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North America in North America in 17501750
North America in North America in 17501750
CAUSES OF WAR• Continuous rivalry between British
and French over North American empires– King William’s War, War of Jenkins Ear,
King George’s War
• Conflicting claims over Ohio River Valley– England?
• fur trade/expansion
– France?• fur trade/link b/w Canada & MS
Valley
Beaver fur has multiple layers of different types of hair.
• France’s Fort Duquesne– Threatened colonial
safety– A barrier to further
British expansion westward
CAUSES…..
1753 1753 Major Major WashingtonWashington
• VA Gov. Dinwiddie learns FR troops moved into Ohio River Valley & building forts
• Major Washington, 21, sent by Gov. to deliver message to FR to get out– FR interpreter with him
• Return trip to VA is brutal– Winter, horses dying, so hike through
snow– Shot at by an Indian who offered to
show them a shortcut (poor aim!)– Pursued by Hurons (FR allies)– Falls off raft into ice-choked Allegheny
River– Spends freezing night on island, guide
suffers frostbite but GW unhurt
• Gov. publishes account of Washington’s arduous 900 mi. journey in both Williamsburg & London– Washington gains international reputation by
age 22
» - THE LEGEND BEGINS!
BritishBritish FrenchFrench
The The Ohio ValleyOhio Valley
1754 1754 The Spark The Spark1754 1754 The Spark The Spark
CONFLICTBEGINS AT FORT DUQUESNE
Ft. Duquesne, #1Ft. Duquesne, #1• Colonel GW & 150 VA militia
dispatched by Gov. Dinwiddie• Skirmish w/FR & kill 10,
including their commander– BIG mistake militarily– “I heard the bullets whistle, and believe
me, there is something charming in the sound.” George Washington
• GW retreats to makeshift fort, Ft. Necessity…what happens there?
• Forced to surrender when surrounded by FR (on July 4th)– GW humiliated, resigns, but will
later return• Sparks global war!
Reconstructed model of the hastily built Fort Necessity.
A young George Washington surrenders to the French.
Depiction of George Washington at age 22.
Meeting called by BR – 2 purposes:Meeting called by BR – 2 purposes:
1) keep Iroquois loyal to BR1) keep Iroquois loyal to BR
2) achieve greater colonial 2) achieve greater colonial unity /unity /
better defense against FRbetter defense against FR
Representatives from only 7 Representatives from only 7 colonies -colonies - New England, NY, MD, New England, NY, MD, PA PA -- Ben FranklinBen Franklin introduces introduces plan for colonial plan for colonial
home rulehome rule Albany CongressAlbany Congress failedfailed (not (not enough ind. enough ind. for colonists / BR think it’s too for colonists / BR think it’s too much ind.)much ind.)
Iroquois broke off relations with Iroquois broke off relations with BRBR
Plan rejected by colonies & Plan rejected by colonies & LondonLondon
1754 1754 Albany Plan of Albany Plan of UnionUnion
1754 1754 Albany Plan of Albany Plan of UnionUnion
• British Gen. Edward Braddock
• George Washington & Daniel Boone Attack Fort Duquesne and Attack Fort Duquesne and are are severely defeated – severely defeated – why?why?1500 French and Indian 1500 French and Indian
forces, forces, Over 900 of 1100 BR, Over 900 of 1100 BR, including Braddock, killedincluding Braddock, killed
• GW becomes legend!GW becomes legend!
• 4 bullets pierced coat, 2 horses shot4 bullets pierced coat, 2 horses shot
from under him, Indian belief…from under him, Indian belief…
• BR then seek to invade Canada –fail, BR then seek to invade Canada –fail, why?why?
1755 1755 Ft. Ft.Duquesne #2Duquesne #21755 1755 Ft. Ft.Duquesne #2Duquesne #2
Native American tribes Native American tribes exploited both sides! exploited both sides!
Lord Lord LoudouLoudou
nn
Marquis Marquis de Montcalmde Montcalm
1756 1756 War Is War Is Formally Formally
Declared! Declared!
1756 1756 War Is War Is Formally Formally
Declared! Declared!
BritishBritish
• March in formation or March in formation or bayonet charge. bayonet charge.
• Br. officers wanted toBr. officers wanted to take charge of colonials. take charge of colonials.
• Prima Donna BR Prima Donna BR officers with servants officers with servants & tea settings. & tea settings.
• Drills & toughDrills & tough discipline. discipline.
• Colonists should payColonists should pay for their own defense. for their own defense.
• Indian-style guerillaIndian-style guerilla tactics. tactics.
• Col. militias servedCol. militias served under own captains. under own captains.
• No mil. deference orNo mil. deference or protocols observed. protocols observed.
• Resistance to risingResistance to rising taxes. taxes.
• Casual, Casual, non-professionals. non-professionals.
Methods ofMethods ofFighting:Fighting:
MilitaryMilitaryOrganization:Organization:
MilitaryMilitaryDiscipline:Discipline:
Finances:Finances:
Demeanor:Demeanor:
British-American British-American Colonial TensionsColonial TensionsBritish-American British-American Colonial TensionsColonial Tensions
ColonialsColonials
20,000 colonials serve – myth of BR invincibility shattered.
