Notes and References - Springer978-0-230-59778-5/1.pdf · 227 Notes and References Introduction 1 Quoted in Martin Wight, Power Politics, edited by Headley Bull and Carsten Holbraad,

227

Notes and References

Introduction

1 Quoted in Martin Wight, Power Politics, edited by Headley Bull and CarstenHolbraad, (Middlesex: Pelican, 1979) in association with the Royal Institute ofInternational Affairs, p.50.

2 Bernard Porter, The Lion’s Share: A Short History of British Imperialism, 1850–1983(London: Longman, 1984), p.1.

3 Henry Kissinger, Diplomacy (London: Simon & Schuster, 1994), pp.597–8.4 Robert Holland, The Pursuit of Greatness: Britain and the World Role, 1900–1970

(London: Fontana, 1991), p.279.5 Quoted in Philip Darby, British Defence Policy East of Suez, 1948–1968 (Oxford:

Oxford University Press, 1973), p.284.6 John Baylis, British Defence Policy: Striking the Right Balance (London: Macmillan –

now Palgrave, 1989), p.33.7 Other than the sources mentioned in this introduction, the following are well

worth consulting: C.J. Bartlett, The Long Retreat: A Short History of British DefencePolicy, 1945–1970 (London: Macmillan, 1972); idem, British Foreign Policy in the20th century (London: Macmillan, 1989); John Baylis, British Defence Policy in aChanging World (London: Croom Helm, 1977); Corelli Barnett, The Lost Victory(London: Macmillan – now Palgrave, 1995); idem, The Verdict of Peace (London:Macmillan – now Palgrave, 2001); Robert Blake, The Decline of Power, 1915–1964(London: Paladin, 1986); Michael Carver, Tightrope Walking: British Defence Policysince 1945 (London: Hutchinson, 1992); John Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation(London: Macmillan – now Palgrave, 1988); Franklyn A. Johnson, Defence byMinistry: The British Ministry of Defence 1944–1977 (London: Gerald Duckworth,1980); L.W. Martin, British Defence Policy: The Long Recessional (Adelphi Papers,no.61) (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1969); K. Middlemas, Threats to the Post-War Settlement in Britain, 1961–1974 (London:Macmillan – now Palgrave, 1990); F.A. Northedge, Descent from Power: BritishForeign Policy, 1945–1973 (London: Allen & Unwin, 1974); David Reynolds,Britannia Overruled: British Policy & World Power in the 20th Century (London:Longman, 1991); David Sanders, Losing an Empire, Finding a Role: British ForeignPolicy since 1945 (London: Macmillan – now Palgrave, 1990); John W. Young,Britain and the World in the Twentieth Century (London: Arnold, 1997).

8 R. Coopey, S. Fielding and N. Tiratsoo (eds), The Wilson Governments 1964–1970(London: Pinter, 1995), pp.1–9; Michael Parsons (ed.), Looking Back: The WilsonYears, 1964–1970 (Pau: Publications de l’université de Pau, 1999), pp.9–14;Kenneth O. Morgan, The People’s Peace: British History 1945–1990 (Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1992), pp.268–76ff; Clive Ponting, Breach of Promise:Labour in Power 1964–1970 (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1989), pp.14–15.

9 Michael Howard, The Lessons of History (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press,1991), p.11.

10 Philip Ziegler, Wilson: The Authorised Life of Lord Wilson of Rievaulx (London:Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1993); Ben Pimlott, Harold Wilson (London:HarperCollins, 1992); Austen Morgan, Harold Wilson (London: Pluto Press,

228 Notes and References

1992); Coopey, Fielding and Tiratsoo, The Wilson Governments 1964–1970;Parsons, Looking Back.

11 Ponting, Breach of Promise ; Geoffrey Pickering, Britain’s Withdrawal from East ofSuez (London: Macmillan – now Palgrave, 1998). See also Gustav Schmidt, ‘DieLabour-Regierung, die Bundesrepublik und Europe- “The American Connection”,1964–67’, in G. Schmidt (ed.), Großbritannien und Europa- Großbritannien inEuropa (Bochum: Brockmeyer, 1989), pp.253–314; John Dumbrell, ‘The JohnsonAdministration and the British Labour Government: Vietnam, the Pound andEast of Suez’, Journal of American Studies, 30:2 (August 1996), pp.211–31; DianeKunz, ‘Lyndon Johnson’s Dollar Diplomacy’, History Today, 42 (April 1992),pp.45–51; Diane B. Kunz, “Somewhat Mixed Up Together”: Anglo–AmericanDefence and Financial Policy during the 1960s’, in Robert D. King and RobinKilson (eds), The Statecraft of British Imperialism: Essays in Honour of Wm. RogerLouis (London: Frank Cass, 1999), pp.213–32.

12 Cabinet 50th, 52nd, 53rd and 54th meetings (mtgs), 25 July 1950, 1, 11, and16 August 1950, Cabinet (CAB) 128/18, Public Record Office, Kew (hereaftercited as PRO).

13 Dean Rusk, As I Saw It: A Secretary of State’s Memoirs (London: Tauris, 1991) p.462.14 Philip Darby, Three Faces of Imperialism: British and American Approaches to Asia

and Africa, 1870–1970 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1987), p.144.15 See “The Common Market” PLP/1, 4 April. 1967 in ‘Parliamentary Labour Party:

the Vote for Entry into the Common Market, 1967-71’, 7/1/2. Papers of RobertMichael Mailand, Lord Stewart of Fulham (Michael Stewart), Churchill ArchivesCentre, Churchill College, Cambridge. For an insightful discussion on thissubject, see John Young, ‘West Germany in the Foreign Policy of the WilsonGovernment, 1964–67’, in Saki Dockrill (ed.) Controversy and Compromise:Alliance Politics between Britain, West Germany, and the United States of America(Bodenheim, Germany: Philo, 1998), pp.189–94.

16 For instance, D. Cameron Watt, Succeeding John Bull: America in Britain’s Place,1900–1973 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), p.144; MichaelHoward, ‘Afterward: the “Special Relationship”’, in W. Roger Louis and HeadleyBull (eds), The Special Relationship: Anglo–American Relations since 1945 (Oxford:Clarendon Press, 1989), pp.387–92.

17 Christopher Thorne, Allies of a Kind: the United States, Britain, and The War AgainstJapan, 1941–1945 (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1978).

18 See Alan Dobson, Anglo–American Relations in the Twentieth Century (London:Routledge, 1995), pp.138–9; Saki Dockrill, ‘Forging the Anglo–American GlobalDefence Partnership: Harold Wilson, Lyndon Johnson and the WashingtonSummit, December 1964’, The Journal of Strategic Studies, 23:4 (December 2000),pp.107–29.

19 Kunz, ‘Somewhat Mixed Up’, pp. 213–32.20 See Lawrence Freedman, ‘Military Power and Political Influence’, International

Affairs, 74:4 (October 1998), pp.763–79.21 D.C. Watt, ‘Future Aims of British Foreign Policy’, Political Quarterly, 41:1

(Jan.–March 1970), p.95.22 Recent studies on intelligence include Stephen Dorril and Robin Ramsay, Smear!

Wilson and the Secret State (London: Fourth Estate, 1991); Stephen Dorril, MI6:Fifty Years of Special Operations (London: Fourth Estate, 2000); Stephen Dorril,MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty’s Secret Intelligence Service (New York:Free Press, 2000). For the service Departments, Anthony Bennell has completedhis study on ‘Defence Policy and the Royal Air Force, 1964–70’ for the Air

Notes and References 229

Historical Department of the Ministry of Defence. Mr Bennell kindly allowed meto read his study while I was completing this book. See also Peter Catterall (ed.),Witness Seminar: ‘The East of Suez Decision’, Contemporary Record, 7:3 (winter1993), pp.612–53.

23 Richard J. Aldrich, The Hidden Hand: Britain, America and Cold War SecretIntelligence (London: John Murray, 2001), p.6.

24 Peter Hennessey and Anthony Seldon (eds), Ruling Performance: BritishGovernments from Attlee to Thatcher (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987), p.2.

25 C(65)114, 27 July 1965, CAB 129/122.26 David Dutton, British Politics since 1945 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1997), p.ix.

1 Power and Influence, 1945–58

1 Christopher Mayhew, Britain’s Role Tomorrow (London: Hutchinson, 1967), p.12.2 J. Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation (London: Macmillan – now Palgrave, 1988),

p.73; Michael Carlton, The Price of Victory (London: BBC, 1983), p.11.3 J.W. Young, Britain and the World in the Twentieth Century (London: Arnold,

1997), p.143; Peter Hennessey, Never Again: Britain, 1945–1951 (London:Vintage, 1993), pp.119–82 ff.

4 P. Darby, British Defence Policy East of Suez 1948–1968 (Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress, 1973), pp.11–14; D.C. Watt, ‘Britain and the Indian Ocean: Diplomacybefore Defence’, Political Quarterly, 42:3 (July–Sept. 1971), p.308.

5 CP(48)34, 2 Feb. 1948, CAB 129/34 (PRO, Kew, England); John Baylis, BritishDefence Policy: Striking the Right Balance (London: Macmillan – now Palgrave,1989), pp.72–3; Darby, East of Suez, pp.38–9.

6 Young, Britain and the World, p.163.7 Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation, p.76; DO(47)44, ‘The Overall Strategic Plan,

May 1947’ first published in Julian Lewis, Changing Direction: British MilitaryPlanning for Post-War Strategic Defence, 1942–47 (London: Sherwood, 1988),pp.370–87; see also COS (Chiefs of Staff) (47)227(0), ‘Review of World StrategicSituation’, 17 Nov. 1947, DEFE 5/6.

8 Darby, East of Suez, p.13; R. Holland, The Pursuit of Greatness: Britain and theWorld Role 1900–1970 (London: Fontana, 1991), p.227.

9 PUSC(22) final, 23 Mar. 1949, FO 371/76384.10 Darby, East of Suez, p.29; PUSC(22) final, 23 Mar. 1949, FO 371/76384; see also

DO(50)45 (Defence Committee of the Cabinet) ‘Defence Policy and GlobalStrategy’, 7 June 1950, CAB 131/9.

11 On the configuration between British Imperial Strategy and the Cold War, seeJohn Kent, British Imperial Strategy and the Origins of the Cold War, 1944–49(Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1993), p.217.

12 21 Mar. 1944, FO (Foreign office) 371/28523.13 Ian Clark and Nicholas J. Wheeler, The British Origins of Nuclear Strategy,

1945–1955 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989), pp.43–65 ff; John Baylis, Ambiguityand Deterrence: British Nuclear Strategy, 1945–64 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995),pp.36–7, 54.

14 COS 46 (105)O, 5 Apr. 1946, CAB 80/101.15 Kent, British Strategy, p.217; see also John Young and John Kent, ‘British Policy

Overseas: The “Third Force” and the Origins of NATO’, in Beatrice Heuser andRobert O’Neill, Securing Peace in Europe, 1945–1962 (London: Macmillan – nowPalgrave, 1992), pp.41–61.


16 CP(49)208, 18 Oct. 1949, CAB 129/37.17 Saki Dockrill, Britain’s Policy for West German Rearmament (Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 1991), pp.10–15.18 DO(51)1st mtg, 23 Jan. 1951, CAB 131/10; Cabinet 7th mtg, 25 Jan. 1951,

CAB 128/19.19 Harold Wilson, Memoirs, 1916–1964: The Making of a Prime Minister (London:

Michael Joseph, 1986), pp.113–5; See also ‘One Way Only’, written by A. Bevan(n.d.), Private Papers of C.R. Attlee, 136, Modern Manuscript Room, BodleianLibrary, Oxford.

20 Kenneth Harris, Attlee, (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1983), pp.484, 493.21 See Command Papers (Cmd) 6923, ‘Central Organisation for Defence’, cited in

Ritchie Ovendale, British Defence Policy since 1945 (Manchester: ManchesterUniversity Press, 1994), pp.31–2; F.A. Johnson, Defence by Ministry: the BritishMinistry of Defence 1944–1977 (London: Gerald Duckworth, 1980), pp.20–22;Anthony Gorst, ‘We must cut our coat according to our cloth: The Making ofBritish Defence Policy, 1945–48’, in Richard Aldrich (ed.), British Intelligence,Strategy and the Cold War, 1945–51 (London: Routledge, 1992), pp. 161–3.

22 Geoffrey Warner, ‘The Defence of Western Europe and the Rearmament of WestGermany, 1947–1950’, in Olav Riste (ed.), Western Security: The Formative Years(Oslo: Norwegian University Press, 1985), p.263; see also Sean Greenwood,Britain and the Cold War, 1945–1991 (London: Macmillan, 2000 – now Palgrave),pp.100–1.

23 Richard Aldrich, ‘Secret Intelligence for a post-war world: reshaping the BritishIntelligence Community, 1944-51’, in Aldrich (ed.), British Intelligence, Strategyand the Cold War, pp.15–19; Young, Britain and the World, p.152.

24 See a statement by the National Executive Committee of the British LabourParty, May 1950, denouncing the third force concept, Attlee papers, 136;Mayhew, Britain’s Role Tomorrow, p.12; Anne Deighton, ‘Britain and the ThreeInterlocking Circles’, in Antonio Varsori, Europe 1945–1990s: The End of an Era?(London: Macmillan – now Palgrave, 1995), p.155.

25 C(51)32, 20 Nov. 1951, CAB 129/48.26 On this subject see John W. Young, Winston Churchill’s Last Campaign: Britain

and the Cold War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996)27 Saki Dockrill, Eisenhower’s New Look National Security Policy (London: Macmillan

– now Palgrave, 1996), pp.52–3.28 Kenneth Morgan, Labour in Power 1945–51 (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1984),

pp.459–60.29 For an analysis of the 1952 paper, see Alan Macmillan and John Baylis, A

Reassessment of the British Global Strategy Paper of 1952, published by theDepartment of International Politics, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, inassociation with the Nuclear History Programme in 1993, pp.5, 22.

30 Ibid., pp.26–7 and 37–40.31 Evelyn Shuckburgh, Descent to Suez: Diaries, 1951–56 (London; Weidenfeld &

Nicolson, 1986), p.18; Anthony Eden, Full Circle (London: Cassell, 1960), p.198.32. Ibid., pp.208–19; David Dutton, Anthony Eden: A Life and Reputation, (London:

Arnold, 1997), p.359.33. Cabinet 1st mtg, 30 Oct. 1951, CAB 128/23; Eden, Full Circle, p.226.34. Ibid, p.261; J.P.D. Dunbabin, The Post-Imperial Age: The Great Powers and the

Wider World (London: Longman, 1994), p.240.35 Churchill to Eisenhower, tel. 2883, 21 June 1954, PREM (Prime Minister’s office)

11/649; Dunbabin, The Post-Imperial Age, p.240.


36 Ibid., pp.240–1.37 Eden, Full Circle, p.220; as for the Baghdad Pact, see David Devereux, The

Formulation of British Defence Policy towards the Middle East, 1948–1956 (London:Macmillan – now Palgrave, 1990), pp.163–73ff.

38 David Carlton, Anthony Eden: A Biography (London: Allen Lane, 1981), pp.380–2;Dockrill, Eisenhower’s New Look, pp.125–6; Michael Dockrill, Britain’s DefenceSince 1945 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989), p.54.

39 Eden, Geneva to FO, 5 May 1954, FO 371/112060. 40 Dockrill, Eisenhower’s New Look, pp.93–4.41 Makins, Washington to FO, tel. 1428, 8 July 1954, FO 371/111868; Cabinet 49th

mtg, 9 July 1954, CAB 128/27 Jebb, Paris to FO, tel. 491, 14 July 1954, FO371/112077; CAB 51st mtg, 20 July 1954, CAB 128/27; Dutton, Eden, pp.345–51 ff.

42 Richard Lamb, The Failure of the Eden Government (London: Sidgwick & Jackson,1987), p.117; see also Kevin Ruane, ‘Anthony Eden, British Diplomacy and theorigins of the Geneva Conference of 1954’, The Historical Journal, 37:1 (1994),pp.153–4.

43 Cabinet 52nd mtg, 23 July 1954, CAB 128/27. 44 ‘Discussions on the Situation in South-East Asia March 29 to May 22, 1954’,

included in D 1974/106G, 12 June 1954, PREM 11/649. The idea was first men-tioned by Dulles during the Berlin Conference: Eden, Full Circle, pp.87–9, 95–8.

45 Paterson minute, 5/5/54, on the origins of the Five-Power Staff Agency, PREM11/649; Paterson minutes, 6 May 1954 and 12 May 1954, PREM 11/649; Eden,Geneva to Foreign Office, tels 182 and 183, 7 May 1954, FO 371/112061.

46 Paterson’s minute, 12 May 1954, PREM 11/649; Geoffrey Warner, ‘British PolicyTowards Indo–China and SEATO’, in Lawrence S. Kaplan, Denise Artaud andMark R. Rubin, Dien Bien Phu and the Crisis of Franco–American Relations,1954–1955 (Wilmington: A Scholarly Resources Imprint, 1990), p.156.

47 UK High Commissioner, Colombo to Commonwealth Relations Office (CRO),tel. 55, 21 July 1954, PREM 11/650; Eden, Geneva to FO, tel. 756, 17 July 1954,FO 371/112078. For the SEATO treaty see, J.A.S. Grenville The Major InternationalTreaties, 1914–1973: A History and Guide with Texts (London: Methuen, 1974),pp.341–3.

48 National Security Council (NSC) 214th mtg, 12 Sept. 1954, Foreign Relations ofthe United States (hereafter cited as FRUS) 1952–54, ‘East Asia and the Pacific’,vol.12 (Washington, DC: United States Printing Office, 1984), p.903.

49 See two recent studies on this subject, Kevin Ruane, The Rise and Fall of theEuropean Defence Community: Anglo–American Relations and the Crisis of EuropeanDefence (London: Macmillan – now Palgrave, 2000); Spencer Mawby, ContainingGermany: Britain and the Arming of the Federal Republic (London: Macmillan – nowPalgrave, 2000).

50 C(55)83, 26 Mar. 1955, CAB 129/74.51 See Günter Bischof and Saki Dockrill, Cold War Respite: The Geneva Summit of

1955 (Baton Rouge: Lousiana University Press, 2000). 52 COS 10th mtg, 4 Feb. 1957, DEFE 4/95.53 COS 56th mtg, 12 July 1955, DEFE 4/77; Eden, Full Circle, pp.370–1.54 COS(55) 176, 25 July 1955, DEFE 5/59; JP(55)67, 20 July 1955, DEFE 6/30. 55 See a recent study on this subject by Saul Kelly and Anthony Gorst (eds),

Whitehall and the Suez Crisis (London: Frank Cass, 2000).56 Darby, East of Suez, pp.99–100.57 Baylis, Ambiguity and Deterrence, p.24758 Philip Ziegler, Mountbatten (London: Fontana/Collins, 1985), pp.561–4.


59 D(57)7th mtg, 2 Aug. 1957, CAB 131/18.60 C(57)80, 28 Mar. 1957, CAB 129/86.61 COS (57) 8th, 29 Jan. 1957, DEFE 4/94; for a book-length study on the Sandys

White Paper, see Martin S. Navias, Nuclear Weapons and British Strategic Planning,1955–58 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991).

62 Dockrill, Eisenhower’s New Look, pp.200–1, 256–9.63 Ibid., pp. 239–40.64 Darby, East of Suez, pp.77, 121–2.65 Ibid., pp.123–6.66 D(57)7th mtg, 2 Aug. 1957, CAB 131/18; Baylis, Ambiguity and Deterrence, p.248.67 D(57)6th mtg, 31 July 1957, CAB 131/18. 68 See article 6 in Protocol II on forces of WEU in a modified and extended Brussels

Pact on 23/10/54 in Cmd 9498. See also Saki Dockrill, ‘Retreat from theContinent?: Britain’s Motives for Troop Reductions in West Germany, 1955–58’,The Journal of Strategic Studies, 30:3 (summer 1997), pp.45–70.

69 Michael Howard, ‘1945–1995: Reflections on half a century of British securitypolicy’, International Affairs, 71:4 (October 1995), p.709.

2 Three Roles, 1959–64

1 Cabinet 71st mtg, 27 Nov. 1962, CAB 128/36.2 JIC(63)85, 3 Mar. 1964, 3/3/64, CAB 148/4; see also C(63)9, 31 Jan. 1963, CAB

129/112; JP(26)63, 15 Feb. 1963, DEFE 6/84.3 Norman Brook to Macmillan, 20 Feb. 1959, PREM 11/2945; meeting on a ‘Study

of Future Policy’, 7 June 1959, PREM 11/2945.4 See DOP Official 1st mtg, 9 Oct. 1963, CAB 148/16; Cabinet 45th mtg, 11 July

1963, CAB 128/37; C(63)17, 12 Feb. 1963, CAB 129/112; F.A. Johnson, Defenceby Ministry: The British Ministry of Defence, 1944–1977 (London: GeraldDuckworth, 1980), p.111; Ewen Broadbent, The Military and Government: FromMacmillan to Heseltine (London: Macmillan – now Palgrave, 1988), pp. 22–7;Peter Nailor, ‘The Ministry of Defence, 1959–70’, in Paul Smith (ed.), Governmentand the Armed Forces in Britain 1856–1990 (London: Hambledon Press, 1996),pp.235–48ff.

5 Nicholls to Riches, Beirut, 4 July 1964, FO 371/177812; author’s italics.6 Harold Macmillan, ‘Deterrent Policy’ D(60)2, 24 Feb. 1960, CAB 131/23.7 John Baylis, Ambiguity and Deterrence: British Nuclear Strategy 1945–1964 (Oxford:

Clarendon Press,1995), pp.252–3, 266–7.8 D(60) 1st mtg, 24 Feb. 1960, CAB 131/23; Harold Macmillan, ‘Deterrent Policy’,

D(60)2, 24 Feb. 1960, CAB 131/23.9 Baylis, Ambiguity and Deterrence, p. 298. Harold Macmillan, At the End of the Day,

1961–1963 (London: Macmillan – now Palgrave, 1973), p. 342.10 Ibid., p.343; Alistair Horne, Macmillan 1957–1986, Vol. 2 (London: Macmillan,

1989), p.435.11 Donette Murray, Kennedy, Macmillan and Nuclear Weapons (London: Macmillan –

now Palgrave, 2000), pp.50–6 ff.12 D (63) 9, 26 Feb. 1963, CAB 131/28; C(63)70, 30 Sept. 1963, CAB 129/114.13 Lawrence Freedman, Britain and Nuclear Weapons (London: Macmillan – now

Palgrave, 1980), pp.7–8.14 Cabinet 16th, 36th, and 42nd mtgs, 14 Mar., 30 May and 25 June 1963, all in

CAB 128/37. The MLF question will be discussed further in Chapter 4.


15 Mtg of the Study Group on Future Policy, 7 June 1959, PREM 11/2945; JohnYoung, Britain and European Unity 1945–1992 (London: Macmillan – nowPalgrave, 1993), p. 71; Macmillan, At the End of the Day, p.115; Gustav Schmidt,‘Test of Strength: the United States, Germany, and de Gaulle’s “No” to Britain inEurope, 1958–1963’, in G. Schmidt (ed.), Zwischen Bundnissicherung und privi-legierter partnerschaft: Die deutsch-britischen Beziehungen und die Vereinigten Stattenvon Amerika 1955–1963 (Bochum: Brockmeyer, 1995), pp.307–48 ff.

16 DO(O)(S)(64)5 ‘Level of British Forces in Europe’, by the Long-Term StudyGroup, 29 July 1964, CAB 148/8. See also Cabinet 8th and 9th mtgs, 29 Jan. and31 Jan. 1963, both in CAB 128/37; D. Reynolds, Britannia Overruled: British Policyand World Power in the 20th Century (London: Longman, 1991), pp.220–1.

17 Ibid., p. 224; Philip Hemming, ‘Macmillan and the End of the British Empire inAfrica’, in Richard Aldous and Sabine Lee (eds), Harold Macmillan and Britain’sWorld Role (London: Macmillan – now Palgrave , 1996), pp.99–100.

18 D(61)65, 23 Oct. 1961, CAB 131/26; COS (62)1 ‘British Strategy in the 1960s’, 9 Jan. 1962, DEFE 5/123. G. G. Arthur’s minute, 2 Apr. 1964, FO 371/177829.

19 Hemming, ‘The End of the British Empire’, p.101; J. Young, Britain and the Worldin the Twentieth Century (London: Arnold, 1997), p.180.

20 DO(O)(64)17, 24 Mar. 1963, CAB 148/5; Western Organisation andCoordination Department, ‘British Obligation Abroad’, dated October 1964, FO371/184507; DP 43/64 ‘The Nature of Military Operations, 1968–1980’, 24 Sept.1964, DEFE 6/91.

21 Darby, British Defence Policy East of Suez 1948–1968 (Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress, 1973), pp.36, 206–8; R. Blake, The Decline of Power, 1915–1964 (London:Paladin, 1986), p.399; DO(O)(S)(64)10 ‘British Defence Obligations in theCommonwealth’, by the CRO, 4 Aug. 1964, CAB 148/8; see also D(62)7 ‘Statementof Defence 1962: the Next Five Years’ (proofs), 2 Feb. 1962, CAB 131/27.

22 DP 43/64, 24 Sept. 1964, DEFE 6/91; DO(O)(S)(64)10, 4 Aug. 1964, CAB 148/8;Darby, East of Suez, pp.208–10.

23 Cabinet 52nd mtg,, 1 Aug. 1962, CAB 128/36.24 DO 30th mtg, 3 July 1964, CAB 148/1; Trend to Prime Minister, 12/11/63, PREM

11/4930; Thomas R. Mockaitis, British Counterinsurgency in the Post-Imperial Era(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995), pp.44–56 ff.

25 DO(O)(64)17, 24 Mar. 1964, CAB 148/5.26 Macmillan, At the End of the Day, pp.226–43.27 DO(O)(64)17, 24 Mar. 1964, CAB 148/5; DO(O)(S)(64)10, 4 Aug. 1964, CAB

148/8; DP 43/64, 24 Sept. 1964, DEFE 6/91; Darby, East of Suez, pp. 211–12; forrecent studies on the Confrontation, John Subritzsky, Confronting Sukarno:British, American, Australian and New Zealand Diplomacy in theMalaysian–Indonesian Confrontation, 1961–5 (London: Macmillan – now Palgrave,2000); David Easter, ‘Britain’s Defence Policy in South East Asia and theConfrontation’, PhD thesis, LSE, London University, 1998.

28 DO 1st mtg, 14 Jan. 1964, DO(64)5 13 Jan. 1964, and DO 2nd mtg, 22 Jan. 1964,all in CAB 148/1. For Britain’s involvement as of September 1964, see DP 43/64,24 Sept. 1964, DEFE 6/91.

29 Cabinet 12th mtg, 18 Mar. 1964, CAB 128/38; DO 2nd mtg, 22 Jan. 1964, CAB148/1; Cabinet 10th mtg, 6 Feb. 1964, CAB 128/38.

30 Under the 1955 agreement, Britain was entitled to use the Simonstown navalbase in peace and war for the security of the South Atlantic. For this, seeOPD(66)69, 14 June 1966 See also Eric Grove, Vanguard to Trident: British NavalPolicy since World War II (London: Bodley Head, 1987), pp.303–4.


31 DO(O)(S)(64)10, 4 Aug. 1964, CAB 148/8; Cabinet 10th mtg, 6 Feb. 1964, CAB128/38; J.P.D. Dunbabin, The Post-Imperial Age: The Great Powers and the WiderWorld (London: Longman, 1994), pp.65–6.

32 DP 43/64, 24 Sept. 1964, DEFE 6/91.33 Reynolds, Britannia Overruled, p.225.34 Trend to Macmillan, 24 July 1963, PREM 11/4731.35 Cabinet Defence 3rd and 4th mtgs, both on 9 Feb. 1963, CAB 131/28. 36 MISC 17/1 ‘The Future size of the Defence Budget’, by the Treasury and the DEA,

13 Nov.1964, CAB 130/213; DO(O)(64)17, 24 Mar. 1964, CAB 148/5; Horne,Macmillan, p.340.

37 Cabinet Defence 1st mtg, 9 Feb. 1963, CAB 131/28.38 Cabinet 60th mtg, 26 Nov. 1959, CAB 128/33; D(61)78, 5 Dec. 1961, CAB 131/26;

COS(62)237, 31 May 1962, DEFE 5/127; D(62)31, 1 June 1962, CAB 131/27. In1963, NATO had 25 under–strength divisions and two brigades, including2 French divisions and 3 UK divisions: COS(63)42, 31 Jan. 1963, DEFE 5/135.

39 DP 43/64, 24 Sept. 1964, DEFE 6/91.40 CP(64)92, 5 May 1964, CAB 129/117; DO(O)(64)58, 1 July 1964, CAB 148/7;

Cabinet 39th mtg, 17 July 1964, CAB 128/38; DO(O)(S)(64)5, 29 July 1964,CAB 148/8.

41 COS(63)42, 31 Jan. 1963, DEFE 5/135; DO(O)(S)(64)5, 29 July 1964, CAB 148/8;DO(O)( 64)17, 24 Mar 1964, CAB 148/5.

42 Cabinet Defence 4th mtg, 9 Feb. 1963, CAB 131/28; Cabinet Defence 5th mtg, 1 Apr. 1963, CAB 131/28; D(63)12, 27 Mar. 1963, CAB 131/28.

