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2 | Saturday, June 25, 2016 | MOSCOWPULLMAN DAILY NEWS

Product will still move during dam projects I 6

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Study: Genetically engineered crops

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By Joel MillsTribune staff writer

West Nile Virus has already been detected in mosquitoes in south central Washington, prompting the state veterinar-ian to push horse owners to vac-cinate their animals.

“It’s the earliest they’ve ever found positive mosquitoes,” said Dr. Joe Baker with the Washington State Department of Agriculture. “I don’t know if it’s a bellwether of bad things to come, but the mosquitoes are pretty prolific in that area, and I do think we’ll see West Nile cases there again this year.”

Last year, Washington led the nation with 36 reported cases of equine West Nile Virus after a relatively calm rate of five cases in 2014. All of the cases were from counties that surround the Columbia and Yakima river valleys where the three corners of the “epidemio-logical triangle” come together to create ideal conditions for the

virus to spread.“You have the causative

agent, the way that it spreads, and susceptible individuals to have the disease,” Baker said, noting that birds harbor the virus. “The virus isn’t in the bird population on the west side of Washington, or I believe we’d be seeing it because we’ve got plenty of horses and plenty of mosquitoes over here.”

While mosquitoes are able to pick up and transmit the virus when they bite birds, humans and horses are considered dead-end hosts, he added.

The West Nile Virus vac-cine is readily available, and can even be ordered online. It may be a little more costly than other vaccines, but Baker said he keeps it affordable by order-ing a “multivalent” vaccine that also covers tetanus, influenza, sleeping sickness and rhino-pneumonitis. It costs $40 for each of his two horses, including shipping.

Considering that horse own-

ers spend between $3,000 and $4,000 per year to provide rou-tine veterinary care, feed, foot care and other things to each animal, Baker said the cost of the vaccine is a relatively small investment.

Baker said he follows up with all owners who report West Nile in their animals to track data like where the horse has been, if it’s been around other animals and other factors. He also asks whether the animal has been vaccinated. The answers tell

him that vaccination is work-ing.

“The closest vaccine dose to onset of disease that I ran across in any of those cases last year was 18 months,” he said. “The majority had never been vacci-nated for West Nile Virus.”

That means the vaccine is only effective if it is adminis-tered every year. And he was disappointed to hear that some people don’t vaccinate because they believe it isn’t safe, much like the “anti-vaxxer” movement

among people. Side effects of the vaccine tend to be mild, like soreness at the site of injection, or a low fever. There are occa-sionally more severe reactions like shock, but they are a tiny fraction.

“Overall, the vaccines are really quite safe and much less threatening to the horses than the disease would be,” Baker said.

Joel Mills can be contacted at [email protected] or (208) 848-2266.

West Nile Virus hits Washington early this seasonHorse owners encouraged to get their animals vaccinated

The West Nile Virus vaccine for horses is readily available and can even be ordered online.

Courtesy photo

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By Stacy ThackerTribune staff writer

Wheat is one of the top three pro-duced crops in the world and its sustain-ability is important in an ever-changing climate.

For areas like central and southeast-ern Washington, along with north-cen-tral Idaho, wheat production can be chal-lenging with the recent drier seasons.

Megan Lewien, 28, of Wisconsin, is researching ways to create wheat variet-ies that are drought resistant.

“If we can identify more drought-tol-erant plants, the more it’ll increase the farmers’ yield in drought conditions,” she said.

The ultimate goal is to help farmers become confident in producing stable crops during a drought year, Lewien said.

Lewien is working on her doctoral degree in crop science with a focus in plant breeding and genetics at Washington State University.

“Wheat is very interesting geneti-cally,” she said, adding it’s a reason she decided to go into the field of study.

She grew up in a small Wisconsin dairy town but her love of plants grew during her undergraduate degree in hor-

ticulture at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Because wheat is a top three crop, Lewien feels like she can make a huge difference by studying it and adding her research to the success of the crop.

Lewien is working with two plant breeders, Mike Pumphrey, a spring wheat breeder, and Arron Carter, a win-ter wheat breeder, to help advance her research.

Both men are professors at the uni-versity and work as her advisers, she said.

By working with two different types of wheat, Lewien is able to overlap her research and see what works best for one plant and what methods can be transfer-able among both the spring and winter wheats during breeding.

Pumphrey, an associate professor, said the research is important in combat-ing the current fluctuations in weather. For the past few years he said the area has seen higher than normal tempera-tures with less rain fall.

“Wheat is vulnerable in a climate like ours,” Pumphrey said.

