If you can't read please download the document
Upload
rafe-fisher
View
224
Download
4
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
NORTH AND CENTRAL AFRICAN EMPIRES 800-1500 AD Muslim States in
Africa
The Umayyad Dynasty starting in c. 630 AD, spread Islam from the
Arab nations westward across North Africa Libya, Tunisia and
Morocco called Maghrib
Many Africans convert to Islam Religious scholars advise rulers
Almoravid Dynasty 10001400 AD Muslim armies fought the Berber
tribes establishing the Almoravid dynasty in North Africa. Islamic
Law Islamic law brought order to Muslim states, especially in North
Africa The Berbers, natives to North Africa, convert to Islam but
maintain their own culture Shaykh Hassan Cisse Islamic scholar,
West Africa Berbers The Berbers lived in North Africa long before
the arrival of the Arabs, and their culture probably dates back
more than 4,000 years. Berbers Almoravid Dynasty 10001400 AD The
Almoravid Dynasty spreads Islam through conquest Kutubiyya Mosque,
Marrakesh, detail of carved panels and marquetry strapwork.
Almoravids Spread Islam
The Almoravids conquer southern Ghana and Spain where they are
called Moors. Almohads Take Over In the 1100s, a group of Berber
Muslims defeat the Almoravids. Almohads are strict followers of
Islamic law and the teaching of the Quran. Almohads Take Over By
1148 they control most of Morocco and keep Marrakech as their
capital. to 2:00 Morocco built by the Almohads in the 12th century
West African Civilizations:
Ghana Mali Songhai Ghana: Built on Trans-Saharan Trade
In the 200s, Berbers began using camels to cross the Sahara for
trade By the 700s the people in Ghana are becoming rich from trade
with the Berbers Ghana: Gold Salt Trade Gold mined in the forests
south of the Sahara is traded to the north for salt. Salt mined
from the Sahara is carried to West Africa and traded for gold.
Ghana provided Berber Tradesmen protection. Ghana: Land of Gold
Gold necklace, Asante, Ghana. Only the king can own gold nuggets,
this keeps prices high. Ghana Gold Ghana rulers Convert to Islam,
c. 1000 AD
Larabanga Mosque. Ghana Islam spreads through the region through
trade Empire of Mali By 1235, Ghana is replaced by Mali, another
kingdom based on gold trade Mali becomes wealthy as the gold trade
shifts eastward Mansa Musa Expands Mali
Mansa Musa is the most famous of these, ruled Mali from Skilled
military leader and fair ruler Mansa Musa inspired by his
hajj
Mansa Musa celebrating his power and his Hajj to Mecca builds great
mosques and centers of learning in Timbuktu and Gao. Mosque at
Timbuktu The Great Mosque of Djenne in Mali,
Built in the13th century;the largest clay building in the world.
Timbuktu: Center of Learning
Mansa Musa Makes Timbuktu Center of Great Learning with a huge
library, with over 100,000. manuscripts
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e7OLAmR1hG0 Travels of Ibn Battuta
In 1352, Ibn Battuta, the Muslim scholar traveler visits Mali. He
traveled the Muslim world from Timbuktu to Turkey, Central Asia,
China and India and wrote down everything he saw. Ibn Battutas
opinion of Mali after 8 months there:
He respected the parents' strict teaching of the Koran to their
children: "They place fetters [ropes or chains] on their children
if there appears ... a failure to memorize the Koran, and they are
not undone until they memorize it." He also admired the safety of
the empire. "Neither traveler there nor dweller has anything to
fear from thief or usurper." Malis Decline By 1400 Mali begins to
decline
A combination of weak and ineffective rulers and increasingly
aggressive raids by the Songhai Empire Sunni Ali, a conquering
hero
Sunni Ali 1stgreat leader of the Songhai Empire. Sunni Ali, a
conquering hero
Sunni Ali organized an uprising against Malian rule. The Malians
were driven out swiftly and a new empire was born. Empire of
Songhai Like Ghana and Mali, the Songhai grow strong from the gold
trade Their rule lasted until 1591. The Songhai Empire Ends
Too!
Morocco wanted to get the gold that Songhai controlled. Morocco
attacked Songhai and destroyed it. Some think that the secret of
the source of Songhai's gold was lost. Kingdom of Benin In the 13th
century, the Kingdom of Benin developed by uniting different
tribes. Kingdom of Benin Benin thrived as the Kingdom set up an
extensive trading network with the Portuguese in ivory, palm oil,
and pepper, Benins Location: Mouth of the Niger River Benin Art:
Bronze The Oba was the center of political and religious life in
Benin. He could not be seen eating in public, or appear ill. Unlike
mortal men, the Oba did not need to sleep. All of this contributed
to his spiritual and political control over the kingdom. Bronze
heads honor and commemorate the ancestors of the past Obas. Obas
Created the Golden Age of Benin
The obas also established an extensive slave trade with the
Portuguese and Dutch who arrived in the 15th century.