North Central Region Eradication & Surveillance Target ...calweedmapper.cal-ipc.org/wp-content/uploads/northcentral_priority... · by deciduous plumes. permission from the Jepson

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North Central Region Eradication & Surveillance Target Invasive Plants

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Overview of North Central regional strategy

The California Invasive Plants Council (Cal-IPC) works with local land managers to:

1. Translate information from CalWeedMapper to region wide opportunities for surveillance & eradication

2. Draft Strategic Plan for review by land managers

3. Eradication targets: apply for funding to address top regional species. Learn and survey for early detection and rapid response.

4. Surveillance targets: learn and survey for early detection and rapid response.

5. Watch for new detections of these species and respond rapidly!

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North Central Eradication & Surveillance targets ERADICATION

Centaurea jacea nothossp. pratensis (= Centaurea debeauxii) meadow knapweed

Chondrilla juncea rush skeletonweed

Euphorbia oblongata oblong spurge

Fallopia japonica (= Polygonum cuspidatum) Japanese knotweed

Salvia aethiopis Mediterranean sage

Sesbania punicea red sesbania, scarlet wisteria

Cynara cardunculus artichoke thistle

Carduus acanthoides plumeless thistle

SURVEILLANCE

Alliaria petiolata garlic mustard

Crupina vulgaris common crupina, bearded creeper

Alyssum murale, Alyssum corsicum Oregon yellowtuft

Fallopia sachalinensis (= Polygonum sachalinense) Sakhalin knotweed

Linaria vulgaris yellow toadflax, butter and eggs

Carduus acanthoides (detected in Siskiyou!) plumeless thistle

Cortaderia jubata jubatagrass

Nymphoides peltata yellow floating heart

Ulex europaeus gorse

Brachypodium sylvaticum perennial false-brome

Ranunculus repens creeping buttercup

Ehrharta calycina purple veldtgrass

Ilex aquifolium English holly

Brachypodium distachyon annual false-brome, false brome

Dipsacus laciniatus cutleaf teasel

Eradication and Surveillance Targets

CURRENT DISTRIBUTION / SUITABLE RANGE MAPS

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TO DO:

Learn.

Consult North Central Region eradication list on regions page of CalWeedMapper for photos and information.

Print and/or download to smart phone.

Train staff to recognize species.

Consider suitable range now and in the future.

Map populations in Calflora, if found.

Coordinate response, if found!!

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Centaurea debeauxii (= Centaurea pratensis)

meadow knapweed

Centaurea debeauxii meadow knapweed

Insert photo here

Weed Rating:

General Description:

Origin:

Size:

Ecology:

Dispersal:

Control:

Similar Species:

CDFA: Not Listed

Cal-IPC: Moderate- Alert

A small tap-rooted

perennial arising from a

woody crown. Meadow

knapweed’s foliage is

tough and coarse.

Europe

Resembles

other knapweeds (Centaurea sp.)

1 meter tall

Pastures, wet areas, openings in forested areas,

disturbed lands.

Manual effective for

small populations. Aminopyralid

herbicides are effective.

Seeds are primarily

dispersed by wildlife and water.

Forbs & herbs

Asteraceae USDA Code: CEDE5

Dan Sharrat Oregon Department of Agriculture (ODA)

G. H. Miller CA Department of Food and

Agriculture (CDFA)

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meadow knapweed

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Flower:

Flower Color: Bloom Time:

Fruit & Seed:

Key Identifying Characteristics:

Leaf: Flower heads are roundish and

solitary at branch tips. Flower bracts are

unarmed, light to dark brown with papery

margins.

Mid summer to fall

Seeds are brown to

gray, hairy, and tipped

by deciduous plumes.

Fringed bracts on the flower head.

Central flowers on flower head are

shorter than outer ones. Content derived in part from the Jepson Manual and used here with

permission from the Jepson Herbarium. 2011 . In B.G. Baldwin et al.

(eds.), The Jepson Manual: Vascular Plants of California. Univ. of

California Press, Berkeley. Retrieved from:

ucjeps.berkeley.edu/jepsonmanual/review/on 12/01/2010

Sourceshttp://www.cdfa.ca.gov

Leaves simple. Basal leaves are

slender, petioled, and may be entire, toothed

or lobed. Stem leaves usually don’t have a

petiole and are much smaller.

Pink to reddish purple

Forbs & herbs

Dan Sharrat ODA

King County, Washington, Noxious Weeds website

Illustration by Cindy Talbott Roche´ from PNW0566

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Meadow knapweed Eradication Target # 1 CURRENT DISTRIBUTION / SUITABLE RANGE

Copyright © 2013 California Invasive Plant Council. Developed with Calflora, TerraGIS, and other partners.

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Weed Rating:


Origin:

Size:

Ecology:

Dispersal:

Control:

Similar Species:

CDFA: A

Cal-IPC: Moderate

Herbaceous perennial or

biennial, with milky sap and

rigid, wiry, branched stems

standing on a basal rosette.

West Eurasia,

Mediterranean area, NW

Africa

Rosette leaves of

dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) and

chicory (Cichorium intybus) are

similar, but rush

skeletonweed

rosettes can be

distinguished by

reddish coloration.

0.4 – 1.0 meter tall

Found in disturbed soils. Tolerates a wide

variety of environmental conditions.

Manual control for smaller

populations. Many biocontrols exist

for this species. Tillage effective for

removal of adult plants.

Seeds primarily

disperse with wind, but also by water,

animals and human activity.

Reproduces by clones from buds on

roots, as well as asexual seed

production. Semi-rhizomatous.

Forbs & herbs

Asteraceae USDA Code: CHJU

Dean Kelch CDFA

Jean Pawek

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9

Flower:


Fruit & Seed: Key Identifying Characteristics:

Leaf:

Small, dandelion-like

flower heads. Axillary or terminal,

sessile or short-stalked, solitary or

in clusters of 2-5.

Achene

oblong, 3-4 mm long, glabrous,

brown, ridged. Fine, white

pappus bristles on slender, 5-6

mm long beak.

