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NORTH VS. SOUTH. STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES, MILITARY STRATERGY, AND BATTLES OF THE CIVIL WAR. NORTHERN CHARACTERISTICS. Diverse, fast growing population High concentration of railroads Many factories producing manufactured goods Well-developed telegraph system. Southern Characteristics. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES, MILITARY STRATERGY, AND BATTLES OF THE

CIVIL WAR

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NORTHERN CHARACTERISTICS

Diverse, fast growing populationHigh concentration of railroadsMany factories producing manufactured

goodsWell-developed telegraph system

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Southern CharacteristicsEconomy based on agricultureReliance on Slave laborFew citiesFew factoriesFurther between towns- less developed

railroads

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NORTHERN ADVANTAGESPopulation: North: 21.5 million > South: 9

Million

Railroad Mileage: North: 21,700 Miles > South: (Not same gage) 9,000 Miles

Factories: 110,100 > 20,600At the start of the war, the value of all

manufactured goods produced in all the Confederate states added up to less than one-fourth of those produced in New York State alone.

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Northern DisadvantagesDivided public opinion- some didn’t want

free slavesAway from homes- climateUnder-trained and timid generals

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SOUTHERN ADVANTAGESLEADERSHIP: 7 of 8 military schools

located in the South- Most officers went with South

MILITARY TACTICS: South was defending which meant was less costly: “War of attrition”- Bleed opponent to death

MORALE: Southerners were more willing to fight-felt to preserve way of life- Some Northerners thought it was to free slave and they didn’t want that

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Southern WeaknessesAgricultural Economy- Can’t shoot cotton

ballsNo navy and army- Had to DevelopNo national government- Still for strong

states rightsFew railroads

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NORTHERN TACTICS: Anaconda Plan- Crush the South

Control Mississippi River: Split West & East

Control Major Rail Road Junctions: Stop Southern supplies

Blockade South: Cut off trade of cotton- cut off money

Take Richmond: Capital of SouthOrganized by Winfield ScottFelt it would take 3 years and

300,000 men

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Northern Tactics: Anaconda Plan’s WeaknessNavy- Couldn’t fully blockade South

Army was small

Underestimated the will of South

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BORDER STATESHad to treat Kentucky, Missouri, Delaware

and Maryland with kid gloves- keep them happy

Reason Lincoln didn’t free slaves in that area during the Emancipation Proclamation

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DISEASESNo knowledge about how diseases were

spreadHighest chance of dying of diseases came

within the first 5-6 months: Why?For every one solider that died of

wounds, 2 died of diseases: Diarrhea, dysentery, typhoid, etc.

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AMPUTATIONS3 out 4 soldiers were hit in the extremities

(arms & legs)Accounted for 75 % of all the surgeriesWould use same saw all day, wiped on apron

if too slick / No Anesthesia

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Clara Barton

“Angel of the Battlefield”Worked in the patent office- resigned to

become a nurseOrganized, petition, and collected medical

supplies for the troopsAfter the war, started the American Red

Cross

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Modern WarWith all of its advancements, the Civil War is

considered the first modern war

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RIFLED GUNSGo greater distance and be more destructive

than previous warsMade direct, frontal charges more deadly-

Pickett’s ChargeHad more of an impact on the severity of Had more of an impact on the severity of

the war than any other weapon the war than any other weapon advancementadvancement

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Shells and CanisterReplaced cannon ballsArtillery would go over battle field, explode,

and send shrapnel over the field- more like a bomb

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TELEGRAPHMade communications among troops,

regiments, and capitals more efficientMade communications more secureFirst air to ground communications: From

Hot Air Balloon

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RAILROADSMovement of troops and supplies

quicker- allowed for larger armies because didn’t have to march

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HOT AIR BALLOONSAllowed for spying and recon.Developed by North, Lincoln wanted to us,

refused at first in fieldOther troops would attempt to shoot down

balloons

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Iron- Clad ShipMetal covered ship- more durable

meant longer Navy battlesDeveloped by South 1st, but info. Was

leaked to the NorthMonitor (Union-All iron) vs.