Wheat likes wet conditions and when conditions aren’t right, wheat won’t grow, Pumphrey said.

“It’s critical we identify the traits that

allow it to tolerate increasing tempera-tures,” he said.

Wheat makes up about a quarter of the world’s food supply and it’s a key crop for farmers in the Northwest, he said.

“It’s a global staple crop,” Pumphrey said. “We try our best to be locally, regionally, nationally and globally rel-evant to wheat production.”

That’s where the research comes in.When Lewien goes into the field,

she takes notes on the maturity of the plants and looks at the uniform and color. When she’s done she’ll do spectral reflectance measuring, which is mea-suring how much of the sun’s light the plants absorb.

“The plant won’t absorb all of the sunlight,” she said. “It’ll reflect some of it back.”

If the plant is a dark green that means it’s absorbing a lot of sunlight. If the plant is lighter green it’s absorbing less, she said.

This type of measuring requires Lewien to be in the field at peak sunshine hours. She’ll spend about five hours in the field taking notes and measuring.

“There’s a long process of going from the field to sitting at a computer looking at a correlation,” she said.

It takes about two to three years of repeated research before the data becomes solid enough to be confident in. The first year is only an indicator, she said.

Lewien oversees 900 plots. Each plot is 5 feet by 12 feet and has a different genotype or genetic makeup that reflect certain traits.

“Different genotypes respond to droughts differently,” she said.

It’s important to study an abundant amount of plants because some of those plants aren’t drought resistant and by studying them she can figure out why, Lewien said.

She measures each plot and looks at the plants color, the water status (which can help her estimate the root length), leaf size, biomass, genetic analysis and more.

“Many of the measurements we asso-ciate with increased yield under drought stress,” she said.

Lewien’s research will eventually be

open to the public and will go to plant breeders who can use it in their own way to benefit their type of crop.

She is working with two other schools on creating drought-resistant wheat varieties and hopes that three colleges and three years of study produce solid results.

Lewien chose WSU because of its hands-on work offerings. Other schools that she was considering were more focused on the lab aspect, she said.

Another appeal to the university is that she knows her research will be used and she sees other students at the university focused on rust resistance and disease resistant plants. It’s exciting to her to know that their work matters.

“It’s a practical and important way of going about research,” she said of being in the field.

Stacy Thacker can be contacted at [email protected] or at (208)848-2278.

Making sure they are standing up to the heatWSU researcher studies ways to make wheat varieties that are drought resistant

Lewiston TribuneMegan Lewien came to Washington State University for its hands-on research.

4 | Saturday, June 25, 2016 | Moscow-PullMan Daily news

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By Kathy HedbergTribune staff writer

A careful study of the research on genetically engineered crops may per-suade some people in the future that these organisms are safe for humans, a University of Idaho professor says.

Allan Caplan, who teaches genetic engineering and cell biology classes at the UI, said the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine survey that was released in mid-May looked carefully at both sides of the transgenic question.

The primary conclusion of the report is that in places in the world where biotech crops have been widely used for two decades those crops are safe and pose no apparent risks to human health.

“I think it’s nice to point out how carefully these people tried to exam-ine the data,” Caplan said. “They have looked at the various kinds of reports on transgenic (or genetically engineered) plants … and in the end they’ve concluded they had not found reproducible evidence of any kind of harm associated with transgenic organisms” to humans.

Genetically engineered crops were first introduced commercially in the 1990s. After two decades of produc-tion, some groups and individuals remain critical of the technology based on their concerns about pos-sible adverse effects on human health, the environment and ethical consid-erations.

At the same time, others are concerned that the technology is not reaching its poten-tial to improve human health and the environment because of strin-gent regulations and reduced public funding to develop products offering more benefits to society.

While the debate about these and other questions relat-ed to the genetic engineering tech-niques of the first 20 years goes on, emerging genetic engineering tech-

nologies are adding new complexities to the conversation.

The academies’ report builds on previous reports published between 1987 and 2010 and takes a retrospec-tive view of the positive and adverse effects of genetically engineered crops. The report also anticipates what new technology might hold for the future.

Caplan said some of the new technology will allow research-ers to modify the genome of an organ-ism without adding any new genes.

“For the moment everything we dis-cuss as a GMO (genetically modified organism) is trans-genic, meaning they have new genes in them; they have something new that was added,” Caplan said. “In the future the new technology will allow us to alter things without add-

ing DNA from another or the same species.”

People who are opposed to any form of genetic engineering probably

won’t be satisfied with that develop-ment, Caplan said, “but I hope they’ll be convinced that there are different levels of resistance (to the technology) in different countries.”