Small yellow dandelion-like flower

heads. Much branched. Reddish- to

purplish-tinged basal rosette leaves.

Content derived in part from the Jepson Manual and used here with





Sources http://www.cdfa.ca.gov

Rosette leaves oblanceolate,

with irregular shallow, backward-

pointing lobes. Surfaces usually +/-

glabrous. Stem leaves often lacking,

bract-like when present. Leaves often

whither as flowers

develop.

Yellow

Forbs & herbs

July - October

Dean Kelch CDFA

Fred Hrusa CDFA

Richard Spellenberg Creative Commons

Zoya Akulova

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Eradication Target # 2 CURRENT DISTRIBUTION / SUITABLE RANGE


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Weed Rating:


Origin:

Size:

Ecology:

Dispersal:

Control:

Similar Species:

CDFA: B

Cal-IPC: Limited

Erect taprooted perennial

with milky white sap and

mostly alternate leaves.

Stems branch slightly

above or below ground.

Southwest Europe

Other invasive spurges,

such as Leafy spurge

(Euphorbia virgata).

A native species in

disturbed places is

Euphorbia spathulata

(right).

To 0.8m tall

Waste areas, disturbed sites, roadsides,

fields, meadows, and woodlands.

Manually removing plants

before seed develops can help

control this species. 15 species of

biocontrol insect are US-approved.

Forbs & herbs

Euphorbiaceae USDA Code: EUOB4

Dean G. Kelch CDFA

Keir Morse, Creative Commons

Capsules eject seeds up

to 5m from the parent plant. Also

dispersed by human activities,

animals, insects, and as hay or seed

contaminant. Clones from root buds.

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Flower:


Fruit & Seed:


Leaf: Flower clusters umbel-like at

the stem tips. Each ‘flower’ is actually a

specialized cluster of reduced unisexual

flowers that is unique to the spurge

family.

Capsules 3-4.5 mm long,

sparsely covered with

minute tubercles. Seeds

brown, smooth.

Yellow to yellow green flower cluster.

Milky white sap.

Plants develop in clonal colonies.







Oblong or elliptic, mostly 4-6.5 cm

long, tip broadly rounded, margin minutely

serrate under low magnification, often

glabrous.

Yellow, yellow-green

Insert fruit &

seed photo

here

Forbs & herbs

Jean Pawek

Dean G. Kelch CDFA

Spring/Summer

Dean G. Kelch CDFA

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Fallopia japonica (= Polygonum cuspidatum)

Japanese knotweed

Fallopia japonica Japanese knotweed

Weed Rating:


Origin:

Size:

Ecology:

Dispersal:

Control:

Similar Species:

CDFA: B

Cal-IPC: Moderate Alert

Clumping perennial with

coarse foliage, hollow

stems and long

creeping rhizomes. Can

create dense colonies

that exclude other

vegetation.

Japan

Lewis’s mock

orange(Philadelphus lewisii ), a

native

species,

has

much

larger

flowers.

1 -3 meter tall

Disturbed moist sites, roadsides, riparian

and wetland areas. Plants typically grow in open, sunny

areas on moist soils in cool temperate climates.

Carefully digging out

rhizomes and cutting stems 4 or

more times per season, especially

in conjunction with tarping.

Imazapyr is an effective herbicide.

Spread is

predominately through rhizomes

rather than seeds, but plants are

persistent once established.

Forbs & herbs

Polygonaceae USDA Code: POCU6

L.M. Landry

Br. Alfred Brousseau,

Saint Mary’s College

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Japanese knotweed

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Flower:


Fruit & Seed:


Leaf: Male and female flowers develop

on separate plants. Panicles axillary on

upper stems.

August - October

Fruits narrowly winged.

Achenes brown, 3-sided. Content derived in part from the Jepson Manual and used here with permission

from the Jepson Herbarium. 2011 . In B.G. Baldwin et al. (eds.), The Jepson

Manual: Vascular Plants of California. Univ. of California Press, Berkeley.

Retrieved from: ucjeps.berkeley.edu/jepsonmanual/review/on 12/01/2010


Broadly ovate, about 10-15 cm long, Ocrea

(thin, dry, pliable, reddish sheath around the stem)

deciduous, short (~5 mm long).

White

Forbs & herbs

Rhizomatous plant with large broadly

ovate leaves forming clumps with 40 or

more stems. Ocrea on stems.

L..M. Landry

L..M. Landry

Ken Christopher, The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org

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Japanese knotweed Eradication Target # 4 CURRENT DISTRIBUTION / SUITABLE RANGE


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Weed Rating:


Origin:

Size:

Ecology:

Dispersal:

Control:

Similar Species:

CDFA: B

Cal-IPC: Limited

Erect biennial (sometimes

perennial) densely covered

with fine, white, woolly

hairs. Crushed leaves have

a strong, disagreeable

odor.

Europe

Immature plants

resemble woolly mullein rosettes

(Verbascum

thapsus), right,

but mullein

lacks the

pungent odor.

0.6 meter tall

Degraded big sagebrush communities,

disturbed sites.

Biocontrol, mowing,

manual removal.

Flowering stems break

off at a point below the panicle and

disperse seed by tumbling with

wind.

Forbs & herbs

Lamiaceae USDA Code: SAAE

Dean Kelch CA Dept of Food and Agriculture

George W. Jackson Calphotos

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Flower:


Fruit & Seed:


Leaf: Flowers whorled on stems. Strongly

2-lipped.

June - August

Nutlets 4 per flower, ovoid,

smooth, brown.

Opposite leaves that are aromatic when

crushed. Herbage densely covered with

fine, white wooly hairs.

Content derived in part from the Weeds of California and Other

Western States. University of CA Agriculture and Natural Resources


Variable: ovate to triangular, irregularly

lobed to deeply incised. Crinkled surface

texture. Stem leaves opposite, reduced up the

stem.