43 DO(O)(S)(64)5, 29 July 1964, CAB 148/8; Alastair Buchan, ‘Britain in the IndianOcean’, International Affairs 42:2 (April 1966), pp.186–7.

44 DO(O)(S)(64)5, 29 July 1964, CAB 148/8; see also CP(64)162, 20 Aug. 1964, CAB129/118.

45 DO(O)(64)17, 24 Mar. 1964, CAB 148/5. 46 D(63)5th mtg, 1 Apr. 1963, CAB 131/128. If all seven brigade groups were

upgraded to full strength it would have required 62,500 personnel, which wouldhave been well beyond the force level Britain was expected to maintain, (i.e.,55,000 men). It was therefore judged that upgrading the six brigade groups wasmore appropriate. This still required finding an extra 4,000 personnel to reach55,000: Thorneycroft to Macmillan, 2 May 1963, PREM 11/4731; D(63)12, 27 Mar. 1963, CAB 131/28.

47 Cabinet Defence 7th mtg, 7 Feb. 1964, CAB 148/1; See also COS (63)126,28 Mar. 1963, DEFE 5/137; D(63)19, 14 June 1963, CAB 131/28.

48 Cabinet Defence 9th mtg, 10 July 1963, CAB 131/28; C(63)133, 22 July 1963,CAB 129/114.

49 D(63)23, 2 July 1963, CAB 131/28; Cabinet Defence 11th mtg, 24 July 1963,CAB 131/28.

50 D(63)19, 14 June 1963, CAB 131/28. 51 C(63)141, 29 July 1963, CAB 129/114; C(63)139. 24 July 1963, CAB 129/114;

Cabinet Defence 11th mtg, 24 July 1963, CAB 131/28; Cabinet 48th mtg, 25July 1963, CAB 128/37; Admiralty’s views on the Island Strategy, 9 Jan. 1963,DEFE 13/420.

52 See numerous meetings above, and also Trend to Macmillan, 24 July 1963,PREM 11/4731.

53 Waterfield minute (PUSC Dept), 24 July 1963, FO 371/173498; Trend toMacmillan, 29 July 1963, PREM 11/4731.

54 Cabinet 50th mtg, 30 July 1963, CAB 128/37.


55 Cabinet 48th mtg, 25 July 1963, CAB 128/37.56 Italics in original D(63)22, 17 June 1963, CAB 131/28. 57 Foreign Office thinking, Waterfield minute, 17 Apr. 1964, FO 371/179118;

Burrow to Cary, Cabinet Office, 9/4/63, FO 371/173494; Waterfield to Burrow onForeign Office tactics, 19 Apr. 1963, FO 371/173494.

58 Trend to Macmillan, 9 July 1963, PREM 11/4731; Cabinet Defence 3rd and 4thmtgs, 9 Feb. 1963, CAB 131/28.

59 D(63)19, 14 June 1963, CAB 131/28.60 D(63)21, 17 June 1963, CAB 131/28; D(63)24, 5 July 1963, CAB 131/28. 61 Darby, East of Suez, p.163; J. Baylis, British Defence Policy in a Changing World

(London: Croom Helm,1977), p.33.62 D(63)4th mtg, 9 Feb. 1963, CAB 131/28.63 Waterfield minute, 17 Apr. 1964, FO 371/179118.

3 Labour in Charge: Reassessing Defence Priorities

1 Cabinet 11th mtg, 26 Nov. 1964, CAB 129/39. 2 ‘The Disposition of UK fighting units on 29 Oct. 1964’, Appendix 1 to Annex

to COS 295/64, DEFE 5/55; Harold Wilson, The Labour Government 1964–1970(London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1971), pp.39, 48.

3 Western Organisations and Coordination Dept on ‘British Obligations Abroad’,Oct. 1964, FO 371/184507; DO(O)(S)(64)10, 4 Aug. 1964, CAB 148/8.

4 Lord Cromer to the Chancellor (letter), 24 July 1964’, PREM 11/4771; Cabinet45th mtg, 18 Aug. 1964, CAB 128/38; ‘Note of a conversation between the PMand the Governor of the Bank of England, 24 Sept. 1964’, in PREM 11/4771.

5 P. Ziegler, Wilson: The Authorised life of Lord Wilson of Rievaulx (London:Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1993), pp.153–62 ff; B. Pimlott, Harold Wilson(London: HarperCollins, 1992), pp. 310–26 ff; Kenneth Morgan, Labour People:Leaders and Lieutenants: Hardie to Kinnock (Oxford: Oxford University Press,1989), pp.246–52 ff; Alastair Hetherington’s note of a meeting with HaroldWilson, 17 Mar. 1964, Alastair Hetherington Papers, the Manuscript Division,the Library of the London School of Economics and Political Science, 6/21(hereafter cited as AHP).

6 Nicholas Henderson, The Private Office (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1984),p.87; Morgan, Labour People, pp.250–1; Pimlott, Wilson, pp.299–319; Tony Benn,Tony Benn: Out of the Wilderness: Diaries, 1963–67 (London: Arrow Books, 1988),pp. 60–159ff; A. Morgan, Wilson Harold (London: Pluto Press, 1992), pp. 242–56.

7 Philip de Zulueta to Douglas Home, 24 Nov. 1963, PREM 11/4332; AndrewRoth, Sir Harold Wilson: Yorkshire Walter Mitty (London: Macdonald & Jane’s,1977), p.50.

8 Macmillan to Gore, 15 Mar. 1963, and Gore to Macmillan, 22 Mar. 1963, bothin PREM 11/4331; Dean Rusk’s minute for Lyndon Johnson, 28 Feb. 1964 andMcGeorge Bundy’s minute for Johnson, 1 Mar. 1964, both in Box 213, CountryFile-United Kingdom (CFUK) National Security File (NSF), The Lyndon B. Johnson Library, Austin, Texas, USA (LBJL). See also Ziegler, Wilson, p.221.

9 Wilson, 5 May 1964 and 29 July 1964, 6/3 and 6/12, AHP; Benn, Diaries, p.108.10 Ziegler, Wilson, p.149; Wilson, Memoirs, 1916–1964 : The Making of a Prime

Minister (London: Michael Josefh, 1986), p.188.11 For Wilson’s two visits to Moscow, see Humphrey Trevelyan, Moscow to Lord

Home, tel. 78, 20 June 1963, PREM 11/4894; Trevelyan, Moscow to Foreign


Office, tel. 1073 and 1072, 4 June 1964, both in PREM 11/4894; report of ameeting between Khrushchev, Wilson and Gordon Walker, on 2 June 1964, ina minute from Foreign Office to 10 Downing Street, 4 Dec. 1964, PREM 13/80;Wilson, 21 May 1964, 6/10, AHP.

12 Philip de Zulueta to Douglas Home, 24 Nov. 1963, PREM 11/4332. 13 Wilson–Johnson mtg, 2 Mar. 1964, Box 2785, Central Files (CF) 1964–66, RG

59 (Records of the Dept of State), National Archives and RecordsAdministration, College Park, Maryland, USA (hereafter cited as NARA);Wilson, 3 Mar. 1964, 6/22, AHP; David Bruce, London, to State Dept, tel. 2581,28 Nov. 1964, Box 2785, CF, RG 59, NARA; P. Darby, British Defence Policy Eastof Suez 1948–1968 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973), pp.215, 223, 241.

14 J. Young, Britain and the World in the Twentieth Century (London: Arnold, 1997),pp.173, 183–4; Lord Beloff, ‘The End of the British Empire and the assumptionof World-wide Commitments by the United States’, in W.R. Louis and H. Bull(eds), The Special Relationship: Anglo–American Relations Since 1945 (Oxford:Oxford Clarendon Press, 1989), pp.255–6.

15 Wilson, Labour Government, pp.3–12ff; Ziegler, t Wilson, p.170; Peter Hennessey,Whitehall (London: Fontana, 1989), pp.181–9, 409.

16 Wilson, Memoirs, 1919–64, p.205; Pimlott, Wilson, pp.329, 331; Ziegler,Wilson, p.171.

17 Wilson, Memoirs, 1919–64, p.205; Robert Pearce (ed.), Patrick Gordon Walker:Political Diaries, 1932–1971 (London: The Historians’ Press, 1991), p.282.

18 Ziegler, Wilson, p.171; Kenneth Morgan, Callaghan – A Life (Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, 1997), pp. 209–10; Lord George-Brown, In My Way (London:Victor Gollancz, 1971), pp.83–5; James Callaghan, Time and Change (London:Collins, 1987), pp.165–7.

19 Pearce (ed.), Gordon Walker, p.279; Ziegler, Wilson, pp.173–4; Pimlott, Wilson,p.334.

20 Geoffrey Williams and Bruce Reed, Denis Healey and the Politics of Power(London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1971), pp.98–128ff, 157–60; William Tylerminute for Rusk, 20 Mar. 1964, Box 2777, CF (1964–66) RG 59, NARA; C.J.Bartlett, British Foreign Policy, pp. 75, 117; Denis Healey, The Time of My Life(London: Michael Joseph, 1989), pp.242–5.

21 Ziegler, Wilson, pp.75, 129, 136, 140, 172, 290; Pimlott, Wilson, pp.136, 328,334, 467–8, 485–6; Morgan, Wilson, p.200; Wilson, The Labour Government,pp.63–7ff;. Kevin Jeffreys, Anthony Crosland (London: Richard Cohen Books,1999), pp.89, 95–100; Geoffrey Goodman, The Awkward Warrior: Frank Cousins:His Life and Times (London: Davis-Poynter, 1979), pp.383–99.

22 Pimlott, Wilson, p.327.23 Barbara Castle, Fighting All the Way (London: Pan Books, 1993), p.164; Pimlott,

Wilson, pp. 336–7; Ziegler, Wilson, p.175; Richard Crossman, The Diaries of aCabinet Minister, Vol. 1 (1964–66) (London: Book Club Associates, 1976), p.43;Crossman, 18 Oct. 1964, 6/1, AHP.

24 Anthony Howard’s introduction in Richard Crossman, The Crossman Diaries1964–1970 (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1979), pp.14–16; Benn, Diaries, p.522;Pimlott, Wilson, p.335; Darby, East of Suez , pp. 164–5.

25 Wilson, Memoirs, 1919–64 , p.179; Benn, Diaries, pp.107–8, 130–2; Ziegler,Wilson, p.155.

26 Pimlott, Wilson, pp.323–47; Ziegler, Wilson, pp. 179–85.27 Morgan, Wilson, p.260; Wilson, The Labour Government, p.27.t


28 Pimlott, Wilson, p.339; Healey, The Time of My Life, pp.302–3; Wilson, TheLabour Government, pp.11–12; Benn, t Diaries, p.131; Ziegler, Wilson, p.178;Pearce(ed), Gordon Walker, p.40; Edward Short, Whip to Wilson – The CrucialYears of Labour Government (London: Macdonald, 1989), pp.54–5; Lord Wigg,George Wigg (London: Michael Joseph 1972), pp.310–12.

29 Ziegler, Wilson, pp.175–6; Pimlott, Wilson, p.391; Healey, The Time of My Life,pp.259–60, 303; Morgan, Wilson, p.259.

30 Pimlott, Wilson, p.340; Derek Mitchell, 5 Nov. 1964, 7/19, AHP.31 Hennessey, Whitehall, p.217; Ziegler, Wilson, p.184; see brief for the

Wilson–Johnson Summit in Washington in Dec. 1964, Box 213, CFUK, NSF, LBJL.32 Ziegler, Wilson, p.177; see also Noel Annan, Our Age: The Generation that made

Post-War Britain (London: Fontana, 1990), pp.555–6.33 Ziegler, Wilson, p.186; Wilson, The Labour Government, p.45; Pimlott,t Wilson, p.284.34 Mitchell minute (for the Prime Minister), 29 Oct. 1964, PREM 13/28.35 Pearce (ed), Gordon Walker, p.282.36 OPD(O)(64)1st mtg, 30 Oct. 1964, CAB 148/40.37 Foreign Office Circular, Jan. 1964? FO 371/177812; see also Hoyer Millar

minute, 1 June 1964, FO 371/177812; John Nicholls’s minute on ‘PlanningStaff’, for Caccia, 27 Dec. 1964, FO 371/177812.

38 John Peck, British Embassy, Dakar, to Palliser, 8 Feb. 1964, FO 371/177812; seealso Darby, East of Suez, p.140.

39 Nicholls minute on ‘Planning Staff’ for Caccia, 27 Dec. 1964, FO 371/177812.40 Trend to PM, 30 Apr. 1964, PREM 11/4731; author’s italics.41 DO(O)(64)29, 19 May 1964, CAB 148/5; DO 1st mtg, 8 June 1964, CAB 148/8.42 ‘British Interests and Commitments Overseas’, MISC 17/2, 18 Nov. 1964, CAB

130/213; see also DO(O)(64)72, 12 Oct. 1964, CAB 148/7. 43 ‘Report of the Long-Term Study Group: Regional Study on the Far East’,

DO(O)(S)(64)43, 21 Oct. 1964, CAB 148/10. See also earlier drafts and discus-sions: for instance, DO(O)(S)(64)8, 14 July 1964, CAB 148/8; DO(O)(S)4th, 5thand 8th mtgs, 20 and 27 July and 4 Sept. 1964, all in CAB 148/8.

44 Author’s italics.45 Author’s italics.46 ‘Report of the Long-Term Study Group: Regional Study on the Middle East’,

DO(O)(S)(64)44, 21 Oct. 1964, CAB 148/10; see also earlier drafts: for instance,DO(O)(S)(64)9, 16 July 1964, CAB 148/8; DO(O)(S) 4th, 5th, and 6th and 7thmtgs, 20 and 27 July, 13 and 31 Aug. 1964, all in CAB 148/8.

47 PC(64)34, 7 Oct. 1964, FO 371/177814; Palliser to Hood (minute), 12 Oct.1964, FO 371/177831; Crawford to Nicholls and to Harrison (minute) ‘Adenand the Persian Gulf’, 4 Nov. 1964, FO 371/177831; see also the final coveringreport MISC 17/2, 18 Nov. 1964, CAB 130/213.

48 Nicholls to Caccia, 10 Nov. 1964, FO 371/177831.49 ‘Report of the Long-Term Study Group: Regional Study on Europe’

DO(O)(S)(64)45, 23 Oct. 1964, CAB 148/10. See also earlier drafts and discus-sions, DO(O)(S)(64)5 revise, 29 July 1964, CAB 148/8; DO(O)(S)(64) 3rd and7th mtgs, 29 June and 31 Aug. 1964, CAB 148/8.

50 Palliser to Rogers (minute), 24 June 1964, FO 371/177831; Palliser to LordHood (minute), 12 Oct. 1964, FO 371/188831.

51 COS 59th, 60th and 62nd mtgs, 6, 13 and 20 Oct. 1964, DEFE 4/175; COS 63rdmtg, 27 Oct. 1964, DEFE 4/176; Palliser to Nicholls, 29 Oct. 1964, FO371/179120; OPD(O)(64)10, 9 Nov. 1964, CAB 148/40.


52 The Future Planning Working Group, which was established in 1962, produceda report examining the pattern of British overseas defence expenditure in July1964. It was the initial intention that the report of the Future PlanningWorking Group would be combined with the report of the Long-Term StudyGroup. However, the attempt to finalise the agreed report of the FuturePlanning Working group’s report was eventually overtaken by the GeneralElection and by the advent of the new Labour Government. See Palliser toCampbell, 24 Jan.1964, FO 371/177812; Tickell to Palliser, 2 July 1964, FO371/177823; Palliser to Tickell, 2 July 1964, FO 371/177823; Rogers to Caccia,7 Dec. 1964, FO 371/177823; Nicholls to Caccia, 27 Dec. 1964, FO 371/177812.

53 After the Wilson Government, the Defence and Overseas Policy Committeewas recorded as OPD, instead of DOP. DO(O) 21st mtg, 14 Oct. 1964, CAB148/4; OPD(O) (64)3, 23 Oct. 1964, CAB 1489/40; COS 63rd mtg, 27 Oct. 1964,DEFE 4/176; Palliser on ‘the Long-Term Study Group’ (seen by Caccia), 29 Oct.1964, FO 371/179120; Nicholls to Caccia, 10 Nov. 1964, FO371/117831; Palliser to Nicholls, 20 Oct. 1964, FO 371/177831.

54 OPD(O)(64)3, 23 Oct. 1964, CAB 148/40.55 Palliser to Nicholls, 25 September 1964, FO 371/177831; Nicholls to Caccia,

12 October 1964, FO 371/177831.56 Nicholls to Caccia, 12 Oct. 1964, FO 371/177831.57 MISC 17/2 ‘British Interests and Commitments Overseas’, 18 Nov. 1964, CAB

130/213. 58 Ibid.59 Ibid.; DO(O)(64)21st mtg, 14 Oct. 1964, CAB 148/4.60 OPD 1st mtg, 21 Oct. 1964, CAB 148/17; Cabinet 2nd mtg, 22 Oct.1964, CAB

128/39 pt 1; COS 64th mtg, 29 Oct. 1964, DEFE 4/176; OPD(64)8, 12 Nov.1964, CAB 148/17; OPD 3rd mtg, 16 Nov. 1964, CAB 148/17.

61 OPD1st mtg, 21 Oct. 1964, CAB 148/17; OPD(64)3, 20 Oct.1964, CAB 148/17;‘Policy in Aden and the Protectorate of South Arabia’, OPD(64)16, 30 Dec.1964, CAB 148/17.

62 MISC 1/1st mtg ‘Cabinet Economic Affairs’, 17 Oct. 1964, CAB 130/202;Cabinet 1st mtg, 19 Oct. 1964, CAB 128/39; C(64)4, ‘Public Expenditure’, 20 Oct. 1964, CAB 129/119; Morgan, Callaghan, p.212; Wilson, The LabourGovernment, pp.6–7; Alec Cairncross, The Wilson Years – A Treasury Diary,1964–1966 (London: The Historians’ Press, 1997), pp.1–11 ff; Callaghan, Timeand Change, p.163.

63 Mitchell to Bancroft, Treasury, 3 Nov. 1964, PREM 13/33; Callaghan mtg withUS Under-Secretary Roosa, 16 November 1964, Box 22, OASIA, 69-A-7584,RG 56 (Records of the Department of Treasury, USA), NARA; Wilson’s mtg withBrown, Callaghan, Armstrong, Roll, et al. 17 Nov. 1964, PREM 13/261; Wilsonto Johnson (letter), 18 Nov. 1964, PREM 13/261; discussion on the economicsituation at Chequers, 21 Nov. 1964, PREM 13/237; report on ‘The Crisis of thePound and U.S. Policy’, by Gardner Ackley (Chairman of the Council ofEconomic Advisers) to President Johnson, 22 Nov, 1964, Box 12, ConfidentialFile-UK (CONF), White House Central File (WHCF), LBJL; Cabinet 10th mtg, 24Nov. 1964, CAB 128/39; Wilson mtg with Lord Cromer, 24 Nov. 1964, PREM13/261; Wilson’s mtg with Brown and Callaghan, 24/25 Nov. 1964 (12.00a.m.–), PREM 13/261; Johnson to George Ball (telephone), 25 Nov. 1964, Box 1,Papers of George Ball, LBJL; Wilson, 19 and 26 Nov. 1964, 7/14 and 16, AHP;Morgan, Callaghan, pp.215–17.


64 For a concise account of the Wilson Government’s financial troubles and theUnited States’s position on them, see D. Kunz, ‘Lyndon Johnson’s DollarDiplomacy’, History Today, 42 (April 1992), pp.46–7; Wilson, 8 Nov 1964,7/16, AHP.

65 The record of the Chequers meetings can be found in CAB 130/213, i.e., MISC17/1st mtg at 10.00 a.m. on 21 Nov. MISC 17/2nd mtg at 3.30 a.m. on 21 Nov.,MISC 17/3rd mtg, 21 Nov. at 5.30 p.m. and MISC 17/4th mtg, at 10.30 a.m.Unfortunately the recorded minutes adopted a similar style to that of theCabinet minutes (points of discussion only) and as a result it is impossible toidentify the names of speakers during the discussion.

66 Wilson, The Labour Government, pp.39–44.t67 As part of preparation for the defence conference at Chequers and for Wilson’s

visit to Washington in December, the Cabinet Office created an ad hoc DefenceStudy Group under Burke Trend. See Nicholls minute, 27 Dec.1964, FO371/177812. See also Trend to Prime Minister, 19 Nov. 1964, PREM 13/26.

68 See MISC 17/1st mtg, CAB 130/213 (see n. 65 above).69 ‘Future Size of the Defence Budget’ by the Treasury and the DEA, MISC 17/1,

13 Nov. 1964, CAB 130/213.70 MISC 17/1st mtg, 21 Nov.1964, CAB 130/213.71 The Foreign Office’s observations about the fall of Khrushchev can be found in

FO 371/177662–8. The Wilson Government (Wilson/Gordon Walker) took theview that there would be no change in Soviet foreign policy. See Wilson mtgwith the Soviet Ambassador in London (Soldatov), 16 Oct. 1964, FO371/177666; Gordon Walker mtg with Rusk in Washington, FO 371/177667;see also a report by the Foreign Office for the Cabinet ad hoc Defence StudyGroup, PMW(W)(64), OPD(O)(64)16, 24 Nov. 1964, CAB 148/40 and 1stmeeting at Chequers, MISC 17/1st mtg, CAB 130/213.

72 COS 67th mtg, 10 Nov.1964, DEFE 4/176.73 Healey, The Time of My Life, p.256.74 OPD(O)(64)11 ‘Defence Expenditure’ by the Permanent Under-Secretary, MoD,

6 Nov. 1964, CAB 148/40; the final paper on the same subject, see MISC.17/3,18 Nov.1964, CAB 130/213.

75 MISC 17/1, 13 Nov. 1964, CAB 130/213.76 MISC 17/2nd mtg, 21 Nov.1964, CAB 130/213.77 Wilson, The Labour Government, pp.20, 39; Wilson–McNamara mtg, 5 Mar.

1964, and also Wilson–Johnson mtg, 2 Mar. 1964, both in Box 213, CFUK,NSF, LBJL.

78 COS 67th mtg 10 Nov. 1964, DEFE 4/176; see also OPD(64)11, 6 Nov. 1964,CAB 148/40; MISC 17/3, 18 Nov. 1964, CAB 130/213.

79 G. G. Arthur to B. Burrows, 13 Nov.1964, FO 371/179120; see also C. M. Roseminute for Arthur, 13 Nov. 1964, FO 371/179120. Gordon Walker also dis-cussed this subject with Rusk, see Box 2785, CF (1964–66), RG 59, NARA. TheConservative Government had also attempted to cut back the development ofa number of costly weapons systems, including the TSR-2: see Chapter 2.

80 MISC17/2nd mtg, 21 Nov. 1964, CAB 130/213.81 Gordon Walker mtg with Rusk, 26 October 1964, Box 2785, CF(1964–66),

NARA; Wilson, The Labour Government, p.61; COS 67th mtg, 10 Nov. 1964,DEFE 4/176.

82 See MISC 17/2nd mtg, 21 Nov. 1964, CAB 130/213; Cabinet 11th mtg, 26 Nov.1964, CAB 128/39; Trend to Wilson, 25 Nov. 1964, PREM 13/026.


83 In April 1964, Britain reached agreement with the USA that Britain would nottake ‘any steps’ on the MLF before October 1964. See DO(O)(64)66, 25 Sept.1964, CAB 148/7.

84 Trend to Wilson, 19 Nov.1964, PREM 13/26.85 Wilson–Johnson mtg in Washington, 2 Mar. 1964, Box 213, CFUK, NSF, LBJL;

Ziegler, Wilson, p.108; Philip de Zulueta, 24 Nov. 1963, PREM 11/4332; Healey,too, expressed a similar opinion about the Nassau Agreement: see Williams andReed, Healey, p.157; author’s italics.

86 Thorneycroft to Douglas-Home, 3 Feb. 1964, PREM 11/4733.87 MISC 16/1st mtg (Wilson, Gordon Walker and Healey with Burke Trend in

attendance) 11 Nov. 1964, CAB 130/212. 88 OPD(O)(64)2, 23 Oct. 1964, CAB 148/40; for a recent and detailed study of the

MLF dispute, see Helga Haftendorn, NATO and the Nuclear Revolution: A Crisis ofCredibility 1966–67 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996), pp.115–31 ff.

89 Leopoldo Nuti, ‘ “Me Too, Please”: Italy and the Politics of Nuclear Weapons,1945–1975’, Diplomacy and Statecraft, 4:1 (March 1993), pp.129–30; Wilson, 9ffJune 1964, 6/7, AHP; ‘Memoranda of discussion of the MLF at the WhiteHouse’, 10 Apr. 1964, FRUS 1964–68: Vol. XIII, p.36; Beatrice Heuser, NATO,Britain, France and the FRG: Nuclear Strategies and Forces for Europe, 1949–2000(Basingstoke: Macmillan – now Palgrave, 1997), pp.153–4.

90 For discussions under the Conservatives, see Chapter 2. Wilson, LabourGovernment, p.41; Short, t Whip to Wilson, p.96. See also Wilson’s mtg withJohnson, 2 Mar. 1964, Box 213, CFUK, NSF, LBJL; Pearce, Gordon Walker, p.300;Healey, however, openly opposed the MLF: see Healey, The Time of My Life,pp.301–2; Healey mtg with Tyler (Ass. Sec. for European Affairs at the StateDept in Washington, 23 Mar. 1964, Box 2777, CF (1964–66), RG59, NARA.

91 MISC 17/3rd mtg, 21 Nov.1964, CAB 130/213; on 6 October 1964 the GermanChancellor, Ludwig Erhard, suggested publicly the possibility of a bilateralagreement between West Germany and the United States over nuclear sharing.See Haftendorn, NATO and the Nuclear Revolution, p.132.

92 ‘Atlantic Nuclear Force’ MISC 17/4, 18 Nov. 1964, CA 130/213; see also‘Atlantic Nuclear Force’ MISC.11/2 (final), 9 Nov. 1964, CAB 130/211.

93 For the Eden plan, see S. Dockrill, Britain’s Policy for West German Rearmament(Cambridge University Press, 1991), pp.140–50 ff.

94 Wilson, 19 Nov. 1964, 7/16, AHP; Williams and Reed, Healey, p.158.95 Wilson, 19 Nov. 1964, 7/16, AHP; see MISC 4th mtg, 22 Nov. 1964, CAB 130/213.96 ‘British Nuclear Forces’ Confidential Annex to COS 3033/9/10/64, COS 60th

mtg, 13 Oct. 1964 and ‘British Strategic Nuclear Capability’ part 1 to COS 60thmtg, 13 October 1964, both in DEFE 4/175; MISC 2nd and 3rd mtgs, 21 Nov.1964, CAB 130/213; during the interview with Hetherington on 26 Nov. 1964,Wilson suggested as a ‘tentative idea’ the notion that ‘if a NATO nuclear force(under ANF) was created, then as a second stage there might be anAnglo–American nuclear force for the Indian Ocean and the Far East’: 7/13, AHP.

97 MISC 17/ 3rd mtg, 21 Nov. 1964. CAB 130/213; see also CC(64)11th mtg, 26Nov. 1964, CAB 128/39; Short, Whip to Wilson, p.97.

98 Philip de Zulueta minute (for Douglas Home), 24 Nov.1963, PREM 11/4332;Wilson, 19 Nov.1963, 7/16, AHP; MISC 17/4th mtg, 22 Nov.1964, CAB 130/213.

99 See Chapter 2.100 Trend to Wilson, 19 Nov. 1964, PREM 13/26; MISC 17/4, 18 Nov. 1964, CAB

130/213; Heuser, NATO, Britain, France and the FRG, pp.131–2 and Haftendorn,NATO and the Nuclear Revolution, pp.121–6.


101 MISC/4th mtg, 22 Nov.1964, CAB 130/213; Healey, The Time of My Life, p.302.102 Cabinet 11th mtg, 26 Nov.1964, CAB 128/39; Trend to Wilson, 25 Nov.1964,

PREM 13/26.103 CC(64)11th mtg, 26 Nov. 1964, CAB 128/39; the Chiefs of Staff were also con-

cerned about surrendering British sovereignty over its nuclear weapons if it partic-ipated in the MLF. See COS 59th and 60th mtgs, 6 and 13 Oct. 1964, DEFE 4/175.

104 MISC 4th mtg, 22 Nov.1964, CAB 130/213; see also DP Note 28/64, ‘DefencePolicy’, 28 Oct. 1964, DEFE 4/176; Jane Stromseth, The Origins of FlexibleResponse (London: Macmillan – now Palgrave, 1988), p.161.

105 MISC 17/5’Atlantic Nuclear Force: Possible Reductions in British DefenceExpenditure’, 19 Nov. 1964, CAB 130/213; MISC 17/4th mtg, 22 Nov.1964,CAB 130/213; Trend to Wilson, 19 Nov. 1964, PREM 13/26.