There are several efforts in the world now, both by national gov-ernments and humanitarian organi-zations, to use genetic engineering technology to boost the nutritional value of some plants to benefit human health.

“If those (efforts) do succeed at being accepted, I think people will see there are a lot of clear benefits to genetic engineering,” Caplan said. “Not that every plant or GMO plant is good but there are some good ones that people should feel comfortable using.”

Caplan acknowledged that there will probably always be people who are opposed to the whole notion of altering the genetic makeup of plants and animals, and for those, he said, there likely always will be a market for non-altered products.

“The hope is that they will see that we can benefit from these other sources,” he said.

Kathy Hedberg can be contacted at [email protected] or (208) 983-2326.

Study: Genetically engineered crops are safe UI researcher says report still won’t settle debate

“If those (efforts) do

succeed at being accepted, I think people will see there are a lot of clear benefits to genetic

engineering.”Allan Caplan

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By Elaine WilliamsTribune staff writer

Ocean-going vessels frequently leave Portland with grain, which only four days earlier was in a north-cen-tral Idaho elevator.

Being that nimble can enable farm-ers to outdo the market price by filling gaps in unexpected circumstances, said Bill Flory, a board member of the Idaho Wheat Commission. An export-er might need more wheat to top off a barge and will pay a premium to the farmers who can respond to the need fastest and save them days hanging around the harbor.

That flexibility will evaporate tem-porarily for 14 weeks starting Dec. 12, as the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers refurbishes locks at the eight dams along the Snake and Columbia rivers between Lewiston and Portland.

But Flory said he and his fel-low wheat growers are grateful for the short-term inconvenience since it should prevent lengthy outages because of something breaking at one of the decades-old dams. “There’s an

appreciation and consideration for scheduling regular maintenance.”

It will still be possible to get wheat to Portland during the outage by rail or truck, but the cost will be more expensive, Flory said. Soft white wheat currently sells for $5.50 a bushel and growers pay 60 cents per bushel to barge it to Portland. Other forms of transportation run between 84 cents and $1.20 per bushel.

To minimize the impact, farmers are scheduling as many shipments as possible before Dec. 12 so their customers will have enough to last through the closure, Flory said.

Much of this area’s soft white wheat goes to Asia where it is made into noodles, sponge cake, cookies, crackers and bread.

The corps hopes that river users won’t be facing this challenge again any time soon, said Gina Baltrusch, a spokeswoman with the corps at Walla Walla.

The corps is packing as many proj-ects as possible into the upcoming closure, instead of spreading them out over a number of years, Baltrusch

Alternatives will be used to get products to market as work is done on dam system

Farmers ready for delayRegular maintenance as well as special

projects will occur at each of the eight dams along the Columbia and Snake rivers between Portland, Ore., and Lewiston during an extended closure from Dec. 12 to March 20. The following is a list of upgrades starting with Lower Granite, the dam closest to Lewiston and moving west:

n Lower Granite — Upstream gate wire ropes will be replaced on the locks. Estimated cost: Not available.

n Little Goose — Replacing one of two metal arms at the top of a two-section downstream gate that opens like French doors. The arms hinge and hold each of the sections to a lock wall. The second one was replaced in 2014 after the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers found cracks growing at a rate that made them worry about metal fracture if the gate was put back into operation. New pivot assemblies are being installed at the base of each gate section. Crack repairs will be completed on the framework of the gates and adjustments will be made so the weight of the gates is distributed more evenly, to extend their life and prevent water from leaking out the bottom. Estimated cost $2.18 million.*

n Lower Monumental — Replacement of mechanical gear that has reached the end of its service life. It operates a downstream lock gate that was installed in 2011.

Estimated cost: $3.37 million.

n Ice Harbor — New operating machinery for the downstream gate. Estimated cost: $4.69 million.

n McNary — Gate repairs that were delayed in order to return the lock to service on schedule during the 2015 annual maintenance outage. Estimated cost: Not available.

n John Day — Crews will paint, clean and conduct safety inspections. They will check equipment and change gear box fluids as well as repair upstream and downstream guidewalls. Estimated cost: Not available.

n The Dalles — The upstream gate and portions of the navigation lock controls will be replaced along with components on the upstream side that attach metal arms that hold gate sections to the lock wall. The downstream gate was replaced in 2011. Estimated cost: $10.5 million.

n Bonneville — The navigation lock controls will be replaced, installing redundant systems with safety features. Estimated cost: Not available.

*Cost estimates do not include routine maintenance.