Yellow to whitish

Insert fruit &

seed photo

here

Forbs & herbs

Steve Hurst California department of Food and Agriculture

Fred Hrusa CDFA

Fred Hrusa CDFA

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Sesbania punicea rattlebox, scarlet wisteria

Weed Rating:


Origin:

Size:

Ecology:

Dispersal:

Control:

Similar Species:

CDFA: B

Cal-IPC: High

Deciduous shrub or small

tree with leaves that have

an even number of

leaflets and red to orange-

red, pea-like flowers.

South America.

Other Sesbania

spp. (hemp sesbania, S. exaltata),

below, mesquite (Prosopis spp.),

locust (Robinia spp.) and Acacia

species.

To 4 meters tall

Mostly found in riparian areas. Forms thickets. Seeds

can survive 20-30 years in seed bank.

Biocontrol, manual

pulling, herbicides.

Often transported by

water.

Trees & shrubs

Fabaceae USDA Code: SEPU7

Dean Kelch CA Dept of Agriculture


http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?enlarge=0000+0000+0509+1729

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Flower:


Fruit & Seed:


Leaf: Showy clusters of pea-like flower,

each about 2-3 cm long.

June-August

The fruits are large

brown pea pods.

Seeds 4-10 per pod,

smooth and dull brown.

Large, red flower clusters.

Pinnate compound leaves with 20+ leaflets.

Growing in riparian environments.







Pinnately-compound with between 10- 40

pairs of elliptical leaflets on a single stalk. Leaf

margins are entire.

Red to orange-red.

Trees & shrubs

Insert fruit &

seed photo

here

George W. Hartwell

Steve Hurst USDA-ARCS

http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=8578

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Weed Rating:


Origin:

Size:

Ecology:

Dispersal:

Control:

Similar Species:

CDFA: B

Cal-IPC: Moderate

Large perennial thistle

with deeply pinnate

leaves and large, showy

purple flower heads.

Mediterranean

region

Cirsium occidentalis

var. californicum (California thistle),

below, is a native

species. Flower

heads are much

smaller, white to

purple or rose in

color.

To 2.5 meters tall

Disturbed open sites, especially areas

affected by grazing.

Manual pulling, repeated

cultivation. Mowing to reduce seed set.

Most seeds fall near the

parent plant, but can move via water,

animals, human activities, and wind.

Forbs & herbs

Asteraceae USDA Code: CYCA

Insert photo here

Br. Alfred Brosseau Saint Mary’s College

Jo-Ann Ordano CA Academy of Sciences

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Flower:

Flower Color:

Bloom Time:

Fruit & Seed:


Leaf: Heads solitary at stem tips, 3-15

cm in diameter. ‘Looks like an artichoke.’

April - July

Achenes conical to

cylindrical, glabrous, dark

brown to tan, with feathery

pappus.

Tall artichoke-like thistle with large showy

flower heads of purple disk flowers.

Content derived in part from the Jepson Manual and used here with permission

from the Jepson Herbarium. 2011 . In B.G. Baldwin et al. (eds.), The

Jepson Manual: Vascular Plants of California. Univ. of California Press,

Berkeley. Retrieved from: ucjeps.berkeley.edu/jepsonmanual/review/on

12/01/2010 Sources http://www.cdfa.ca.gov

Basal leaves pinnate-lobed, often

appearing compound, spine-tipped. Stem

leaves alternate, bases forming spiny wing on

stem. Leaf surfaces wooly, more so on

underside.

Blue –violet to

purple, or rarely white.

Forbs & herbs

Dean Kelch CDFA

Br. Alfred Brousseau

Saint Mary’s College

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Weed Rating:


Origin:

Size:

Ecology:

Dispersal:

Control:

Similar Species:

CDFA: A

Cal-IPC: Limited

Biennial thistle with

strongly winged stems,

glabrous to lightly wooly.

Purple flowers.

Europe

Various non-

native thistles with

purple flowers,

including: Canada

thistle (Cirsium

arvense), Scotch

thistle (Onopordum

acanthium), and

Bull thistle (Cirsium

vulgare), right.

1.5 meters tall

Cultivate or manually

remove when plants are small. Goats

eat flower heads and digest seeds.

Aminopyralid is an effective herbicide.

Dispersing 1-3 weeks

after flowering, most seeds fall

within 50 meters of the parent

plant.

Forbs & herbs

Asteraceae USDA Code: CAAC

2007 © Peter M. Dziuk

Br. Alfred Brousseau, Saint Mary’s College

Colonizes

disturbed open sites,

roadsides, annual

grasslands, and waste areas. Prefers drier, well-drained

sites. Hybridizes with musk thistle (C. nutans) and

intermediate plants can be found where their ranges

overlap.

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Flower:


Fruit & Seed:


Leaf: Head +/-spherical, solitary or

clustered. Phyllaries narrowly lanceolate, tips

erect to spreading. Receptacles flat, densely

covered with cream-colored bristles

interspersed among the disk flowers.

May - August

Achenes elliptic, smooth,

golden to brown. Feathery

pappus detaches as a unit.

A thistle with purple hemispherical

flowers and winged stems.





ucjeps.berkeley.edu/jepsonmanual/review/on 12/01/2010 Sources

http://www.cdfa.ca.gov

Leaves 1-pinnate lobed, sparsely hairy.

Basal leaves elliptic to lanceolate with prickly

margins. Stem leaves alternate and reduced with

bases that extend down the stem as spiny wings.

Purple to pink, rarely white

Forbs & herbs

2007 © Peter M. Dziuk 2007 © Peter M. Dziuk

Jean Pawek

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Weed Rating:


Origin:

Size:

Ecology:

Dispersal:

Control:

Similar Species:

CDFA: Not Listed

Cal-IPC: Watch List

Biennial (perennial) with

top-branching stems that

bear racemes of white

flowers. Garlicky odor.

Eurasia, Northern

Africa

California jewelflower (Cardamine

californica) has a terminal flower cluster.

Saxifraga mertensiana, an uncommon

native, right, has

an open panicle.

To 1 meter

Forest understory, roadsides, riparian

areas/floodplains

Manual removal, tilling,

smothering with tarps, and burning.

Reproduces exclusively by

seed. Short-range dispersal.

