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Granite State Division of the Society of American Foresters Winter Meeting 2/13/15 1 The Natural History and Conservation of the Northern Longeared myotis (Myotis septentrionalis) D. Scott Reynolds St. Paul’s School Concord, NH Society of American Foresters February 2015 Origin and Evolution of Bats Vertebrate Evolution of Active Flight pterosaurs (Class Reptilia) birds (Class Aves) bats (Class Mammalia) When did bats evolve? midEocene Epoch (60 70 mybp) Icarynycteris index Paleochiropteryx tupaiodon

Northern myotis talk (NXPowerLite Copy) - Cooperative ... foliations (nose leafs, chin leafs) femur rotation to 180 from terrestrial orientation tendon‐locking mechanism flight echolocation

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Page 1: Northern myotis talk (NXPowerLite Copy) - Cooperative ... foliations (nose leafs, chin leafs) femur rotation to 180 from terrestrial orientation tendon‐locking mechanism flight echolocation

Granite State Division of the Society of American Foresters Winter Meeting

2/13/15

1

The Natural History and Conservation of the Northern Long‐eared myotis 

(Myotis septentrionalis)

D. Scott Reynolds St. Paul’s SchoolConcord, NH

Society of American ForestersFebruary 2015

Origin and Evolution of BatsVertebrate Evolution of Active Flightpterosaurs  (Class Reptilia)birds (Class Aves)bats (Class Mammalia)

When did bats evolve?

mid‐Eocene Epoch (60 ‐ 70 mybp)

Icarynycteris index

Paleochiropteryx tupaiodon

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Granite State Division of the Society of American Foresters Winter Meeting

2/13/15

2

The Northern long‐eared myotisWHAT WE KNOW

• Basic Biology of Bats• Bats of the Northeast• Life Cycle of Hibernating Bats• White‐Nose Syndrome

• The northern long‐eared myotis

HOW WE KNOW IT

• Research Techniques in the Study of Bats

WHAT WE DON’T KNOW

• Cumulative Impacts on bats

• Impact of climate change on bats

The Northern long‐eared myotisWHAT WE KNOW

• Basic Biology of Bats• Bats of the Northeast• Life Cycle of Hibernating Bats• White‐Nose Syndrome

• The northern long‐eared myotis

HOW WE KNOW IT

• Research Techniques in the Study of Bats

WHAT WE DON’T KNOW

• Cumulative Impacts on bats

• Impact of climate change on bats

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Granite State Division of the Society of American Foresters Winter Meeting

2/13/15

3

Characteristics of Bats

General Mammalian Characteristicspossession of a pelage or furmammary glandsdentary‐squamosal jointthree ear ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)replaceable milk teethhomeothermyviviparity

General Chiropteran Characteristicslarge interdigitary skin membraneoften have interfemoral and tail skin membranefused radio‐ulna bonereduced radial rotation at the wristelongation of phalangesreduction in size of hindlimbenlarged ears and accessory structures (tragus, antitragus)facial foliations (nose leafs, chin leafs)femur rotation to 180 from terrestrial orientationtendon‐locking mechanism

flight

echolocation

hanging

Bat Anatomy

echolocation

maneuverability

birthing and insect capture

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Granite State Division of the Society of American Foresters Winter Meeting

2/13/15

4

Biogeographic Distribution

Distribution of the Vespertilionidae

The Northern long‐eared myotisWHAT WE KNOW

• Basic Biology of Bats• Bats of the Northeast• Life Cycle of Hibernating Bats• White‐Nose Syndrome

• The northern long‐eared myotis

HOW WE KNOW IT

• Research Techniques in the Study of Bats

WHAT WE DON’T KNOW

• Cumulative Impacts on bats

• Impact of climate change on bats

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Granite State Division of the Society of American Foresters Winter Meeting