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said. (See related information.)That’s particularly important

to river users in the Lewiston-Clarkston Valley. If even one of the locks at the dams between Portland and Lewiston is closed, commercial vessels can’t reach Idaho.

Every year, the system is closed for roughly two weeks or more, usu-ally in March, for regular mainte-nance. This will be the sixth time the corps has shut the locks for longer periods since commercial navigation between Lewiston and Portland opened in 1975.

The first was in March 1992 when the corps was testing how roads, bridges, sewer systems and other infrastructure would fare if the reservoir was lowered during a draw down. Some believed low-ering the reservoir on a regular basis might help threatened salmon migrations.

Four years later, the corps replaced a lock gate at Ice Harbor Dam, just east of Pasco. Then in

2002, the corps filled cracks in the bottom of the gates at Lower Granite, refurbished pivoting mech-anisms and re-aligned the gates, which had been dragging on the bottom of the lock.

In 2011, the corps refurbished locks at Lower Monumental, The Dalles and John Day dams, during an extended planned closure like the one that will start in December. The cost was more than $40 mil-lion.

Then in 2014, what was supposed to be a normal maintenance outage extended from March 1 into April because of emergency repairs at Little Goose.

How long it will be before another extended outage is needed is not clear, Baltrusch said. “It will be based on the needs of the system. We will continue to coordinate them in the future.”

Elaine Williams can be contacted at [email protected] or (208) 848-2261.

U.S. Army Corps of EngineersArmy Corps of Engineers employees work aboard a barge near the Lower Granite Dam Juvenile. Maintenance work on eight dams along the Snake and Columbia rivers will begin Dec. 12.

By Josh BabcockDaily News staff writer

The Washington State Department of Agriculture investigated 123 poten-tial violations of the state’s pesticide laws from July 2014 to June 2015, an 18 percent increase from the number of alleged violations from the same time period one year earlier.

Of the 123 alleged violations report-ed from June 2014 to July 2015, the agency took enforcement action on about 57 of the cases.

Scott Nielsen, WSDA pesticide compliance manager for eastern Washington, said the alleged viola-tions ranged from the improper spray-ing of store-bought chemicals in a backyard to chemical drift from an air blaster sprayer dousing labor workers in central Washington’s orchards to someone illegally making pesticides.

Nielsen said one of the state’s most serious offenses took place in Mattawa, where staff and students

at Wahluke High School came into contact with a harmful pesticide when it made its way onto the tennis courts and sports fields after drifting from an air blast sprayer. Nielsen said some people reported symptoms and WSDA officials confirmed the pesticide con-tacted the school grounds.

A maximum pesticide-use fine of $7,500 and 90-day pesticide license suspension was issued by the WSDA to the applicator.

The school has since complained to the WSDA that chemicals had drifted onto the property again, but, Nielsen said, the pesticide wasn’t detected a second time.

“It was from some odors,” he said. “We are likely not taking action because we don’t know if odors are pesticide-related.”

Another significant case was in Grant County where 65 farm workers reportedly became ill after an aerial applicator’s spray drifted onto the laborers. The offender was given the maximum $7,500 fine and a 90-day pesticide license suspension.

Nielsen said one of his top pri-orities is protecting humans from the toxic pesticides and in cases where there is evidence humans have come

into contact with the pesticide, that greatly increases the severity of the violation.

“People have had to see doctors,” he said. “Any time animal or human

health is in risk that raises the level of responsibility.”

Josh Babcock can be reached at (208) 883-4630, or by email to [email protected].

WSDA: Pesticide violations taken seriouslyState investigates 123 potential violations from July 2014 to June 2015

Moscow-Pullman Daily News online


480253FY_16


By Mary StoneTribune staff writer

A Clarkston veterinarian says a new rule from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulating the use of antibiot-ics in food-producing animals such as beef cattle probably won’t change much for his cli-ents.

David Rustebakke said the veterinary feed directive that goes into effect the first of the year requires a veterinarian’s prescription for feed contain-ing antibiotics when the drug is one that has a counterpart used in humans.

The rule requires the pre-scribing veterinarian to have a relationship with the pro-ducer. But for local veterinar-ians, Rustebakke said, that’s already how such transactions usually work.

The difference will be farm-ers, ranchers and anyone rais-ing market animals will need

to have the prescription before they can buy the feed.

The policy is designed to prevent overuse of such drugs in animals meant for human consumption. But the reality, Rustebakke said, is there’s much less of that than many people think.