Forbs & herbs

Brassicaceae USDA Code: ALPE4

Elaine Haug @ USDA-NRCS

Genevieve K. Walden Creative Commons

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Flower:

Flower Color:

Bloom Time:

Fruit & Seed:


Leaf: Flowers bear cross-shaped flowers

with 4 white petals and 6 stamens. Flowers

alternate up the stem in a raceme.

May to June

Seed pods are slender,

~6.5 cm long, and split

longitudinally into two

sections at maturity.

Small clusters of cross-shaped white

flowers. Triangular to heart-shaped leaves.

Garlic odor when leaves are crushed.







Basal leaves kidney-shaped, stem

leaves are more triangular. Leaves are

alternate, petiolate, with toothed margins. Stem

leaves reduced up the stem.

White

Forbs & herbs

Glenn Miller Oregon Department of Agriculture

Steve Hurst @USDA_NRCS

G.A. Cooper @ USDA-NRCS

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Surveillance Target # 1 CURRENT DISTRIBUTION / SUITABLE RANGE

EDDMapS. 2013. Early Detection & Distribution Mapping System. The University of Georgia - Center

for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health. Available online at http://www.eddmaps.org/; last

accessed November 19, 2013.

Documented records

from this county.

32



Weed Rating:


Origin:

Size:

Ecology:

Dispersal:

Control:

Similar Species:

CDFA: A

Cal-IPC: Limited

Erect, openly-branched

annual with purple

flower heads that

appear to consist only

of disk flowers.

Branches ridged.

Southern Europe

0.6 – 1 meter tall

Ecological generalist, adapting to many

disturbed habitats.

Hand-pulling is effective for

small populations. A variety of

herbicides can be effective.

Flower heads often disperse

as units, falling near the parent plants or

transported by animals, wind, water, etc.

Forbs & herbs

Asteraceae USDA Code: CRVU2

Knapweeds (Centaurea sp.) and Russian

knapweed (Acroptilon repens), right,

resemble common

crupina but have

bristly flower head

receptacles and leaf

margins that lack

bristly, barbed hairs.

Fred Hrusa, CDFA

Fred Hrusa, CDFA

33


33

Flower:


Fruit & Seed:


Leaf: Flower heads stalked, cylindrical to

ovoid or slender urn-shaped. Corollas

slender, purple, with linear lobes. Receptacle

with flat scales between flowers.

Late spring – early summer

Seeds cylindrical. Base

rounded, flat-topped, black-

brown, scaly. Pappus

bristles black-brown.

Flower stems longitudinally ridged.

Purple urn shaped flower heads.

Leaf margins appear spiny-toothed with

stiff, barbed hairs. Content derived in part from the Jepson Manual and used here with






Rosette leaves oblong to obovate in outline,

deeply pinnate-divided. Stem leaves alternate,

deeply pinnate-lobed, reduced. Leaf margins appear

spiny-toothed with stiff, barbed hairs.

Purple

Forbs & herbs

WA Noxious Weed Control Board website

CDFA

Fred Hrusa, CDFA Fred Hrusa, CDFA

34




35



Weed Rating:


Origin:

Size:

Ecology:

Dispersal:

Control:

Similar Species:

CDFA: Not Listed

Cal-IPC: Red Alert 2011

Two nearly identical perennial

mustards with profuse yellow

flowers and affinity for

serpentine soil.

Eastern Europe

A. murale has

narrow gray- green leaves while

the leaves of

A. corsicum are

silvery-gray and

oval shaped.

Dyer’s woad

(Isatis tinctoria)

has persistent

leaves.

1 meter tall

Thrive on serpentine soils, threatening to displace

native endemic plants. Hyper-accumulators of heavy metals.

Can be toxic to livestock.

Handpulling of small

populations. Prevent spread by

washing vehicles, shoes, tools,

etc. before leaving infested areas.

Seeds are dispersed

by wind, water and human and

animal activities.

Forbs & herbs

Brassicaceae USDA Code: ALMU & ALCO

Alyssum murale

Ken French Oregon Department of Agriculture

Alyssum corsicum

Ken French ODA

36


36

Flower:

Flower Color:

Bloom Time:

Fruit & Seed:


Leaf: Both species produce hundreds of

small, bright yellow flowers on branched

umbels. The two species look almost identical

when in flower.

Early summer

Circular to oval, papery

flattened fruits (silicles)

typical of Alyssum

species.

Most leaves are shed prior to flowering. Bright

yellow umbels of hundreds of small flowers.

Serpentine habitats.







A. murale has narrow gray-green oval or

spatula-shaped leaves that are covered with tiny

stellate hairs. A corsicum leaves are oval and

densely covered with silvery hairs, giving them a

pale gray or silvery appearance. Leaves of both

wither prior to flowering. Yellow

Forbs & herbs

Alyssum murale ©2011 D.L. Nickrent, Southern Illinois University RoughandReadyCreek.org (Oregon ) website

A. murale by Andrea Moro Monaco di Baviera Creative Commons

37


OR WeedMapper 2013. Oregon Dept. of Agriculture Weed Mapper. Accessed on 9 December 2013.

http://geo.maps.arcgis.com/home/webmap/viewer.html?webmap=04b02fcee1c0400d83f45709b6f731f4

Documented occurrences

Note: No current documented

populations in CA. There is great

potential for these taxa to spread into

sensitive serpentine communities

from neighboring Josephine Co., OR.

Populated area

Alyssum murale, A. corsicum Oregon yellowtuft

38

Fallopia sachalinensis (=Polygonum sachalinense)

Sakhalin knotweed

Fallopia sachalinensis Sakhalin knotweed

Weed Rating:


Origin:

Size:

Ecology:

Dispersal:

Control:

Similar Species:

CDFA: B

Cal-IPC: Moderate

Large clumping perennial

with coarse foliage; hollow,

+/- woody, erect stems; and

long creeping rhizomes.

Twigs often zigzag slightly

from node to node.

Japan, Sakhalin Island.