106 Wilson, The Labour Government, p.42; Wilson, 25 Nov. 1964, 7/13, AHP.t107 Trend to Wilson, 19 Nov. 1964, PREM 13/26; MISC 17/4th mtg, 22 Nov. 1964,

CAB 130/213.108 ‘7 December’ , Box 3, The President’s Daily Diary, LBJL; Wilson, The Labour

Government, p.50; Wilson, 18 Dec. 1964, 8/15, AHP.t109 SC(64)30 Revise, 21 Aug. 1964, FO 371/177830.110 Tickell minute, 29 May 1964, PLA 24/2 and Harrison minute, 16 June 1964,

both in FO 371/177830; Wilson, The Labour Government, p.46; Wilson–Johnsontmtg, 2 March 1964, Box 213, CFUK, NSF, LBJL.

111 CP(64)164, 2 Sept. 1964, CAB 128/118.112 Ibid.113 Nicholls to Riches, British Embassy, Beirut, 4 July 1964, FO 371/177812.114 Barnes minute, 10 June 1964, FO 371/177830.115 SC(64)36, 14 Aug. 1964, FO 371/177839.116 Nicholls minute, 1 Aug. 1964, FO 371/177830.117 CP(64)164, 2 Sept. 1964, CAB 129/118; see also Harrison minute, 16 June 1964,

FO 371/177830.118 Gordon Walker also told Rusk during the Washington meeting on 26 October

1964 that ‘he (Gordon Walker) did not like the phrase “special relationship”,which sounded like protesting too much’: PREM 13/109; Wilson, 5, 19 and 26 Nov. 1964, 7/13, 16 and 19, AHP.

119 George Herring, LBJ and Vietnam: A Different Kind of War (Austin, TX:University of Texas Press, 1994), p.8; Vaughn Davis Bornet, The Presidency ofLyndon B. Johnson (Kansas, KS: Kansas University Press,1983), pp.28–9; LyndonBaines Johnson, The Vantage Point: Perspectives of the Presidency, 1963–1969(New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1971), pp.21–2.

120 Herring, LBJ, p.7; Robert S. McNamara with Brian Van De Mark, In Retrospect:The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam (New York: Times Books, 1995), p.99.

121 Wilson, 5 March 1964, 6/22, AHP.122 Lord Harlech, Washington (minute) to F.O.? 16 Nov. 1964, PREM 13/013;

Wilson mtg with Bruce, 27 Nov. 1964, PREM 13/103.123 ‘Memorandum of discussion of the MLF at the White House’ (Johnson, Ball,

Rostow, Tyler, Bundy et al.), 10 April 1964, FRUS 1964–68 XIII, pp.35–7; ThomasSchwartz, ‘Victories and Defeats in the Long Twilight Struggle: The UnitedStates and Western Europe in the 1960s’, in Diane Kunz (ed.), The Diplomacy ofthe Crucial Decade (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), p.134.

124 Haftendorn, NATO and the Nuclear Revolution, pp.126–7; ‘Summary ofDiscussion on the MLF’, 31 October 1964, FRUS 1964–8 XIII, p.95; Bundy toBall (telephone), 26 Nov.1964, Box 1, Papers of George W. Ball, LBJL; George


Ball’s interview, 9 July 1971, Ac 88-3, Oral History, LBJL; James A. Bill, GeorgeBall: Behind the Scenes in U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven, CT: Yale UniversityPress, 1997), p.115.

125 Bundy to Johnson, 4 Dec 1964, Box 214. CFUK, NSF, LBJL; Mitchell minute, 29 Nov.1964, PREM 13/103; Alistair Horne, ‘The Macmillan Years andAfterwards’, in Louis and Bull (eds), The Special Relationship, p.95.

126 Bruce, London to State Dept, tel. 15, 15 Sept. 1964, Box 2774, CF (1964–66),RG 59, NARA; Reston to Ball (telephone), 16 Oct. 1964, Box 1, Papers of GeorgeBall, LBJL; see also Nelson D. Lankford, The Last American Aristocrat: TheBiography of Ambassador David K. E. Bruce (New York: Little, Brown, 1996),pp.328–9.

127 Emphasis as in the original. Ackley to Johnson, 9 Nov. 1964, Box 75,Countries(CO), WHCF, LBJL; Rusk to Johnson, 24 Oct. 1964, Box 213, CFUK,NSF, LBJL.

128 Bundy to Ball, 8 Nov. 1964, FRUS 1964–68, XIII, p.104; Bundy to President,26 Oct. 1964, Box 213, CFUK, NSF, LBJL. For the British record of Rusk–Gordon Walker mtg, see 27 Oct. 1964, PREM 13/25.

129 Bruce to Ball (telephone) 19 Nov. 1964, Box. 1, Papers of George Ball, LBJL.130 According to Hetherington, who sat next to Bruce at a dinner on the evening of

23 November, he was able to explain to the Ambassador the nature of thedefence debate Wilson had to face on that day. See Wilson, 26 Nov. 1964, 7/13,AHP. In fact, this explanation helped and Bruce rang Ball to advise him ‘not totake too seriously what Wilson had said’ on the MLF. Bruce to Ball (telephone,10.30 p.m., London time) 23 Nov. 1964, and see also Neustadt to Ball (tele-phone), 23 Nov. 1964, and Bundy to Ball (telephone), 24 Nov. 1964, all in Box 1,Papers of George Ball, LBJL. See also ‘editorial note’ in FRUS, 1964–68, XIII, p.120;Wilson, The Labour Government, p.44. See Wilson’s speech for the House oftCommons, 23 Nov. 1964, House of Commons Debates (HC Deb),Vol. 702 (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office or HMSO, 1964), cols 930–43.

131 Cairncross, Diary, p.17; Callaghan, p.216; LBJ–Ball, 25 Nov. 1964; Bruce–Ball,23 Nov. 1964, Box 1 Papers of George Ball, LBJL; Bruce to Washington, 23 Nov.1964, Box. 2777, CF (1964–66), RG 59, NARA.

132 Bruce–Wilson mtg, 27 Nov. 1964, PREM 13/103; Neustadt mtg with Mitchell,29 Nov. 1964, PREM 13/103; Bruce, London to State Dept, tel. 2581, 28 Nov.1964, Box 2785, CF (1964–66), RG 59, NARA.

133 Neustadt mtg with Mitchell, 29 Nov. 1964, PREM 13/103; diary entries,25 Nov. and 27 Nov. 1964, David K.E. Bruce diary, MSS. 5:1 B8303 VirginiaHistorical Society, Richmond, USA (hereafter cited as Bruce diary).

134 Schwartz, ‘The United States and Western Europe’, p.132; Bill, George Ball,p.116; Bundy to Johnson, 8 Nov. 1964, FRUS, 1964–68, XIII, p.104.

135 Bundy to Johnson, 6 Dec. 1964, Box 214, CFUK, NSF, LBJL; Bundy to Ball,25 Nov. 1964, FRUS, 1964–6, XIII, pp.121–2; Bill, George Ball, pp.116–17.

136 Bundy to Johnson, 6 Dec. 1964, Box 214, CFUK, NSF, LBJL; Bruce diaries,6 December 1964, FRUS, 1964–68, XIII, pp.133–4.

137 See Mitchell minute, 29 Nov. 1964, PREM 13/103.138 Neustadt minute for Johnson (agreed by Bundy, Ball, McNamara), 4 December

1964, Box 214, CFUK, NSF, LBJL; Bundy to Johnson, 5 December 1964; Bundyon the MLF to Johnson, 5 Dec. 1964, Neustadt to Johnson on ‘negotiatingschedule after Wilson’s visit’, 5 Dec. 1964, Neustadt to Johnson (countersignedby Bundy), 5 Dec. 1964, Bundy to Johnson on ‘Last-minute papers for the


Wilson visit’, 6 Dec. 1964 (8.00 p.m.) all in Box 214, CFUK, NSF, LBJL; Bundyto Ball (telephone call), 5 Dec. 1964, Box 1, Papers of George Ball, LBJL.

139 Bruce diaries, 6 December 1964, FRUS, 1964–68, XIII, pp.133–4; Bundy toJohnson on ‘Last-minute papers for the Wilson visit’, 6 Dec. 1964 (8.00 p.m.),Box 214, CFUK, NSF, LBJL.

140 Wilson, The Labour Government,t p.44; Wilson, 19 Nov. 1964, 7/16, AHP.141 Wilson, 4 Dec. 1964, 8/18, AHP; Bruce diaries in FRUS, 1964–8, XIII, fn.2,

p.133; Mitchell minute, 1 Dec. 1964, PREM 13/108; Bundy minute for Johnson,4 Dec. 1964, Box 214, CFUK, NSF, LBJL.

142 The British record can be found in PREM 13/104 and the American record inBox 2785, CF (1964–66), RG 59, NARA and also FRUS, 1964–6, XIII, pp.141–52.

143 ‘7 Dec.1964’ in Box 3, the President’s Daily Diary, LBJL; Bundy minute, 7 Dec.1964, Box 2, Memos to the President (MTP), NSF, LBJL; J.G. Wright minute,7 Dec. 1964, PREM 13/103.

144 Trend minute for Wilson, 11 Dec. 1964, PREM 13/104; meeting on 7 Dec. 1964 at3.30 p.m. in PREM 13/104; see also Box 2785, CF (1964–66), RG 59, NARA.

145 Wilson, 4 Dec. 1964, 8/18, AHP; meeting at the White House on 7 Dec. 1964 at11.45 a.m. in PREM 13/104; a meeting on 7 Dec. 1964, at 1.10 p.m. in Box2785, CF (1964–66), RG 59, NARA.

146 Meeting on 8 Dec. at 12.15 p.m. in PREM 13/104 and meeting on 7 Dec. 1964at 11.45 a.m. in Box 2785, CF (1964–66), RG 59, NARA; see also the record inPREM 13/104.

147 Meeting on 8 Dec. 1964 at 12.15 p.m. in PREM 13/104; see also meeting on 7 Dec. 1964 at 11.45 a.m. in Box 2785, CF (1964–66), RG 59, NARA.

148 A meeting on 7 Dec. 1964 at 3.30 p.m. in PREM 13/104.149 Ibid.150 Heuser, NATO, Britain, France and the FRG, pp.131–2; meeting on 7 Dec. 1964 at

3.30 p.m. and meeting on 8 Dec. 1964 at 12.15 p.m., PREM 13/104.151 Trend minute, 11 Dec. 1964, PREM 13/104; CC(64)14th mtg, 17 Dec. 1964,

CAB 128/39 pt 1; a mtg on 8 Dec. 1964, at 4 p.m. in FRUS, 1964–6, XIII, p.147.See the joint communiqué issued by the US president and the PM of the UK,PREM 13/104.

152 Lord Harlech to Foreign Office, tel. 3986, 3 Dec. 1964, PREM 13/692;McNamara, In Retrospect, pp.162–3; Marilyn B. Young, The Vietnam Wars1945–1990 (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), p.131.

153 Johnson in Washington, DC, 2 Dec. 1964, 7/2 AHP; according to a table inDec. 1964(?), the number of British officers in South Vietnam was seven andnot eight as Johnson told Hetherington. See ‘Third Country Assistance toVietnam’ in Box 2, MTP, NSF, LBJL.

154 Wilson, 4 Dec. 1964, 8/18 and 18 Dec. 1964, 8/15, both in AHP; Short, Whip toWilson, p.97.

155 A meeting on 7 Dec.1964 at 3.30 p.m., and on 8 Dec. 12.15 p.m. both inPREM 13/104.

156 Wilson, 18 Dec. 1964, 8/15, AHP.157 Bundy minute for Johnson, 4 Dec. 1964, Chester Cooper to Bundy, 4 Dec.

1964, Bundy minute for Johnson, 5 Dec. 1964, all in Box 214, CFUK, NSF,LBJL; Trend minute for Wilson, 11 Dec. 1964, PREM 13/104; Ziegler, Wilson,p.222; Wilson, The Labour Government, pp.48–9.

158 Lord Harlech, Washington to Foreign Office, tel. 4046, 9 Dec. 1964, PREM 13/27.159 Wilson, 18 Dec. 1964, 8/15, AHP.


160 Neustadt to Ball (telephone), 9 Dec. 1964, and Bundy to Ball, 9 Dec. 1964, bothin Box 1, Papers of George Ball, LBJL; Bundy to Bruce, 9 Dec. 1964, Box 2, MTP,NSF, LBJL.

161 Bundy to Johnson, 10 Dec. 1964, FRUS, 1964–66, XIII, pp.158–9; Haftendorn,NATO and the Nuclear Revolution, pp.138–9; Schwartz, ‘The United States andWestern Europe’, pp.135–6.

162 Richard Barnett, Allies: America, Europe and Japan since the War (London:Jonathan Cape, 1984), p.235; Thomas H. Baker’s interview with David K.E.Bruce on 12 Sept. 1971, Ac. 73–79, Oral History, LBJL.

163 N McGrory to Ball, 9 Dec. 1964 and Neutstadt to Ball (telephone call), 9 Dec.1964, both in Box 1, Papers of George Ball, LBJL.

164 Bundy minute, 7 Dec. 1964, Box 2, MTP, NSF, LBJL; Barnet, Allies, pp.234–64;Horne, ‘The Macmillan Years and Afterwards’, pp.105–6; A Dobson, Anglo-American Relations in the Twentieth Century (London: Routledge, 1995),pp.131–2; Dean Rusk interview, 2 Jan.1970, Ac 74-245, Oral History, LBJL.

165 McNamara, In Retrospect, p.99; Wilson to Brown, in Lord Harlech, Washingtonto FO, tel. 4046, 9 Dec. 1964, PREM 13/27.

4 Spreading the Butter Too Thin

1 OPD(O)(64)27, 27 Nov. 1964, CAB 148/40; OPD Official 9th mtg, 1 Dec. 1964and OPD(O)( 64)29, ‘Defence Studies’ by secretaries, 28 Dec. 1964, both inCAB 148/40.

2 D. Healey, The Time of My Life (London: Michael Joseph, 1989), p.257;Broadbent, The Military and Government : From Macmillan to Heseltine (London:Macmillan – now Palgrave, 1988), p.28.

3 Healey, The Time of My Life, p.331. 4 Broadbent, The Military and Government, pp.29–30; F.A. Johnson, Defence by

Ministry: The British Ministry of Defence 1944–1977 (London: Gerald Duckworth,1980), pp.131–2; G. Williams and B. Reed, Denis Healey, pp.167, 275–6; Healey,The Time of My Life, pp.252–3.

5 The Washington Conference, 7 Dec. 1964, PREM 13/104; Bancroft, Treasury toMitchell, 10 Downing Street, 7 Jan. 1965, PREM 13/121; H. Wilson, The LabourGovernment 1964–1970 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1971), p.66.

6 Ibid., p.60; Sean Straw and John W. Young, ‘The Wilson Government and theDemise of TSR-2, October 1964–April 1965’, The Journal of Strategic Studies 20:4(December 1997), p.28.

7 K. Morgan, Callaghan: A Life (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), p.221;Callaghan’s minute, OPD(67)17, 21 Jan. 1965, CAB148/19.

8 For Hardman’s (PUS since 1963) position on this, see Geoffrey Williams, FrankGregory and John Simpson, Crisis in Procurement: A Case Study of the TSR-2(London: Royal United Service Institution, 1969), p.32. See also Hardman toPeter Thorneycroft, 30 Jan. 1964, DEFE 13/326.

9 Straw and Young, ‘The Demise of TSR-2’, pp.27–8; Healey to Wilson, 11 Dec.1964, PREM 13/21; COS 74th mtg, 22 Dec. 1964, DEFE 4/178.

10 OPD(65)101, 24 June 1965, CAB 148/21; OPD (64)9, 12 Nov. 1964, CAB148/17; OPD (65)9, 13 Jan. 1965, CAB 148/19; see also Straw and Young, ‘TheDemise of TSR-2’, p.26.

11 OPD 2nd mtg, 15 Jan. 1965, CAB 148/18; OPD (65)9, 13. Jan. 1965, CAB148/19; Straw and Young, ‘The Demise of TSR-2’, p. 30.


12 OPD(65)7, 13 Jan. 1965, CAB 148/19; OPD 2nd mtg, 15 Jan. 1965, CAB 148/18.13 Ministry of Aviation (AVIA), ‘Defence Review: Possible Purchase of American

Aircraft’, 1 Jan. 1965, AVIA 65/1744; OPD(765)28, 28 Jan. 1965, CAB 148/20;OPD(65)117, 21 Jan. 1965, CAB 148/19.

14 The reason for this was that Wilson felt obliged to reconsider a proposal madeby Hawker and Siddeley to take the HS 802 instead of C-130. However, thiswould reduce the financial advantages by adding an extra payment of £50 million to the Treasury’s bill, and on 8 February the decision to adhere tothe purchase of the C-130 was endorsed. Cabinet 6th and 8th mtgs, 1 and 8 Feb 1965, CAB 128/39; a mtg of Wilson, Callaghan, Healey and Jenkins at 10 Downing Street, 2 Feb. 1965, PREM 13/716.

15 OPD 5th mtg, 29 Jan. 1965, CAB 148/18; Cabinet 3rd mtg, 21 Jan. 1965,CAB 128/39.

16 Trend to Wilson, 14 Jan. 1965 PREM 13/222; OPD (65) 56, 24 Mar. 1965, CAB148/20; OPD 19th mtg, 31 Mar. 1965, CAB 148/18; Washington Summit,8 Dec. 1964, PREM 13/104.

17 FO 371/184519, 5 Jan. 1965.18 Graham minute, 5 Jan. 1965, FO 371/184519; Healey to Wilson, 21 Dec. 1964,

PREM 13/222; Healey to Wilson, 4 Jan. 1965, PREM 13/222; OPD (65) 4, 12Jan. 1965, CAB 148/19; Gordon Walker to Wilson, 11 Jan. 1965, PREM 13/222;Trend to Wilson, 14 Jan. 1965, PREM 13/222.

19 OPD (65)3, 12 Jan. 1965, CAB 148/19; Cabinet 3rd mtg, 21 Jan. 1965, CAB128/39.

20 OPD 5th mtg, 29 Jan. 1965, CAB 148/18; Trend to Wilson, 30 Jan. 1965,PREM 13/716.

21 ‘TSR-2 Survey’ 23 Nov 1964, AVIA 65/1678; ‘TSR-2 Project History’, 8 Feb.1965, AVIA 65/1743; Joint Planning Staff (JP) (63) 136, 22 Mar 1963, DEFE6/84; Air Vice-Marshal A. F. C. Hunter (ed.), TSR 2 with Hindsight (London:Royal Air Force Historical Society, 1998), p.13; Williams, Gregory and Simpson,Crisis, pp.10–23 ff.

22 Straw and Young, ‘The Demise of TSR-2’, pp.20–1; Hunter, Hindsight, p.15.23 ‘TSR-2 Project History’, 8 Feb. 1965, AVIA 65/1743; Straw and Young, ‘The

Demise of TSR-2’, p.20.24 Cabinet Defence 1st mtg, 24 Feb. 1960, CAB 131/23; Cabinet 53rd mtg, 3 Aug.

1962, CAB 128/36. 25 Cabinet 53rd mtg, 3 Aug. 1962, CAB 128/36; see also D(62)44, 3 Aug. 1962,

CAB 131/27; Cabinet 54th mtg, 7 Aug. 1962, CAB 128/36. 26 D(63)2, 15 Jan. 1963, CAB 131/28; Straw and Young, ‘The Demise of TSR-2’ p.21.27 Trend memo D(63)19, 14 June 1965, CAB 131/28; Williams, Gregory and

Simpson, Crisis, p.34.28 Roy Jenkins, A Life at the Centre (London: Papermac, 1991), pp.171–2.29 OPD(65)9, 13 Jan. 1965, CAB 148/19. The Foreign Office was concerned about

not replacing Canberra in Germany, while reducing the number of Canberrasin Cyprus. See Graham minute, 9 Mar. 1965, FO 371/184507.

30 ‘TSR-2 Survey’, 23 Nov. 1964, AVIA 65/1678, Elworthy to RAF minister(Shackleton), 19 Jan. 1965 AIR 8/2432.

31 Healey, The Time of My Life, pp.272–3; Straw and Young, ‘The Demise ofTSR-2’, p.22.

32 Wilson, 10 Feb. 1965, 8/5, AHP; Bryars (Private Secretary to Lord Shackleton)for Wright (Wilson’s Private Secretary), 16 Dec. 1964, AIR 8/2429; Hardy WingCommander’s view, 20 Jan. 1965, DEFE 13/108.


33 See Chapter 2; also DO 7th mtg, 7 Feb. 1964, CAB 148/1. 34 ‘TSR-2 Survey’, 23 Nov. 1964, AVIA 65/1678; Sarginson report on the TSR-2 in

Dec. 1964, AVIA 65/1743; Cabinet 6th mtg, 1 Feb. 1965, CAB 128/39; Sir FrankCooper, ‘TSR 2 and Whitehall’, in Hunter, Hindsight, p.39.

35 Ibid. p.37.36 Phil Strickland, ‘Politics over Strategy: Australia’s Rejection of TSR 2’, in

Hunter, Hindsight, pp.43, 55–6; Cooper, ‘TSR 2 and Whitehall’, in Hunter,Hindsight, p.37; Jenkins, A Life at the Centre, p.172; ‘TSR-2 Survey’, 23 Nov.1964, AVIA 65/1678.

37 Strickland, ‘Australia’s Rejection of TSR 2’, p.44.38 OPD (65)7, 13 Jan. 1965, CAB 148/19; OPD2nd mtg, 15 Jan. 1965, CAB 148/18. 39 Cousins to PM, 14 Jan. 1965, PREM 13/121; Douglas Jay, Change and Fortune:

Political Record (London: Hutchinson, 1980), p.318.40 Nicoll, Ministry of Aviation to Mitchell, 14 Jan. 1965, AVIA 65/1678.41 OPD 2nd mtg, 15/1/65, CAB 148/18; JP(63)36, 22 Mar.1963, DEFE 6/84. 42 OPD (65)7, 13 Jan. 1965, CAB 148/19; OPD 2nd mtg, 15 Jan. 1965, CAB

148/18; OPD(65)16, 20 Jan. 1965, CAB 148/19; Hughes to Jenkins, 13 Jan.1965, AVIA 65/678; note of a meeting between Wilson and the major aircraftcontractors at Chequers, 15 Jan. 1965, PREM 13/21; Trend to Wilson, 21 Jan.1965, PREM 13/21.

43 P. Ziegler, Mountbatten (London: Fontana/Collins), p.587.44 Thomas G. Pike to Elworthy 15 Dec. 1964, AIR 8/2429; Lord Chalfont’s com-

ments in Barnes’s minute, 20 Jan. 1965, FO 371/184507; COS(63) 126, 28 Mar.1963, DEFE 5/137; COS 21st mtg, 26 Mar. 1963, DEFE 4/153; Straw and Young,‘The Demise of TSR-2’, pp. 21, 26, 28.

45 ‘The Phantom compared with the TSR 2 and F111A’ in Barnes’s minute, 20 Jan.1965, FO 371/184507; OPD (65)57, 26 Mar. 1965, CAB 148/20; MichaelQuinlan’s minute about Phantom for Elworthy, 13 Jan. 1965, AIR 8/2431.

46 Healey, The Time of My Life, p.274; Williams and Reed, Healey, p.177.47 Stephen Hastings, The Murder of TSR-2 (London: Macdonald, 1966), p.72; Solly

Zuckerman, Monkeys, Men and Missiles (London: Collins, 1988), pp.376–9;Zuckerman’s letter to Wilson dated 16 December 1964 warned the PrimeMinister that it would be ‘a serious mistake to buy off the cheapest shelf’. SeePREM 13/21; see also Zuckerman to Wilson, 20 Nov. 1964, PREM 13/21; Pike toElworthy (letter), 15 Dec. 1965, AIR 8/2429; Cooper, ‘TSR 2 and Whitehall’, p.38.

48 Wigg to Wilson, 12 Jan. 1965, PREM 13/799; Wigg to Wilson, 1 Apr. 1965, PREM13/716; Lord Wigg, George Wigg (London: Michael Joseph, 1972), p.321; Strawand Young, ‘The Demise of TSR-2’, p.35. See also Crossman, The Diaries of aCabinet Minister, Vol. 1 (1964–66) (London: Book Club Associates, 1976), p.191.

49 Elworthy’s minute (for Healey), 1/12/64, AIR 8/2429; ‘Possible Purchase ofAmerican Aircraft’, 1 Jan. 1965, AVIA 65/1744; Cooper, ‘TSR 2 and Whitehall’,p.40; COS 74th mtg, 22 Dec. 1964, DEFE 4/18.

50 A.A. Jarratt minute for Wilson, 5 Jan. 1965, PREM 13/117; Jenkins to Wilson,14 Jan. 1965, PREM 13/ 117; Jenkins statement at the House of Commons on20 Jan. in PREM 13/117.

51 Wilson, The Labour Government, pp.43, 61. In December 1964, the WilsonGovernment set up a committee under Lord Plowden to investigate the airindustry, and its report was published in the autumn of 1965. See Jenkins, ALife at the Centre, pp.166–7, 178–9; OPD 4th mtg, 22 Jan. 1965, CAB 148/18;Healey and Jenkins joint memo on the ‘Aircraft Industry and Future Defence


Needs’ OPD(65)25, 20 Jan. 1965, CAB 148/19. See also MISC 95/1st mtg 10 Dec. 1965 and MISC 97/1st mtg, 17 Dec. 1965, both in CAB 130/253.

52 ‘TSR-2 Survey’, 23 Nov. 1964, AVIA 65/1678; Wilson’s mtg, 15 Jan. 1965, PREM13/121; OPD 2nd mtg, 15 Jan 1965, CAB 148/18; Wilson, The LabourGovernment, p.61.

53 Healey to Wilson, 26 Jan. 1965 PREM 13/716; Healey to McNamara tel. 676, 29Jan. 1965, DEFE 13/418; Trend to Wilson, 28 and 30 Jan. 1965, PREM 13/716.

54 Wilson, The Labour Government, pp.65–6; Jenkins, t A Life at the Centre,pp.169–171; Edward Short, Whip to Wilson – The Crucial Years of LabourGoverment (London: Macdonald, 1989), pp.107–8; Wilson to Gordon Walker,22 Jan. 1965, 1/16, Gordon Walker Papers, Churchill College, Cambridge.

55 Jenkins to Wigg, 10 Mar. 1965 AVIA 65/1803; Straw and Young, ‘The Demise ofTSR-2’. p. 33.

56 Jenkins to Wilson, 17 Mar 1965, PREM 13/716; Healey’s mtg with Jenkins,18 Mar 1965, DEFE 13/109; note by Treasury and DEA officials, 23 Mar 1965,CAB 130/227.

57 MISC 49/1st and 2nd mtgs, 22 Mar. and 24 Mar. 1965, CAB 130/227.58 The ‘50 per cent rule’ means that the US Defence Department would ‘give pref-

erence to articles of US manufacture over similar foreign articles unless theprice differential is at least 50 per cent’. However, Britain was unclear as towhat extent this waiver would help the USA to purchase British military equip-ment to offset the dollar deficit. See Graham memo, ‘Purchase from the UnitedStates of F111A Aircraft’, 6 April 1965, FO 371/184508; Trend to Wilson, 29Mar. 1965, PREM 13/716.

59 Wilson mtg, 15 Jan 1965, PREM 13/21; Chequers 1st mtg, 21 Nov.1965, CAB130/213; Zuckerman, ‘Anglo–US Cooperation in Defence Research andDevelopment and Production’, 20 Nov. 1964, PREM 13/21.

60 Note of a mtg between McNamara and Shackleton, 25 Mar. 1965, DEFE 13/109.61 OPD(65)57, 26 Mar. 1965, CAB 148/20; C (65)57, 31 Mar. 1965, CAB 129/121.62 OPD (65)57 and OPD (65)59 and OPD (65)60, all on 26 Mar. 1965, CAB 148/20;

OPD 18th mtg, 29 Mar. 1965; Trend to Wilson, 31 Mar 1965, PREM 13/716. 63 CAS to Healey, 31 Mar. 1965, DEFE 13/109.64 Short, Whip to Wilson, p.141; Crossman, Diaries, p.191; Cabinet 20th mtg,

1 Apr. 1965, CAB 128/39. 65 Cabinet 21st mtg, 1 Apr. 1965, CAB 128/39; see also Graham’s minute, 6 Apr.

1965, FO 317/184508; Healey to Wilson, 5 Apr. 1965, PREM 13/716; C(65)58, 1 Apr. 1965, CAB 129/121.

66 Cabinet 21st mtg, 1 Apr. 1965, CAB 128/39; Crossman, Diaries, p.191; Jenkins,A Life at the Centre, pp.171–2; Wilson, The Labour Government, p.90.t

67 MISC 49/2nd mtg, 24 Mar. 1965, CAB 130/227.68 Cabinet 20th mtg, 1 Apr. 1965, CAB 128/39 (author’s italics); Barnes’s minute,

22 Jan. 1965, FO 371/184507.69 US Embassy, London to State Dept, tel. 2523, 7 Apr. 1965, Box 2778, CF

(1964–66), RG 59, NARA.70 Hastings, The Murder of TSR-2, pp.107–8.71 Henry Rowen, former staff of the Rand Corporation, who had previously

worked for Nitze, was McNamara’s speech director: see Deborah Shapley,Promise and Power: The Life and Times of Robert McNamara (London: Little,Brown, 1995), pp.121, 142; Rowen minute, 13 May 1965, Box 207, CFUK, NSF,LBJL; see also Healey mtg with McNamara, 30 May 1965, PREM 13/214.