Merrimack (Confederates- iron plates)- First navy battle between iron ships: Union Victory

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THE MERRIMACK- CONFEDERATES THE MONITOR: UNION

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Technology: OthersSubmarinesTorpedoes- depth charges

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Jefferson DavisPresident of the

Confederate States of America

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Abraham Lincoln16th President of

the United StatesElected in 1860Took Office in

1861Assassinated April

14, 1865 by John Wilkes Booth

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Robert E. LeeCommander of

the Army of Virginia

Confederate

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Ulysses S. Grant Commanded army

in the westTook VicksburgBrought to the east

to fill in for the inept generals

Lee surrendered to Grant

“Unconditional Surrender” Grant

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Other Union GeneralsGeorge McClellan-

Ambrose Burnside-

Joseph Hooker-

George Meade-

Winfield Scott-

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Other Confederate GeneralsThomas “Stonewall” Jackson-

P.G.T Beauregard-

James Longstreet-

Joseph Johnston-

Braxton Braggs-

John B. Hood-

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Fort SumterFirst battle of Civil WarConfederates fire on fort located in

Charleston (SC) HarborUnion held fort for 34 hours and abandoned

fortOnly death came when shooting cannon for

100 gun salute

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First Bull RunFirst major land battleUnion troops were unprepared- Reporters

from D.C. followed troopsLocated in Manassas, VA- major railroad

junctionStarted to push them back, but

“Stonewall” Jackson rallied troopsUnion forced to retreat back to Washington

with major and embarrassing defeatThis battle showed the war would not

be easy

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The Battle of ShilohTook place in the western theater of the warTook place near Corinth, MS on TN and MS

borderUnion troops had to fall back after first day,

but U.S Grant would not retreat- Proves his willingness to fight

Union won battleShiloh was the bloodiest single day (until

Antietam) of fighting in war and ended all hope that this would be a quick war

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Monitor vs. MerrimackMerrimack- Southern wooden ship with

iron bolted to itMonitor- Union ship, completely of iron,

took 100 daysFought to a draw, but Merrimack withdrew-

never to meet againWooden navies would now be obsolete

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Battle of AntietamAKA- Battle of Sharpsburg (Known as

this mainly in South)Lee hoped a victory on Northern soil

would increase European supportMcClellan (U) figured out where the

Confederates were because of Lee’s orders wrapped around cigars were found – but he delayed and gave Lee time to prepare

Lee’s 14,000 causalities (in 1 day) was a 1/3 of his army

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Battle of AntietamBecame the BLOODIEST SINGLE DAY of

warMcClellan could have crushed Lee’s army

but delayedWith great Union victory, Lincoln issued

his Emancipation Proclamation

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Emancipation ProclamationIssued after the Battle of AntietamStated that effective January 1, 1863- All

slaves held in areas still in rebellion would be free (Did NOT free all slaves)

Was limited because of border states of KY, MO, and MD- Lincoln did not want to force them towards the Confederates

Northerners feared an influx of uneducated African Americans from the south would threaten their jobs, but many were in favor- Continued split in the North

Many Southerners did not recognize Lincoln’s right to pass a law in their country because they felt they were no longer part of the United States

Although the Emancipation Proclamation did not free all the slaves, it did mark a significant shift from the war being simply about the unification of the Union, to the ending of slavery.

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Ambrose BurnsideBecause of his delay, Lincoln again removed

McClellan from command and gave it to Ambrose Burnside (From Liberty, IN)

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Lee’s Victories: FredericksburgBurnside attempted to march to Richmond-

Lee met his armyBurnside walked right into the fire at the

Battle of Fredericksburg- he will lose 14,000 men to Lee’s 5,000- and Lee dealt the union a major defeat

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Lee’s Victories: Battle of ChancellorsvilleBurnside resigned, Joseph Hooker replaced

himBattle of Chancellorsville: Stonewall Jackson

snuck around the lines of the UnionUnion was surrounded and nearly crushed in

single nightTragedy- Stonewall Jackson was mistaken by his men to be the enemy and was shot- He later died from his injuries

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GettysburgLee’s army needed supplies and he hoped a

victory on Northern soil would force Lincoln and the Union to finally give in

Confederate troops ran into Union troops while looking for shoes in Gettysburg and this skirmish led to the