Common pokeweed (Phytolacca

americana), below, has coarse foliage

like the knotweeds. Similar to

Japanese

Knotweed (

(Fallopia

japonica),

and the

two can

hybridize.

To 4 meters tall.

Disturbed moist sites, roadsides, and riparian and

wetland areas. Appears to have allelopathic properties.

Manual control requires

removal of rhizomes and stem

fragments from the ground. Imazapyr

is an effective herbicide.

Primarily with wind.

Reproduces from rhizome and stem

fragments.

Forbs & herbs

Polygonaceae USDA Code: POSA4

Phytolacca americana CDFA

39


Sakhalin knotweed

39

Flower:


Fruit & Seed:


Leaf: Lax, open branched panicles on

upper stems. Male and female flowers

develop on separate plants or on same plant.

Five petal-like sepals, slightly fused at base.

July - October

Outer 3 sepals dark

brown, dispersing with

achenes. Achenes

ovoid, 3-sided.

Large clumping perennials with hollow, weakly

woody, reddish brown stems swollen at the

nodes. Large lax white panicles.


permission from the Jepson Herbarium. 2011 . In B.G. Baldwin et al. (eds.),

The Jepson Manual: Vascular Plants of California. Univ. of California Press,

Berkeley. Retrieved from: ucjeps.berkeley.edu/jepsonmanual/review/on

12/01/2010


Broadly lanceolate, base slightly heart-

shaped. Ocrea (pliable sheath around around

stem) persistent, glabrous, often reddish.

Leaves alternate, leathery, on stalks. Tips acute

to acuminate.

Female flowers are whitish.

Male flowers are greenish-

white.

Forbs & herbs

Richard Old E. Boer

CDFA Seed Laboratory

40


Sakhalin knotweed Surveillance Target # 4 CURRENT DISTRIBUTION / SUITABLE RANGE


41



Weed Rating:


Origin:

Size:

Ecology:

Dispersal:

Control:

Similar Species:

CDFA: A

Cal-IPC: Moderate

An herbaceous creeping

perennial with erect to

ascending, glabrous or

glandular-hairy stems. Woody

near base.

Mediterranean Europe.

Leafy spurge

(Euphorbia esula),

right, is similar in the

pre-bloom stage, but

leafy spurge exudes a

milky latex when

broken. Dalmatian

toadflax (Linaria

dalmatica) has all

yellow flowers.

1 - 1.2 meter tall

Often invades moist, gravelly, or sandy

soils. Invades disturbed areas, but can move into

relatively undisturbed prairies and riparian habitats.

Most seed falls near the

parent plant, but may disperse via various

vectors (water, humans, etc. )

Forbs & herbs

Plantaginaceae USDA Code: LIVU2

Hand-pulling small populations

is effective. Mowing can eliminate seeds

but stimulate vegetative growth.

Dean Kelch CDFA

Steve Thorsted

42


42

Flower:


Fruit & Seed:


Leaf: Showy, snapdragon-like flowers

with a long straight spur on the back.

Stamens 4, in 2 pairs. Racemes dense,

erect, sometimes glandular.

May - September

Fruits are brown capsules ~1

cm long. The small seeds are

flat, circular, with a papery

wing.

Showy yellow to whitish snapdragon-

like flowers with an orange throat and

lower lip. 1- 1.2 meters high with long,

linear leaves.


from the Jepson Herbarium. 2011 . In B.G. Baldwin et al. (eds.), TheJepson

Manual: Vascular Plants of California. Univ. of California Press, Berkeley.

Retrieved from: ucjeps.berkeley.edu/jepsonmanual/review/on 12/01/2010


Pale green, linear and narrow, without a

petiole. Soft, spreading to drooping. Leaves

alternate, but crowded, appearing opposite or

whorled near the bases of stems. Margins entire.

Corolla bright yellow or

sometimes whitish. Throat

and lower lip orange-hairy.

Forbs & herbs

Giorgi Venturini Gobotany.org

AlterVista

43

Linaria vulgaris yellow toadflax



44



Weed Rating:


Origin:

Size:

Ecology:

Dispersal:

Control:

Similar Species:

CDFA: A

Cal-IPC: Limited

Biennial thistle with

strongly winged stems,

glabrous to lightly wooly.

Purple flowers.

Europe

Various non-

native thistles with

purple flowers,

including: Canada

thistle (Cirsium

arvense), Scotch

thistle (Onopordum

acanthium), and

Bull thistle (Cirsium

vulgare), right.

1.5 meters tall

Cultivate or manually

remove when plants are small.

Mowing needs repetition. Goats eat

flower heads and digest seeds.

Dispersing 1-3 weeks

after flowering, most seeds fall

within 50 meters of the parent

plant.

Forbs & herbs

Asteraceae USDA Code: CAAC

2007 © Peter M. Dziuk


Colonizes

disturbed open sites,

roadsides, annual

grasslands, and waste areas. Prefers drier, well-drained

sites. Hybridizes with musk thistle (C. nutans) and

intermediate plants can be found where their ranges

overlap.

45


45

Flower:


Fruit & Seed:


Leaf: Head +/-spherical, solitary or

clustered. Phyllaries narrowly lanceolate, tips

erect to spreading. Receptacles flat, densely

covered with cream-colored bristles

interspersed among the disk flowers.

May - August

Achenes elliptic, smooth,

golden to brown. Feathery

pappus detaches as a unit.

A thistle with purple hemispherical

flowers and winged stems.







Leaves 1-pinnate lobed, sparsely hairy.

Basal leaves elliptic to lanceolate with prickly

margins. Stem leaves alternate and reduced with

bases that extend down the stem as spiny wings.

Purple to pink, rarely white

Forbs & herbs

2007 © Peter M. Dziuk 2007 © Peter M. Dziuk

Jean Pawek

46

Carduus acanthoides plumless thistle



47



Weed Rating:


Origin:

Size:

Ecology:

Dispersal:

Control:

Similar Species:

CDFA: B

Cal-IPC: High

Large, densely tufted perennial

grass with long basal leaves

and plumes. Introduced as

landscape ornamentals and for

erosion control.