“The public perception is that the animal industry uses way more antibiotics than it should and that it’s used indis-criminately,” he said. “That’s the public’s perception. It’s pretty well regulated already.”

The types of drugs included in the rule also limit its impact, Rustebakke said.

“We use very few antibiotics that are also used in humans,” he said.

Usually when antibiotics are used in feed, it’s when calves are being weaned from their mother’s milk to grain and are prone to illness because of the stress of the transition.

“It’s basically to prevent

pneumonia or treat pneumo-nia,” Rustebakke said.

Butch Schwindt is the regional sales manager for CHS, which provides additives to Primeland, where many area ranchers purchase feed.

Once the feed directive goes into effect, Schwindt said, he’ll need to see a prescription from a veterinarian before providing medicated feed.

Like Rustebakke, Schwindt doesn’t see that changing much

about the way area veterinar-ians operate.

“They have relationships with most of their clients any-way,” he said. “That’s a good thing.”

Though the concerns the rule is meant to alleviate might represent circumstances that are not as common as some consumers fear, the intent — to keep animals and people healthy and safe — is shared by the people raising the ani-mals, Schwindt said.

“We want to practice good animal husbandry,” he said.

Rustebakke said that’s the norm among the operations he has seen, too.

“In the beef industry, the vast majority of producers are very conscientious, at least in my experience,” he said.

More information can be found on the FDA web-site at http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/ucm449019.htm

Mary Stone can be contacted at [email protected] or at (208) 848-2244. Follow her on Twitter @MarysSchoolNews.

Veterinarian: Antibiotic use rule will have little impactRegulation requires prescription for feed containing antibiotics if the drug has counterpart for humans


Lewiston TribuneClarkston veterinarian David Rustebakke doesn’t expect new regulations on antibiotics for food-producing animals will be an obstacle for his clients.

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Northwest Farm and Ranch Moscow-PullMan Daily news | Saturday, June 25, 2016 | 9

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By Garrett CabezaDaily News staff writer

Nancy Powell wanted to grow up to be a veterinarian.

When she came to realize the job would have meant dealing with humans more than animals, she determined it wasn’t the right career for her. So she turned to plants.

“A lot of people think, ‘Oh, I love ani-mals,’ ” Powell said. “I wanted to do that, but it’s more of dealing with people than it is with animals, and it just wasn’t the right fit for me.”

Powell focuses on dry pea breed-ing and associated pulse research at ProGene Plant Research, a company known for its abilities to take legumes and transform them into major crops for humans and animals. The company is based in Othello, Wash., but Powell, who joined ProGene in April 2015, works out of Moscow.

Some of her projects include breeding a new generation of green and yellow peas, disease screening, nitrogen fixing differences by variety, drought studies

and root durability studies. Powell said the drought studies

speak to her heart since she is from California.

“Last year was a really good year for determining drought tolerance with the very little rain that we had and the extreme heat,” Powell said. “We actually went through some of our plots, differ-ent sites on the Palouse, and we selected individual plants that really stood out and showed some heat tolerance.

“Probably the most important thing to me is the drought tolerance and the heat tolerance and developing good, strong root systems in plants.”

She said the enhanced root systems will increase nitrogen fixation and that is a huge benefit to farmers. Powell said many farmers in the area need to add nitrogen in their soils, and legumes pro-duce nitrogen.

“That increases the nutrients in the soil just by having the pulse crops there,” Powell said. “Theoretically, you don’t have to bring in the extra nitrogen. Eventually, you keep rotating these crops through and it encourages healthy soils.”

Powell said legumes are definitely a plant for the 21st century, as they are excellent converters of protein and low users of water.

“They don’t require a lot of water

as opposed to other crops,” she said. “They’re very drought resistant and they’re nitrogen fixing so we’re really trying to encourage farmers to include this in their rotation. It increases nitrogen in their soil, which in turn, reduces the amount of nitrogen they need to put into it and other types.”

After a little more than a year work-ing for ProGene Plant Research, Powell said she is continuing to learn.

“It’s actually more than what I expected,” Powell said of her job. “I’m super excited about all the research that ProGene is putting into their program and that they’ve always put in their program. There’s a lot of different avenues that I can take with this, but right now, since I am learning, I need to just concentrate on really getting the basics down.”

Powell was hired to gradually replace Mike Wood, a 12-year-veteran at the company who will stay with ProGene during the next few years of transition

to mentor Powell.“He’s mentoring

me and showing me the ropes and I’ve just learned an incredible amount from him,” Powell said.

Powell, who lives in Lewiston but com-mutes to Moscow for work, did not work for 12 years before she was hired at ProGene. Instead, she spent that time raising her chil-dren.