72 Patrick Dean to Paul Gore-Booth, 10 June 1965, PREM 13/215; ParliamentaryUnder-Secretary’s Dept’s minute on ‘The participation by British industry inthe Phantom and Hercules Programmes’, 11 May 1965, FO 371/184509;McNamara to Johnson, 12 July 1965, Box 208, CFUK, NSF, LBJL; Straw andYoung, ‘The Demise of TSR-2’, p.28.

73 Chief Air Staff to Healey, 30 Mar 1965, DEFE 13/109; RAF’s view, ‘TSR-2 v F111’in Quinlan minute for CAS, 31 Mar 1965, AIR 2/17896; Barnes minute,22 Jan. 1965, FO 371/184507.

74 Cabinet 20th mtg, 1 Apr. 1965, CAB 128/39; MISC 49/2nd mtg, 24 Mar.1965,CAB 130/227.

75 Crossman, Diaries, p.191; Wigg to Wilson, 1 Apr. 1965, FO 371/184508.76 Wilson to Johnson (n.d., but it appears it was written just after the Cabinet

decision), PREM 13/716.77 Bruce to State Dept, tel. 4942, 10 Apr. 1965, Box 2771, CF (1964–66), RG 59,

NARA; Rusk minute for the President, 14 Apr. 1965, Box 3, MTP, NSF, LBJL.78 Graham minute, 5 Apr. 1965, PREM 13/716.79 Callaghan to Wilson, 4 Apr. 1965, PREM 13/716; Callaghan’s mtg with

Deming, US Treasury, 1 Apr. 1965, Box 22, RG 56, NARA; Short, Whip toWilson, pp.142–5; MISC 55/1st mtg, 5 Apr. 1965, CAB 130/229.

80 Record of a conversation between Wilson and de Gaulle, 3 Apr. 1965, PREM13/716. See also OPD 23rd mtg, 4 May 1965, CAB 148/18. See also Wilson, TheLabour Government, pp.90–1; Wilson to Johnson (letter), 5 April 1965, Box 3,MTP, NSF, LBJL; Healey to the RAF Minister, 7 Apr. 1965, DEFE 13/109(author’s italics).

81 Trend to Wilson, 19 Feb. 1965, PREM 13/214.82 COS 11th mtg, 2 Mar 1965, DEFE 4/182; COS(65)55, 5 Mar. 1965, DEFE 5/158;

OPD(O)(65)16, 18 Mar 1965, CAB 148/42; for the Foreign Office views, seeMorland minute, 2 Mar. 1965, FO 371/184508; Palliser minute, 22 Mar. 1965,FO 371/184520; Trend mtg, 7 Apr. 1965, PREM 13/214.

83 Pimlott, Wilson, pp. 360–4; C(65)10, 26 Jan. 1965, CAB 129/120; MISC 1/1 (byBrown), 18 Feb. 1965, CAB 130/213;

84 Trend mtg, 7 Apr. 1965, PREM 13/214; Burrows minute for Sir G. Harrison, 8 Apr. 1965, FO 371/184519.

85 Trend to Wilson, 9 Apr. 1965, PREM 13/214; Mitchell minute, 30 Apr. 1965,PREM 13/214.

86 Cabinet 32nd mtg, 3 June 1965, CAB 128/39; Morgan, Callaghan, p.223; A.Cairncross, The Wilson Years – A Treasury Diary, 1964–1966 (London: TheHistorians’ Press, 1997), pp.60–1; MISC 17/9, 9 June 1965, CAB 130/213.

87 MISC 17/8, 10 June 1965, CAB130/213. 88 MISC 17/5th mtg, 13 June 1965, CAB 130/213.89 OPD Official Committee’s Covering Report, see MISC 17/8, 10 June 1965, CAB

130/213. 90 OPD Official 13th mtg, 27 May 1965, CAB 148/41; see also COS 17th mtg,

30 Mar. 1965, DEFE 4/183.91 For the dissolution of the Long-Term Study Group, see DO(O)(S)(65)1, 15 Feb.

1965, CAB 148/10; for the Defence Review Working Party, seeOPD(O)(DR)(WP)(65)1, 29 Mar. 1965, 29 Mar. 1965, CAB 138/52 (hereaftercited as OPD-WP); OPD-WP 1st mtg, 30 Mar. 1965, CAB 148/52.

92 MISC 17/8, 10 June 1965, CAB 130/213; Trend minute, OPD (O)(64)27, 27 Nov. 1964, CAB 148/40.


93 Arthur minute, 9 Mar. 1965, FO371/184523; OPD-WP(65)11 (also asOPD(O)(65)28), 3 May 1965, CAB 148/52.

94 Burrows minute, 25 Feb. 1965, FO 371/184508; P.H. Gore-Booth minute forMichael Stewart, 20 May 1965, FO 371/184510; Burrows minute, 8 June 1965,FO 371/184520.

95 MISC 17/8, 10 June 1965, CAB 130/213; MISC 17/10 (by Healey), 23 June 1965,CAB 130/213.

96 Wigg to Wilson, 11 June 1965, PREM 13/215.97 R.J. Aldrich, The Hidden Hand: Britain, America and Cold War Secret Intelligence

(London: John Murray, 2001), pp.567–580; S. Dorril, MI6: Fifty Years of SpecialOperations, pp.550–8

98 Burrows minute, 8 June 1965, FO 371/184520; Gore-Booth minute, 20 May1965, FO 371/184510; OPD (65)90 (by Stewart), 31 May 1965, CAB 148/21.

99 Trend to Wilson, 11 June 1965, PREM 13/215.100 MISC 17/8, 10 June 1965, CAB 130/213.101 Trend to Wilson, 11 June 1965, PREM 13/215.102 MISC 17/10, 23 June 1965, CAB 130/213; MISC 17/5th mtg, 13 June 1965,

CAB 130/213.103 Waterfield minute, 25 July 1963, FO 371173492; DP 7/65, 2 Feb. 1965,

DEFE 6/96.104 OPD (65) 47 (by Callaghan), 1 Mar. 1965, CAB 148/20; OPD 12th mtg, 3 Mar.

1965, CAB 148/18. 105 The Chequers mtgs of June can be found in MISC MISC 17/5th, 6th and 7th,

all on 13 June 1965, CAB 130/213.106 MISC 17/7th, 13 June 1965, CAB 130/213; Trend to Wilson, 9 Apr. 1965,

PREM 13/214.107 Burrows minute, 20 May 1965, FO 371/184510; Healey mtg with McNamara,

30 May 1965, PREM 13/214; and see also Klein records of theHealey–McNamara meeting, 30, May 1965, Box 5, Klein memos, Name File(NF), NSF, LBJL.

108 Cabinet 33rd mtg, 15 June 1965, CAB 128/39.

5 Vietnam, the Pound and Britain’s Role East of Suez

1 John Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation (London: Macmillan – now Palgrave, 1988), p.291.2 Wright to Wilson, 28 Jan. 1966, PREM 13/905.3 George Herring, America’s Longest War: the United States and Vietnam 1950–1975

(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1986), pp.138–43; Herring, LBJ and Vietnam A DifferentKind of War (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1994, pp.1–3, 32–51ff; BrianVan De Mark, Into the Quagmire: Lyndon Johnson and the Escalation of the VietnamWar (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995)

4 Gerald J. DeGroot, A Noble Cause: America and the Vietnam War (London:Longman, 2000), p.340.

5 Fredrik Logevall, Choosing War: The Lost Chance for Peace and the Escalation ofWar in Vietnam (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1999), pp.377–82.

6 Wilson’s mtg with Rusk, 14 May 1965, PREM 13/695; B. Pimlott, Harold Wilson(London: HarperCollins, 1992), p.319; John Young, ‘The Wilson governmentand the Davies peace mission to North Vietnam, July 1965’, Review ofInternational Studies, 24 (1998), p.545.


7 J. Subritzky, Confronting Sukarno: British, American, Australian and New ZealandDiplomacy in the Malaysian–Indonesian Confrontation, 1961–5 (London:Macmillan – now Palgrave, 2000), p.198.

8 Bruce, 18 Feb. 1965, 8/4, AHP; Wright to Henderson, Foreign Office, 11 Feb.1965, PREM 13/692; Cabinet 12th mtg, 25 Feb. 1965, CAB 128/39.

9 Wilson, 5 May 1965, 9/5, AHP; Rusk’s minute, 14 Apr. 1965, Box 3, MTP, NSF, LBJL.10 Alastair Parker, ‘International Aspects of the Vietnam War’, in Peter Lowe (ed.),

The Vietnam War (Basingstoke: Macmillan – now Palgrave, 1998), p.202; JohnDickie, Inside the Foreign Office (London: Chapmans, 1992), pp.94–5; USEmbassy, tel. 4792, 1 Apr.1965, Box 207, CFUK, NSF, LBJL; diary entry, 17 June1965, Bruce diaries.

11 Quoted in Subritzky, Confronting Sukarno, p.156. 12 Wilson mtg with Bruce, 12 Mar 1965, PREM 13/693; Bundy to LBJ, 31 Mar.

1965, Files of McGeorge Bundy, NSF, LBJL; Bundy mtg with Wright, 30 Mar.1965, PREM 13/693.

13 H. Wilson, The Labour Government 1964–1970 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson,1971), pp.80–1; Wright to Henderson, FO, 11 Feb. 1965, PREM 13/692; Wrightto Wilson, 12 Feb. 1965, PREM 13/315; record of a telephone conversationbetween Wilson and Johnson on 11 Feb 1965 can be found in PREM 13/692;diary entries, 16 Feb., 17 Feb. and 18 Feb. 1965, Bruce diaries; N.D. Lankford, TheLast American Aristocrat: The Biography of Ambassador David K.E. Bruce (New York:Little, Brown, 1996), p.328.

14 Cabinet 8th mtg, 25 Mar. 1965, PREM 13/690; Stewart to Wilson, 16 May 1965,PREM 13/598.

15 FO to HMG Embassy, Saigon, tel. 1288, 19 June 1965, PREM 13/690; FO toWashington, tel. 4890, 15 June 1965, PREM 13/690.

16 Bundy to Wilson, tel. 2015Z, 16 June 1965, PREM 13/695; Dean, Washington toMitchell, No. 10, tel. 1563, 16 June 1965, PREM 13/695; Wilson mtg with Bruce,16 June 1965, PREM 13/695; Mitchell minute, 15 June 1965, PREM 13/690.

17 P. Ziegler, Wilson: The Authorised Life of Lord Wilson of Rievaulx (London:Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1993), p.225; R. Crossman, The Diaries of a CabinetMinister, Vol.1 (1964–66) (London: Book Club Associates, 1976), p.253.

18 Ponsonby, Hanoi to FO, tel. 277, 21 June 1965, PREM 13/690; Bundy to USEmbassy, London, tel. 8104, 16 June 1965, CF (1964–66), Box 2778, RG 59,NARA; Cabinet 36th mtg, 8 July 1965, CAB 128/39; Wilson, The LabourGovernment, p.122; Cabinet 35th mtg, 1 July 1965, CAB 128/39; diary entry, 24tJune 1965, Bruce diaries.

19 Wilson, The Labour Government, p.122; Crossman,t Diaries, p.269; B. Pimlott,Harold Wilson (London: HarperCollins, 1992), p.390; Sir H. Trevelyan, Moscow,tel. 1247, 23 June 1965, PREM 13/690; Paul Gore-Booth, With Great Truth andRespect (London: Constable, 1974), pp.336–7.

20 Wilford, Beijing, tel. 820, 26 June 1965, PREM 13/691; Lord Caradon, NewYork, tel. 1420, 15 June 1965, PREM 13/695; Stewart–Rusk mtg, 23 Mar. 1965,PREM 13/693.

21 Nguyen Vu Tung, ‘Coping with the United States: Hanoi’s Search for an EffectiveStrategy’, in Lowe (ed.), The Vietnam War, p.46.

22 MISC 36/1st mtg, 11 Feb 1965, CAB 130/225; Trend note on Malaysia, MISC39/1, 18 Feb. 1965, CAB 130/225. Lee Kuan Yew, From Third World To First: TheSingapore Story, 1965–2000 (New York: HarperCollins, 2000), p.4.

23 Rusk–Wilson mtg, 29 Jan. 1965, PREM 13/317; Subritzky, Confronting Sukarno,pp.141–3; S. Dorril, MIG: Fifty Years of Special Operations, P.718; Cabinet 1st mtg,


14 Jan. 1965, CAB 128/39; Rusk’s interview, 2 Jan. 1970, Ac. 74-245, OralHistory, LBJL.

24 MISC 36/1st mtg, 11 Feb 1965, CAB 130/225; Trend note on Malaysia, MISC39/1, 18 Feb. 1965, CAB 130/225; MISC 19/1st mtg, 19 Feb 1965, CAB130/225.

25 Bottomley on Malaysia, OPD(65)97, 14 June 1965, CAB 148/21; Lee Kuan Yew’smessage to Wilson, tel. 285/65, n.d. PREM 13/589; Lord Head, Kuala Lumpur toCRO, tel. 1340, 8 Aug. 1965, PREM 13/589; Wilson to Tunku, tel. 2021, 8 Aug.1965, PREM 13/589; Head to CRO, tel.1344, PREM 13/589.

26 C(65)60, 6 Apr. 1965, 6 Apr. 1965, CAB 129/121; Trend ‘Military Aid to Indiaand Pakistan’, 26 Mar. 1965, CAB 148/20.

27 Lord Harlech, Gordon Walker and Rusk meeting in Washington, 7 Dec. 1964, Box2785, CF (1964–1966), RG 59, NARA; OPD 65th mtg, 31 Mar. 1965, CAB 148/18.

28 OPD 21st mtg, 12 Apr. 1965, CAB 148/18; McNamara–Healey meeting, 30May 1965, PREM 13/213; see also the record of this meeting in Box 5, NF,NSF, LBJL.

29 OPD(65)68, 7 Apr. 1965, CAB 148/20; Morland’s minute, 18 Mar. 1965, FO371/184524; Wilson–Rusk mtg, 14 Apr. 1965, PREM 13/532; OPD 39th mtg, 16 Sept. 1965, CAB 148/18; Freeman, New Delhi, tel. 1376, 27 Apr. 1965, FO371/184523.

30 OPD(65)58, 26 Mar 1965, CAB 148/20.31 Cabinet 26th mtg, 27 Apr. 1965, CAB 128/39; Wilson, The Labour Government,t

pp.133–4; Peter Calvocoressi, World Politics since 1945 (London: Longman,1996), pp.498–501; Cabinet 49th mtg, 32 Sept. 1965, CAB 128/39; OPD(65)164,3 Nov. 1965, CAB 148/23; Cabinet 2nd mtg, 20 Jan. 1966, CAB 128/41; J.P.DDunbabin, The Post-Imperial Age: The Great Powers and the Wider World (London:Longman, 1994), pp.45–9; Darwin, Decolonisation, pp.302–3.

32 DP Note 6/65, 15 Mar. 1965, DEFE 6/95; Defence Secretary to Colonial Secretary,31 Mar. 1965, PREM 13/112; Wilson, The Labour Government, p.145. t

33 Greenwood to Healey, 2 Aug. 1965 and and Healey’s reply, 4 Aug. 1965, both inPREM 13/113; see tel. 842 to Sir B. Thurnbull, Aden, 24 Sept. 1965, PREM 13/113.

34 Cabinet 1st mtg, 14 Jan. 1965, CAB 128/39; OPD(65)42, 18 Feb. 1965, CAB148/20; FO officials’ mtg with US State Dept officials, 18 Jan. 1965, Box 2785, CF(1964–66), RG 59, NARA; Cabinet 49th mtg, 23 Sept 1965, CAB 128/139.

35 Ziegler, Wilson, pp.230–1; Wilson, The Labour Government, pp.44–5; Pimlott,Wilson, p.366; for a detailed analysis of the decision not to use military force, seeEvan Denis Fountain, ‘Purposes of Economic Sanctions: British Objectives in theRhodesian Crisis, 1964–1966’, PhD thesis, Oxford, 2000.

36 Cabinet 47th mtg, 12 Sept. 1965, CAB 128/39; OPD 40th mtg, 22 Sept. 1965,CAB 148/18; Cabinet 50th mtg, 7 Oct. 1965, CAB 128/39.

37 Pimlott, Wilson, pp.378–9; D. Healey, The Time of My Life (London: MichaelJoseph, 1989), p.333.

38 Cabinet 49th, 23 Sept. 1965, CAB 128/39. 39 For example, D. Rusk, As I Saw It: A Secretary of State’s Memoirs (London: Taucis,

1991), p.394; Stewart to Wilson, 26 July 1965, PREM 13/697; Johnson messageto Wilson, tel. 5846, 26 July 1965, PREM 13/697.

40 OPD(65)68, 17 Apr. 65, CAB 148/20; Healey–McNamara mtg, 30 May 1965,PREM 13/213; Dean to Gore-Booth (letter), 10 June 1965, FO 371/184512.

41 Rusk–Dean mtg, 22 June 1965, Box 2785, CF (1964–66), RG 59, NARA; Rusk, 13 May 1965, 9/4, AHP; Paul Gore-Booth minute (for Stewart), 12 Aug. 1965, FO 371/179594.


42 Stewart to Wilson, 16, May 1965, PREM 13/214; Burrows for Stewart, 3 Aug.1965, FO 371/18451; Burrow’s and Nicholls’s minutes, 18 and 21 June 1965, FO371/184512.

43 Kunz, ‘“Somewhat Mixed Up Together”: Anglo-American Defence and FinancialPolicy during the 1960s’, in R.King and R. Kilson (eds), The Statecraft of BritishImprialism: Essays in Honour of Wm. Roger Louis (London: Frank Cass, 1999),p.214.

44 Fowler to LBJ, 17 June 1965, Box 12, CONF, WHCF, LBJL; see also Fowler to LBJ,Box 76, CO, WHCF, LBJL; a report by the CIA, 7 June 1965, Box 207, CFUK,NSF, LBJL.

45 A. Cairncross, The Wilson Years – A Treasury Diary, 1964–1966 (London: TheHistorians’ Press, 1997), p.65; Kunz, ‘Somewhat Mixed Up’, p.216; C(65)113, 25July 1965, CAB 129/122.

46 Bundy to LBJ, 28 July 1965, Box 215, CFUK, NSF, LBJL; John Stevens (EconomicMinister, UK Embassy, Washington), minute, 22 July 1965, PREM 13/255.

47 Bator to Ball (telephone), 27 July 1965, Box 1, Papers of George Ball, LBJL; italicsoriginally underlined, Ball’s minute, 6 Aug. 1965, Box 215, CFUK, NSF, LBJL;Bator minute, Box 2, NF, NSF, LBJL.

48 Bundy to LBJ, 28 July 1965, Box 215, CFUK, NSF, LBJL.49 Palliser minute, 19 May 1965, FO 371/184509; Healey–Rusk mtg, 30 May 1965,

PREM 13/213; Cabinet 49th, 23 Sept. 1965, CAB 128/39. 50 Neustadt minute for Bundy, 9 Aug. 1965, Box 7, NF, NSF, LBJL.51 Callaghan–McNamara mtg, 30 June 1965, Box 1691, CF (1964–66), RG 59,

NARA; see also a UK record, in PREM 13/251; J. Callaghan, Time and Change(London: Collins), pp.187–8.

52 Healey to Wilson, 6 July 1965, PREM 13/672; see also Gore-Booth’s minute (forStewart), 6 July 1965, FO 371/184511.

53 Bruce to Ball (telephone), 26 July 1965, Box 1, Papers of George Ball, LBJL;Bundy to Rusk, 18 July 1965, Box 2778, CF (1964–66), RG 59, NARA.

54 Mtg of officials on ‘The Talks with the USG on Defence’, 5 July 1965, PREM13/672; Gore-Booth minute for Stewart, 7 July 1965, FO 371/184511.

55 Healey to PM, 6 July 1965, PREM 13/672; Foreign Office to Washington, tel.5456, 7 July 1965, PREM 13/672; Rowen report for Bundy, 14 July 1965, Box2778, CF (1964–66), RG 59, NARA; Neustadt’s report for Bundy, 9 Aug. 1965,Box 7, NF, NSF, LBJL.

56 Bundy to Ball (telephone), 28 July 1965, Box 1, Papers of George W. Ball, LBJL;Mitchell to PM, 13 July 1965, PREM 13/672; Dean, Washington to PM, 26 July1965, PREM 13/672.

57 Bundy to LBJ, 28 July 1965, Box 215, CFUK, NSF, LBJL; Bundy to Ball (tele-phone), 29 July 1965, Box 1, Papers of George W. Ball, LBJL.

58 Bator minute, 29 July 1965, Box 215, CFUK, NSF, LBJL. 59 Record of Trend’s meetings in Washington, 30 July 1965, PREM 13/672. 60 Cairncross, Diary, p.75; K. Morgan, Callaghan: A Life (Oxford: Oxford University

Press, 1977), p.226; Bundy to LBJ, 10 Sept. 1965, Box 4, MTP, NSF, LBJL; JosephBarr (Acting Secretary of US Treasury), 10 Sept. 1965, Box 4, MTP, NSF, LBJL;Ackley to LBJ, 15 Sept. 1965, Box 76, CO, WHCF, LBJL.

61 Ball–Wilson mtg, 9 Sept. 1965, PREM 13/2450. 62 Healey mtg with McNaughton, 13 July 1965, PREM 13/672; Neustadt’s report for

Bundy, 9 Aug. 1965, Box 7, NF, NSF, LBJL.63 Bundy to Ball (telephone), 29 July 1965, Box 1, Papers of George W. Ball, LBJL;

Bator minute, 28 July 1965, Box 2, Papers of Francis M. Bator, LBJL.


64 Tomkins, Bonn, 8 Sept. 1965, PREM 13/674 .65 Bruce, London to Washington, tel. 548, 20 Oct. 1965, Box 2774 CF (1964–66),

RG 59, NARA; Wilson, 11 Oct. 1965, 10/3, AHP. 66 Cabinet 49th mtg, 23 Sept. 1965, CAB 128/39; author’s italics.

6 The Decision to Withdraw

1 MISC 17/7th mtg, 13 June 1965, CAB 130/213; Trend on ‘Interim Report’, OPD(65)122, 3 Aug. 1965, CAB 148/22.

2 Healey to Wilson, 15 June 1965, PREM 13/216; COS 33rd mtg, 22 June 1965;Arthur minute, 1 Nov. 1965, FO 371 184521. See also Gore-Booth minute (forStewart), 29 Oct. 1965, FO 371/184515.

3 Stewart to Wilson, 18 June 1965 and Callaghan to Wilson, 22 June 1965, andWilson to Healey, 29 June 1965, all in PREM 13/216.

4 Healey to Wilson, 2 July 1965, PREM 12/216; OPD Official 19th mtg, 2 August1965, CAB 148/41.

5 Wilson, 30 July 1965, 10/10, AHP; D. Healey, The Time of My Life (London: MichaelJoseph, 1989), pp.258–9; Patrick Nairne to Healey, 1 July 1965, DEFE 13/589.

6 Arthur to Burrows, 1 Nov. 1965, FO 371/1845217 COS 33rd mtg, 22 July 1965, DEFE 4/186; Graham minute, 6 July 1956, FO

371/184510; Gore-Booth to Hardman, MOD, 8 July 1965, FO 371/184510;MoD’s costing study, OPD(O)(65)54, 19 July 1965, CAB 148/44.

8 Counter proposal by FO and CRO, OPD(O)(65)55, 28 July 1965, CAB 148/44.9 OPD(O)(65)54, 19 July 1965, CAB 148/44; OPD(O)(65)55, 28 July 1965, CAB

148/44; OPD 52nd mtg, 24 Nov. 1965, CAB 148/18. 10 OPD Official 19th mtg, 2 Aug. 1965, CAB 148/41; OPD Official Interim Report,

OPD(65)122, 3 Aug. 1965, CAB 148/22.11 OPD(O)(65)54, 19 July 1965, CAB148/44; see OPD-WP (65)(21), 28 Sept. 1965

and OPD-WP(65)(22), 28 Sept. 1965, both in CAB 148/52; OPD-WP 12th mtg, 29Sept. 1965, CAB 148/52; OPD(O)(65)62, 20 Oct. 1965, CAB 148/44. See also OPDOfficial Final Report submitted to the Ministerial defence debates at 10 DowningStreet, MISC 17/14, 8 Nov. 1965, CAB 130/213.

12 Healey to Wilson, 12 Nov. 1965, PREM 13/216; MISC 17/8th mtg, 13 Nov.1965,CAB 130/213.

13 OPD(O)(65)54, 19 July 1965, CAB 148/44; OPD(O)(65)55, 28 July 1965, CAB148/44; MISC 17/8th mtg, 13 Nov.1965, CAB 130/213.

14 OPD(65)90, 31 May 1965, CAB148/21; OPD 28th mtg, 2 June 1965, CAB 148/18;Healey to Greenwood, 4 Aug. 1965, PREM 13/113; OPD-WP 14th mtg, 11 Oct.1965, CAB 148/52; OPD-WP 15th mtg, 12 Oct 1965, CAB 148/52.

15 MISC 17/8th mtg, 13 Nov. 1965, CAB 130/21316 OPD-WP(65)13 (by Treasury), 11 Aug. 1965, CAB 148/52; OPD-WP(65)17 (by the

Foreign Office), 1 Sept. 1965, CAB 148/52; OPD-WP 9th mtg, 17 Sept. 1965, CAB148/52; OPD-WP 16th mtg, 13 Oct. 1965, CAB 148/52; OPD(O)(65)65, 15 Oct.1965, CAB 148/45; OPD Official 23rd mtg, 21 Oct. 1965, CAB 148/41; MISC17/14 (Middle East Policy), 8 Nov. 1965, CAB 130/213.

17 Trend to Wilson, 12 Nov. 1965, PREM 13/216. 18 MISC 17/14, 8 Nov. 1965, CAB 130/213.19 Healey to Wilson, 12 Nov. 1965, PREM 13/216; OPD(O)(65)55, 28 July 1965,

CAB 148/44; OPD(65)122, 3 Aug. 1965, CAB 148/22; MISC 17/14, 8 Nov. 1965,CAB 130/213.


20 OPD-WP 15th mtg, 12 Oct. 1965, CAB 148/52; OPD(O)(65) 55, 28 July 1965,CAB 148/44; OPD Official 24th mtg, 22 Oct. 1965, CAB 148/41.

21 MISC 17/14, 8 Nov. 1965, CAB 130/213; OPD 52nd mtg, 24 Nov. 1965, CAB148/18; DP Note 19/65, 1 Dec. 1965, DEFE 6/95. See also OPD (67)1, 2 Jan. 1967,CAB 148/31.

22 MISC 17/14, 8 Nov. 1965, CAB 130/213.23 OPD(65)123, 25 Aug. 1965, CAB 148/22; OPD 37th mtg, 31 Aug. 1965, CAB 148/18.24 Healey to Wilson, 13 Aug. 1965, PREM 13/431; Wilson, 3 Dec. 1965, 11/17,

AHP; Healey mtg with Lee Kuan Yew, 4 Feb. 1966, PREM 13/801.25 Bottomley to Wilson, 13 Aug. 1965, PREM 13/431; Healey to Wilson, 13 Aug.

1965, PREM 13/431; Brown to Wilson, 6 Aug. 1965, PREM 13/431; Arthurminute, 5 Aug. 1965, FO 371/184512; David Easter, ‘British and MalaysianCovert Support for Rebel Movements in Indonesia during the “Confrontation”1963–66’, in Richard J. Aldrich, Gary D. Rawnsley and Ming-Yeh T. Rawnsley(eds), The Clandestine Cold War in Asia, 1945–1965 (London: Frank Cass, 2000),pp.202–5.

26 OPD 14th mtg, 25 Sept. 1965, CAB 148/18; Healey to Wilson, 13 Aug. 1965; seealso J. Subritzky, Confronting Sukarno: British, American, Australian and NewZealand Dipolmacy in the Malaysian–Indonesian Confrontation, 1961–5 (London:Macmillan – now Palgrave, 2000) p.164.

27 Dean to Foreign Office, tel. 2030, 10 Aug. 1965, FO 371/184512; for instance,newspaper article entitled ‘The new Singapore -– it must be Australia’, EveningStandard, 9 Aug. 1965 included in FO 371/184512; ‘Sense and Defence’, Observer,15 Aug. 1965, FO 371/184527; Subritzky, Confronting Sukarno, p.166.

28 Menzies mtg with Wilson and Healey, 1 July 1965, PREM 13/190; OPD-WP(65)30, 19 Oct. 1965, CAB 148/52; Subritzky, Confronting Sukarno, 166.