South America

Tussock 1-1.5 meters high

at maturity; flowering stems grow

1-2 meters above tussock.

Disturbed areas, dunes, bluffs, roadsides. Coastal shrub and

grasslands (including serpentine soils), adjacent inland

areas. All plants are female and develop asexual seeds.

Handpull seedlings and

mature plants, making sure to chop

root crown. Removing plumes helps

to prevent spread. Glyphosate is an

effective herbicide.

Seeds can disperse

long distances with wind and human

activities.

Grasses

Poaceae USDA Code: COJU2

©2008 Neal Kramer

Fred Hrusa CDFA

Pampas grass

(Cortaderia selloana),

below, grows larger

and is more

erect. Eulaliagrass

(Miscanthus sinensis)

has membranous

ligules.

48


48

Flower:

Flower Color:

Bloom Time:

Fruit & Seed:


Leaf: Inflorescences of

tall showy plumes

that grow on long

flexible secondary

branches above

tussocks.

Late summer –early fall

Each plume can produce

up to 100,000 seeds, but

only 30% of seeds

produced are viable.

Large, densely tufted grass with

showy purple-tinged to tawny plumes

and sharply serrated leaves.







Bright green. Leaves

basal, flat or folded,

with sharply serrated

margins. Ligules

consist of a dense

ring of hairs mostly 2-

3 mm long. Sheaths

open, glabrous to

hairy.

Immature panicle is deep

violet; mature panicle pinkish

to dingy tan.

Grasses

Zoya Akulova

Creative Commons

Zoya Akulova

Creative Commons

Steve Matson

49

Cortaderia jubata jubatagrass Surveillance Target # 7

CURRENT DISTRIBUTION / SUITABLE RANGE


50



Weed Rating:


Origin:

Size:

Ecology:

Dispersal:

Control:

Similar Species:

CDFA: Not Listed

Cal-IPC: Watch List

A submersed water lily-like

perennial with creeping

rhizomes and stolons, and

floating rounded heart-shaped

leaves.

Eurasia, India, Japan

A native species,

yellow pond lily

(Nuphar

polysepala), right,

has larger flowers

and ovate petals.

Leaves 5 to 12.5 cm

in diameter.

By seed and

vegetatively from rhizomes, stolons,

and separated plant parts. Water or

animal dispersed.

Aquatic

Menyanthaceae USDA Code: NYPE

Keir Morse Creative Commons

Mechanical control

difficult due to its ability to

reproduce from broken stems and

leaves. Sometimes controlled by

cutting, harvesting, herbivorous

fish, smothering.

A wide array of stillwater habitats. Develops

dense mat-like patches that displace desirable vegetation,

which can also reduce recreational activities and create

stagnant low-oxygen conditions in the water below.

51


51

Flower:

Flower Color:

Bloom Time:

Fruit & Seed:


Leaf: 5-petaled and 3-4 cm in diameter.

Petals are fringed.Held above the water surface

on long stalks, one to several flowers per stalk.

July to September

The fruit is a capsule.

Seeds bear marginal

hairs that aid in flotation

and animal dispersal.

Aquatic plant.

Yellow star-shaped flower with fringed

margins, borne on long stalk.

Heart-shaped leaves. Content derived in part from the Jepson Manual and used here with






Floating heart shaped to round leaves

5-12.5 cm in diameter. Frequently purplish

underneath with shallowly scalloped margins.

Flowering stems have opposite leaves. Bright yellow

Aquatic

Fred Hrusa CDFA

52



Calflora. 2013. Information on wild California plants for conservation, education, and appreciation.

Accessed on 9 December 2013. Available online at http://www.calflora.org/

Documented records

from these quads.

http://www.calflora.org/

53



Sherry Ballard © California Academy of Sciences

Weed Rating:


Origin:

Size:

Ecology:

Dispersal:

Control:

Similar Species:

CDFA: B

Cal-IPC: High

Spiny evergreen shrub

that often forms dense,

impenetrable Stems

highly branched,

interwoven, stiff,

spreading, longitudinally

ridged. Western Europe

The brooms (incl.

Cytisus scoparius,

right, Genista,

Spartium and

Retama species)

lack spines.

3.5 to 5 meters tall

A wide range of disturbed and natural sites,

particularly in coastal areas. Shade tolerant. Grows

best on acidic soil, but tolerates serpentine. Thickets

exclude desirable vegetation and increase fire risk.

Repeated hand removal and

monitoring required. Goats can reduce

seedling survivorship.

Seeds are ejected from mature pods

within 5 m of the parent shrub, and

greater distances by humans, water, soil

movement, animals and ants.

Trees & shrubs

Fabaceae USDA Code: ELEU

Br Alfred Brousseau, Saint Mary’s College

54


54


Flower:


Fruit & Seed:


Leaf:

Typical pea-family flowers,

axillary, solitary or in few-flowered clusters.

Petals 15- 20 mm long, persistent. Stamen

filaments fused into tube.

November to July

Pods ovoid to oblong, 1-2 cm

long, slightly flattened, dark

brown, hairy. Seeds 2-6, shiny

green to brown, smooth,

triangular, flattened

A dense, highly branched, spiny,

evergreen shrub with yellow pea-like

flowers and pods that explode at

maturity.







First leaves mostly simple,

alternate, sessile. Subsequent

leaves compound usually with 3

leaflets, about 5-10 mm long,

otherwise similar to first leaves.

Mature shrubs have simple leaves

modified into stiff, curved, awl-like

spines, 5-30 mm long. No stipules.

Yellow

Trees & shrubs

Charles Webber © CA Academy of the Sciences

© Neal Krammer

55

Ulex europaeus gorse Surveillance Target # 9



56


slender false-brome


Weed Rating:


Origin:

Size:

Ecology:

Dispersal:

Control:

Similar Species:

CDFA: B

Cal-IPC: Moderate

Perennial bunchgrass with

drooping inflorescences.

Can remain green all year

under favorable conditions.

