What are They? Comparing and Contrasting Three of the Main Counselling ApproachesWritten by listed counsellor/psychotherapist:Jane Bronwyn HolderAugust 21st, 2013

Three of the main forms of counselling can sometimes be confusing. In this article I hope to unravel and clarify some of the mystery surrounding these three types of counselling approaches by means of comparing and contrasting with reference to their differing theoretical rationale, therapeutic interventions and processes of change.The Person Centred Approach (Originator: Carl Rogers 1902 1987) focuses on the belief that we are all born with an innate ability for psychological growth if external circumstances allow us to do so. Clients become out of touch with this self-actualising tendency by means of introjecting the evaluations of others and thereby treating them as if they were their own. As well as being non-directive the counselling relationship is based on the core conditions of empathy, congruence and unconditional positive regard. By clients being prized and valued, they can learn to accept who they are and reconnect with their true selves.The Psychodynamic Approach (Originator: Sigmund Freud 1856 1939) focuses on an individuals unconscious thoughts that stem from childhood experiences and now affect their current behaviour and thoughts. The urges that drive us emanate from our unconscious and we are driven by them to repeat patterns of behaviour. Therapy includes free association, the analysis of resistance and transference, dream analysis and interpretation and is usually long term. The aim is to make the unconscious conscious in order for the client to gain insight.Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (Contributors: Ellis 1913 - & Beck 1921 - ) focuses on how an individuals thoughts and perceptions affect the way they feel (emotions) and behave. We are reactive beings who respond to a variety of external stimuli and our behaviour is a result of learning and conditioning. Because our behaviour is viewed as having being learned, it can therefore be unlearned. By helping clients to recognise negative thought patterns they can learn new positive ways of thinking which ultimately will affect their feelings and their behaviour. When comparing and contrasting these three major approaches in relation to their differing theoretical rationale, I found the following similarities between the Person Centred Approach and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. Both deal with the conscious mind, the here and now and focus on current problems and issues the client may have. They both have a positive view of human nature and view the individual as not necessarily being a product of their past experiences, but acknowledge that they are able to determine their own futures. They both attempt to improve well-being by means of a collaborative therapeutic relationship that enables and facilitates healthy coping mechanisms in clients who are experiencing psychological pain and disharmony in their lives.In comparing the similarities between the Person Centred Approach and the Psychodynamic Approach, it is possible to see some similarities and parallels between theconcepts of the actualising tendency, the organismic self and the self-concept to Freuds theory on personality structure. The id and the organismic self are both representative of that part of the psyche that is often ignored or repressed. The super-ego and the self-concept, both describe internalised rules and moral values which have been imposed upon us by significant others. The ego is similar to the actualising tendency in that it is concerned with mediating between the id and the super-ego and the actualising tendency seems to echo this.In contrasting the Person Centred Approach with Cognitive Behaviour Therapy in relation to their differing theoretical rationale Cognitive Behavioural Therapy sees behaviour as being a learned response whereas the Person Centred view is that clients have not been able to have previously self-actualised. From a Cognitive Behavioural perspective, human experience is viewed as a product of the interacting elements of physiology, cognition, behaviour and emotion. The Cognitive Behavioural Approach is based upon the theoretical rationale that the way in which we feel and behave is determined by how we perceive and structure our experience. In the Person Centred Approach, a person is viewed as having had various experiences and developing a personality as a result of these subjective experiences.In contrast to the Psychodynamic Approach, the Person Centred Approach focuses on the conscious mind and what is going on in the here-and-now whereas the Psychodynamic Approach focuses on the subconscious and looks to early childhood to examine unresolved conflicts. Freud emphasized the need to modify defences, to reduce the pressures from the superego so that the patient could become less frightened of the superego and to strengthen the ego.[1]The aim of the Person Centred Approach is self-actualisation whilst the aim of the Psychodynamic Approach is insight. The Person Centred Approach focuses on the positive belief in the human ability to self-actualise whereas the Psychodynamic Approach focuses largely on the negative aspects.In highlighting the differences intheoretical rationale between the Psychodynamic Approach and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, the Psychodynamic Approach encourages the client to uncover the past and early childhood in order to bring to memory significant events. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, however, focuses on the here and now and is goal orientated. The Psychodynamic Approach sees us as being driven by unconscious urges whereas Cognitive Behavioural Approach sees our behaviour as being a learned response.Freuds structural model states that the human psyche is an interaction of the three forces: the id, the ego and the superego and he also assumed that we are driven by inherent sexual and aggressive drives. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy sees functioning or dysfunctioning as being a learned response to external stimuli.In looking atthe similarities between the Person Centred Approach and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy with regard to their therapeutic interventions both utilise the core conditions of empathy, unconditional positive regard and congruence but in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy it is used mainly in the establishing of the working alliance. The creation of a relationship of safety and trust is an essential first step in CBT, as in any form of therapy.