“I was looking for a job that would work for me,” Powell said. “I don’t necessarily need to work but agriculture

is my passion. I’ve always loved it since I was little.”

Garrett Cabeza can be reached at (208) 883-4631, or by email to [email protected].

Lewiston woman finds career in plant breedingNancy Powell focuses on drought resistance crops at ProGene Plant Research

Garrett Cabeza/Daily NewsNancy Powell is studying drought-tolerant crops as part of her research for ProGene.

“Probably the most

important thing to me is the drought tolerance and the heat tolerance and developing good, strong root systems in

plants.”Nancy Powell

ProGene researcher


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By Shanon QuinnDaily News staff writer

The Northwest’s amber waves of grain may have the potential to become snowy groves of almond trees during the next half-century, if a recent study by two University of Idaho researchers proves to be cor-rect.

Lauren Parker and John Abatzoglou have spent the past year creating a model using temperature changes since 1940 in the U.S. to project what agricultural lands could be capable of growing in the mid-21st century.

Their paper, “Projected changes in cold hardiness zones and suitable

overwinter ranges of perennial crops over the United States,” examines climate change scenarios that could lead to some of the nation’s favorite foods — almonds, kiwis and oranges — being grown in locations never before considered.

The United States Department of Agriculture released its first cold hardi-ness zone map in 1960 to provide infor-mation to agricul-turalists as to what plants may be grown outdoors in a given area. The maps, which are updated as needed with multi-year averages, show a warming trend throughout the continental U.S.

“We didn’t just look at how a zone might change,” Parker said. “We looked at changes in the coldest mini-mum temperatures.”

The coldest minimum tempera-tures, or average absolute minimum temperatures, determine the USDA’s zones, climate mapping, crop yield assessment and pest monitoring.

Using this information and more specific data, the researchers were able to give farmers an idea of what they will be able to cultivate over the next several decades as temperatures

continue to rise.For instance,

while temperatures have tradition-ally limited orange groves to the south-ernmost states and parts of Nevada and California, ris-ing temperatures as projected from 2041-70 estimate the possibility of their growth as far north as Oregon and Washington

in the Pacific Northwest. Much is the same case with kiwifruit, which may be possible to cultivate in east-ern Washington, Idaho and Colorado within the next 50 years.

Almond trees are projected to be hardy in areas of every state in the continental U.S. by that time.

While the expansion of these favor-ites’ hardiness zones would allow for a greater variety of crops for those in

what are currently colder regions, the warmer weather comes with a price.

“As with anything having to do with climate change, it is kind of a double-edged sword,” Parker said.

While warmer winters may allow heat-loving crops to survive in some of the traditionally cooler Northern states, the change is likely to bring with it heat loving pests, invasive spe-cies and problems with water avail-ability.

The changing dynamics may also affect the way wheat is grown, Parker said, as there will be a longer time span between the last frost of spring and first of winter.

“Warmer winters and warmer win-ter extremes like those we looked at in the cold hardiness paper will mean the potential for more pest problems,” such as those created by cereal aphids and wheat midges, Parker said.

Another challenge could be wetter winters and springs resulting in soils too wet for planting spring wheat in March or April and an alteration of the crop calendar, as dormancy will end earlier in the year leading to earlier harvests for wheat and other grains, she said.

Shanon Quinn can be reached at (208) 883-4636, or by email to [email protected].

The future may give way to amber waves of ... almondsStudy projects rising temperatures may allow a wider variety of crops


“As with anything having

to do with climate change, it is kind of a double-edged sword.”

Lauren ParkerUniversity of Idaho researcher

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By Steve KarnowskiAssociated Press

ST. PAUL, Minn. — One team is developing GPS ear tags so cattle farmers can track herds from afar. Another thinks drones can protect livestock from preda-tors. Yet another is develop-ing a rechargeable portable warmer to prevent vaccines from freezing when dairy pro-ducers inoculate their herds in the winter.

These aren’t corporate or university researchers, but teenagers in Minnesota’s 4-H Science of Agriculture Challenge, which aims to nurture the next generation of agricultural scientists for a country facing a critical shortage. A study last year by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and Purdue University found that nearly 60,000 high-skilled agricul-ture-related jobs open up annually, but there are only

about 35,000 college gradu-ates available to fill them.

University of Minnesota Extension is developing the challenge, which is now in its second year and already attracting interest from other 4-H programs, such as Michigan’s.

Extension specialist Josh Rice says his team will pres-ent a workshop for national 4-H officials in October, and recently gave a presentation to youth development offi-cials in Bangladesh.