Eurasia, North Africa

Bromus species

including Bromus

laevipes (chinook

brome), right,

have a closed

sheath and

spikelets on long

pedicels.

Up to1 meter high

Shaded woodlands, coniferous forest

understories, open prairies, and roadsides. Grows well

under both sun and shade conditions, in dry or moist

soils. Can outcompete native vegetation and become the

dominant species. Has low palatability for wildlife and

livestock. Increases fire hazard.

Handpulling small patches. Mowing

can reduce seed set. Glyphosate is

best herbicide for pure stands.

Animals and human activities are

primary vectors.

Grasses

Poaceae USDA Code: BRSY


57

Brachypodium sylvaticum perennial false-brome slender false-brome

57

Flower:

Bloom Time:

Fruit & Seed:


Leaf: The spikelets are pale green and

droop at the tips of the inflorescence. 5-10

spikelets per inflorescence. The lemmas have a

straight awn up to 2 cm long.

June - September

Seed structures are hairy

at the tip. Seed scar the

length of the fruit.

Bunch grass with broad leaves. Hairs on

edges of stems and leaves. Drooping

inflorescence with awned florets.


from the Jepson Herbarium. 2011 . In B.G. Baldwin et al. (eds.), The Jepson

Manual: Vascular Plants of California. Univ. of California Press, Berkeley. Retrieved

from: ucjeps.berkeley.edu/jepsonmanual/review/on 12/01/2010


Broad (up to 12 mm wide), flat and bright

green, margins hairy. The stems are soft-hairy at

the nodes, as are the sheath and sheath

margins.

Grasses

Steve Hurst USDA

58




59



Weed Rating:


Origin:

Size:

Ecology:

Dispersal:

Control:

Similar Species:

CDFA: Not Listed

Cal-IPC: Limited

Perennial with palmate-

lobed or compound

leaves and stems that

root at the lower nodes,

and typical buttercup

flowers.

Europe

Numerous native

and non-native

species of

buttercup including

the native California

buttercup

(Ranunculus

californicus), right.

To 0.6 meter tall

Disturbed sites, roadsides, meadows, wet

areas, lawns. Tolerant of cold, but not prolonged drought.

Plants often develop large clonal patches (monocultures)

from long stolons.

Fruits disperse with

wind, water, animals and human

activities. Also reproduces

vegetatively from stolons.

Forbs & herbs

Ranunculaceae USDA Code: RARE3

Cultivation of crop fields,

handpulling, planting competing

plants, and broadleaf herbicides.

King County, WA noxious weed website

Barry Breckling Creative Commons

60


60

Flower:

Flower Color:

Bloom Time:

Fruit & Seed:


Leaf: Petals usually five,to ~1.5 mm

long. Sepals short soft-hairy, deciduous

in fruit. Stamens many.

March - August

Fruiting heads nearly spherical.

Achenes flattened, body roundish, 2-3

mm long excluding beak, glabrous,

Beak curved.

Bright yellow flowers with five petals.

Round fruiting head of achenes. Palmate

lobed or compound leaves. Sometimes

stoloniferous.







Compound, to 8 cm long, glabrous to hairy,

on stalks 4-20 cm long. Leaflets deeply 3-lobed,

lobes toothed.

Bright yellow

Forbs & herbs

Br. Alfred Brousseau, Saint Mary’s College PestWebNZ™

PestWebNZ™

61




62



Weed Rating:


Origin:

Size:

Ecology:

Dispersal:

Control:

Similar Species:

CDFA: Not listed

Cal-IPC: High

Densely tufted perennial

with contracted to open

panicles. Stems knot-

like at base. New

growth often emerges in

fall as the temperature

decreases. South Africa

To 1 meter tall

Roadsides, coastal habitats , disturbed areas,

typically on sandy, well-drained soil. Not tolerant of

excessively wet or dry conditions. In dry areas, foliage

typically falls over after it dies in summer, creating a

dense layer of thatch.

Manual removal of mature

plant and seedlings. Grazing can be

effective. Glyphosate is the best

herbicide for pure stands.

Seeds fall near parent

plant or disperse short distances via

other vectors. Can produce short

rhizomes.

Grasses

Poaceae USDA Code: EHCA

Dale Ritenour

Forest & Kim Starr

Creative Commons

Erect veldtgrass

(Ehrharta erecta ),

right, an erect to

decumbent perennial to

0.8 m tall. Long-

flowered veldtgrass

(Ehrharta longiflora), an

erect, leafy, tufted

annual to ~0.6 m tall.

63


63

Flower:

Bloom Time:

Fruit & Seed:


Leaf:

Panicles contracted to open, 10-15

cm long. Spikelets +/- flattened, consisting of

3 florets the upper floret fertile, lower 2 florets

sterile. Sterile and fertile florets usually detach

as a unit above the glumes. Glumes equal,

purplish. Most glumes remain attached to

panicles long after senescence.

December – June

Brown, about 5 mm long

Stems enlarged and knotlike at the base, base

and lower nodes often densely covered with

white to straw-colored hair underneath sheath

remnants. Collar and sheath margin often

violet-tinged. Glumes persistent.

Content derived in part from the Jepson Manual and used here with permission from the

Jepson Herbarium. 2011 . In B.G. Baldwin et al. (eds.), The Jepson Manual: Vascular Plants

of California. Univ. of California Press, Berkeley. Retrieved from:

ucjeps.berkeley.edu/jepsonmanual/review/on 12/01/2010 Sources: http://www.cdfa.ca.gov

Leaves folded in bud,

flat, glabrous or covered with

minute hairs. Often corrugated

along the margins, especially

near the base. Sheaths open,

margin membranous and

sometimes ciliate. Collar and

sheath margin often violet –

tinged.

Grasses

Steve Matson

CalIPC website

Steve Hurst @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database

64




65



Insert photo here

Weed Rating:


Origin:

Size:

Ecology:

Dispersal:

Control:

Similar Species:

CDFA: Not Listed

Cal-IPC: Moderate

Evergreen shrub or small tree

with prickly leaves and red

berries. Contains saponin

compounds that can cause

digestive tract irritation when

ingested.