29 ODP-WP 17th mtg, 28 Oct. 1965, CAB 148/52; OPD 37th mtg, 31 Aug. 1965,CAB 148/18; Kaiser, London Embassy, tel. 1000, 4 Sept. 1965, Box 208, CFUK,NSF, LBJL; diary entry, 5 Sept. 1965, Bruce diaries; Subritzky, Confronting Sukarno,pp.166–71.

30 Author’s italics; OPD (65)131, 20 Sept. 1965, CAB 148/22; OPD 41st mtg, 23 Sept. 1965, CAB 148/18; see also Easter, ‘Confrontation’, p.298.

31 MISC 17/14, 8 Nov. 1965, CAB 130/213.32 Author’s italics. 33 Trend to Wilson, 12 Nov. 1965, PREM 13/216; MISC 17/14, 8 Nov. 1965, CAB

130/213.34 Trend to Wilson, 12 Nov. 1965, PREM 13/216; Subritzky, Confronting Sukarno,

p.165; Trend to Wilson, 21 Sept. 1965, PREM 13/431. 35 Trend to Wilson, 12 Nov. 1965, PREM 13/216; Arthur to Burrows, 2 Nov. 1965,

FO 371/184518. 36 MISC 17/8th mtg, 13 Nov.1965, CAB 130/213; MISC 17/14, 8 Nov. 1965, CAB

130/213.37 MISC 17/8th mtg, 13 Nov.1965, CAB 130/213; MISC 17/14, 8 Nov. 1965, CAB

130/213.38 MISC 94/4th mtg, 22 Nov. 1965, CAB 130/213; OPD (65)185, 22 Nov. 1965,

CAB 148/24.39 OPD 52nd mtg, 24 Nov. 1965, CAB 148/18.40 MISC 17/14, 8 Nov. 1965, CAB 130/213.41 OPD[65]52nd mtg, 24 Nov. 1965, CAB 148/18; Rusk minute for the President,

13 Dec. 1965, Box 2778, CF (1964–66), RG 59, NARA.


42 MISC 94/1, 22 Nov. 1965, CAB 130/252; Peck minute for Arthur, 29 Nov. 1965,FO 371/184516; Michael Yahuda, The International Politics of the Asia-Pacific,1945–1995 (London: Routledge, 1996), p.70.

43 Trend to Wilson, 21 Sept. 1965, PREM 13/431; MISC 17/14, 8 Nov. 1965, CAB130/213.

44 OPD(65)123, 25 Aug. 1965, CAB 148/22; OPD 37th mtg, 31 Aug. 1965, CAB148/18.

45 Menzies to Wilson 22 Oct. 1965 in CRO to Kuala Lumpur, tel. 244, 25 Oct. 1965,in OPD-WP(65)30, 29 Oct. 1965, CAB 148/521 (author’s italics). Healey toWilson, 1 Nov. 1965, FO 371/184515; Bottomley to Wilson, 8 Nov. 1965, FO371/184515; Stewart mtg with Menzies, 1 July 1965, PREM 13/190.

46 US Embassy, London, tel. 1520, 31 Dec. 1965, Box 2774, CF (1964–66), RG 59,NARA; Rusk’s press conference, London, 13 May 1965, 9/4, AHP; CIA report,‘Britain’s Government Expenditure East of Suez’, 7 June 1965, Box 207, CFUK,NSF, LBLJ; Cecil King, The Cecil King Diary, 1965–1970 (London: Jonathan Cape,1973), pp.56, 73.

47 US Embassy, London, tel. 658, 15 Sept. 1965, Box 1691, CF (1964–66), RG 59,NARA; Ivor Richard, British Labour MP mtg with US Deputy Ass. Sec. for FarEastern Affairs, 15 Oct. 1965, Box 1691, CF (1964–66), RG 59, NARA.

48 A survey of British opinion on Vietnam in Tom Bridges to Wright, 14 Dec. 1965,PREM 13/689; Healey to Wilson, 12 Nov. 1965, PREM 13/216.

49 OPD 24th mtg, 2 Oct. 1965, CAB 148/18; OPD(65)191, 14 Dec. 1965, CAB148/24; Easter, ‘Confrontation’, p.205.

50 Healey, 2 Nov. 1965, 11/21, AHP; MISC 17/14, 8 Nov. 1965, CAB 130/213. 51 MISC 17/14, 8 Nov. 1965, CAB 130/213.52 Wilson mtg with Bruce and Ball, 6 Sept. 1965, PREM 13/589.53 Dean minute, 13 Nov. 1965, FO 371/184515; Nairne to Wright, 16 Nov. 1965,

PREM 13/216; Thomson to Wilson, 17 Nov. 1965, PREM 13/216. 54 Dean minute, 13 Nov. 1965, FO 371/84515; Bundy to Ball 30 Oct. 1965, Box 1,

Papers of George W. Ball, LBJL; Rusk to LBJ, 13 Dec. 1965, Box 2778, CF(1964–66), RG 59, NARA.

55 Nairne to Wright, 16 Nov. 1965, PREM 13/216; Bundy to LBJ, 16 Nov.1965, Box5, MTP, NSF, LBJL; Bundy to Trend, 30 Nov. 1965, PREM 13/686.

56 Wilson meeting with Ball and McNamara, 26 Nov. 1965, PREM 13/681; Healey,2 Nov. 1965, 11/21, AHP; William Bundy minute (for Rusk), 7 Dec. 1965, Box1691, CF (1964–66), RG 59, NARA; Healey mtg with Wilson, 19 Nov. 1965,PREM 13/686; Healey to Wilson, 19 Nov. 1965, PREM 13/686; Trend to Wilson,12 and 23 Nov. 1965 both in PREM 13/216.

57 For the record of Wilson–LBJ mtg in Washington, see PREM 13/686. See alsounsigned minute for the President, 15 Dec. 1965, Box 215, CFUK, NSF, LBJL;Bundy to the President, 16 Dec. 1965, MTP, NSF, LBJL; Diary, 16 Dec. 1965 Box5, the President’s Daily Diary, NSF, LBJL.

58 Cabinet 72nd mtg, 21 Dec. 1965, CAB 128/39; R. Crossman, The Diaries of aCabinet Minister, Vol. 1 (1964–66) (London: Book Club Associates, 1976),pp.407, 417.

59 Wilson mtg with McNamara and Ball, 26 Nov. 1965, PREM 13/686; diary entry,17 Nov. 1965, Bruce diaries; Rusk to the President, 13 Dec. 1965, Box. 2778, CF(1964–66), RG 59, NARA; Bundy to the President, 16 Dec. 1965, MTP, NSF, LBJL;Bundy on the Erhardt visit for 18 Dec., Box 44, CONF, WHCF, LBJL.

60 For the record of Wilson–LBJ mtg in Washington, see PREM 13/686.


61 McNamara, 9 Dec. 1965, 11/12, AHP.62 Cabinet 72nd mtg, 21 Dec. 1965, CAB 128/39.

7 The Completion of the Defence Review

1 For the debates about aircraft carriers during the Macmillan Administration seeChapter 2; Nairne minute for Private Secretary of the RN Minister, 18 Nov. 1964,DEFE 13/436; Richard Hill, Lewin of Greenwich: The Authorised Biography ofAdmiral of the Fleet Lord Lewin (London: Cassell, 2000), p.165; Cabinet 9th mtg,14 Feb. 1966, CAB 128/41.

2 Wigg to Wilson, 27 Jan. 1965, PREM 13/716; Wigg to Wilson, 23 Jan, 1965,PREM 13/121 and another minute, 25/2/65, PREM 13/214; Wigg to Wilson, 11 June 1965, PREM 13/215.

3 Burrows minute, 26 May 1965, FO 371/184520; Arthur minute, 1 Nov. 1965, FO371/184521; Wilson, 30 July 1965, 10/10, AHP; Nairne to Healey, 1 July 1965,DEFE 13/589.

4 Wilson and Healey mtg, 8 Oct. 1965, PREM 13/216; Nairne minute, 18/11/64,DEFE 13/436; Healey minute (for Hardman), 8 Dec. 1965, DEFE 13/477.

5 Nairne to Healey, 1 July 1965, DEFE 13/589; DP Note 19/65, 1 Dec. 1965,DEFE 6/95.

6 Zuckerman to Wilson, 6 Jan. 1966, PREM 13/799; Zuckerman to Wilson, 14 Nov.1965, PREM 13/216; S. Zuckerman, Monkeys, Men and Missiles (London: Collins,1988) pp.378–82; Wigg to Wilson, 14 Jan. 1966, PREM 13/799.

7 OPD(O)(65)82, 20 Dec. 1965, CAB 148/45; OPD(O)(65)83, 20 Dec. 1965, CAB148/45; Trend to Wilson, 18 Jan. 1966, PREM 13/800; OPD(66)8, 14 Jan. 1966,CAB 148/26.

8 Laurence Martin, Arms and Strategy: An International Survey of Modern Defence(London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1973), p.119; OPD (66)11, 14 Jan 1966, CAB148/26; Trend to Wilson, PREM 13/800.

9 OPD (66)11 and OPD(66)12, both on 14 Jan. 1966, CAB 148/26; OPD 4th mtg,19 Jan. 1966, CAB 148/25.

10 OPD (66)11, 14 Jan 1966, CAB 148/26.11 Michael Stewart (British Minister, Washington) mtg with Rowen, 16 July 1965,

FO 371/184511; Hill, Lewin, p.169. 12 Wilson–Healey mtg, 8 Oct. 1965, PREM 13/216; McNamara, 9 Dec. 1965, 11/12,

AHP; OPD 4th mtg, 19 Jan. 1966, CAB 148/25; Rusk, 9 Dec. 1965, 11/12, AHP.13 Healey to Hardman, 8 Dec. 1965, DEFE 13/477; OPD 4th mtg, 19 Jan. 1966, CAB

148/25; Martin, Arms, p.118. Author’s interview with Professor Andrew Lambert,King’s College London, 18 Apr. 2001.

14 OPD 4th mtg, 19 Jan. 1966 and OPD 7th mtg, 22 Jan. 1966, both in CAB 148/25;Luce to Healey, 4 Feb 1966, DEFE 13/589; Luce minute, 7 Jan. 1966, DEFE 13/589.

15 OPD (66)11, 14 Jan.1966, CAB 148/26; Trend to Wilson, 18 Jan. 1966, PREM13/800.

16 OPD 4th mtg, 19 Jan. 1966, CAB 148/25; Nairne minute, 18 Nov. 1964, DEFE13/436; OPD 7th mtg, 22 Jan. 1966, CAB 148/25.

17 OPD 9th mtg, 1 Feb. 1966, CAB 148/25; Cristopher Mayhew, Britain’s RoleTomorrow (London: Hutchinson, 1967), pp.131-153,

18 COS 9th mtg, 13 Feb. 1966, DEFE 4/95; DP note 7/66, 12 Feb. 1966, DEFE 6/95;OPD 13th mtg, 13 Feb. 1966, CAB 148/25.


19 Cabinet 9th mtg, 14 Feb. 1966, CAB 128/41; D. Healey, The Time of My Life(London: Michael Joseph, 1989), p.275; Hill, Lewin, p.172.

20 Mayhew, Britain’s Role Tomorrow, pp.131–42, 148–53. 21 Mayhew to Healey, 7 Jan. 1966, DEFE 13/589; OPD(66)11, 14 Jan. 1966, CAB

148/26; Mayhew, Britain’s Role Tomorrow, pp.144–5; A. Buchan, ‘Britain in theIndian Ocean’, International Affairs, 42:2 (April 1966), p.189.

22 Wilson–Healey mtg, 8 Oct. 1965, PREM 13/216; OPD(66)10, 14 Jan. 1966,CAB 148/26.

23 OPD(66)10, 14 Jan. 1966, CAB 148/26; see also OPD 5th mtg, 21 Jan. 1966,CAB 148/25.

24 OPD(66)10, 14 Jan. 1966, CAB 148/26; Trend to Wilson, 18 Jan. 1966, PREM13/800; Cabinet 9th mtg, 14 Feb. 1966, CAB 128/41; see also OPD(67)47,23 June 1967, CAB 148/32; C(68)10, 3 Jan. 1968, CAB 129/135.

25 OPD(66)10, 14 Jan. 1966, CAB 148/26; Trend to Wilson, 18 Jan. 1966, PREM13/800.

26 M. Carver, Tightrope Walking: British Defence Policy Since 1945 (London:Hutchinson, 1992), p.72.

27 OPD 3rd mtg, 16 Jan. 1966, CAB 148/25; OPD 6th mtg, 21 Jan. 1966, CAB 148/25.28 OPD(66)10, 14 Jan. 1966, CAB 148/26; Arthur minute (for Burrows), 18 Jan.

1966, FO 371/190785; Wilson, 20 Jan. 1966, AHP.29 OPD 6th mtg, 21 Jan. 1966 & OPD 7th mtg, 22 Jan. 1966, both in CAB 148/25.30 Healey mtg with McNamara, 27 Jan. 1966, PREM 13/716.31 Briefing paper by the US Treasury for Fowler, 9 July 1966, Box 22, RG 56, NARA.32 OPD, 11th, 12th and 13th mtgs, 9, 11 and 13 Feb. 1965, CAB 148/25. 33 Easton to Nairne, 21 June 1966, DEFE 13/510; McNamara to Healey, 23 June

1966, DEFE 13/510; see also briefing paper by the NSC on ‘US/UK balance of mil-itary payments and the F-111 offset agreement’, 27 July 1966, Box 216, CFUK,NSF, LBJL.

34 Cabinet meeting 9th, 14 Feb. 1966, CAB 128/41; Barbara Castle, The CastleDiaries, 1964–70 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1984), p.107.

35 MISC 17/14, 8 Nov 1965, CAB 130/213; OPD-WP (66)9, 18 Jan. 1966, CAB148/72; OPD(66)19 and 20, 19 Jan. 1966, CAB 148/27.

36 OPD(66)12, 14 Jan. 1966, CAB 148/26; OPD 8th mtg, 23 Jan. 1966, CAB 148/25;A.D. Peck to Healey, 21 Jan. 1966, DEFE 13/477.

37 OPD 9th mtg, 1 Feb. 1966, CAB 148/25; Arthur minute, 18 Jan. 1966, FO371/190785; COS 7th mtg, 7 Feb. 1966, DEFE 4/195; Healey mtg with Rusk, 27 Jan. 1966, PREM 13/716; Healey mtg with McNamara, 27 Jan. 1966,PREM 13/934; mtg of Rusk, Stewart, Healey and McNamara, 27 Jan. 1966, FO371/190875.

38 Dean, Washington, DC tel. 416, 2 Feb. 1966, FO 371/190785; Thompsonminute, 4 Feb. 1966, FO 371/190785; diary entries, 27 and 28 Jan. 1966, Brucediaries. See also Rajarshi Roy, ‘The Battle of the pound: The Political Economy ofAnglo-American Relations, 1964–1968’, PhD Thesis, Dept of InternationalHistory, LSE, London University, 2000.

39 OPD 9th mtg, 1 Feb. 1966 CAB 148/25; Sir C. Johnston, Canberra, tel. 150, 2 Feb. 1966, PREM 13/801; Commander in Chief in the Far East to CRO, tel.64/66, 3 Feb. 1966, FO 371/190786; Holt to Wilson, 8 Feb. 1966, PREM 13/801;Peter Edwards, A Nation At War: Australian Politics, Society and Diplomacy duringthe Vietnam War, 1965–1975 (London: Allen & Unwin, 1997), pp.89–90.

40 COS 7th mtg, 7 Feb. 1966, DEFE 4/195


41 Record of Healey talks with Tun Abdul Razak and with Lee Kuan Yew 4 Feb.1966, PREM 13/801; OPD(66)19, 19 Jan. 1966, CAB 148/27.

42 C(66)34, 11 Feb. 1966, CAB 129/124; OPD 3rd mtg, 16 Jan. 1966, CAB 148/25; R.Crossman, The Diaries of a Cabinet Minister Vol.1, (1964–1966) (London: BookClub Associates, 1976), pp.414–15; H. Wilson, The Labour Government 1964–1970(London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1971), pp.186–7; Wilson, 28 Feb. 1966, 12/19,AHP.

43 OPD(66)12, 14 Jan. 1966, CAB 148/26; OPD Official 2nd mtg, 7 Jan. 1966, CAB148/68; Burrows to Stewart, 19 Jan. 1966, FO 371/190785; OPD 8th mtg, 23 Jan.1966, CAB 148/25; C(66)34, 11 Feb. 1966, CAB 129/124.

44 OPD (66)12, 14 Jan. 1966, CAB 148/26; OPD 6th mtg, 21 Jan. 1966, CAB 148/25;Trend to Wilson, 18 Jan. 1966, PREM 13/800; OPD 12th mtg, 11 Feb. 1966, CAB148/25; OPD(66)31, 9 Feb. 1966, CAB 148/27; Martin, Arms, p.97.

45 C(66) 14, 21 Jan. 1966, CAB 129/124; Cabinet 3rd mtg, 25 Jan. 1966, CAB 128/41.46 OPD 12th and 13th mtgs, 11 and 13 Feb. 1966, CAB 148/25; OPD(66)14, 17 Jan.

1966, CAB 148/26; Arthur minute, 18 Jan. 1966, FO 371/190785; Cabinet 9thmtg, 14 Feb 1966, CAB 128/41.

47 Trend, 10 Feb 1966, PREM 13/801; Cabinet 8th mtg, 14 Feb. 1966, CAB 128/41. 48 Cabinet 35th mtg, 1 July 1965, CAB 128/39; Wright minute, 30 June 1965,

PREM 13/934.49 Healey/Stewart mtg with Rusk/McNamara, 27 Jan. 1966, FO 371/90785; Cabinet

8th mtg, 14 Feb. 1966, CAB 128/41; P. Gore-Booth, With Great Truth and Respect(London: Constable, 1974), p.330.

50 Trend to Wilson, 21 Jan. 1966, PREM 13/2209; OPD(66)22, 16 Jan. 1966, CAB148/27; OPD(67)1, 2 Jan. 1967, CAB 148/31; C(66)34, 11 Feb. 1966, CAB129/124; see also OPD 8th mtg, 23 Jan. 1966, CAB 148/25; OPD(O)1st mtg, 6 Jan. 1966, CAB 148/68.

51 OPD Official 5th mtg, 17 Jan. 1966, CAB 148/68; OPD 8th mtg, 23 Jan. 1965,CAB 148/25; Trend to Wilson, 21/1/66, PREM 13/800; Stewart to Wilson, 25 Jan.1966, PREM 13/2209.

52 Cabinet 8th mtg, 14 Feb. 1966, CAB 128/41.53 ‘The Defence Review’, Statement on the Defence Estimates, 1966, Cmnd. 2901

(London: HMSO, 1966). 54 See unsigned minute on the ‘UK defence review’ 17 Jan. 1965, Box 209, UKCF,

NSF, LBJL; Dean, tel. 416, 2 Feb. 1966, FO 371/190785; see also C. Ponting,Breach of Promise Labour in Power 1964–1970 (London: Hamish Hamilton, (1989),pp.100–1.

55 Stewart/Healey mtg with McNamara/Rusk in Washington, (4 p.m.), 27 Jan. 1966,FO 371/90785; see also Healey, Canberra to Wilson, 3 Feb. 1966, PREM 13/801;Trend to Wilson, 10 Feb. 1966, PREM 13/801; Cabinet 8th meeting, 14 Feb.1966, CAB 128/41.

8 The Choice between Europe and ‘East of Suez’

1 B. Pimlott, Harold Wilson, pp.397–8; H. Wilson, The Labour Government1964–1970 (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1971), pp.217–18.

2 Marcia Williams, Inside Number 10 (London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1972),p.95; P. Ziegler, Wilson: The Authorised Life of Lord Wilson of Rievaulx (London:Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1993), p.244; Wilson, 18 Apr. 1966, 12/18, AHP.


3 Ziegler, Wilson, p.265; Williams, Inside Number 10, p.180; Dickie, Inside theForeign Office (London: Chapman, 1992), pp.54, 99, 101, 267–8; P. Gore-Booth,With Great Truth and Respect (London: Constable, 1974), p.350.

4 Sir Michael Palliser, ‘Foreign Policy: in Europe, continuity, elsewhere, change’, inM. Parsons (ed.), Looking Back: The Wilson Years, 1964–1970 (Pau: Publicationsde l’université de Pau, 1999), p.27; author’s interview with Sir Michael Palliser atKing’s College, London, 30 Jan. 2001.

5 Peter Shore, Leading the Left (London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1993),pp.96–9.

6 C. King, The Cecil King Diary 1965–1970 (London: Jonathan Cape, 1973),((pp.56–8, 76; Palliser, ‘Foreign Policy’, p.27; Castle, The Castle Diaries, 1964–70(London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1984), p.118; Wilson,(( The LabourGovernment, pp.219–20.t

7 OPD(66)39, 8 Mar 1966, CAB 148/27; OPD Official 6th mtg, 18 Mar. 1966, CAB148/68; Wilson mtg with Stewart, Callaghan and Thomson, 10 May 1966, PREM13/905; Helga Haftendorn, NATO and the Nuclear Revolution: A Crisis of Credibility1966–67 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996), pp.1–11 ff; OPD 15th mtg, 9 Mar.1966, CAB 148/25.

8 Bator to McNaughton, 8 Mar 1966, Box 12, CONF, WHCF, LBJL; Wilson, TheLabour Government, p.233; Cabinet 27th and 29th mtgs, 9 and 16 June 1966,tCAB 128/41; OPD 29th mtg, 17 June 1965, CAB 148/25.

9 Cabinet 33rd mtg, 30 June 1966, CAB 128/41; Wilson, The Labour Government,tp.248; US Embassy, London, tel. A–1, 1 July 1966, Box 2776, CF (1964–66), RG59, NARA; US Embassy, London, tel. 51, 3 July 1966, Box 2774, CF (1964–66),RG 59, NARA.

10 Pimlott, Wilson, p.383; Wilson, The Labour Government, pp.232, 243; Wilson,t27 June 1966, 12/12, AHP.

11 Wilson, The Labour Government, pp.247–8; Palliser to Wilson, 3 and 22 Junet1966, PREM 13/1274; US Embassy, London, tel. A-1, 1 July 1966, Box 2776, CF(1964–66), RG 59, NARA; Castle, Diaries, p.125.

12 Pimlott, Wilson, p.401; Williams, Inside Number 10, p.141.13 Mayhew’s statement, in Johnston, Canberra to CRO, 31 May 1966, PREM

13/726; see also HC Deb in June included in US Embassy, London, tel. A-3072,18 June 1966, Box 2774, CF (1964–66), RG 59, NARA; Wilson, 8 June 1966,12/15, AHP.

14 P. Darby, British Defence Policy East of Suez 1948–1968 (Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress, 1973), p.297; Mayhew had not been invited to attend the Cabinet discus-sion on East of Suez: Christopher Mayhew, Britain’s Role Tomorrow (London:Hutchinson, 1967), pp.131–42.

15 US Embassy in London, A-3012 and A-3068, 12 and 16 June 1966, Box 2776, CF(1964–6), RG 59, NARA.

16 Pimlott, Wilson, p.408; K. Morgan, Callaghan: A Life (Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, 1997), pp.240–1; Wilson, The Labour Government, p.233;D. Kunz, ‘“Somewhat Mixed Up Together”: Anglo–American Defence andFinancial Policy during the 1960s’, in R. King and R. Kilson (eds), The Statecraftof British Imperialism: Essays in Honour of Wm. Roger Louis (London: Frank Cass,1999), p.221.

17 Wilson, The Labour Government, pp.249–50; the July meeting, see PREM 13/853;tWilson, 8 June 1966, 12/15, AHP; J. Callaghan, Time and Change (London:Collins, 1987), pp.195–6.


18 Pimlott, Wilson, p.409; Wilson, The Labour Government, p.245; G. Goodman, t TheAwkward Warrior: Frank Cousins: His Life and Times (London: Davis-Poynter,1979), pp.478–501 ff.

19 Morgan, Callaghan, pp.242–3; Pimlott, Wilson, pp.414–15; Wilson, The LabourGovernment, pp.250–1; R. Jenkins, A Life at the Centre (London: Papermac,((1991), p.190.

20 Kunz, ‘Somewhat Mixed Up’, p.222; Wilson, The Labour Government, p.258;tA. Dobson, Anglo-American Relations in the Twentieth Century (London: Routledge,((1995), p.133; Fowler to the President, 18 July 1966, Box 209, CFUK, NSF, LBJL.

21 Wilson’s mtg with O’Brien, 15 July 1966, PREM 13/853; R. Roy, ‘The Battle ofthe Pound’, PhD thesis, LSE, 2000; King, The Cecil King Diary, pp.78–9; Pimlott,Wilson, pp.414–19; Wilson, The Labour Government, p.254.t

22 Jenkins, A Life at the Centre, pp.192–5; Wilson, The Labour Government, pp.254–7;tMorgan, Callaghan, pp.241–2; Pimlott, Wilson, p.433; Castle, Diaries, p.147.

23 Cabinet 37th and 38th mtgs, 19 and 20 July 1966, CAB 128/41; C(66)107, 18July 1966, CAB 129/126; R. Crossman, The Crossman Diaries 1964–70 (London:Hanish Hamilton, 1979), pp.204–5; K. Jeffereys, Anthony Crosland (London,Richard Cohen Books, 1999), pp.115–16; Wilson, The Labour Government,tpp.257–60; Castle, Diaries, pp.149–50; Jenkins, A Life at the Centre, pp.194–5; Jay,Change and Fortune: Political Record (London: Hutchinson, 1980), p.346;A. Cairncross, The Wilson Years – A Treasury Diary, 1964–1966 (London: TheHistorians’ Press, 1977), pp.147–54 ff; Roy, ‘The Battle of the Pound’; King, TheCecil King Diary, p.84.

24 Killick, Washington, tel. 2173, 27 July 1966, PREM 13/1262; Dean, Washington,tel. 2127, 20 July 1966, PREM 13/262. Wilson mtg with Stevens, 15 July 1966,PREM 13/853.

25 Bator to the President, 21 July 1966, Box 3, Papers of Francis M. Bator, LBJL;Fowler to the President, 18 July 1966, Box 209, CFUK, NSF, LBJL; ‘BritishEconomy’ background paper (unsigned), 7 Oct. 1966, Box 216, CFUK, NSF, LBJL;unsigned minute for Fowler, 9 July 1966, Box 22, RG 56, NARA.

26 Ziegler, Wilson, p.257; Pimlott, Wilson, p.431; Callaghan, Time and Change,pp.198–9; King, The Cecil King Diary, p.101; Wilson, The Labour Government,tp.262; Castle, Diaries, pp.145–6; Lord Wigg, George Wigg (London: MichaelJoseph, 1972), pp.333–8 ff; Rusk to LBJ, 29 July 1966, Box 7, MTP, NSF, LBJL.

27 Callaghan to Wilson, 21 July 66 CAB 13/855.28 C(66)60, 18 Apr. 1966, CAB 129/125; Cabinet 19th mtg, 20 Apr. 1966, CAB

128/41; Trend to Wilson, 19 Apr. 1966, PREM 13/802.29 Defence White Paper, Feb. 1966 in Cmnd. 2901. 30 C(66)60, 18 Apr. 1966, CAB 129/125; Cabinet 19th mtg, 20 Apr. 1966, CAB

128/41; OPD Official 8th mtg, 22 Apr. 1966, CAB 148/68; OPD 25th mtg, 18 May 1966, CAB 148/25; J. W. Young, ‘West Germany in the Foreign Policy ofthe Wilson Government, 1964–67’, in S. Dockrill (ed.), Controversy andCompromise: Alliance Politics between Britain, West Germany, and the United Statesof America (Bodenheim, Germany: Phil, 1998), pp.185–6.

31 OPD(66)68 by Trend on the ‘Implications of the End of Confrontation’, 14 June1966, CAB 148/28; OPD Official 14th mtg, 10 June 1966, CAB 148/68; OPD 29thmtg, 17 June 1966, CAB 148/25; OPD 31st mtg, 5 July 1966, CAB 148/25.

32 OPD Official 6th mtg, 18 Mar. 1966, CAB 148/68; OPD 29th mtg, 17 June 1966,CAB 148/25.

33 OPD 24th mtg, 13 May 1966, CAB 148/25; OPD(66)54, 10 May 1966, CAB148/28; OPD 31st mtg, 5 July 1966, CAB 148/25; see also OPD (66)54, 10 May


1966, CAB 148/28, 10/5/66; OPD 9th mtg, 27 Apr. 1966, CAB 148/68; Murrayminute, 23 June 1966, FO 371/190803; diary entry, 10 June 1966, Bruce diaries.

34 OPD 29th mtg, 17 June 1966, CAB 148/25; OPD(66)31st mtg, 5 July 1966, CAB148/25; OPD Official 16th mtg, 6 July 1966, CAB 148/68; OPD(O)(66)28, 18 July1966, CAB 148/69; Bruce to Ball and McNamara, 26 June 1966, Bruce diaries.

35 OPD(66)31st mtg, 5 July 1966, CAB 148/25; COS 33rd mtg, 12 July 1966,DEFE 4/202.

36 Cabinet 38th mtg, 20 July 1966, CAB 128/41. See also MISC 122 1st mtg, 15 July1966, CAB 130/294; Healey to Wilson, 19 July 1966, PREM 13/1454.