2/13/15

5

Bats of the Northeast, 2010

Big Brown Batcommensalhabitat generalistCommon

Hoary Battree roosts, coniferousopen areasRare but stable

State SOC

Red Batleaf clusters, deciduousopen areas, lightsCommon

State SOC

Little Brown Myotiscommensalhabitat generalistCommon

Northern Long‐eared Myotistree roosts, commensalforest edges, waterCommon

Silver‐haired battree roostsopen areasRare but stable

State SOC

Small‐footed Myotisrock outcropsforest interiorsRare but stableState Endangered

Tri‐colored Battrees, commensalForests, fieldsRare but stable

Indiana battree roostswetlands, forests

Not in NHFederal Endangered

Bats of the Northeast, 2015

Big Brown Batcommensalhabitat generalistCommon

Hoary Battree roosts, coniferousopen areasRare but stable

State SOC

Red Batleaf clusters, deciduousopen areas, lightsCommon

State SOC

Little Brown Myotiscommensalhabitat generalist

REGIONALLY EXTIRPATED

Northern Long‐eared Myotistree roosts, commensalforest edges, water

REGIONALLY EXTIRPATED

Silver‐haired battree roostsopen areasRare but stable

State SOC

Small‐footed Myotisrock outcropsforest interiors

COMMONState Endangered

Tri‐colored Battrees, commensalForests, fields

REGIONALLY EXTIRPATED

Indiana battree roostswetlands, forests

Not in NHFederal EndangeredREGIONALLY EXTIRPATED

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Granite State Division of the Society of American Foresters Winter Meeting

2/13/15

6

The Northern long‐eared myotisWHAT WE KNOW

• Basic Biology of Bats• Bats of the Northeast• Life Cycle of Hibernating Bats• White‐Nose Syndrome

• The northern long‐eared myotis

HOW WE KNOW IT

• Research Techniques in the Study of Bats

WHAT WE DON’T KNOW

• Cumulative Impacts on bats

• Impact of climate change on bats

Life History of Hibernating Bats

OvulationHibernation

BirthMating

PREGNANCYLACTATION(anoestrus)

Oestrussperm storage

delayed fertilization

Post‐Lactation

Spring WinterAutumnSummer

MoultLinear Growth

Volancy

Fat Deposition

Migration

Moult

Eating

ADULT FEMALES

YOUNG

ADULT MALES

Sexual Maturity

HibernatingPost‐Natal Growth

Fetal Growth

Hibernating

Migration

Mating

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Granite State Division of the Society of American Foresters Winter Meeting

2/13/15

7

Summer RoostsTYPES OF ROOSTS

Tree Roosts under bark Crevice Roosts mines, caves

in foliage rock walls

talus slopes

Commensal Roosts barns

sheds

bat houses

SOCIAL GROUPINGS PURPOSES

Solitary:   most males  Weather Protection

Small groups:   foliage‐roosters Reduced Commuting Costs

Small Colonies:  tree‐roosters Information Transfer

crevice‐roosters Predator Avoidance

commensal species Thermoregulatory Advantage

Large Colonies: cave roosters

commensal species

Before Hibernation

‐ pre‐hibernal Fattening

‐ bats will gain 5‐6g of body fat

(30% ‐ 70% of total body mass)

‐ migration to hibernaculum

During Hibernation

Arousals – periodic episodes of homeothermy

‐ for urination and drinking

‐ recalibrating endogenous clock

‐ no food from October ‐March

After Hibernation

Migration to Summer Range

Winter Roosts

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Granite State Division of the Society of American Foresters Winter Meeting

2/13/15

8

Before Hibernation

‐ pre‐hibernal Fattening

‐ bats will gain 5‐6g of body fat

(30% ‐ 70% of total body mass)

‐ migration to hibernaculum

During Hibernation

Arousals – periodic episodes of homeothermy

‐ for urination and drinking

‐ recalibrating endogenous clock

‐ no food from October ‐March

After Hibernation

Migration to Summer Range

Winter Roosts

The Northern long‐eared myotisWHAT WE KNOW

• Basic Biology of Bats• Bats of the Northeast• Life Cycle of Hibernating Bats• White‐Nose Syndrome

• The northern long‐eared myotis

HOW WE KNOW IT

• Research Techniques in the Study of Bats

WHAT WE DON’T KNOW

• Cumulative Impacts on bats

• Impact of climate change on bats

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Granite State Division of the Society of American Foresters Winter Meeting