* Deadliest Battle to ever be fought in North America*

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Gettysburg: Day 1Day One: Both sides heard the gun fire in town

and rush to set up linesLines stretched some 4 milesSouthern troops forced Northern troops back a

littleHaving won the day, Robert E. Lee elected

to continue the fight despite protest from James Longstreet- his new second in command

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Gettysburg: Day 2Alabama troops noticed an undefended hill-

Little Round Top- of the Union that could allow them to fire on the Union

They attempted to take the hill, but the Union also noticed the mistake and reinforcements arrived in time

Union lines remained intact

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Gettysburg: Day 3Confederate briefly attacked and then all went

quietThen Confederates open with the largest

artillery barrage of the warUnion stopped firing to save ammo- South

thought they had given up- began a direct assault on the center of the Union lines

Pickett’s Charge: Name given to this assault- only a few 100 of 15,000 survived

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Gettysburg- The Turning PointGettysburg was not only the deadliest battle

ever fought in North America, but was also considered to be the turning point of the war.

Why? The South’s huge loss of men meant that

Lee and the Confederates could not invade Union territory again- and they didn’t

Morale dropped to a new lowThere was no hope that European nations

or other nations would become involved for the Confederates

This was Lee’s last, great chance of victory in the North

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Gettysburg AddressDedication of cemetery to honor the Union

troops that had diedAbraham Lincoln as asked only to fill in the rest

of the programHis two minute speech, known as the

Gettysburg Address, reminded listeners why the fight must go on: for the principles of freedom, equality, and self-government

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Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the

proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation, so conceived and so dedicated, can long

endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for

those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.

But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate—we can not consecrate—we can not hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power

to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is

for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is

rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us — that from these honored dead we take increased

devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion — that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain — that this nation, under God, shall have a new

birth of freedom — and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth

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VicksburgGrant captured Vicksburg on July 4th,

1863 (Day after Gettysburg)Grant attempted to take this town several

times and then laid siege to it in early May- attempted to starve it out

Finally, the South gave control of itUnion now controlled all of the

Mississippi River- cutting the South into half (Anaconda Plan)

The Fourth of July was not be celebrated in Vicksburg for another 81 years.

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Morgan’s RaidInvasion by Confederate John Morgan

into Indiana and Ohio looking for supplies

Morgan sent a detachment of men to fool the North about their whereabouts, but were captured near Pekin, Indiana

Burnside was the Union Commander

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Sherman’s March to the SeaWilliam Tecumseh Sherman was ordered

by Grant, once he took over command of the eastern army, to march to Atlanta, GA- an important rail station

Sherman took Atlanta and began “March to the Sea”

March to the Sea: Used scorched earth policy and living off the land to crush and remaining hope of the South

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Appomattox Court HouseSherman marched North to meet with Grant-

dealing with South Carolina more harshly- why?

Lee attempted to get around Grant to meet with other army- couldn’t

Finally, in a small town known as Appomattox Court House, Lee agreed to meet with Grant and surrender

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SurrenderAppomattox Court House- The War Ends

Surrender came in the same man’s house that the war started in

Lee full dress, Grant in private’s uniform covered in mud

Terms were generous- Southern troops could take horse, guns, and were fed

Grant ordered celebrations to stop- they were country men again

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Andersonville (Fort Sumter)Confederate prison where many deaths and

cruelty took place.Originally built to hold 10,000 it eventually

held more than 32,000 at one given timeMore than 45,000 Union troops sent- 12,912

(close to 30%) died of diseases and malnutrition

Leader of camp was only Confederate charged and hung for war crimes

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Camp Douglas (Camp Chicago)Union equivalent of AndersonvilleLand from Stephen Douglas’ estate and

served as army training campHeld over 18,000 prisoners – 12,000 at one

timeNick named: “Eighty Acres of Hell”About 6,129 died- about 1/3 of camp

population

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Lincoln AssassinatedLincoln was at Ford’s theatre in D.C.Earlier, John Wilkes Booth wanted to

kidnap the President and trade him with Confederate prisoners of war but his plans failed so he changed them

April 14, 1865- Booth slipped into back of the President’s unguarded box, pulled out a pistol, and shot Lincoln in back of head- died next morning never gaining consciousness

Jumped over the rail, broke legWoman involved in plot- she was first

woman executed by the U.S. Government

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Interesting Facts• On November 9, 1863, President Lincoln

attended a theater in Washington, D.C., to see "The Marble Heart." An accomplished actor, John Wilkes Booth, was in the cast.