He understood colonial concerns & He understood colonial concerns & offered them a compromise:offered them a compromise:
Colonial loyalty & mil. Colonial loyalty & mil. cooperation- cooperation- British would British would reimburse colonies reimburse colonies for their for their costs.costs.
TURNING POINT IN WAR!!TURNING POINT IN WAR!!
Puts younger BR officers in Puts younger BR officers in place;place;
““The enemy of my The enemy of my enemy…..” Aids FR’s enemy…..” Aids FR’s enemies elsewhere around enemies elsewhere around world & thus forces FR to world & thus forces FR to withdraw some troops from withdraw some troops from AMAM
1757 1757 William Pitt William Pitt Becomes Foreign Becomes Foreign
MinisterMinister
1757 1757 William Pitt William Pitt Becomes Foreign Becomes Foreign
MinisterMinister
RESULTS?RESULTS? Colonial morale up by Colonial morale up by 17581758
Battle at Ft. William HenryBattle at Ft. William Henry“Last of the Mohicans”“Last of the Mohicans”• Lake George, NY• BR Col. Munro vs. FR Montcalm• BR, unable to get
reinforcements, surrender the fort Aug. 1757
• FR Indian allies massacre BR on their exit from the fort
** By 1761, SP has become an ally of FRBy 1761, SP has become an ally of FR
1758-1761 1758-1761 The Tide The Tide Turns for EnglandTurns for England
1758-1761 1758-1761 The Tide The Tide Turns for EnglandTurns for England
1758 – First majorBR victory:LOUISBURG,the gatewayto New France
Battle of Quebec - Battle of Quebec - 17591759
•James Wolfe vs. Montcalm•Why can’t the BR get Quebec?•What plan does Wolfe come up with?
Battle of Quebec - Battle of Quebec - 17591759
•The End for France!
•Montcalm & Wolfe both die
•Montreal then taken in 1760
France --> lost allFrance --> lost all Canadian Canadian possessions, most of her empire in possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi to lands east of the Mississippi River; only keeps W Indies sugar River; only keeps W Indies sugar islands - islands - HaitiHaitiSpain -->Spain --> got got all lands west all lands west of the of the Mississippi River & New Orleans Mississippi River & New Orleans from FR; but from FR; but cedes Florida cedes Florida to to England in exchange for Cuba.England in exchange for Cuba.
England -->England --> got all French lands in got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance commercial dominance in India; owns in India; owns all lands east of MS all lands east of MS RiverRiver
1763 1763 Treaty of Treaty of ParisParis
1763 1763 Treaty of Treaty of ParisParis
North America in North America in 17631763
North America in North America in 17631763
1.1. It increased her colonial It increased her colonial empireempire in the Americas. in the Americas.
2.2. It greatly enlarged It greatly enlarged England’s England’s debt – heavy debt – heavy taxation of the coloniestaxation of the colonies begins!begins!
3.3. Britain’s Britain’s contemptcontempt for the for the colonials created bitter colonials created bitter feelings.feelings.
Effects of the War Effects of the War on Britain?on Britain?
Effects of the War Effects of the War on Britain?on Britain?
1.1. It united them against a commonIt united them against a common
enemy for the 1enemy for the 1stst time. time.
2.2. It created bitter feelings towards It created bitter feelings towards
the British that would only the British that would only intensify.intensify.3. Military experience for officers & 3. Military experience for officers & men.men.
Effects of the War on Effects of the War on the American the American
ColonialsColonials
Effects of the War on Effects of the War on the American the American
ColonialsColonials
4.4. Shattered myth of BR Shattered myth of BR invincibility.invincibility.5.5. Encourages colonial expansion.Encourages colonial expansion.
6.6. Hostility towards Native Hostility towards Native Americans.Americans.
17631763 Pontiac’s Pontiac’s RebellionRebellion
Fort DetroitFort Detroit
The Aftermath: The Aftermath: Tensions Along the Tensions Along the
FrontierFrontier
The Aftermath: The Aftermath: Tensions Along the Tensions Along the
FrontierFrontier
• Ottawa Chief / FR Indian allies attack BR & AM
• Destroy 3 BR outposts / 2,000 colonists in PA, MD, VA
• Biological warfare used by BR in Detroit– Distribute “gifts” of smallpox-infected “gifts” of smallpox-infected
blankets to Indians.blankets to Indians.
Pontiac’s Rebellion Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)(1763)
Pontiac’s Rebellion Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)(1763)
RESULT? BR realize need to stabilize Indian relations & keep troops stationed
along the frontier.
Colonists see Pontiac’s defeat as free ticket to populate the OH Valley.
British British ProclamationProclamation Line of 1763. Line of 1763.
Colonials Colonials Paxton Boys (PA) Paxton Boys (PA) 1763-641763-64
BACKLASH!BACKLASH!BACKLASH!BACKLASH!
Goal of the BR?
Colonial Reaction to Colonial Reaction to Proclamation?Proclamation?
• Colonists see it as an attack on their liberty, an attempt to control them
• Ignore it and continued to move West• DANIEL BOONE helped lead the way!
Collaboration of Susan Pojer and Pamela Montague