“This program is going to have an extremely posi-tive impact on getting young people to think about agricul-tural careers,” Rice said.

In preparation for the finals that occurred June 21-23, teams from across the state spent months with coaches and mentors. Recently, judg-es helped them refine their presentations.

The ear tags are proper-ty of the Meeker County Ag

4-H aims to grow next generation of ag scientists

Associated PressLaura Johnson, Shea Moshier, and Ilsa Johnson, members of a 4-H team from Duluth, Minn., prepare for their presentation April 23 at the University of Minnesota in St. Paul on how drones could protect livestock from predators.

Study shows not enough college students available to fill high-skilled ag jobs


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Squad. Members Abbey and Bailee Schiefelbein, 16 and 13 respectively, said their fam-ily members were in church last year when their phones started ringing — the cows were loose. But the pasture was about a four-hour drive from their home in Kimball in central Minnesota.

So, the team of five girls and boys devised a system that farmers could use to track their livestock from far away, speaking with researchers who track moose with GPS radio collars.

While the $2,500 collars were “a little expensive for a cowboy,” they learned about a small transmitter in a $70 tracking collar for hunting dogs, and attached them to ear tags that cattle wear.

The South St. Louis County team from northeast-ern Minnesota wanted to find out whether drones could pro-tect livestock from predators such as coyotes, wolves and bears. The three girls live in the transition area between farmland and forests, and they’ve all had predators threaten the animals they show for 4-H.

They visited the drone program at the University

of North Dakota for advice, and then developed a concept using fixed-wing drones that would fly on autopilot for long periods to detect predators. Once found, electric helicop-ter drones would chase the predators away.

“There are some challeng-es we have to overcome. But we know with time and effort we can make it happen,” said Ilsa Johnson, 14, of Duluth.

The judges were excited by the commercial potential in the vaccine warmer, and urged the Hot Shots from Dakota County in southeast-ern Minnesota to protect their commercial rights.

Vaccines can lose effective-ness and even become toxic if they get too cold while the milk production booster rBST thickens up, the four boys from Eagan and Northfield said.

That can make shots more painful for the cow and hard-er for the farmer to push through the syringe, especial-ly when giving 100 or more in quick succession.

They showed off a proto-type battery-powered shoul-der bag with a thermal reflec-tive layer that keeps medi-cations at the optimal tem-

perature. All the hardware is off-the-shelf for about $86, and farmers get the outer bags free from a veterinary drug company. So, they said it should be possible to pro-duce them at a price farmers will pay.

The Science of Agriculture Challenge is the brain-child of Dorothy Freeman, Minnesota’s 4-H director, who said it helps young people identify problems and create solutions, while developing entrepreneurship, teamwork

and presentation skills. “Eventually, I believe that

it will become a national pro-gram,” Freeman said. “That’s how 4-H tends to do it. They let one state drive it, work out the kinks, and then we start teaching other states.”

Associated PressMembers of the Hot Shots from Dakota County in southeastern Minnesota tell judges April 23 at the University of Minnesota in St. Paul about the vaccine warmer they developed.


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Northwest Farm and Ranch14 | Saturday, June 25, 2016 | Moscow-PullMan Daily news

Mychel MatthewsThe Times-News

TWIN FALLS, IDAHO — Increasing awareness about the importance of soil health has led to a perplexing question: how do you measure soil health?

Microbes in the soil that convert plant material into nutrients that plants can utilize are often too small to be seen, let alone counted.

By some estimates, a single tea-spoon — 1 gram — of rich soil can hold up to one billion bacteria, sev-eral yards of fungal filaments, sev-eral thousand protozoa, and scores of nematodes. Most of these creatures are so exceedingly small that earth-worms and millipedes are giants in comparison.

Farmers are more interested in how much nitrogen will be released by the microbes and when that nitro-gen will be available to the growing plant than they are in the number of bacteria or fungi. But determining the answers to those questions is nearly as difficult as counting the microbes themselves.

Scientists have studied soil fertil-ity for over 150 years but still haven’t developed a widely accepted nitrogen mineralization test. Discovering that

When it comes to soil tests, stick to the basics

University of Idaho via The Times-NewsComposted manure is dumped into an Idaho field in 2014. Farmers and agronomists hope to better understand soil health through tests that measure nitrogen and phosphorus.

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Northwest Farm and Ranch Moscow-PullMan Daily news | Saturday, June 25, 2016 | 15

Northwest growers will be able to take an in-field look at Washington State University’s crop varieties and management practices during crop tours in June and July.