• On March 4, 1865, Lincoln was inaugurated for a second term. Yards away in the crowd was John Wilkes Booth with a pistol in his pocket. His vantage point on the balcony, he said later, offered him "an excellent chance to kill the President, if I had wished."

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ConnectionsJFK and Abe

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Glory, glory, hallelujah His truth is marching on This is a strange but true story Which proves that history Does repeat itself And the events depicted here Happened just one hundred years apart Both President Lincoln And President Kennedy Were concerned with The issue of civil rights Lincoln was elected In eighteen hundred sixty Kennedy was elected In nineteen hundred sixty One hundred years apart Both were shot from behind in the head Their successors both named Johnson Were Southern Democrats With seats in the Senate Andrew Johnson was born In eighteen hundred and eight Lyndon Johnson was born In nineteen hundred and eight One hundred years apart John Wilkes Booth The man that shot Lincoln Was born in 1839 Lee Harvey Oswald Lyrics courtesy Top40db.

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The man that shot Kennedy Was born in 1939 One hundred years apart Booth and Oswald were Southerners Favoring unpopular ideas Booth and Oswald were both Assassinated before going to trial Both presidents wives Lost children through death While in the White House Both presidents were killed on a Friday And in the presence of their wives President Lincoln's secretary Whose name was Kennedy Advised him not to go to the theater President Kennedy's secretary Whose name was Lincoln Advised him not to go to Dallas John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln In a theater and ran to a warehouse Lee Harvey Oswald shot Kennedy From a warehouse and ran to a theater The names Lincoln and Kennedy Each contain seven letters The names Andrew Johnson And Lyndon Johnson each Contain thirteen letters The names John Wilkes Booth And Lee Harvey Oswald Each contain fifteen letters And friends, it is true History does repeat itself His truth is marching on

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ConspiracyMost stories state that he was tracked down

to a warehouse or barn. It was set on fire but he was shot while trying to flee- some doubt story

Lincoln’s assassination was part of a larger plan to “behead” the government

Plans were made to murder Sec. of State William Seward (Guy who bought Alaska- “Seward’s Folly”): Powell broke into home and stabbed him in face and neck. Neck brace saved him

Vice President Andrew Johnson was supposed to be murdered but conspirator back outLincoln chose Johnson because he was a

Southerner (TN) and did not leave his seat in the House- Lincoln was preparing to put Humpty Dumpty back together

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INTERESTING FACTSLincoln didn’t feel blacks and whites could live in

peace- he wanted to relocate blacks to C. AmericaLincoln had confederate money on the night that he

was shotRobert E. Lee traveled w/ pet hen that laid one egg

under his bed each morningThe artillery battery at Pickett’s charge could be

heard 100 miles away in PittsburgBlack soldiers were paid $10 during the war-

whites $13There were 10,000 troops under the age of 18

serving in the Union armyRoughly 180,000 freed slaves became Union

troops

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Counterfeit and Secret ServiceDuring Civil War 1/3 to ½ of money in

circulation was counterfeitSecret Service was formed to track down

counterfeitersThe Secret Service’s role of protecting the

president was first down informally for Pres. Cleveland in 1894 and full time in 1902.

The Secret Service is a part of the Department of the Treasury

Assassinated Presidents-Lincoln, James Garfield, William McKinley, and JFK

Attempted Assassinations (Shot)- Teddy Roosevelt and Ronald Reagan

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Fast FactsFort Sumter- First battle of CW- ConfederatesGettysburg- Deadliest battle of war / Turning

PointMonitor vs. Merrimack- 1st navy battle

between 2 iron shipsAntietam- Deadliest single day- Emancipation

Proclamation and “draw” kept Europe outVicksburg- U.S. Grant gained control of

Mississippi RiverAppomattox Courthouse- Lee surrendersMorgan’s Raid- Battle @ Corydon, through

Salem, Vienna, and into OhioBooth kills Lincoln