Europe, western Asia

Native shrubs like Toyon

(Heteromeles arbutifolia), below,

with oblong serrated leaves.

Hollyleaf

redberry

(Rhamnus

ilicifolia)

forms red

drupes with 2

stones.

to 12 meters tall

Coastal forests, woodlands, riparian areas.

Manual removal prior to

seed formation.

Reproduces by seed.

Birds and mammals consume and

disperse a proportion of the fruits.

Forbs & herbs

Aquifoliaceae USDA Code: ILAQ80

Luisa Arana Navaridas

66


66

Flower:


Fruit & Seed:


Leaf: Male and female flowers usually on

separate plants. Flowers small, fragrant, in

clusters. Petals, sepals, stamens 4.

May-June

Drupes berrylike, red, ±

spherical, smooth, usually with

4 nutlets. Fruits ripen in late

summer/early fall.

Evergreen shrub or small tree with

glossy, spine-toothed leaves. Clusters of

red fruits.







Leaves alternate, ovate to ovate-oblong,

glabrous, upper surface glossy green. Margins

mostly spiny-toothed and wavy, sometimes

smooth; both types can occur on one plant.

White

Forbs & herbs

J. K. Lindsey J. K. Lindsey

67




68

Brachypodium distachyon annual false-brome, false brome

Brachypodium distachyon annual false brome, false brome

Insert photo here

Weed Rating:


Origin:

Size:

Ecology:

Dispersal:

Control:

Similar Species:

CDFA: Not Listed

Cal-IPC: Moderate

Winter annual with

purplish spikes. Mature

plants are sometimes

branched at the base.

Stems decumbent to

erect with hairy nodes.

Native to South

Europe

Some native and

non-native

brome grasses,

including cheat

grass (Bromus

tectorum), right.

0.4 meter tall

Dry slopes and fields, roadsides, disturbed

grassland, margins of shrub thickets.

Manual removal, tilling,

mowing before seed set, and

prescribed burning.

Plants reproduce only

by seed, falling locally and dispersed

via multiple vectors.

Grasses

Poaceae USDA Code: BRDI2

Christopher Bronny

J.M. DiTomaso UCDavis

69

Brachypodium distachyon Annual false-brome, false brome

69

Flower:

Bloom Time: Fruit & Seed: Key Identifying Characteristics:

Leaf:

Zoya Akulova Creative Commons

April -June

Grasses

.

Lemma body

lanceolate, prominently

5-9 veined. Tip tapered

into a straight awn 4-15

mm long.

Inflorescence a spike-like raceme, with 1-6

spikelets per stem. Spikelets nearly sessile, alternate,

ascending to erect, laterally flattened. Glumes

unequal, tip acute, prominently 5-9 veined.

Leaves flat,

rolled in bud,

usually hairy

(sometimes nearly

glabrous). Midvein

often pale and

conspicuous near

the blade base.

Open sheath.

Spikes often tinged purplish. Stems usually lacking

hairs except at the densely hairy nodes. Spike-like

racemes with 1-6 spikelets, straight awns.

Joesph M. DiTomaso

Steve Hurst USDA

70

Brachypodium distachyon Annual false-brome, False brome Surveillance Target # 14



71

Dipsacus laciniatus Cutleaf teasel


Weed Rating:


Origin:

Size:

Ecology:

Dispersal:

Control:

Similar Species:

CDFA: Not Listed

Cal-IPC: Inventory

Europe

Common

teasel (D. fullonum) and Fuller’s

teasel (D.sativus)

have lavender

flowers.

to 2 meters tall

Open sunny sites, generally in relatively moist

conditions. Usually in disturbed or waste places, but can

invade intact ecosystems.

Manual removal

effective for small populations.

Aminopyralid is an effective

herbicide.

Forbs & herbs

Dipsacaceae USDA Code: DILA4

Seed dispersal is

primarily near the parent plant.

Thistle-like biennial with erect

flower stems and large, spiny

flower heads of white flowers.

Robin R Buckallew


72 72

Insert photo of

flower here

Flower:

Flower Color:

Bloom Time:

Fruit & Seed: Key Identifying Characteristics:

Leaf: Flower head is terminal and egg-

shaped. Blooming lasts one day.

June- September

One

achene per flower. < 1

cm long, crowned by a

calyx. Grayish-brown,

hairy.

Lanceolate/narrowly ovate in outline.

Margins are pinnately lobed and toothed. The

stem leaves are oppositely arranged, with the

leaf bases forming a cup. The rosette leaves

are veined, wrinkly, with stiff prickles on the

lower midrib.

White

Forbs & herbs

Tall thistle-like plant with terminal white

egg-shaped flowers and lobed leaves.

© Bobby Hattaway 2011/www.discoverlife.org

Steve Hurst NRCS


73



OR WeedMapper 2013. Oregon Dept. of Agriculture Weed Mapper. Accessed on 9 December 2013.

http://geo.maps.arcgis.com/home/webmap/viewer.html?webmap=04b02fcee1c0400d83f45709b6f731f4

Documented occurrences

Note: No current documented

populations in CA. There is potential

for this species to spread into the

state from neighboring counties in

Oregon.

Populated area

74

Use the ‘Regions’ page for North Central info! 1. Go to CalWeedMapper.Calflora.org 2. Select the ‘Regions’ page 3. Click on the star for North Central

75

Monitor New Occurrences

Track new occurrence reports of surveillance and eradication species and coordinate for a rapid response!

NORTH CENTRAL Strategic Plan

Train!

Respond!

Get

Funding!

Learn to identify priority detection species using

an illustrated plant list

Track new occurrence reports of surveillance &

eradication species in your area

(Also see new reports of Cal-IPC Inventory and

Cal-IPC Watchlist species)

See grant-ready projects in the Eradication

Workplan

76

Thank you for your participation in the North Central’s regional strategy!

Documents

North Central Region Eradication & Surveillance Target ...calweedmapper.cal-ipc.org/wp-content/uploads/northcentral_priority... · by deciduous plumes. permission from the Jepson