37 Cabinet 38th mtg, 20 July 1966, CAB 128/41; see also background paper forBrown’s visit to the USA, 11 Oct 1966, Box 216, CFUK, NSF, LBJL; Callaghan toWilson, 25 July 1966, PREM 13/934; Wilson, The Labour Government, p.259;tMorgan, Callaghan, p.246.

38 DP 64/66, 5 Oct 1966, DEFE 6/100; Nicholls, Treasury to Arthur, 19 Sept. 1966,FO 371/190809.

39 William Burr Interview, 16 Jan. 1970, Ac 74–167, LBJL; George W. Ball, The Pasthas Another Pattern: Memoirs (London: W. W. Norton, 1982), pp.203–5.

40 CC 38th mtg, 20 July 1966, CAB 128/41; C(66)107, 18 July 1966, CAB 129/126;Healey mtg with McNamara, 25 July 1966, PREM 13/808.

41 Dean to Palliser, 22 June 1966, PREM 13/1262; Rostow to the President, 7 July1966, Box 12, Files of Walt W. Rostow, NSF, LBJL.

42 Wilson mtg with Stevens, 15 July 1966, PREM 13/853; Killick (British Chargéd’Affaires, Washington) tel. 2165, 26 July 1966, PREM 13/1262; Ball minute,20 July 1966, Box 2779, CF (1964–66), RG 59, NARA; King, The Cecil King Diary, pp.65, 78–9.

43 PM mtg with Stewart, Trend, Armstrong, Gore-Booth et al., 26 July 1966, PREM13/1262; Pimlott, Wilson, pp.432–3.

44 Bator to the President, 14 July 1966, Box 9, MTP, NSF. LBJL; Fowler to thePresident, 18 July 1966, Box 209, CFUK, NSF, LBJL.

45 Ball to the President, Box 2779, CF (1964–66), RG 59, NARA; J. A. Bill, GeorgeBall: Behind the Scenes in U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven, CT: Yale UniversityPress, 1997), pp.123–4; Rusk to the President, 24 July 1066. Box 2779, CF(1964–66), RG 59, NARA; Rusk to the President, 27 July 1966, Box 9, MTP, NSF,LBJL; Killick, Washington, tel. 2175, 28 July 1966, PREM 13/1262.

46 Records of the Anglo–US Summit in July 1966 can be found in PREM 13/1083and also in Box 216, CFUK, NSF, LBJL.

47 Dean to McLehose (minute), 3 and 6 Aug. 1966, PREM 13/1262; US Embassy,London, tel. A-326. Box 2776, CF (1964–66), RG 59, NARA; Morgan, Callaghan,p.253; Diane Kunz, Butter and Guns: America’s Cold War Economic Diplomacy(London: the Free Press, 1997), pp.151–69 ff.

48 Ball to the President, Box 2779, CF (1964–66), RG 59, NARA.49 The Working Party for Government Overseas Expenditure 1st mtg, OPD(O)(E)1st

mtg, 29 July 1966, CAB 148/73; OPD(O)(E) 2nd mtg, 11 Oct. 1966, CAB 148/73;OPD(O)(E) 3rd mtg, 17 Oct 1966, CAB 148/73; see also Cabinet 38th mtg, 20July 1966, CAB 128/41; Healey to Wilson, 19 July 1966, PREM 13/1454; Healeymtg with officials of the Hong Kong Govt, 13 July 1966, PREM 13/1454.

50 US Embassy, London, tel. A-326, Box 2776, CF (1964–66), RG 59, NARA; OPD (66)41st mtg, 19 Oct. 1966, CAB 148/25; OPD-WP 16th mtg, 7 Oct. 1966, CAB 148/53;OPD(66)101, 17 Oct. 1966, CAB 148/29; OPD 41st mtg, 19 Oct. 1966, CAB 148/25.

51 Cabinet 38th mtg, 20 July 1966, CAB 128/41; OPD(66)101, 17 Oct. 1966, CAB148/29; OPD-WP 16th mtg, 7 Oct. 1966, CAB 148/53; OPD 41st mtg, 19 Oct.


1966, CAB 148/25; OPD(O)(E) 3rd mtg, 17 Oct 1966, CAB 148/73; see alsoE.D. Fountain, ‘Purposes of Economic Sanctions’, PhD thesis, Oxford, 2000.

52 Callaghan to Wilson, 25 July 1966, PREM 13/934; OPD(66) 89, 8 Aug. 1966, CAB148/28; OPD(O) 34, 8 Aug. 1966, CAB 148/69; OPD 35th mtg, 10 Aug. 1966,CAB 148/25.

53 OPD (66)88, 8 Aug. 1966, CAB 148/28; MISC 12/(66) 6th mtg, 4 Aug. 1966,CAB 130/294.

54 OPD 35th and 36th mtgs, 10 and 11 Aug. 1966, both in CAB 148/25; unsignedminute for Brown’s visit ‘Europe’, 11 Oct. 1966, Box 216, NSF, LBJL.

55 Killick mtg with Ball, 25 Aug. 1966, Box 1692, CF (1964–66), RG 59, NARA;OPD(66)93, 5 Sept. 1966, CAB 148/28; Young, ‘West Germany and the WilsonGovernment’, pp.186–7.

56 See Wilson–Johnson summit in Washington, 16 Dec. 1965, PREM 13/686;Callaghan–McNamara mtg, 30, June 1965, Box 1691, CF (1964–66), RG 59,NARA; Stewart/Healey visit to Washington, 27 Jan. 1966, FO 371/190875;unsigned minute for Brown’s visit ‘Europe’, 11 Oct. 1966, Box 216, NSF, LBJL.

57 Haftendorn, NATO and the Nuclear Revolution, pp.239–40. 58 Stoessel to Acting Assistant Sec of State for European Affairs, 16 Aug 1966, Box

1692, CF (1964–66), RG 59, NARA; Willis for Fowler, 9 July 1966, Box 22, RG 56,NARA; Lisle Widman to Fowler, 19 July 1966, Box 22, RG 56, NARA; Bator to thePresident, 21 July 1966, Papers of Francis M. Bator, LBJL; Rusk to LBJ, 27 July1966, Box 9, MTP, NSF, LBJL; Dean to MacLehose, 6 August 1966, PREM13/1262; Rusk interview, 8 Mar. 1970, Ac 74–245, Oral History, LBJL.

59 Halftendorn, NATO and the Nuclear Revolution, pp.243–4; Young, ‘West Germanyand the Wilson Government’, pp.186–7; Rusk to LBJ, 27 July 1966, Box 9, MTP,NSF, LBJL

60 Lisle Widman to Fowler, 19 July 1966, Box 22, RG 56, NARA; unsigned minutefor Brown’s visit ‘Europe’, 11 Oct. 1966, Box 216, NSF, LBJL. Halftendorn, NATOand the Nuclear Revolution, p.241; see also Healey/Stewart meeting withMcNamara/Rusk in Washington, DC, 27 Jan. 1966 FO 371/90875 and Anglo–USSummit, 29 July 1966, PREM 13/1083.

61 Haftendorn, NATO and the Nuclear Revolution, pp.239–40.62 Quoted in Young, ‘West Germany and the Wilson Government’, p.186; see also

Castle, Diaries, p.143. 63 CIA notes on George Brown, Sept. 1966, Box 216, CFUK, NSF, LBJL; RUSK to LBJ,

16 Sept. 1966, Box 2779, CF (1964–66), RG 59, NARA; see also Bruce’s descrip-tions of Brown, diary entry, 7 Sept. 1966, Bruce diaries.

64 OPD(66)102, 18 Oct. 1966, CAB 148/29; OPD 37th mtg, 7 Sept. 1966, CAB148/25; OPD 41st mtg, 19 Oct. 1966, CAB 148/25; Haftendorn, NATO and theNuclear Revolution, p.253.

65 For public expenditure between 1959 and 1967, see notes on Ministerial SteeringCommittee on Economic Policy, SEP (67)49, 3 July 1967, in 9/6/8/, MichaelStewart Papers, Cambridge; C(66)158, 11 Nov. 1966, CAB 129/127; Trend toWilson, 21 Oct. 1966, PREM 13/802. See also Nicholas Woodward, ‘Labour’s eco-nomic performance, 1964–1970’, in R. Coopey, S. Fielding and N. Tiratsoo (eds),The Wilson Governments, 1964–1970 (London: Pinter, 1995), pp.72–3; MichaelParsons, ‘Introduction’ in Parsons, Looking Back: The Wilson Years, pp.11–12.

66 Healey to Callaghan, 16 Aug. 1966, PREM 13/802; OPD(66)101, 7 Oct. 1966,CAB 148/29; Garvey to Burrows, 22 July 1966, FO 371/190820.

67 COS 51st mtg, 27 Sept. 1966, DEFE 4/206; O’Neill to Rennie and Arthur, 21 Oct.1966, FO 371/190822; OPD Official 21st mtg, 15 Nov. 1966, CAB 148/68.


68 Morgan, Callaghan, pp.242–53 ff; Trend to Wilson, 21 Oct. 1966, PREM 13/802;Trend to Palliser, 3 Nov. 1966, PREM 13/802.

69 Chequers mtg, MISC 129/(66)1st mtg, CAB 130/301. 70 Chequers mtg, MISC 129/(66)1st mtg, CAB 130/301; Brown mtg with Wilson

(Palliser minute), 3 Sept. 1966, PREM 13/908; Trend to Wilson, 27 Oct. 1966,PREM 13/802; OPD (66)122, 23 Nov. 1966, PREM 148/29.

71 For the figures for these calculations, see OPD Official Final Report on DefenceReview, 5 Nov. 1965, MISC 17/14, CAB 130/213, 8 Nov. 1965; see also OPD(66)130, 2 Dec. 1966, CAB 148/29; OPD 48th mtg, 9 Dec. 1966, CAB 148/25;Cabinet 68th mtg, 22 Dec. 1966, CAB 128/41.

72 OPD 48th mtg, 9 Dec 1966, CAB 148/25, author’s italics; Crossman, Diaries1964–1970, pp.251–2.

73 Arthur to Rennie, 9 Nov. 1966, FO 371/ 190822; OPD 48th mtg, 9 Dec. 1966,CAB 148/25.

74 Johnson to Wilson, tel. 10293, 16 Nov. 1966, PREM 13/808; C(66)155, 10 Nov.1966, CAB 129/127.

75 Chequers debate on Europe, see MISC 126(66)1st mtg, 22 Oct. 1966, CAB130/298; Cabinet 53rd and 55th mtgs, 1 and 10 Nov. 1966, CAB 128/41.

76 Johnson to Wilson, tel. 10293, 16 Nov. 1966, PREM 13/808; Brown’s statementquoted in Mayhew, Britain’s Role Tomorrow, p.104; see also Brown’s speech at theLabour Party Conference, 6 Oct. 1966, Ms. Eng. C.5123, Lord George-BrownPapers, Bodleian Library, Oxford.

77 Callaghan to Wilson, 31 Oct. 1966, PREM 13/909; MISC 126(66)1st mtg, 22 Oct.1966, CAB 130/298; see also Morgan, Callaghan, p.255; Ziegler, Wilson, p.332;Jay, Change and Fortune, p.343.

78 Nairne to Healy, 17 Mar. 1967, DEFE 13/585.79 Wilson, The Labour Government, p.243.t80 Wilson, 28 Oct. 1966, 12/5, AHP; Wilson, 27 June 1966; Callaghan to Wilson,

31 Oct. 1966, PREM 13/909; M. Stewart, Life and Labour: An Autobiography(London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1980), pp.162–3; Young, ‘West Germany and theWilson Government’, p.191; King, The Cecil King Diary, p.152.

81 Wilson to Johnson, tel. 10801, 20 Nov. 1966,, PREM 13/808.82 US Embassy, London, tel. 6987, 1 Mar. 1967, Box 210, CFUK, NSF, LBJL;

unsigned State Dept’s brief for Rostow, 18 Feb. 1967, Box 2495, CF (1967–69),RG 59, NARA; N. D. Lankford, The Last American Aristocrat: The Biography ofAmbassador David K. E. Bruce (New York: Little, Brown, 1966), p.303 (aboutPhilip Kaiser).

9 The Final Verdict

1 P. Catterall (ed.), Witness Seminar ‘The East of Suez Decision’, ContemporaryRecord, 7:3 (winter 1993), p.620.

2 William Conrad Gibbons, The US Government and the Vietnam War: Executiveand Legislative Roles and Relationships Part IV (July 1965–Jan. 1968) (Princeton,NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995), pp.692–703.

3 A. Morgan, Harold Wilson (London: Pluto Press, 1992), pp.310–11. 4 M. Carver, Tightrope Walking: British Defence Policy since 1945 (London:

Hutchinson, 1992), p.81.5 C. Mayhew, Britain’s Role Tomorrow (London: Hutchinson, 1967), p.7; H. Wilson,

The Labour Government 1964–1970 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1971), p.377.


6 Wilson, The Labour Government, pp.376–9; Kaiser, US Embassy, London, tel.t6987, 1 Mar. 1967, Box 210, CFUK, NSF, LBJL; P. Ziegler, Wilson: The AuthorisedLife of Lord Wilson of Rievaulx (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1993), p.275;B. Castle, The Castle Diaries, 1964–70 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1984),p.230–1; T. Benn, Tony Benn: Out of the Wilderness: Diaries, 1963–67 (London:Arrow Books, 1998), p.490; R. Crossman, The Crossman Diaries 1964–70(London: Hamish Hamilton, 1979), pp.287–94 ff.

7 Wilson, The Labour Government, pp.374–8; Ziegler, t Wilson, pp.267–9.8 Castle, Diaries, p.215; Wilson, 19 Feb. 1967, 13/22, AHP.9 OPD 3rd mtg, 30 Jan. 1967, CAB 148/30.

10 H. Haftendorn, NATO and the Nuclear Revolution: A Crisis of Credibility 1966–67(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996), pp.254–62 ff; J. W. Young, ‘West Germany inthe Foreign Policy of the Wilson Government, 1964–67’, in S. Dockrill (ed.),Controversy and Compromise: Alliance Politics between Britain, West Germany, andthe United States of America (Bodenheim, Germany: Philo, 1998), pp.188–9;George McGhee interview, 1 July 1969, Ac 74–153, Oral History, LBJL; Ruskinterview, 2 Jan. 1970, Ac 74–245, Oral History, LBJL.

11 Record of a meeting between Wilson, Callaghan and Eugene Rostow at 10 Downing Street, 21 Nov. 1966, PREM 13/808; unsigned State Dept’s brief forW. W. Rostow, 18 Feb. 1967, Box 2495, CF (1967–69), RG 59, NARA; Cabinet61st mtg, 29 Nov. 1966, CAB 128/41; Trend to Wilson, 28 Jan. 1966, PREM13/808; L. B. Johnson, The Vantage Point: Perspectives of the Presidency,1963–1969 (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1971), p.308.

12 Trend to Wilson, 26 Jan. 1967, PREM 13/1383; see also OPD 4th mtg, 2 Feb.1967, CAB 148/30; Cabinet 6th mtg, 3 Feb. 1967, CAB 128/42.

13 OPD Official Committee’s Interim Report on Defence Expenditure Studies,OPD (67)22, 20 Mar. 1967, CAB 148/31.

14 OPD(67)1, 2 Jan. 1967, CAB 148/31; OPD 1st mtg, 6 Jan. 1967 CAB 148/30;OPD Official 21st mtg, 15 Jan. 1967, CAB 148/68. OPD (67)22, 20 Mar. 1967,CAB 148/31.

15 OPD-WP 1st mtg, 3 Jan. 1967, CAB 148/55; Cabinet 7th mtg, 9 Feb. 1967, CAB128/42; OPD(67)15, 1 Mar. 1967, CAB 148/31.

16 OPD (67)22, 20 Mar. 1967, CAB 148/31; OPD Official 2nd mtg, 16 Mar. 1967,CAB 148/80.

17 Healey to Wilson, 21 June 1967, PREM 13/1385; Trend to Wilson, 21 Mar.1967, PREM 13/1384.

18 Cabinet 2nd and 4th mtgs, 19 and 31 Jan. 1967, both in CAB 128/42; Cabinet6th, 7th, 8th and 9th mtgs, 3, 9, 14 and 23 Feb. 1967, all in CAB 128/42;OPD 13th mtg, 17 Mar. 1967, CAB 148/30; Healey to Wilson, 21 June 1967,PREM 13/1385; C(67)118 (Defence Expenditure Studies), 4 July 1967, CAB129/31; Wilson, The Labour Government, p.325; OPD(67)10, Officials’ reporton ‘Malta: Consequences of total withdrawal of British forces’ 8 Feb. 1967,CAB 148/31.

19 OPD 11th mtg, 10 Mar. 1967, CAB 148/30; Cabinet 13rd mtg, 16 Mar. 1967,CAB 128/4; Cabinet 30th mtg, 11 May 1966, CAB 128/42.

20 OPD (67)22, 20 Mar. 1967, CAB 148/31; OPD Official 3rd mtg, 20 Mar. 1967,CAB 148/30.

21 OPD (67)22, 20 Mar. 1967, CAB 148/3122 Nairne to Healey, 17 Mar. 1967, DEFE 13/585; Healey minute for PUS, 13 Mar.

1967, DEFE. 13/585.


23 COS 6th mtg, 31 Jan.1967, COS 4/212; Nairne to Healey, 8 Feb 1967, DEFE13/584; Cooper to Healey, 13 Feb 1967, DEFE 13/584; Nairne to Healey, 16 Feb.1967, DEFE 13/584.

24 Author’s italics.25 Record of meeting between Healey and Wilson, 14 Mar. 1967, PREM 13/1384;

Healey to Wilson (notes prepared by the MoD officials and copied to theForeign Secretary and Commonwealth Secretary), 21 Mar. 1967, PREM13/1384; COS 21st mtg, 14 Mar. 1967, DEFE 4/214; OPD 14th mtg, 22 Mar.1967, CAB 148/30.

26 OPD 14th mtg, 22 Mar. 1967, CAB 148/30.27 Trend to Wilson, 21 Mar. 1967,, PREM 13/1384. 28 Baldwin, Treasury to Palliser, 22 Mar. 1967, PREM 13/1384.29 See FO to overseas missions, guideline no.11, 15 Jan. 1968, PREM 13/1999; see

also ‘Supplementary Statement on Defence Policy 1967’, July 1967, Cmd. 3857;A.D. Peck (Deputy Under Secretary, Programmes and Budget) to Nairne, 22 Mar. 1967 DEFE 13/585.

30 Palliser to Wilson, 21 Mar. 1967, PREM 13/1384. 31 C(67)40 (by Brown and Healey), 31 Mar. 1967 and C(67)41 (by Secretary of

State for Commonwealth Affairs, Herbert Bowden), 31 Mar. 1967 both in CAB129/128; OPD 14th mtg, 22 Mar. 1967, CAB 148/30; Cabinet 16th and 19thmtgs, 4 and 11 Apr. 1967, CAB 128/42.

32 OPD 14th mtg, 22 Mar. 1967, CAB 148/30; OPD 15th mtg, 14 April 1967, CAB148/30; Trend to Wilson, 10 Apr. 1967, PREM 13/1384; Cabinet 19th mtg, 11 Apr. 1967, CAB 128/42.

33 Cabinet 19th mtg, 11 Apr. 1967, CAB 128/42; OPD 15th mtg, 14 Apr. 1967CAB 148/30. Herbert Bowden served as Lord President of the Council andLeader of the House of Commons between 1964 and August 1966.

34 Diary entries, 4, 10 and 11 February 1967, Bruce diaries; D. Rusk, As I Saw It: ASecretary of State Memoirs (London: Tauris, 1991), p.408; for this abortive‘Sunflower’ affair, see Chester Cooper interview, 17 July 1969, Ac 74–200, OralHistory, LBJL; see also George C. Herring (ed.), The Secret Diplomacy of theVietnam War (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1983), part VI, ch. 3;Wilson, 19 Feb. 1967, 13/22, AHP.

35 Mtg of Treasury, Foreign Office, Defence and DEA officials in Trend’s room, 14Mar. 1967, T 312/1794; mtg of Treasury officials and John Stevens (Treasuryrepresentative, HM Embassy, Washington), 15 Mar. 1967, T 312/1794; C. Pointing, Breach of Promise: Labour in Power 1964–1970 (London: HamishHamilton, 1989), pp.103–7.

36 US Embassy, London, tel. A-2420, 17 Mar. 1967, Box 117, CF (1967–69), RG 59,NARA; William Bundy, State Dept to US Embassy, London, tel. 7612, 12 Apr.1967, Box 118, CF (1967–69) RG 59, NARA.

37 Brown, Washington to Wilson, tels 1247, 1248 &1277, 18, 18 and 19 Apr.1967, all in PREM 13/1384; records of four-power meetings in Washington,DC, can be found in PREM 13/1384.

38 Brown, Washington to Wilson, tels 1247 and 1248, both on 18 Apr. 1967, bothin PREM 13/1384; records of four-power meetings in Washington, DC, can befound in PREM 13/1384.

39 Brown to Wilson, tel. 1277, 19 Apr. 1967, PREM 13/1384; four-power mtg, 20 Apr. 1967, PREM 13/1384; P. Edwards, A Nation at War: Australian Politics,Society and Diplomacy during the Vietnam War, 1965–1975 (London: Allen &


Unwin, 1997), pp.148–9; Brown to FO, tel. 1276, 19 Apr. 1967, PREM 13/1384;C. Johnston, Canberra, tel. 635, 21 Apr. 1967; PREM 13/1384.

40 Wilson to Holt, tel. 842, 20 Apr. 1967, PREM 13/1323; Sir C. Johnston,Canberra, tel. 635, 21 Apr. 1967; PREM 13/1384.

41 M. Walker, Kuala Lumpur to CRO, tel. 430, 1 May 1967, FCO 46/51; record ofHealey’s mtg with Lee Kuan Yew, 27 Apr. 1967, FCO 46/51; OPD(67)29 4 May1967, CAB 148/32.

42 Record of Healey’s mtg with Lee Kuan Yew, 27 Apr. 1967, FCO 46/51;OPD(67)29, 4 May 1967, CAB 148/32.

43 OPD(67) 26, 11 Apr. 1967, CAB 148/32; Healey minute (for Wilson), 21 June1967, PREM 13/1385.

44 OPD(67)29, 4 May 1967, CAB 148/32; Lee to Wilson (letter), 26 May 1967, cir-culated by Wilson’s direction as C(67)87, 29 May 1967, CAB 129/ 130; Rusk toBrown, n.d. (April 1967), PREM 13/1384; Rusk to US Embassy, London forBrown, tel. 192880, 11 May 1967, Box 211, CFUK, NSF, LBJL; Bator to LBJ, 31May 1967, Box 216, CFUK, NSF, LBJL.

45 Bator minute, 14 Apr. 1967, Box 211, CFUK, NSF, LBJL; Walter Stoessel minute,10 Apr. 1967, Box 2495, CF (1967–1969), RG 59, NARA.

46 State Dept’s brief for Rostow, 26 May 1967, Box 1495, CF (1967–69), RG 59,NARA; Rusk to Embassies in Kuala Lumpur, Singapore, and copies to London,Canberra and Wellington, tel. 20773, 2 June 1967, Box 118, CF (1967–69), RG59, NARA.

47 US Embassy, London, tel. 9549, Box 117, CF (1967–69), RG 59, NARA; USEmbassy, Kuala Lumpur, tel. 4547, 27 May 1967, Box 117, CF (1967–69), RG59, NARA.

48 Walker, Kuala Lumpur, to CRO, tel. 430, 1 May 1967, FCO 46/51; State Dept’sbrief for Rostow, 26 May 1967, Box 1495, CF (1967–69), RG 59, NARA.

49 See Healey minute, C(67)81, 23 May 1967, CAB 129/30.50 Cabinet 23rd mtg, 27 Apr. 1967, CAB 128/42. 51 OPD 19th mtg, 12 May 1967, CAB 148/30. Author’s italics. Thompson (Acting

Head of Department of the Permanent Under Secretary, the Foreign Office) to J. Rennie, 8 May 1967, FCO 46/47.

52 Healey memo on ‘Defence Expenditure Studies’, C(67)81, 23 Mar. 1967, CAB129/30.

53 C(67)81, 23 May 1967, CAB 129/30; OPD Official 5th mtg, 16 June 1967, CAB148/ 80; OPD 19th mtg, 12 May 1967, CAB 148/30.

54 OPD19th mtg, 12 May 1967, CAB 148/30; A. D. Peck (Deputy Under Secretary,Programmes and Budget) to Nairne, 22 Mar. 1967 DEFE 13/585; Castle,Diaries, p.260.

55 Carver, Tightrope Walking, pp.78–9.gg56 OPD 19th mtg, 12 May 1967, CAB 148/30; Cabinet 34th mtg, 30 May 1967,

CAB 128/42; US Embassy, London, 30 May 1967, tel. 5949, Box 117, CF(1967–69), RG 59, NARA.

57 OPD 19th mtg, 12 May 1967, CAB 148/30; Cabinet 34th mtg, 30 May 1967,CAB 128/42; Crossman, Diaries 1964–1970, pp.314–15; Castle, Diaries,pp.259–60.

58 Author’s italics.59 Cabinet 34th mtg, 30 May 1967, CAB 128/42; Crossman, Diaries 1964–1970,

pp.314–15; Castle, Diaries, pp.259–60. 60 Author’s italics. Brown’s meeting with Bruce, Bruce to Rusk (letter), 6 May

1967, Box 2505, CF (1967–69), RG 59 NARA and also in Bruce diaries; Gore-


Booth’s note for Brown’s meeting with Bruce, 8 May 1967, FCO 46/54; Castle,Diaries, pp.260.

61 Rusk to McNamara, 6 May 1967, Box 118, CF (1967–69), RG 59, NARA; USEmbassy, London, tel. 9549, 16 May 1967, Box 117, CF (1967–69), RG 59,NARA; Kohler (Dept of State) to Rostow, attached to a background paper onEast of Suez, 26 May 1967, Box 2495, CF (1967–69), RG 59, NARA; US Embassy,London, tel. 9930, Box 117, CF (1967–69), RG 59, NARA; Rusk to LBJ, 31 May1967, Box 2495, CF (1967–69), RG 59, NARA.

62 Bator to the President, 1 June 1967, Box 216, CFUK, NSF, LBJL; Rusk to LBJ,31 May 1967, Box 2495, CF (1967–69), RG 59, NARA.

63 Record of the Johnson and Wilson meeting on 2 June 1967, in FCO 46/28;Cabinet 36th mtg, 6 J3ne 1967, CAB 128/42; diary entry, 2 June 1967, Brucediaries; US concerns about the Middle East Crisis, see Eugene Rostow Interview,2 Dec. 1968, Ac 74–72, Oral History, LBJL.

64 Sykes minute for MacLehose (PA to Brown), 16 June 1967, FCO 46/59; OPDOfficial 5th mtg, 16 June 1967, CAB148/80; C(67)119, 4 July 1967, CAB129/31; US Embassy, 12 June 1967, Box 12, CONF, WHCF, LBJL.

65 OPD 24th and 25th mtgs, 26 June and 3 July 1967, CAB 148/30; Cabinet 45thmtg, 6 July 1967, CAB 128/42; Trend to Wilson, 23 June 1967, PREM 13/1385.

66 OPD 24th and 25th mtgs, 26 June 1967 and 3 July 1967, CAB 148/30; Cabinet45th mtg, 6 July 1967, CAB 128/42.

67 OPD(67)46 (Defence Expenditure Studies by OPD Official Committee), 21 June1967, CAB 148/32; see also C(67)118, 4 July 1967, CAB 129/31; OPD 24th and25th mtgs, 26 June and 3 July 1967, CAB 148/30.

68 C(67)118, 4 July 1967, CAB 129/31; COS 64/67, 22 June 1967, DEFE 5/174;OPD 24th mtg, 26 June 1967, CAB 148/30.

69 COS 64/67, 22 June 1967, DEFE 5/174 ; C(67)118, 4 July 1967, CAB 129/131;OPD 28th mtg, 28 July 1967, CAB 148/30.

70 Trend to Wilson, 28 Mar. 1968, PREM 13/2209.71 OPD 24th mtg, 26 June 1967, CAB 148/30; C(67)118, 4 July 1967, CAB 129/31;

OPD 28th mtg, 28 July 1967, CAB 148/30; International Institute for StrategicStudies, or IISS, The Military Balance, 1974–5 ( London: IISS, 1974), p.31.

72 OPD-WP 29th mtg, 20 June 1967, CAB 148/55; Cabinet 45th mtg, 6 July 1967,CAB 128/42; C(67)118, 4 July 1967, CAB 129/131; COS 58th mtg, 25 July 1967,DEFE 4/219.

