Note Planning

8/8/2019 Note Planning.

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PROJECT PLANNING USING NETWORKTECHNIQUE

INTRODUCTION

Network planning technique is a very usefultool in project management.

Two different types of networks are the Arrowdiagram and the Precedence diagram.

In principle, both techniques use the critical

path method to analyze the project time.


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Historical Background

During world war 1, Henry L.Gantt develop agraphical technique of displaying bar type line uponspecific time.

The technique was known as Bar Chart. In 1956 E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company

developed network concept known as Critical PathMethod

Booz Allen & Hamilton develop Project Evaluation

Review Technique (PERT) Scheduling software application are Primavera,

Microsoft Project, Artemis, Timeline etc


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Choice of Scheduling Method

Factors that governed the choice of the

technique are:

Familiarity on the technique to be used Type and size of project

Purpose of scheduling


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Familiarity on the technique to be used

A planner should not engaged any techniquewhich he has a limited knowledge on itsapplication

Main objective of the schedule as acommunication tool

Important to have a schedule technique

which is acceptable by all parties.


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Type and Size of the Project

Project with few but repetitive tasks Line ofBalance

Medium to Large Project (Critical PathMethod) like Precedence Method or ArrowDiagram

Small Project Gantt Chart or Bar Chart


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Purpose & Important of Schedule

Claim Project time and cost control Allocate project resources more efficiently As a monitoring tool Material delivery at site Storage all material cannot put in the site (confined space)

Avoid delay of the work and activity. Minimize the cash flow as min as possible such as order material

stage by stage depend on the work needed. To guide fabricate (roofing, steel etc) Control human resources and machinery To give confidence to the client especially when bidding process. To improve the efficiency of the operation through the efficient use of

resources and cost control. Basic schedule for endorsement.


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Basic Scheduling Technique

Gantts Chart or Bar Chart

Networking

Arrow diagram method Precedence Diagram Method

Project Evaluation Review Technique (PERT)

Line of Balance


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Bar Chart

Bar Chart is one of the oldest scheduling technique

Wide acceptance because it is readily understoodby almost every one

It is very easy to develop and used Useful technique for a small project

Task schedule can be graphically presented on thetime-scale.

The main weakness is that relationship that existbetween the task cannot be shown.


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Bar Chart


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Network Method

Arrow Diagram

In arrow diagram project task or activities are represented bythe arrow and connected by the node to express their logicalrelationship

Arrow diagram for pad footing

Arrow ActivityNode Junction to the event

- Activity started or end


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Precedence Diagram Method

PDM activity is place on the node

The arrow used to connect between project task to show their

logical relationship

PDM diagram for pad footing

Arrow - LogicalNode - ActivityLogical Show the relationship two activity

- Sequences of interrelated activity


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Line of Balance

Used to plan for construction of a number ofrepetitive activities.

Concept of keeping all of resources in

balance, each following the other productivity Main objective to optimum use of all

resources

Example for road construction, bridge, pipelaying, housing and etc


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Line of Balance Chart


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week

Number ofproduct

Line of Balance for Housing Project


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Basic Resources In Planning

Special long lead item may required several monthsbefore actual delivery can be made to site.

The machine and technology to be used in the

project has strong influence on the productivity rateat site also number of workers planned to beemployed.

Understanding of labor requirement for thedetermination of performance time of the variousactivities during the construction process.


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Project task or Activity

Definition an Activity or task-

single work step that has a recognizable beginningand end and requires time and resources for its

accomplishment . Dummy Activity

- Have zero duration

- Do not require any resources

- Happen in both arrow diagram & precedence diagram

- Needed to have proper logic, maintain numbering, system or

milestone event.


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Project Breakdown

Process of dividing it into smaller segments

Several criteria can be used to divide the projectsuch follows:

1. By area of responsibility

2. By structural elements

3. By category of works

4. By location of project

Planner must be able to identify all project activitiesor task to executed.


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Logical Relationship of ProjectActivities

Understand the order of how the job to beaccomplished in the field.

The planner must understand how variousactivities of the project related to each otherin term of their logical sequence.

Example preparing formwork before

reinforcement could be place & than pouringconcrete.


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Strip top soil Cut and Fill

Form work Pour Concrete

Fixed rebar

Figure-1 the logical relationship between the two activities showsthat the start of cut & fill activity can only accomplished upon thecompletion of the activity strip top soil.

Figure-2 indicate that activities formwork and rebar must beaccomplish before the start of activity pour concrete


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ACTIVITY ON ARROW (AOA)

ES = Earliest Start (Masa Mula Awal)

LS = Latest Start ( Masa Mula Akhir)

EF = Earliest Finish ( Masa Tamat Awal)

LF = Latest Finish ( Masa Tamat Akhir)

TF = Total Float (Jumlah Apungan)

FF = Free Float (Apungan Bebas)

Duration = Time to complete an activity (D)

ES & LF From arrrow diagram

EF = ES + Duration

LS = LF Duration

TF = LF EF FF = Early start of succeeding - EF of activity


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AOA

Forward pass - a process to find the earliest start time

for all activities

Backward - a process to find latest finish time for allactivities

Critical Path - the longest paths of the planning from start

to finish

Total Float (TF) - the maximum time available for anactivity that can be delay withoutdelaying the completion date(TF = LF ES)

Free float (FF) - the maximum time for an activity that can bedelayed without delayed the start of any

succeeding activity.(FF = Early start of succeeding - EF of activity )


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AOAEXAMPLE ARROW DIAGRAM

Activity Duration Predecessor A 5 - B 2 - C 1 - D 4 A E 3 B

F 6 C G 2 C H 5 D I 1 E,F J 6 G


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Result

Activity Duration ES EF LS LF TF FF

A 5 0 5 0 5 0 0

B 2 0 2 8 10 8 0

C 1 0 1 5 6 5 0

D 4 5 9 5 9 0 0

E 3 2 5 10 13 8 2

F 6 1 7 7 13 6 0

G 2 1 3 6 8 5 0

H 5 9 14 11 14 0 0

I 1 7 8 13 14 6 6

J 6 3 9 8 14 5 5

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Note Planning