 214–15 Walg , 199 , 207

World Bank, 18 Wright, Alexis, 209 Wycliffe, John, 222

Xavier, Francis, 112

Yee, James J., 53 Yilmaz, Elif, 232n2 Yolngu, 206–07 Yoshimoto, Banana, 13 , 58 , 59 ,

63 , 162 , 180 N.P. , 13 , 55–57 , 162 , 184

Young, Edward, 136 Yugoslavia, 163 , 165 , 166 , 167 ,

168 , 234n6

Zambia, 60 Žižek, Slavoj, 165 Zuhair, 117 , 124 , 129 , 180