2/13/15

9

White‐Nose Syndrome

• 2006 ‐ first seen in Howe’s Cave (Albany, NY)

• 2007 – four caves west of Albany 

• 2008 – all hibernacula within 80 miles of  ‘epicenter’ 

• 2009 –40 counties in 9 states (over 400 miles) 

Pseudogymnoascus destructans

• psychophilic fungus that grows at 5oC ‐ 14oC

• fungal hyphae create visible white growth on bats

• Pd penetrates dermis without immune response

• disrupts electrolyte balance

• fungal conidia (spores) with long‐term viability

1Meteyer, et al. 2009. J. Vet. Diagn Invest. 21: 411-4141.

White‐Nose Syndrome

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Granite State Division of the Society of American Foresters Winter Meeting

2/13/15

10

Winter Survey Data, NH

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1986 1988 1990 1993 1999 2007 2009

Unknown

E. fuscus

P. subflavus

M. leibii

M. lucifugus

M. septentrionalis

Unknown

E. fuscus

P. subflavus

M. leibii

M. lucifugus

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1989 2008 2009

Unknown

E. fuscus

P. subflavus

M. leibii

M. lucifugus

M. septentrionalis

Kearsarge Lead Mine

Bristol Mine

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1986 1987 1988 1991 1999 2008 2009

Unknown

E. fuscus

P. subflavus

M. leibii

M. lucifugus

M. septentrionalis

Paddock Copper Mine

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1986 1987 1991 1999 2008 2009

Unknown

E. fuscus

P. subflavus

M. leibii

M. lucifugus

M. septentrionalis

Red Mine

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Granite State Division of the Society of American Foresters Winter Meeting

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11

Population Growth of M. lucifugus ‐mean growth rate (λ) over last 30 years = 1.07 (0.98 ‐ 1.20)‐mean growth rate (λ) over next 50 years estimated at 1.007

Peterborough Colony

growth rate over 15 years: 1.008

Frick et al., 2010b

Frick et al., 2010 Science 329: 679‐682.

Impact of WNS Decline on Extinction Risk in M. lucifugus

assumes 66% of hibernacula in region are infected

Frick et al., 2010b

Frick et al., 2010 Science 329: 679‐682.

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Granite State Division of the Society of American Foresters Winter Meeting

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12

Impact of WNS Decline on Extinction Risk in M. lucifugus

assumes 70% of individuals are impacted by WNS

Frick et al., 2010b

Frick et al., 2010 Science 329: 679‐682.

The Northern long‐eared myotisWHAT WE KNOW

• Basic Biology of Bats• Bats of the Northeast• Life Cycle of Hibernating Bats• White‐Nose Syndrome

• The northern long‐eared myotis

HOW WE KNOW IT

• Research Techniques in the Study of Bats

WHAT WE DON’T KNOW

• Cumulative Impacts on bats

• Impact of climate change on bats

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13

Klinkenberg, Brian. (Editor) 2014. E‐Fauna BC: Electronic Atlas of the Fauna of British Columbia [efauna.bc.ca]. Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. [Accessed: 2/10/2015 8:04:18 PM]

Physical Description and Taxonomy

HIGH FREQUENCY

LOW INTENSITY

AERIAL HAWKING

GLEANING

CLUTTER ADAPTED

Echolocation and Ecomorphology

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Granite State Division of the Society of American Foresters Winter Meeting

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Species Range

• low level of genetic differentiation among subpopulations (Arnold, 2007)

• Home range size 65 ha (mixture of forest and diameter‐limited forest)

• ‘tends’ to forage at low elevation habitat and roost at mid‐ and high‐elevation habitat

• Hibernates with other bat species –often in small crevices

• males tend to migrate shorter distances between seasons than females

Our ‘Forest Bat’Roosting Habitat Species Preferences Roost Characteristics

‘large diameter hardwoods in early decay’ locust (black, cherry ‐WV) exfoliating bark (males)

30‐65 cm mean dbh at 38‐43 snags/ha maple (red, sugar, silver – NH) tree cavities

high use of early‐stage snags oak (red, pin ‐MO) bat houses

multiple roosts within 2 km shagbark hickory (MO) 4.9 days/roost; 3.1 roosts/bat

roost in upland forests and riparian habitat softwoods (hemlock, pine – NH)

mean canopy cover of 44% beech and birch (NH)