Cereal breeders, extension agrono-mists, plant pathologists and other scientists will guide visitors through a wide range of experimental plots, explaining strategies to improve production, solve pest problems and prepare for future challenges.

Upcoming field tours include:n Walla Walla legume tour

— 10 a.m. Tuesday. Contact Wayne Thompson, (509) 240-5018.

n Walla Walla cereals tour — 3:30 p.m. Tuesday. Contact Wayne Thompson, (509) 240-5018.

n Dayton cereal and legume tour — 8 a.m. Wednesday. Contact Paul Carter, (509) 382-4741.

n Wheat College, Wilke Farm, Davenport — 9 a.m. Wednesday. Contact Lori Williams, (509) 659-0610

n Mayview — 9 a.m. Thursday.

Contact Mark Heitstuman, (509) 243-2009.

n Anatone — 3:30 p.m. Thursday. Contact Mark Heitstuman, (509) 243-2009.

n University of Idaho/Limagrain — 8:30 a.m. July 6. Contact Don Thill, (208) 885-6214.

n Palouse — 9 a.m. July 11. Contact Steve Van Vleet, (509) 397-6290.

n Bickleton — 3 p.m. July 12. Contact Ryan Higginbotham, (509) 335-1205.

n Farmington — 8 a.m. July 13. Contact Steve Van Vleet, (509) 397-6290.

n St. John — 10 a.m. July 14. Contact Steve Van Vleet, (509) 397-6290.

n Lamont — 2:30 p.m. July 14. Contact Steve Van Vleet, (509) 397-6290.

For more information and location maps, go to http://variety.wsu.edu for cereal trials and http://smallgrains.wsu.edu for small grains research.

Field tours open to growers

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method would be a giant step forward in both determining soil health and also refinining nutrient recommenda-tions.

“We want to give the crop what it needs (nutritionally) and leave as little behind as possible,” said Chris Rogers, University of Idaho barley agronomist. Leaving nutrients in the soil increases the possibility of leach-ing, which can impact both surface and ground water quality.

Traditional soil tests measure how much nitrogen, phos-phorus, potassium and organic matter are available in the soil profile at the time the soil sample was taken.

Farmers and agronomists can use those results to determine how much commercial fertil-izer to apply to reach crop yield and qual-ity goals.

But when farmers are adding manure or growing cover crops, those traditional tests may not capture the total amount of nutrients available because mineralization is dependent on factors such as soil temperature and moisture.

Rogers is evaluating several new soil tests that claim to measure soil health.

Can we correlate it? Can we rep-licate it? Can we calibrate it to crop response? These are the questions Rogers asks of each soil test protocol he evaluates.

He is excited about a test being developed that uses direct steam distil-lation to measure nitrogen mineraliza-tion and give farmers a better estimate of when crops will be able to take up the nitrogen in manure or decompos-ing cover crops.

Although the procedure sounds promising, many years of work and field trials to correlate the soil test with crop yields and quality is still needed.

“The usefulness of any soil test depends on whether we can correlate

and colloborate it with crop response,” he explained.

Including field trials to evaluate crop response to soil testing could improve nitrogen recommendations. Sugar content in beets, for example, can decrease if the plant ties up too much nitrogen late in the growing season.

“When you do a soil test you want to know what to do with the result,”

Rogers said.Amber Moore,

University of Idaho Extension soil spe-cialist, has seen the benefits of using manure and cover crops to increase soil organic matter, often considered a marker for soil health. She recom-mends that grow-ers do both tradi-tional soil tests plus manure nutrient tests to get the best possible informa-

tion about nutrient availability and soil trends.

“We need to be conscientious,” she said, particularly when applying manure. “Apply reasonable amounts and give the field a rest.”

Rogers and Moore encourage farm-ers to continue to use traditional soil tests analyzed in regional laboratories for their fertility recommendations. A test developed in Illinois for use in acid soils will give far different results than one developed for alkaline soils like those found in southern Idaho.

“We know we need better tests for predicting nitrogen release from the soil itself, from manure, from cover crops,” Moore said. But until those new and improved tests can be reviewed and the results correlated with crop response, using the traditional soil tests for N, P and K is still the best choice for crop fertility recommenda-tions.

“I’d be wary of using these new tests even for soil health at this point.”

“We want to give the crop what it needs and leave as little behind as pos-sible,” Rogers said

“We need to be

conscientious. Apply reasonable amounts and

give the field a rest.”Amber Moore

University of Idaho soil specialist on applying manure

Farm and ranch BrieF

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