73 OPDO(67)8, 7 June 1967, CAB 148/80.74 OPD 23rd and 24th mtgs, 15 and 26 June 1967, both in CAB 148/30; Cabinet

45th mtg, 6 July 1967, CAB 128/42.75 OPD(67)25th mtg, 3 July 1967, CAB 148/30; Cabinet 45th mtg, 6 July 1967,

CAB 128/42. 76 The Final Report on Trilateral Talks (undated), FRUS ,1964–8, vol. XIII,

pp.562–570; unsigned State Dept paper for W. W. Rostow, in Read (executiveSecretary) to Rostow, 18 Feb. 1967, Box 2495, CF (1967–69), RG 59, NARA;OPD(67)15, 1 Mar. 1967, CAB 148/31; OPD 10th mtg, 7 Mar. 1967, CAB 148/30;OPD(67)23, 16 Mar. 1967, CAB 148/31; OPD 13th mtg, 17 Mar 1967, CAB148/30; OPD 15th mtg, 14 Apr. 1967, CAB 148/30; D. Kunz, Butter and Guns:America’s Cold War Economic Diplomacy (London: Free Press, 1997), pp.173–4.

77 OPD 15th mtg, 14 Apr. 1967, CAB 148/30; The Final Report on Trilateral Talks(undated), FRUS, 1964–8, vol. XIII, pp.562–70.

78 (67)118, 4 July 1967, CAB 129/31; OPD(67)60, 26 July 1967, CAB 148/33; OPD28th mtg, 28 July 1967, CAB 148/30.


79 OPD 24th and 28th mtgs, 26 June and 28 July 1967, CAB 148/30; Haftendorn,NATO and the Nuclear Revolution, pp.320–33.

80 OPD 24th mtg, 26 June 1967, CAB 148/30. 81 Cabinet 45th mtg, 6 July 1967, CAB 128/42; OPD(67)55, 13 July 1967, CAB

148/33; C(67)118, 4 July 1967, CAB 129/31; OPD 27th mtg, 17 July 1967,CAB 148/30.

82 OPD 24th mtg, 26 June 1967, CAB 148/30; Cabinet 45th mtg, 6 July 1967, CAB128/42; C(67)118, 4 July 1967, CAB 129/31.

83 OPD 12th mtg, 15 Mar. 1967, CAB 148/30; OPD(67)47, 23 June 1967, CAB148/32.

84 Record of the Johnson–Wilson meeting on 2 June 1967, FCO 46/28;C(67)81, 23 May 1967, CAB 129/130; Cabinet 36th mtg, 6 June 1967, CAB128/42; OPD(O)(66)20th mtg, 24 Oct. 1967, CAB 148/68; C(67)118, 4 July1967, CAB 129/31.

85 C(67)118, 4 July 1967, CAB 129/31; Castle, Diaries, p.285. 86 C(67)116 (by Crossman), 4 July 1967, CAB 129/131; Trend to Wilson, 5 July

1967, PREM 13/1385; Cabinet 45th mtg, 6 July 1967, CAB 128/42. 87 Underlined in original. Fowler to the President, 12 Nov. 1967 ‘Sterling Crisis,

11/67’ Box 22, RG 56, NARA; Morgan, Wilson, pp.311–12; diary entry, 9 Nov.1967, Bruce Diaries; Rostow to LBJ, 13 Nov. 1967, Box 25, MTP, NSF, LBJL.

88 Cabinet 66th mtg, 16 Nov. 1967, CAB 128/42; A. Dobson, Anglo–AmericanRelations in the Twentieth Century (London: Routledge, 1995), p.137; K. Morgan,Callaghan: A Life (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), pp.260; 276–7;J. Callaghan, Time and Change (London: Collins, 1987), pp.212–13.

89 B. Pimlott, Harold Wilson (London: Harper Collins, 1992), pp.485–9; Morgan,Wilson, pp.314–15; K. Jeffreys, Anthony Crosland (London: Richard CohenBooks, 1999), pp.122–8; Callaghan, Time and Change, p.222.

90 Wilson, 10 Sept. 1965, 10/6, AHP; Ziegler, Wilson, p.250. 91 Healey to McNamara (letter), 18 Nov. 1967, PREM 13/1385; Cabinet 67th mtg,

21 Nov. 1967, CAB 128/42; COS 81st mtg, 21 Nov. 1967, DEFE 4/222; Sykesminute on the British Indian Ocean Territory, 1 Apr. 1968, FCO 46/19; Dean toBrown, 4 Mar. 1968, FCO 46/42.

92 Morgan, Wilson, p.343; Cabinet 69th and 73rd mtgs, 30 Nov. and 20 Dec.1967, CAB 128/42; Nicholls to Bancroft, 1 Dec. 1967, Treasury 225/3065.

93 Wilson, The Labour Government, pp.474–5; Dean to Brown, 4 Mar. 1968,, FCOt46/42; Bruce to the President, tel. 4952, 20 Dec. 1966, Bruce diaries.

94 Cabinet 73th mtg, 20 Dec. 1967, CAB 128/42; Morgan, Wilson, pp.343–4.95 Meeting held in Brown’s office, House of Commons, 20 Dec. 1967, PREM

13/1999; R. Jenkins, A Life at the Centre (London: Papermac, 1991), pp.224–5.96 Saville Garner minute for Brown, 22 and 23 Dec 1967, FCO 46/43.97 Jenkins, A Life at the Centre, p.227.98 Cabinet 1st mtg, 4 Jan. 1968, CAB 128/43; Crossman, Diaries 1964–70, p.390,

Castle, Diaries, pp.348–35099 Gore-Booth to Brown, 3 Jan. 1968, FCO 46/43; Castle, Diaries, p.349.

100 COS 1st mtg, 2 Jan. 1968, DEFE 4/224.101 OPD 34th mtg, 27 Oct. 1967, CAB 148/30; Cabinet 67th mtg, 30 Oct. 1967,

CAB 128/42; Dean meeting with US Sec. of State, Box 110, CF (1967–69), RG59, NARA; Cabinet 1st mtg, 4 Jan. 1968, CAB 128/43.

102 OPD 25th, 3 July 1967, CAB 148/30103 Healey to PM (on Poseidon), 23 July 1965, PREM 13/228; OPD-WP 41st mtg, 26

Sept. 1967, CAB 148/55; OPD-WP52nd mtg, 14 Nov 1967, CAB 148/55;


Crossman, Diaries 1964–70, p.395; D. Healey, The Time of My Life (London:Michael Joseph, 1989), pp.312–13. See also Cabinet 6th mtg, 12 Jan. 1968,CAB 128/43.

104 C(68)10, 3 Jan. 1968, CAB 129/135; Cabinet 4th mtg, 11 Jan. 1968, CAB129/135.

105 Castle, Diaries, p.350; Wilson, 14 Sept. 1967, 13/4, AHP; Crossman, Diaries1964–70, p.390.

106 See Cabinet 7th mtg, 15 Jan. 1968, CAB 128/43.107 Brown, USA to Wilson, 11 Jan. 1968, PREM 13/1999; Cabinet 6th mtg, 12 Jan.

1968, CAB 128/43. 108 Johnson to Wilson (letter), 11 Jan. 1968, delivered by Bruce on 12 Jan. 1968,

PREM 13/2081; Unsigned State Department Brief for the President, ‘Britishwithdrawal from the Far East and Persian Gulf’, 1 Jan. 1968, Box 118, CF(1967–69), RG 59, NARA.

109 Roberts, tel. 50 (7 Jan. 1968), tel. 15 (9 Jan.), tel. 19 (9 Jan.), tel. .51 (8 Jan.) tel.14 (9 Jan.) all in PREM 13/2209.

110 Thomson, Canberra, tel. 92, 12 Jan. 1968, PREM 13/2081; C(68)23, 15 Jan.1968, CAB 129/135; Cabinet 7th mtg, 15 Jan. 1968, CAB 128/43; Carver,Tightrope Walking, p.84; Edwards, gg A Nation at War, pp.194–5,

111 Lee mtg with Wilson, 14 Jan. 1968, PREM 13/2081; Lee, Singapore to Wilson,tel. 22, 15 Jan. 1968, and Wilson’s reply, tel. 26, 16 Jan. 1968, both in FCO46/43; Lee Kuan Yew, From Third World to First: The Singapore Story, 1965–2000(New York: HarperCollins, 2000), pp.40–2.

112 Castle, Diaries, p.354; Cabinet 6th mtg, 12 Jan. 1968, CAB 128/43; see also USconcerns about cancelling the F111, LBJ to Wilson, 15 Jan. 1966, Bruce diaries.

113 Castle, Diaries, p.355; Cabinet 6th mtg, 12 Jan. 1968, CAB 128/43.114 Carver, Tightrope Walking, p.86.gg115 Castle, Diaries, p.355; Cabinet 6th mtg, 12 Jan. 1968, CAB 128/43; Jenkins,

A Life at the Centre, pp.227–9; Crossman, Diaries 1964–1970, pp.395–6. 116 Jenkins, A Life at the Centre, pp.227–9; Crossman, Diaries 1964–1970, pp.395–6.117 Cabinet 7th mtg, 15 Jan. 1968, CAB 128/43; Crossman, Diaries 1964–1970,

p.396; Castle, Diaries, p.357; Lee Kuan Yew, From Third World, pp.42–3.118 Wilson’s statement to the House of Commons, 16 Jan. 1968, cols 1578–82,

Vol. 756 (Hansard, 1968); see also FCO to overseas missions, guidance tels 10and 11, 15 Jan. 1968, PREM 13/1999.

119 Wilson to Johnson, tel. 554, 15 Jan. 1968, PREM 13/1999.

Conclusion

1 L. Martin, British Defence Policy: The Long Recessional (Adelphi Papers, No. 61)(London: IISS, 1969), p.4.

2 Michael Howard, ‘Britain’s Strategic Problem East of Suez’, International Affairs,42:2 (April 1966), p.181; see also Chapter 1, under ‘Britain’s New Look GlobalPolicy’.

3 Author’s interview with Lord Healey at the House of Lords on 26 October 2000.4 G. Pickering, Britain’s Withdrawal from East of Suez (London: Macmillan – now

Palgrave, 1998), p.159. 5 C. Ponting, Breach of Promise: Labour in Power 1964–1970 (London: Hamish

Hamilton, 1989), pp.105, 308–9; Pickering, Britain’s Withdrawal, p.165. Otherscholars, who also take this line, include D. Reynolds, Britannia Overruled: British


Policy and World Power in the 20th Century (London: Longman, 1991), p.230; C.Wrigley, ‘Now You See it, Now You Don’t: Harold Wilson and Labour’s ForeignPolicy, 1964–70’ in R. Coopey, S. Fielding and N. Tiratsoo (eds), The WilsonGovernments 1964–1970 (London: Pinter, 1995), pp.123–35; see also P. Catteral(ed.) Witness Seminar; ‘The East of Suez Decision’, Contemporary Record, 7:3(winter 1993), pp.612–53; P. Darby, British Defence Policy East of Suez1948–1968 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973), pp.325–6.

6 D. Healey, The Time of My Life (London: Michael Joseph, 1989), p.273;Crossman, 26 Jan. 1968, 14/16, AHP; Bruce to Rusk, 23 Jan. 1968, Bruce diaries.

7 FCO tel. to overseas British missions, Guidance no. 10, 15 Jan. 1968, PREM13/1999; see also D.C. Watt, ‘The Decision to Withdraw from the Gulf’, PoliticalQuarterly, 39:3 (July–Sept. 1968), pp.310–21; Tore Tingvold Petersen, ‘Crossingthe Rubicon? Britain’s Withdrawal from the Middle East, 1964–1968: ABibliographical Review’, The International History Review, xxii:2 (June 2000),pp.327–40.

8 DP43/64, 24 Sept. 1964, DEFE 6/91.9 C. Mayhew, Britain’s Role Tomorrow (London: Hutchinson, 1967), pp.25–6.

10 OPDO (67)8, 7 June 1967, CAB 148/80; Nairne to Healey, 11 May 1967, DEFE13/587.

11 NSC 214th mtg, 12 Sept. 1954, FRUS, 1952–1954, Vol. 14. p.617. 12 For instance, Rostow believed that the Vietnam War would be over by 1971. See

Rostow to LBJ, 16 Jan. 1968, Box 7, Rostow Memos, NF, NSF, LBJL.13 G. Williams and B. Reed Denis, Healey and the Politics of Power (London: Sidewick

& Jackson, 1971) p.234.14 Trend to Wilson, 27 June 1968, PREM 13/2209.15 Wilson to Brown, 24 July 1967, PREM 13/1317; Healey, The Time of My Life,

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CAB 148/30. 17 M. Dockrill, Britain’s Defence Since 1945 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989),

pp.104, 151–2.18 OPD(67)46, 21 June 1967, CAB 148/32; C(67)118, 4 July 1967, CAB 129/131.19 M. Carver, Tightrope Walking: British Defence Policy since 1945 (London:

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University Press), pp.9–10; the subject is discussed in more detail in PaulCornish, British Military Planning for the Defence of Germany, 1945–1950(Basingstoke: Macmillan – now Palgrave, 1996), pp.152–8.

21 B. Castle, The Castle Diaries, 1964–70 (London: Weidefeld & Nicolson, 1984),p.107; Wilson–Johnson meeting at the White House, 2 June 1967, FCO 46/28.

22 Stewart to Sir Evelyn Shuckburgh, Rome, on ‘the British Naval Presence in theMediterranean’ 9 May 1968, FCO 46/2; ‘Manoeuvres confirm Russian switch toconventional war’ Guardian, 6 Oct. 1967, in FCO 28/455.

23 E. Grove, Vanguard to Trident: British Naval Policy since World war II (London:Bodley Head, 1987) p.305; author’s interview with Lord Healey; M. Dockrill,Britain’s Defence, pp.99–100; D.C. Watt, ‘Britain and the Indian Ocean:Diplomacy before Defence’ Political Quarterly, 42:3 (July–Sept 1971), pp.307–8.

24 George Ball did not think that the Anglo–American relations flourished duringthe Johnson years. See Ball, The Past has Another Pattern: Memoirs (London: W.W. Norton, 1982), p.336.


25 Castle, Diaries, p.148; R. Crossman, The Crossman Diaries (1964–66), Vol. 1(London: Book Club Associates, 1976), p.417; Ponting, Breach of Promise,pp.103–7; Pickering, Britain’s Withdrawal, p.149; J. Dunbrell, ‘The JohnsonAdministration and the British Labour Government: Vietnam, the pound andEast of Suez’, Journal of Americans Studies, 30:2 (August 1996), pp.212–24;D. Kunz, ‘“Somewhat mixed up together’: Anglo–American Defence andFinancial Policy during the 1960s’, in R.D. King and R. Kilson (eds), The Statecraftof British Imperialsm: Essays in Honour of Wm. Roger Louis (London: Frank Cass,1999), pp.21b–18.

26 Ibid., p.217.27 Ibid., p.221; A. Dobson, Anglo–American Relations in the Twentieth Century

(London: Routledge, 1995), p.134. 28 S. Dockrill, West German Rearmament, pp.28–40.t29 Barnes minute, 10 June 1964, FO 371/177830.30 Kunz, ‘Somewhat Mixed Up’, p.224.31 Dean to Brown, 12 Mar. 1968, FCO 46/42.32 Nicholls to Riches, Beirut, 4 July 1964, FO 371/177812; Cabinet 49th mtg,

23 Sept. 1965, CAB 128/39; Mayhew, Britain’s Role, p.119. 33 Laurence Martin and John Garnet, British Foreign Policy: Challenges and Choices

for the 21st Century (London: the Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1997),p.2; Geir Lundestad, East, West, North, South: major Developments in InternationalPolitics, 1945–1990 (Oslo: Norwegian University Press, 1994), p.260.

34 Rusk–Dean mtg, 22 June 1965, Box 2785, CF (1964–66), RG 59, NARA.35 Author’s interview with Sir Michael Palliser; author’s interview with Lord Healey;

John Young, ‘Conclusion’, in Saul Kelly and Anthony Gorst (eds), Whitehall and theSuez Crisis (London: Frank Cass, 2000), pp.221–2; Lord Armstrong of Ilminster,‘Government and the Civil Service’, in M. Parsons (ed.), Looking Back: The WilsonYears, 1964–1970 (Pau: Publications de l’ Université de Pau, 1999), pp.53–60.

36 Brooker-Turner minute, 14 Dec. 1966, FO 371/190822; Philip Rogers, to Wilson,30 June 1967, PREM 13/1385.

37 Edward Pearce, The Lost Leaders: The Best Prime Ministers We Never Had(Lancaster: Little, Brown, 1998), p.195.

38 Healey to Wilson, 21 June 1967, PREM 13/1385; Castle, Diaries, p.285. 39 Carver, Tightrope Walking, p.94.gg40 Grove, Vanguard to Trident, p.292. t41 S. Zuckerman, Monkeys, Men and Missiles (London: Collins, 1988), p.381.42 Lee Kuan Yew, From Third World to First: The Singapore Story, 1965–2000 (New

York: HarperCollins, 2000), p.47; Grove, Vanguard to Trident, p.306; Carver,Tightrope Walking, p.95; IISS, Strategic Survey, 1971 (London: IISS, 1972),pp.39–40.

43 Healey to Wilson, 21 June 1967, PREM 13/1385.44 Pearce, The Lost Leaders, p.199.45 R. Coopey, S. Fielding and N. Tiratsoo, ‘The Wilson Years’, in R. Coopey,

S. Fielding and N. Tiratsoo (eds), The Wilson Governments 1964–1970 (London: Pinter,1995), pp.1–9; M. Parsons, ‘Introduction’, in Parsons (ed.), Looking Back, pp.9–10.

46 Wrigley, ‘Now You See it’, pp.131–2.47 ‘The Strategic Defence Review’ presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State

for Defence by Command of Her Majesty, Cmd. 3999 (London: The StationaryOffice, July 1998) p.7.

48 Dean to Brown, 12 Mar. 1968, FCO 46/42.

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Stromseth, Jane E., The Origins of Flexible Response (London: Macmillan – nowPalgrave, 1988)

Subritzsky, John, Confronting Sukarno: British, American, Australian and New ZealandDiplomacy in the Malaysian–Indonesian Confrontation, 1961–5 (London: Macmillan –now Palgrave, 2000)

Thorne, Christopher, Allies of a Kind: The United States, Britain, and the War AgainstJapan, 1941-1945 (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1978)

Varsori, Antonio, Europe 1945–1990s: The End of an Era? (London: Macmillan – nowPalgrave, 1995)

Warner, Geoffrey, ‘The Defence of Western Europe and the Rearmament of WestGermany, 1947–1950’, in Riste Olav (ed.), Western Security.

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Watt, D. Cameron, ‘Future Aims of British Foreign Policy’, Political Quarterly, 41:1(Jan.–March 1970), p.95.

Watt, D. Cameron, ‘Britain and the Indian Ocean: Diplomacy before Defence’,Political Quarterly, 42:3 (July–Sept. 1971), p.308.

Watt, D. Cameron, Succeeding John Bull: America in Britain’s Place, 1900-1973(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984)

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Research papers and PhD theses

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283

Abadan, 17Acheson, Dean, x, 36Ackley, Hugh Gardner, 68, 119Aden, 34, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55,

99, 102, 113, 122, 125–7, 149,154–5, 169, 176, 178, 180, 182, 195,203, 210, 213

Admiralty, 39, 143,Africa, 4, 9–10, 12, 32, 35, 45, 48, 52,

65, 136, 178Aircraft carriers, 39–40, 123, 138–44,

151, 191, 224Air Ministry, 82Akrotiri, SBA (Cyprus), 125, 127Aldabra, 200Aldrich, Richard, 7Algiers, 48American Revolution, 12ANF see under Atlantic Nuclear ForceAnglo–Egyptian Treaty (1936), 18Anglo–Egyptian Agreement (1954), 18Anglo–French Alliance, (1947), 12Anglo–Iranian Oil Company, 17Anglo–Kuwait defence agreement, 52Anglo–Malaya agreement (1957), 35Anglo–Malaysian Defence Agreement,

(AMDA), 225ANZAM (Australian, New Zealand, and

Malayan Area) 10ANZUS Pact (Australia, New Zealand,

United States), 10, 20, 128, 130,131, 132, 138, 142, 148, 150, 156,163, 164, 188

Apartheid, 35Arab-Israeli War (1967), 3, 178, 191,

192, 195, 204Arab nationalism, 18, 52Arabs, 20, 25, 33, 195Ark Royal, HMS, 39, 40, 38, 143, 225Armstrong, William, 201Asia, 4, 9, 13, 19–20, 35, 43, 51, 53,

54, 100, 106, 130, 133, 136, 143,149, 164, 177, 187, 193, 201, 202,220

Aswan High Dam (Egypt), 23

Atlantic Nuclear Force (ANF), 60, 61–3,66, 68, 70, 71–4, 80, 135, 221

Atlantic Ocean, 2, 119,142, 209Atomic weapons programme, British,

11, 14Atomic test explosion (UK, 1952), 16Atomic test explosion (Soviet, 1949,) 13Attlee, Clement, 8, 10, 14, 46Aqaba, Gulf of, 191Australia, 10, 20, 34, 51, 83, 100, 102,

106, 128–30, 132, 135, 142, 148–50,155, 183, 186, 187–9, 191, 192, 194,205, 214, 216

Austria, 119Axis, 17

BAC III aircraft, 83Baghdad Pact, 18–19, 22, 33 Bahamas, 194Bahrain, 9, 52, 154, 205Balance of payments, British, 14, 55, 56,

77, 79, 101, 147, 162, 166Ball, George, 31, 67, 68, 70, 72, 74, 116,

118, 119, 167, 170Balogh, Thomas, 48Bangkok, 158, 163Bank of England, 55, 56, 160, 207Bao Dai, 19Barnes, E.J.W., 65Bator, Francis, 117, 118, 120, 167, 192Baylis, John, 2Beijing, 5, 108, 109Belgium, 12, 31, 32, 37, 119Benelux, 21Benn, Tony Wedgwood, 47, 48, 179,

191Berlin Crisis, 12, 27, 37Bermuda, 30 Bevan, Aneurin, 14, 49Bevin, Ernest, 10, 12, 14, 222Bizonia, 12Blue Steel, 30Blue Streak, 30, 81Blue Water, 81Board of Trade, 14, 44, 47, 51, 52, 53, 89

Index

Bolingbroke, 2Borneo, 109, 128, 165Bottomley, Arthur, 47, 130Bowden, Herbert, 186, 191Brandt, Willy, 47Bretton Woods system, 6Bristol Aeroplane Co., 81British Aircraft Corporation (BAC), 81,

83, 84, 86, 87, 89, 94, 153British Army, 14, 25, 28, 97, 151, 198British Army of the Rhine (BAOR), 14,

21, 23, 25, 26, 37, 38, 47, 51, 52, 53,97, 98, 99, 102, 124, 136, 162, 163,164, 165, 168–73, 180, 196, 221,222

British Empire, 1, 4, 10–11, 14–16, 36,45, 223

British Government, xi, 2‘British interests and commitments

overseas’, 54, 56British Petroleum (BP), 128British Siddeley Engines (BSE), 87, 94Brook, Norman, 28, 34 Brown, George, xi, 46, 56, 74, 75, 85,

90, 91, 93, 95, 96, 158, 159, 160,161, 167, 171, 172, 174, 176, 181,184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190,191, 192, 199, 201, 202, 204, 205,207, 213, 226

Bruce, David, 66, 68,70,107,177,192Brunei, 35,184,194Brussels Treaty Organisation see under

Western UnionBuccaneer aircraft, 59, 84, 85, 146, 151Bundesbank, 56Bundy, McGeorge, 66, 67, 69, 70, 74–5,

107, 117, 118, 119, 134, 135Burma, 9, 10, 34

C-130 aircraft, 78, 79, 147Cabinet, xi, 12–13, 20, 28, 34, 35, 36,

39, 40, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 55, 62, 65,79, 81, 82, 86, 89, 94, 98, 104, 109,111, 112, 114, 116, 118, 121, 134,144, 148, 153, 154, 158, 160, 161,162, 164, 168, 171, 174, 176, 179,182, 185, 186, 188, 190, 191, 192,193, 195, 196, 197, 199, 200, 202,203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 212, 219,224, 226

Cabinet Defence Committee, 14, 16, 25,28, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41

Cabinet Defence and Overseas PolicyCommittee (DOPC), 28, 29, 35, 49,

50, 51, 53, 55, 63see also OPD Committee

Cabinet Office, 48, 49, 53Cabinet Overseas Policy Committee, 28Cabinet Secretary, xi, 28, 29, 34, 49, 51Caccia, Harold, 50, 52, 66Cairo, 18Callaghan, James, xi, 46, 55, 56, 77, 80,

85, 87, 90, 91, 94, 96, 117, 120, 123,146, 154, 160, 161, 162, 164, 169,170, 171, 172, 173, 176, 185, 189,191, 199, 200, 202, 206, 207, 211, 226

Cambodia, 20Canberra, 10, 129, 150, 163, 164, 167,

189Canberra bomber, 19, 61, 80, 82, 92, 94,

99, 125, 145, 146, 150, 203Canada, 34, 88 ,119,142, 147, 192Cape Town, 32Caribbean, 123Carrington, Lord, 226Castle, Barbara, 47,161, 166, 179, 191,

198, 206, 207, 224, 226Central African Federation, 35–6Central Organisation for Defence

(report, 1963), 28Central Economic Planning Board, 46Central Intelligence Agency, (CIA), 172Central Treaty Organisation (CENTO),

18, 33, 61, 99, 102, 110, 125, 127,173, 174, 194

Ceylon, 9, 10, 20, 25Chagos Archipelego, 111Chalfont, Lord (Alun Gwynne-Jones),

48–9, 84Chequers meeting (21–22 November

1964), 49, 55–64, 76, 80, 82, 95, 98Chequers meeting (June 1965),

95–104,105, 122, 123, 128, 210Chequers meeting (October 1966), 172–5Chief of Defence Staff, 24, 28, 84, 144,

150, 176Chiefs of Staff, 10, 13, 16, 23, 28, 38, 41,

50, 53, 56, 58, 62, 84, 85, 95, 103,126, 139, 144, 165, 173, 176, 194,201, 202, 223

284 Index

China, People’s Republic of, 5, 13, 15,19, 20, 23, 34, 71–2, 85, 100, 105,110, 111, 112, 114, 130, 131, 132,151, 163, 187

Chinese Communist insurgents(Malaya), 9

Chou En-lai, 20Christian Democratic Party (West

Germany), 180Christian Democratic Union Party (West

Germany), 69Churchill, Winston S., 5, 11, 14, 15–16,

18, 21, 24, 44, 209, 225Cold War, 1, 5, 9–11, 13, 15–17, 19, 22, 23,

26, 27, 34, 45, 57, 97, 105, 109, 111Colonial Office, 41, 45, 51,113, 130, 155Comet aircraft, 78Committee of Imperial Defence, 14Common Market 5, 10–12, 14–16, 28,

32, 33, 35, 45, 50, 83, 107, 108, 109,113, 155, 166, 173, 184, 188, 201,202, 215, 225

see also EEC – European EconomicCommunity

Commonwealth Relations Office, 14,39, 41, 45, 47, 51, 55, 123

Communist China, see under China,People’s Republic of

Concorde (Anglo-French) aircraftproject, 59, 83, 85, 89

Confrontation (Malaysia–Indonesia,1963–6), 5, 7, 9, 35, 39, 41, 55, 100,102, 103, 107, 109, 110, 112, 119,128, 129, 130, 133, 134, 136, 138,139, 146, 148, 149, 150, 151, 156,159, 163, 164, 165, 167, 176, 178,189, 194, 210, 214, 219, 220, 221

Congo, 27, 32Congress, US, 11, 67, 69, 79, 150, 178Conscription, see under National

ServiceConservative (Winston S. Churchill)

Government, 14–16, 21Conservative (Douglas-Home)

Government, 6, 35, 39, 42, 59, 62,107, 146, 210

Conservative (Harold Macmillan)Government, 24, 25, 28, 30, 31, 32,34, 39, 41, 61, 62, 77, 91, 138, 141,203, 209–10

Conservative Party, 18, 44, 108, 133Conservative Party Conference (October

1948), 15Cooper, Frank, 178, 184Cooper, Gary, 69 Coopey, R., 3Council of Foreign Ministers, (London,

December 1947), 12 Cousins, Frank, 47, 83, 160Cromer, Lord, 43, 160Crosland, Anthony, 47, 86, 161, 200, 226Crossman, Richard, 47, 48, 161, 174,

176, 179, 199, 207, 212, 226Cuba, 27, 64–5Cuban Missile Crisis, 27CVA01 aircraft carrier, 138, 139, 140,

141, 142, 143, 144, 147, 209, 216CVA02 aircraft carrier, 139Cyprus,18–19, 33, 61, 82, 99, 125, 169,

173, 181, 194, 195Czechoslovakia, 23

Daily Mail, 175Darby, Philip, 2, 4, 25, 212Davies, Harold, 109Dean, Patrick, 92, 134, 149, 222, 223,

226Decolonisation, 11, 45De Gaulle, Charles, 30, 32, 45, 53, 57,

60, 65, 69, 89, 95, 106, 175, 192,200, 217

Defence Expenditure Studies, 3, 175,178–83, 185, 187, 193, 194, 197,198

‘Defence Policy and Global Strategy’,(1952), 16–17, 22

Defence Review (1964–8), 4, 6–7, 217,218, 226

Defence Review (November1964–February 1966), 63, 76, 85, 89,90, 93, 96, 97, 98, 100, 104, 105,111, 112, 115, 119, 122, 123, 127,134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 141, 144,145, 146, 148, 150, 152, 153, 154,156, 157, 158, 159, 162, 163, 180,181, 182, 193, 194, 198, 199, 210,211, 213, 214, 221, 223, 224