[2]In both these approaches, the relationship between client and counsellor is similar by means of the counsellor being congruent and both would use the skills of reflection, paraphrasing and summarising. In both these approaches, the client is prepared for the eventual ending a few sessions before the actual end of therapy. Both would use awareness techniques.The therapeutic intervention of immediacy used in the Person Centred Approach could be compared to the technique of transference used in the Psychodynamic Approach however; in the Person Centred Approach, the emphasis on the present replaces the investigative perspective of the Psychodynamic Approach.In comparison,the differences between the therapeutic interventions used in the Person Centred Approach and the Cognitive Behavioural Approach, the Person Centred Approach is non-directive whereas CBT is taught and is goal orientated. In Cognitive Behavioural Therapy clients are taught skills which are needed and necessary for them to change which would in turn reduce their emotional angst and change their behaviour. In the Person Centred Approach growth is self-directed. The number of sessions in the Person Centred Approach can be open ended whereas CBT has a set period.When looking at themaindifferences between Person Centred Approach and the Psychodynamic Approach the Person Centred counsellor would encourage the client to seek the solution to their problem within themselves and would not attempt interpretation which is the major therapeutic intervention of the Psychodynamic Approach. The Person Centred Approach pays no attention to the issue of transference. The relationship between the client and the counsellor is also different in that in the Person Centred Approach the core conditions are a vital tool whereas in the Psychodynamic Approach the counsellor is a blank slate onto which the client can project.There arehowever some similaritiesbetween the Psychodynamic Approach and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. Many of our schemas were put in place when we were very young and stem from childhood, this learned response and behavior could be linked to the Psychodynamic intervention of linking childhood events and associated feelings to current problems.Looking at thedifferences in the therapeutic interventions between Psychodynamic Approach and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy the key therapeutic interventions used in the Psychodynamic Approach are free association, thematic apperception test / Rorschach inkblot test, parapraxis, interpretation of transference, dream analysis, hypnosis and regression. In Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, the techniques used could be systematic desensitisation, reinforcement techniques, forceful disputing, reality testing and the identifying of automatic thoughts. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy is directive and is goal orientated and does not look at the clients past. In Psychodynamic Therapy, there is a danger that the client could become dependent on their counsellor whereas in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy the client is taught to be autonomous.The similarities between the Person Centred Approach and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy in relation to their process of change arethat the core conditions used in both would bring about change in the client by the building up of trust and rapport.Whencomparing the differences in the process of change between the Person Centred Approach and the Cognitive Behavioural Approach, change would occur for the client in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy through guiding and assisting them into firstly identifying negative thought patterns and then by changing their irrational beliefs. By changing thoughts, we can change the way in which we react to situations and events. In Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, this process of change occurs by means of education, and by bringing these thought patterns into awareness behavioural change will occur. Change can also occur through reality testing in which the clients negative beliefs will be challenged and their subsequent negative emotions eliminated.In the Person Centred Approach, change occurs with the core conditions of empathy, congruence and unconditional positive regard being in place. This relationship is all that is necessary to bring about change and with no threat of being judged, the client learns to perceive their world from a new perspective and gains the ability to self-actualise with felt senses connecting the different aspects of their particular issues.In contrasting this to the Psychodynamic Approach, change occurs by means of uncovering repressed or significant events and their associated feelings. By this process, change will occur and the client will be better equipped to understand the connections between past events and present behaviour. Change in the Psychodynamic Approach, occurs for the individual through the strengthening the individuals ego whilst in the Person Centred Approach the aim is to achieve growth through the individuals self-actualising tendency. In the Person Centred Approach, it is a personal process for the client of being in a warm relationship but in Psychodynamic counselling the counsellor is a blank slate on which the client can project feelings. Transference is crucial in the process of change, requiring understanding and interpreting but the Person Centred Approach ignores the past events in a clients life unless these events affect the clients conditions of worth.When comparing the similarities between the Psychodynamic Approach and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, change could occur through the uncovering of schemas, which is similar to bringing the unconscious into conscious awareness.In contrast, the differences in the process of change between the Psychodynamic Approach and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy in the Psychodynamic Approach the process of change would involve encouraging clients to look into their past with a view to uncovering repressed or significant events and memories and their associated feelings. By gaining this insight the client will achieve a new perspective which will form the basis for healing and change. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy deals only with the here-and-now, it does not address the past, deals only with presenting symptoms and could miss underlying problems. The cognitive model assumes that emotional and behavioural change is mediated by changes in beliefs and interpretations.[3]Cognitive Behavioural Therapy sees the process of change as being a relatively short-term process whereas Psychodynamic Therapy is a long term process of change. The aim of Psychodynamic Therapy is for the client to gain insight and the aim of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy is change. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy believes that change is possible and focuses on behaviour rather than on emotions. A major difference between CBT and psychodynamic therapies lies in the degree of importance given to exploring early childhood experiences for the origins of maladaptive patterns of thinking and behaviour. In CBT it can be helpful to explore early experiences to enable the client to place his problems in a historical context, but this is not seen as a major part of the counselling.[4]In conclusion, each model has its own strengths and weaknesses and individuals may find one approach more appropriate than another, depending on their own personal preference or on the severity and depth of their presenting problem. Time factors and costs would also need to be taken into consideration.Bibliography:[1]Dryden, W (2002) Handbook of Individual Therapy Fourth Edition. Page 27.[2]McLeod J, (2009) An Introduction to Counselling Fourth Edition. Page 148.[3]Dryden W (2002) Handbook of Individual Therapy Fourth Edition. Page 304.[4]Trower P, Casey A, Dryden W (1988) Cognitive Behavioral Counselling in Action. Page 7,8.