Foraging Habitat Reference

most abundant species in interior forest habitat Carroll et al., 2002

roosts always within 2 km of water Larson et al., 2003

‘never found near center of cutblocks, strong preference for edge’ Hogberg et al., 2002

‘strong avoidance of clearcuts – tends to forage on forested hillside and ridges’ Owen et al., 2003

‘most likely to choose high elevation roosting habitat’ Lacki & Cox, 2009

population size related to total forest area and area of deciduous stands Henderson et al., 2008

bat activity increased after prescribed burn Lacki et al., 2009

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Granite State Division of the Society of American Foresters Winter Meeting

2/13/15

15

The Northern long‐eared myotisWHAT WE KNOW

• Basic Biology of Bats• Bats of the Northeast• Life Cycle of Hibernating Bats• White‐Nose Syndrome

• The northern long‐eared myotis

HOW WE KNOW IT

• Research Techniques in the Study of Bats

WHAT WE DON’T KNOW

• Cumulative Impacts on bats

• Impact of climate change on bats

Mist Nets

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Granite State Division of the Society of American Foresters Winter Meeting

2/13/15

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Marking Methods

Acoustic Monitoring

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Granite State Division of the Society of American Foresters Winter Meeting

2/13/15

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Transect Acoustic Monitoring

big brown batsMyotis spp.

Northern myotis

Hoary bat

Red bat

Silver-haired bats

Pipistrelle bats

unidentified

26 Augn=42

02 Septn=48

09 Septn=6

Transect Acoustic Monitoring

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Granite State Division of the Society of American Foresters Winter Meeting

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18

The Northern long‐eared myotisWHAT WE KNOW

• Basic Biology of Bats• Bats of the Northeast• Life Cycle of Hibernating Bats• White‐Nose Syndrome

• The northern long‐eared myotis

HOW WE KNOW IT

• Research Techniques in the Study of Bats

WHAT WE DON’T KNOW

• Cumulative Impacts on bats

• Impact of climate change on bats

Cumulative Threats to Bats

WIND

WNS

WOOD

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Granite State Division of the Society of American Foresters Winter Meeting

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The Northern long‐eared myotisWHAT WE KNOW

• Basic Biology of Bats• Bats of the Northeast• Life Cycle of Hibernating Bats• White‐Nose Syndrome

• The northern long‐eared myotis

HOW WE KNOW IT

• Research Techniques in the Study of Bats

WHAT WE DON’T KNOW

• Cumulative Impacts on bats

• Impact of climate change on bats

New England Climate Change

+2°C by 2050

+4°C by 2100

IPCC‐AR4low emission scenario

later birth period (lower survivorship, delayed maturation)

fewer female offspring, lowering effective population size

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Granite State Division of the Society of American Foresters Winter Meeting

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Survivorship, S ‐Adult survivorship varied annually‐ Strongly dependent on cumulative precipitation (Apr – Oct)

‐No influence of temperature but low annual variation

Range: 0.63 – 0.90 

Frick et al., 2009

Reproductive Timing

WARMDRY

COOLWET

Linear model, 95% CI using R 3.0.1 

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Reproductive Timing Frick et al., 2009

USFWS Listing for Myotis septentrionalis• January 21, 2010 – CBD petitions listing of northern myotis and eastern small‐footed myotis

• October 02, 2013 – Not Warranted finding for small‐footed myotis• USFWS proposes listing northern myotis

• June 30, 2014 – six month extension of public comment

• November 18, 2014 – one month extension of public comment• 103,000 comments

• January 15, 2015 ‐ Proposed 4(d) Rule• only applies if M. septentrionalis is listed as Threatened

• allows ‘take’ exceptions for forest management, transportation and utility right‐of‐ways, hazard tree removal, and physical exclusion

• no exceptions within 0.25 miles of known hibernacula

• no summer tree removal of known roosts or clearcutting within 0.25 miles of known roost

• April 02, 2015 – Final Determination will be made