Defence Review after the July 1966currency crisis, 164–6, 168–70, 172,199, 213

Index 285

Defence Review (Autumn 1966–July1967) 172, 173, 174, 176, 177, 179,199, 213

see also Defence Expenditure Studies(1967)

Defence Review after the November1967 devaluation of Pound,199–200, 213

Defence Review (December 1967 andJanuary 1968), 201–8, 213

Defence Review Working Party(DRWP), 98, 125, 129, 131, 133,179, 213, 223

Defence White Paper, 103, 138, 144,155, 156, 158, 159, 162, 177, 179,180, 182, 186, 193, 196, 197, 201,210, 212, 224

Department of Economic Affairs (DEA),46, 37, 56, 58, 89, 160, 172, 183, 202

Devaluation of the Pound (1949),11–12, 216

Devaluation of the Pound (November1967), 2–3, 68, 115, 161, 176, 199,206, 216, 222

Dhekelia SBA (Cyprus), 125, 127, 181Diamond, John, 154Diego Garcia, 111, 200Dien Bien Phu, 19Disarmament, 46, 47Dockrill, Saki, xiDOPC see under Cabinet Defence and

Overseas Policy CommitteeDollar, 6, 115, 116, 119, 160, 166, 168,

200, 206Dominions Office, 14Douglas-Home, Alec, xi, 35, 36, 38–9,

40, 41, 43, 50, 65Downing Street, 14, 29, 48, 49, 124,

125, 127, 130, 131, 158, 161, 185,218

Downing Street Defence Conference(November, 1965), 124–34, 210

Dulles, John Foster, 19, 20Dunkirk Treaty (March 1947), 12

Eagle, HMS, 39, 138East of Suez, xi, 2–7, 24, 25, 28, 34, 36,

37, 38, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 51,53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 63, 71, 73, 74,

81–2, 91, 92, 93, 98, 99, 103, 111,112, 113, 116, 118, 119, 122, 132,133, 134, 136, 141, 142, 144, 152,157, 159, 166, 167, 168, 173, 176,177, 179, 186, 191, 192, 194, 195,196, 198, 201, 204, 205, 206, 207,209–10, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216,217, 218, 220, 221, 222, 224, 226

East–West confrontation, 10, 19, 38, 40Eden, Anthony, 15, 17–20, 21, 22, 23,

61Egypt, 9, 17–18, 34, 64, 113, 114Eisenhower, Dwight D., 16–19, 22, 23,

24, 25, 30, 31, 214El Adem, 127Elworthy, Air Chief Marshal Charles, 85English Electric, 81Erhardt, Ludwig, 69, 75, 135, 169, 170,

171, 172, 179Europe, x–xi, 4–5, 8–9, 11–13, 15–17, 20,

21, 23, 26, 27, 28, 29, 32, 36–7, 38,40, 41, 43, 52, 53, 54, 57, 62, 89, 98,99, 102, 104, 105, 106, 114, 123, 124,126, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 136,145, 146, 152, 154, 157, 161, 162,165, 166, 167, 168, 171, 175, 176,177, 180, 185, 192, 196, 197, 200,202, 205, 216, 217, 219, 222, 225

European Defence Community (EDC),17, 21, 61

European Economic Community (EEC),xi, 2, 4, 30, 31, 32, 37, 38, 52–3, 157,159, 160, 167, 175, 177, 180, 189,192, 197, 200, 201, 218, 219, 222

F-111 Aircraft, 59, 78–9, 82–94, 96, 139,140, 141, 144, 148, 151, 152, 156,198, 201, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207,212, 216, 221, 224, 225

Falklands Islands, 124, 194Far East (Indo-Pacific Area), 2, 5,9, 10,

12–13, 17, 19, 22, 25, 34, 38, 40, 41,51, 52, 102, 104, 122, 123, 124, 127,128, 129, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178,180, 181, 183, 184, 185, 186, 188,190, 191, 196, 202, 203, 204, 205,210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 221, 224

Farquhar Island, 200Federal Republic of Germany (FRG),

(West Germany), 9, 12–13, 21, 30,

286 Index

31, 37, 41, 45, 52, 57, 60–1, 63, 69,72, 73, 75, 80, 98, 99, 101, 102, 103,114, 117, 118, 124, 135, 136, 147,154, 162, 164, 165, 166, 167, 169,170, 171, 175, 177, 179, 186, 196,197, 217, 218, 219

Fielding, S., 3Fifty-Year Rule, 7Fiji, 131, 194Five Power Agency, 20Foggy Bottom (State Department), 172Four Power Talks (Australia, Britain,

New Zealand and USA), 128, 130,163–4, 185, 187

Foreign and Commonwealth Office(FCO), 45

Foreign Office, 4, 10–12, 15, 27, 29, 32,38, 41, 43, 45, 46, 47, 50, 51, 52, 53,55, 57, 58, 64, 65, 66, 80, 91, 92, 95,98, 99, 104, 105, 111, 114, 122, 123,124, 125, 126, 127, 134, 139, 146,149, 151, 152, 153, 159, 173, 175,176, 180, 189, 190, 194, 201, 223,224

Fowler, Henry, 115, 118, 119, 160, 199France, 12, 13, 19–20, 21, 30, 31, 32, 34,

37, 45, 60, 65, 79, 89, 119, 142, 145,152, 158, 168, 177, 197, 203, 217,218, 222

Fulton, Missouri, 11

Gaitskell, Hugh, 14, 46 ,47Gallup Poll, 178Gan, 25, 131General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

(GATT), 65General Election (October 1951), 14, 59General Election (October 1964) 43, 44,

47, 48, 50, 53, 57, 61, 68General Election (1966), 157–8,159,182Geneva Conference (1954), 19–20, 107Geneva Conference (1955), 21German Democratic Republic (GDR), 13Gibraltar, 194Gore-Booth, Paul, 114Gorton, John, 205Guiana, British 71, 124Greece, 9,11,18Greek Cypriots, 18Gromyko, Andrei, 108

Guardian, The, 56Gurkhas, 150, 151, 184, 198

Haftendorn, Helga, 171Haiphong, 158Hanoi, 108, 158Hardman, Henry, 57–8, 78, 118Harrier aircraft, 152Harrison, Geoffrey, 64Hartley, C., Air Marshal, 78Hasluck, Paul, 187Hastings, Stephen, 85, 91Hawker Siddeley, 153Healey, Denis (Lord Healey), xi, 2, 47,

49, 56, 223, 225–6, 226and aircraft carriers, 123, 139–40,

141,142, 143, 144, 151, 191, 224

and British Armed Forces, 58–9, 77,101, 122, 176, 181, 201, 224

and Britain’s role East of Suez, 49, 82,91, 133, 134, 145, 173, 185, 191,199, 224

and defence economy, 101, 102, 122,123, 133, 141, 152, 153, 172, 174,175, 176, 180, 183, 184, 185, 197,200, 201, 210, 224

and Europe and NATO, 102, 124, 170,173, 176, 177

and Far East, 132, 133, 139,149,150,151, 156, 164, 169, 173–4, 175,180, 181, 183, 184, 185, 186, 188,190, 191, 192, 193, 199, 200, 201,211, 224

and Mediterranean/Middle East, 102,112, 125, 127, 173, 180, 182, 191

and nuclear weapons, 61, 80, 198, 217and TSR/F111 and other aircraft

issues, 58–9, 77, 78, 79, 82, 86,87, 88–9, 90, 92, 93, 94, 145, 146,147, 148, 151, 152, 153, 173, 174,198, 203, 207, 212, 216, 224

and USA, 71–2, 80, 92, 103–4, 116,117, 118, 120, 128, 133, 134, 135,149, 156, 186, 192, 220

Heath, Edward, (Sir), 133, 157, 225Hermes, HMS, 39,138Hetherington, Alistair, 56, 61, 70, 135,

139, 146, 200

Index 287

Himalayas, 18, 105Ho Chi Minh, 19–20, 106, 213Holt, Harold, 150, 205Holy Loch, 30Holyoake, Keith, 188Hong Kong, 9, 34, 101, 130, 164, 168,

173, 174, 178, 184, 194, 209House of Commons, 2, 68, 85–6, 151,

159, 161, 165, 169, 174, 200, 212, 222Howard, Sir Michael, 3, 26HS 681 aircraft, 58, 76, 79, 86Hull, Richard, 150 Hunter aircraft, 152

Idris, King of Libya, 195Independent Planning Staff (Foreign

Office), 50India, 9 ,10 ,20, 34, 40, 72, 111, 112India Office, 14Indian Army, 4,9Indian Ocean, 45, 48, 52, 53, 65, 99,

111, 112, 131, 191, 195, 200Indo-China, 13,19–20, 51, 106, 107,

178Indo-Pacific area see under Far EastIndonesia, 5, 20, 34, 35, 51, 72, 110,

114, 128, 131, 132, 189Information Research Department

(IRD), 15Intercontinental Ballistic Missile

(ICBM), 30Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile

(IRBM), 30International Monetary Fund (IMF),

115, 200Iran, 9, 11 ,17, 18, 52,195Iraq, 9, 18, 33, 52‘Iron Curtain’ speech (March 1946), 11Israel, 18–19Italy, 21, 31, 60, 119

Jaguar aircraft (Anglo-French), 152, 153Japan, 41, 45, 72, 119Jay, Douglas, 47, 83, 91Jenkins, Roy, xi, 3, 47, 59, 79, 81, 82,

84, 86, 87, 89, 90, 91, 93, 161, 176,191, 200, 201, 202, 206, 207, 211,212, 213, 226

Johnson Administration, 66, 71, 83, 89,92, 106, 107, 111, 114, 115, 121

Johnson, Lyndon B., 4, 6, 35, 56, 64,66–71, 73, 74, 92, 107, 108, 118,135, 158, 166, 167, 168, 175, 204,205, 206, 215

Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC), 15, 27Jordan, 9,18

Kaiser, Philip, 177Kashmir, 112Katunayake, 25 Kennan, George, 11Kennedy Administration, 30, 31, 38, 81,Kennedy, John F., x, 1, 4, 30, 31, 44, 48,

66–7, 69Kenya, 33, 34, 35Khalifa, Abdullah, 55Kiesinger, Kurt Georg, 180Khrushchev, Nikita, 16, 22, 45, 57Kissinger, Henry, 1, 20Korea, 106Korean War (1950–3), 13–16, 22Korean War rearmament programme,

UK (1950–3), 4, 13–14, 16Kosygin, A.N., 168, 186Kremlin, 22, 27, 57Kuala Lumpur, 110, 150, 163 ,189Kunz, Diane, 221, 222Kuwait, 9, 33, 35, 52, 125, 126, 127,

154, 194, 213, 214

Labour (Attlee) Government (1945–51),8–9, 11, 13–15, 21, 33, 47, 216

Labour (Wilson) Government (1964–70)x-xi, 1–7, 35, 43, 45–6, 47, 51, 55,56, 59, 61, 62, 63, 66, 68, 70, 73, 76,79, 83, 89, 92, 93, 94, 105, 110, 111,113, 114, 115, 119, 133, 141, 145,151, 160, 175, 177, 178, 190, 192,193, 197, 203, 210–11, 213, 215,217, 222, 224, 226

Labour Party, 5,14–15, 23, 44, 45, 46,60, 73, 107, 157, 215

Laos, 20, 27Latin America, 65Lebanon, 25, 27Lee Kuan Yew, 109, 110 ,132 ,150, 151,

188, 205, 220, 225Lend Lease, 11Leyton, 47Libya, 9, 33, 99, 102, 125 ,149, 169, 195

288 Index

Limited Test Ban Treaty (1963), 27 Limited War, 24, 25Lisbon Goals, 16Lloyd, Selwyn, 36Longford, Frank, 207‘Long telegram’ (February 1946), 11Long Term Study Group, 49–55, 56, 98,

99, 193, 210Luce, Admiral Sir David, 142, 144Luxembourg, 12, 31

Maudling, Reginald, 36–7, 40, 41Mau Mau (Kenya), 33Macmillan, Harold, xi, 1,5, 23, 24, 27,

28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35–6, 40, 44,51, 59, 67, 102

Macmillan Government, see underConservative (Macmillan)Government

Majlis, 17Malawi, 36Malaya, 9, 33, 35Malaysia, 5, 35, 40, 51, 55, 65, 100, 102,

108, 109, 127, 128, 131, 132, 146,150, 151, 155, 156, 158, 163, 164,165, 181, 183, 184, 185, 186, 188,189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195,197, 198, 202, 205, 207, 211, 220

Maldives, 9, 25Malta, 33, 99, 125, 127, 169, 178, 182, 195Manhattan Project, 11Manila, 20‘Maphilindo’ concept, 132Marlborough, 2Marshall Plan (1947), 12Masirah, 154Mauritius, 45, 111, 194Mayhew, Christopher, 8, 143, 144, 159,

213McMahon Act 1946, 11McNamara, Robert, 31, 38, 66, 67, 69,

71, 75, 87–8, 92, 103, 117, 120, 134,136, 147, 167, 170, 187, 192, 220

McNaughton, John, 117, 120Mediterranean, 11–13, 18, 98, 99,102,

123, 124, 125, 155, 181, 194, 219Melbourne, 10Mendès-France, Pierre, 19–20Menzies, Sir Robert, 83, 102, 128, 132,

133, 150

Middle East, 5, 9–13, 17–19, 22, 23, 25,33, 38, 41, 51, 52, 65, 98, 102, 104,112, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127,128, 129, 130, 131, 134, 136, 149,154, 155, 178, 180, 181, 191, 192,194, 196, 201, 204, 212, 213

Middle East Command, 18Ministry of Aviation, 47, 78, 89, 153Ministry of Defence (MoD), 4, 14, 22,

24, 28, 39, 41, 49, 51, 53, 56, 57, 58,76, 77, 78, 79, 88–9, 92, 93, 95, 96,97, 100, 103, 118, 122, 123, 124,125, 126, 128, 130, 140, 143, 145,146, 149, 151, 152, 172, 173, 176,180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 190,193, 200, 201, 210, 213, 221

Ministry of Education, 47, 48Ministry of Housing, 48Ministry of Labour, 18,Ministry of Overseas Development, 46,

164Ministry of Supply, 14Ministry of Technology, 37, 48Ministry of Transport, 48Minuteman (ICBM), 31Mitchell, Derek, 49, 68, 69, 70 MLF (Multilateral Nuclear Force), 31, 45,

59, 60–3, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,71–5, 217, 221

Molotov, Vyacheslav, 19Morgan, Austen, 3Moscow, 5, 11, 16, 44–5, 63, 109, 125,

161Mountbatten, Lord, 24, 56, 58, 84, 85,

103, 123Mulley, Fred, 153Multiple Independently Targeted

Re-entry Vehicles (MIRVS), 203Mussadeq, Mohammed, 17–18Mutual Defense Assistance Bill (US), 13

Nairne, Patrick, 176,Nasser, Gamel Abdel, 18, 23, 33, 34, 52,

112, 113, 126Nassau, 31, 32, 37, 44, 59, 61, 67, 198,

221National Executive Committee, 15National Health Service (NHS), 14National Plan, 2 , 95, 96, 104, 119, 160,

161

Index 289

National Security Council (US), 44, 214National Service, British, 9, 13, 32 National Union of Seamen, 159NATO (North Atlantic Treaty

Organisation), 12–14, 20, 21, 22, 23,26, 30, 31, 37, 38, 43, 52, 54, 57, 60,61, 62, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71–5, 98,105, 114, 125, 131, 132, 135, 136,152, 158, 163, 165, 168, 169, 170,171, 180, 185, 194, 196, 197, 203,205, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 225

NATO Council, 16, 26, 31 Neguib, Muhammad, 18Nepal, 151Netherlands, the, 12, 31, 34, 119Neustadt, Professor Richard, 67,68, 69,

74, 75, 117, 120‘New Britain’, 44New Delhi, 111‘New Jerusalem’, 8‘New Look’ (British), 16, 22, 23, 24‘New Look’ (US), 16, 24, 25New Statesman, 48New York, 13New Zealand, 10, 20, 34, 100, 102, 106,

129, 131, 135, 150, 155, 186, 187,188, 189, 191, 194, 205, 214

Nicholls, John, 29, 50, 51, 52, 53, 66, 222Nigerian Civil War, 3, 178, 199‘Night of the Long Knives’ (July 1962), 36Nimrod, 225Nixon, Richard, 5non-proliferation (nuclear), 45North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, see

under NATONorth Borneo, 9Northern Ireland, 219Northern Rhodesia, 36‘Northern Tier’, 18nuclear deterrence, 13, 16, 30, 31, 37, 38,

40, 43, 44, 57, 59, 60, 61, 72, 219nuclear weapons, 16, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27,

28, 29, 30, 31, 40, 59, 61, 62, 136,216, 217

Nyasaland, 35

O’Brien, Leslie, 160‘Offset’ arrangements (UK–West

Germany), 37, 52, 103, 154, 162–3,164–4, 169–72, 177, 179, 196–7, 221

oil, 10, 17, 38, 52, 126, 195OPD Committee, 63, 76, 80, 84, 86, 89,

96, 97, 98, 100, 110, 111, 122, 123,124, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131,134, 136, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142,143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 151,152, 155, 163, 164, 169, 170, 172,174, 175, 179, 180, 183, 184, 190,191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 197, 198,210–11, 212, 214, 216, 218, 224

Open Skies Proposal (1955), 22Organisation for Economic Co-opera-

tion and Development (OECD), 65Ormsby-Gore, David, (Lord Harlech), 44

P-1127 aircraft, 78, 152, 153, 173, 174,198

P-1154 aircraft, 58, 76, 77, 78, 79, 86,152

Palliser, Sir Michael, xi, 50, 53, 116, 117,157, 158, 185,

Pakistan, 9, 18, 20, 110Palestine, 9Parliament, x, 48Parliamentary Labour Party (PLP), 158,

160, 179, 224, 225Parsons, Michael, 3Pentagon, 58peripheral strategy (1967), 183–5, 211Permanent Under-Secretary (Ministry of

Defence), 28, 58Permament Under-Secretary’s

Committee (PUSC, Foreign Office),15, 50, 65, 122–3

permission action link (PAL), 61Persian Gulf, 2, 9, 38, 52, 99, 102, 125,

126, 127, 132, 154, 173, 179, 180,181, 191, 194, 195, 196, 202, 203,204, 205, 206, 207, 210, 212, 213,214, 216, 218, 225

Phantom aircraft, 78, 84, 85, 147, 151,153

Philippines, the, 20, 51, 106, 132Pickering, Geoffrey, 3, 212Pimlott, Ben, 3Plowden Committee, 86,145,153Polaris, 30, 31, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 80–1,

97, 136, 142, 198, 203, 216, 217,221

Policy Planning Staff, 15, 53, 54

290 Index

Political Warfare Executive (PWE), 15Pompidou, Georges, 160Ponting, Clive, 3, 212, 221Poseidon, 203, 217Pound Sterling, 5, 56, 115, 116, 117,

118, 119, 122, 160, 162, 165, 166,167, 168, 199, 200, 215, 218, 220

Profumo Affair, 48Public Records Act (1958), 7

Qadhafi, M., 195Qatar, 52

Radcliffe, Lord, 7Radfan, the, 34Rann of Kutch, 112Razak, Tun Abdul, 150Research and Development (R & D), 58,

59, 82, 83, 86, 88Rhodesia, 2–3, 7, 45, 113, 114, 124, 135,

136Roberts, Goronwy, 205Rogers, Philip. 51, 98, 223Rolls-Royce Spey engine, 79, 168Rostow, Walt W., 166, 199Rowen, Henry, 117Royal Air Force (RAF), 25, 28, 39, 78, 83,

84, 85, 92, 93, 94, 98, 112, 124, 145,152, 194, 216, 219, 225

Royal Navy (RN), 25, 28, 39, 41, 78, 81,84, 138–44, 151, 198, 219

Rusk, Dean, 4, 44, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71,107, 110, 119, 128, 162, 187, 192,204, 206, 223

Russia, 12–13, 30, 41

Sabah, 35SACEUR (NATO Supreme Allied

Commander Europe), 26, 221Saigon, 67Sandys, Duncan, 24, 25, 28, 39, 209Sandys Defence White Paper, 24, 25, 26,

29Sarawak, 9, 35Saudi Arabia, 126–7, 205Scotland, 30Second World War, x, 5, 8–9, 11, 14, 20,

48, 139Secretary of State for Defence (Britain),

28

Seychelles, the, 9, 111, 200Shackleton, Lord, 87, 94Shackleton 2 aircraft, 78Shah (Iran), 125Sharjah, 154, 173Shastri, Lal Bahadur, 71Shell Group, 126Shore, Peter, 48, 202Short, Edward, 48Shuckburgh, Evelyn,17Simonstown naval base, 35, 124, Singapore, 9, 33, 34, 35, 39, 51, 52, 53,

54–5, 102, 103, 110, 122, 128, 129,130, 131, 132, 146, 148–51, 155,156, 163, 176, 177, 179, 181, 183,184, 185, 186, 188, 189, 190, 191,192, 193, 194, 195, 197, 202, 205,207, 210–11, 214, 220, 225

Sino–Indian conflict (1962), 35Skybolt 30, 31, 67, 81Smethwick, 47Smith, Ian, 2–3,113South Africa, 35, 65, 123, 124South Arabia, 9, 34, 52, 55, 65, 99, 112,

113, 126, 127, 154, 169, 182, 202South Atlantic, 123, 124Southeast Asia, 128, 129, 147, 148, 155,

164, 171, 183, 187, 205, 211, 216South-East Asia Treaty Organisation

(SEATO), 20, 22, 24, 35, 61, 110,163, 164, 184, 185, 187, 194

Southern Rhodesia, 35, 65 Sovereign Base Areas (SBAs), 33,Soviet Union (USSR) 1, 5, 9, 10–12,

4–17, 18–19, 21, 26, 27, 34, 38, 44,45, 60, 85, 102, 106, 108, 111, 142,218

Spaak, Paul-Henri, 158‘Special Relationship’ (Anglo–US), 5–6,

11, 13, 16, 29, 64, 66Sputnik, 30Stalin, Joseph, 11State Department, 15, 69, 94, 115–16,

170, 189Sterling Crisis (1949), 11Stevenson, Adlai, 48Stewart, Michael, 2, 47, 86, 107, 108,

110, 112, 114, 116, 124, 127, 133,135, 149, 153, 154, 156, 163, 167,187, 191, 202, 207, 222

Index 291

Strategic Defence Review (1998), 226Straw, Sean, 92Subritzsky, John, 130Sudan, 18, 195Suez Canal, 18, 23, 33, 199, 209Suez Crisis (1956), x, 1, 23, 24, 25Suharto, General T.N.J., 158Sukarno, Achmed, 110, 128, 133Sweden, 119‘Swinging Sixties’, x, 3Switzerland, 119Syria, 18

Tanganyika, 32, 35Tashkent, 112Territorial Army (TA), 97, 101, 103, 151Times, The, 48Transport and General Workers Union

(TGWU), 47Thailand, 20, 51, 106, 163Thai–Laotian border crisis (1962), 35‘Third Force’, 12Thant, U., 109Third World, 11, 27, 45, 46, 105, 115,

128, 147, 213Thirty-Year rule, 2Thompson, Robert, 73Thomson, George, 124, 158, 201, 205,

207Thor (missile), 30Thorne, Christopher, 5Thorneycroft, Peter, 35, 38, 39, 59‘Three Interlocking Circles’, 15Tiger, HMS, 3Tiratsoo, N., 3Tonga, 194Tornado, 225Toynbee, Arnold, 1Trades Union Congress (TUC), 133Transport House, 48Treasury, 26, 39, 46, 47, 49, 52, 53, 55,

56, 57, 58, 87, 89, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98,139, 153, 154, 162, 173, 175, 180,181 ,183, 186, 217, 224

Trend, Burke, 34, 49, 50, 51, 53, 55, 63,96, 100, 117, 118, 135, 136, 153,173, 180, 181

Trincomalee (naval base), 25Trucial States, 52Truman, Harry S., 12

Truman Doctrine (1947), 11TSR–2 (Tactical, Strike and

Reconnaissance aircraft), 39, 47, 58,59, 76–95, 139, 141, 153, 210, 216

Tunku, the, 109, 110, 128, 188, 189Turkey, 9, 11, 18, 195Turkish Cypriots, 18

Uganda, 32Unilateral Declaration of Independence

(UDI), Rhodesia (November 1965), 3‘United Action’, 19United Arab Republic (UAR), 112, 127,

149United Nations, 45, 46, 50, 112United States of America, 1, 3, 4, 9, 22,

24, 30, 33, 44, 57, 165, 203and Britain, x, 5, 14–16, 23, 27, 32,

33, 41, 46, 47, 53, 61, 62, 65, 101,109, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 120,141, 145, 148, 149, 161, 166, 186,189, 193, 204, 210, 220, 221, 222,223

and the Cold War, 11, 12, 26, 27, 30and Europe and NATO, 31, 32, 37, 45,

60, 114, 132, 170, 186, 196,222

and Far East, 10, 19–20, 129, 131, 136,149, 155, 156, 187, 200, 204, 210,220

and Middle East, 18–19, 25, 99, 125,134, 149, 155, 193, 204

and the Vietnam War, 106–9, 114,115, 132, 135, 158, 187, 210

USSR see under Soviet Union

Variable Geometry (VG) aircraft, 145,203

V-bombers, 23, 30, 31, 60, 61VC 10 aircraft, 83Vickers, 81Victorious, HMS, 39, 138, 143Vietnam, 4–7, 19–20, 27, 65, 67, 73–4,

105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 114,115, 116, 120, 133, 135, 150, 156,158, 159, 161, 163, 164, 167, 171,178, 181, 187, 189, 202, 204, 214,215, 220

V/STOL (vertical or short take off andlanding) aircraft, 153, 174

292 Index

Walker, Patrick Gordon, 46–7, 49, 53,56, 59, 60, 68, 70, 73, 86, 108, 182,200

Washington, 1, 15–16, 19, 41, 44, 56,62, 65, 137, 161,

Washington Talks (Anglo–US), 62–5, 67,68, 71–5, 92, 134–7, 142, 146–9,156, 167–8, 191, 192, 193

Western Organisation and PlanningDepartment (Foreign Office), 50

Western Union (after 1954, WesternEuropean Union, WEU), 12, 21, 22,26, 37, 52, 61, 124, 163, 165, 170, 196

West Germany see under FederalRepublic of Germany

West of Suez, 219West Indies, 45,White House, 49, 71, 75, 115, 118, 134,

135, 136, 161, 166, 170, 171, 180,200, 215, 220, 222, 224

Whitehall, x–xi, 1, 6, 9–12, 15, 18, 29, 32,33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 48, 50, 57,83, 94, 106, 109, 113, 129, 131, 132,133, 134, 145, 154, 156, 161, 165,176, 178, 182, 189, 190, 192, 193,194, 195, 203, 204, 217–18, 220, 221

Wigg, George, 48, 93, 99, 139, 140, 204,205

Williams, Marcia, 47–8, 157Wilson, Harold, xi, 3, 5, 7, 43, 44, 45, 46,

47–8, 49, 67, 68, 94, 117, 157, 215and aircraft carriers, 123, 139, 141and Britain’s role East of Suez, 2, 47, 63,

105, 159, 167, 176, 177, 191, 208,210, 215, 216, 217, 219, 220, 226

and defence policy, 49, 68, 77, 79, 85,87, 91, 93, 122, 134, 139, 141,

143, 153, 173, 174, 175, 184, 185,191, 194, 199, 200, 202, 204, 207

and domestic politics, 47–8, 90,157–62, 179, 200, 207

and British economy, 160–1, 165,168, 173, 178, 179, 199, 200–1,206, 210, 217

and Europe, 123, 157–8, 165, 167,170, 175, 176, 192, 201, 216, 219

and Far East, 110, 130, 131, 133, 136,164, 177, 190, 202, 207, 211, 220,

and Middle East, 127, 202,and nuclear weapons, 59, 61, 62, 63,

80, 136, 198, 217, and Rhodesia, 2–3, 113, 135, 136,

157, and the Soviet Union, 44–5,and the United States, 5–6, 44, 45, 46,

63, 64, 66, 69, 70, 71, 74, 75, 83,90, 121, 129, 134–7, 158, 159,166–8, 177, 191, 206, 208, 215,220,

and Vietnam, 73, 107–9, 159, Wilson, Harold Government, see under

Labour (Wilson) Government Wright, Oliver, 105, 157

Yemen, 34, 112Young, John, 92

Zambia, 36Zanzibar, 32, 35Zedong, Mao, 13Ziegler, Philip,3Zimmern, Sir Alfred, 1Zuckerman, Solly, 49, 71, 85, 139, 140Zulueta, Philip de, 44, 59

Index 293

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Notes and References - Springer978-0-230-59778-5/1.pdf · 227 Notes and References Introduction 1 Quoted in Martin Wight, Power Politics, edited by Headley Bull and Carsten Holbraad,