North America-city Futures

7/29/2019 North America-city Futures

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Area 24,709,000 km2

Population 528,720,588 Pop. Density 22.9/km2

Countries 23

Named after the ItalianexplorerAmerigo Vespucci

NORTH AMERICA


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The United States ofAmerica

American History


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United States was originallypopulated by people migrating fromCentral Asia via the Beringia landbridge(Bering strait) between EasternSerbia and present day Alaskastarting some 20,000 years ago.

These people became the indigenouspeople who inhabited the Americas

prior to the arrival of Europeanexplorers in the 1400s and who arenow called Native Americans.

Pre-Colonial America

(Credit: Image courtesy Ripan Mahlir)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Edward_S._Curtis_Collection_People_013.jpg


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Homo SapiensNeanderthalsEarly Hominids


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Many cultures thrived in the

Americas before Europeanscame, including thePuebloans (Aztec) in thesouthwest and theAdenaCulture in the east.

Several such societies andcommunities, over time,intensified this practice ofestablished settlements, andgrew to support sizeable andconcentrated populations.



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Map showing the approximate location of major tribes and settlements


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After a period of exploration by various

European countries, Dutch, Spanish,English, French, Swedish, andPortuguese settlements wereestablished.

Christopher Columbus was the firstEuropean to set foot on what would oneday become U.S. territory when hecame to Puerto Rico in 1493.

In the 15th century, Europeans broughthorses, cattle and hogs to the Americas.

Christopher Columbus(1451 May 2,1506) was a navigator, colonizer andone of the first Europeans to explore the

Americas after the Vikings.

His 1st voyage of 1492, he did not

actually reach the South Americanmainland until his 3rd voyage in 1498.

Colonial America


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Spanish explorers were the firstEuropeans to come to what is now theUnited States, beginning withChristopher Columbus' secondexpedition, which reached Puerto Ricoin November 19, 1493.

The first European known to set foot inthe continental U.S. was Juan Ponce deLen, who arrived in Florida in 1513,though there is some evidencesuggesting that he may have beenpreceded by John Cabot in 1497.

the Spanish became the first Europeansto reach theAppalachian Mountains,the Mississippi River, the Grand Canyonand the Great Plains.

Spanish, Dutch and French colonization (1493

various dates)

Juan Ponce de Len


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In 1540, De Soto undertook anextensive exploration of the present USand, in the same year, FranciscoVzquez de Coronado led 2,000Spaniards and Mexican Indians acrosstoday'sArizona-Mexico border andtraveled as far as central Kansas.

The Spanish sent some settlers,creating the first permanent Europeansettlement in the continental UnitedStates at St. Augustine, Florida, in 1565and laterSanta Fe, New Mexico, San

Antonio, Tucson, San Diego, LosAngeles and San Francisco.

Most Spanish settlements were alongthe California coast or the Santa FeRiverin New Mexico.

Spanish, Dutch and French colonization (1493

various dates)

S i h D t h d F h l i ti


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New Netherland was the 17th century Dutch colony centered on present-dayNew York City and the Hudson River Valley. The colony was taken over by

Britain in 1664. New France was the area colonized by France from 1534 to 1763.

Spanish, Dutch and French colonization (1493 variousdates)

North America in 1702


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The strip of land along the seacoastwas settled primarily by Englishcolonists in the 17th century, along withmuch smaller numbers of Dutch andSwedes.

Colonial America was defined by asevere labor shortage that gave birth toforms ofunfree laborsuch as slavery,and by a British policy of benign neglect(salutary neglect) that permitted thedevelopment of an American spiritdistinct from that of its Europeanfounders.

The first successful English colony wasestablished in 1607, on the James Riverat Jamestown.

English/British Colonial America (1585-1776)


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One example of conflict betweenNative Americans and Englishsettlers was the 1622 Powhatanuprising in Virginia, in whichIndians had killed hundreds ofEnglish settlers.

The largest conflict betweenNative Americans and Englishsettlers in the 17th century wasKing Philip's Warin New England.

The Plymouth Colony wasestablished in 1620.

New England was foundedprimarily by Puritans whoestablished the MassachusettsBay Colony in 1629.


The massacre of Jamestown settlersin 1622.


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The Middle Colonies,consisting of the present-daystates ofNew York, NewJersey, Pennsylvania, andDelaware, were characterizedby a large degree of diversity.

The first attempted Englishsettlement south of Virginiawas the Province of Carolina,with Georgia Colony the lastof the 13 Coloniesestablished in 1733.

Several colonies were usedas penal settlements from the1620s until the AmericanRevolution.


1750


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Map of territorial claims by 1750


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Process of finding colonies

1607: Jamestown, Virginia

1620: Massachusetts

1636: Rhode Island

1733: 13 colonies along Atlantic Coast

1763: Canada and North America east of the Mississippi



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CAUSES

- Stamp Act of 1765.England imposed newtaxes.

- 1773, the new tax on tea.

- British Parliament crackeddown and closed Bostonharbor to shipping

Conflict between England and its colonies

EFFECTS

Colonists resented the taxes astensions escalated in the late1760s and early 1770s.

The event: Boston tea party wasa direct action by activists.

War broke outon July 4, 1776, the continentalCongress adopted aDeclaration of Independence


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The French and Indian War (17541763) was awatershed event in the political development of thecolonies.The United States declared its independencein 1776 and defeated Great Britain with help fromFrance and Spain in the American Revolutionary War.

Moreover, the war effort resulted in greater politicalintegration of the colonies, as reflected in the AlbanyCongress and symbolized by Benjamin Franklin's callfor the colonies to "Join or Die".

Franklin greatest invention was the concept of a

United States of America, which emerged after 1765and was realized in July 1776.

On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress,declared the independence of a nation called "theUnited States of America" in the Declaration ofIndependence, primarily authored by ThomasJefferson.

Formation of the United States of America

(1776-1789) Revolution War


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Formation of the United States of America(1776-1789) Revolution War

North America1762-83


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The colonists' victory atSaratoga led the Frenchinto an open alliance withthe United States.

In 1781, a combined

American and FrenchArmy, acting with thesupport of a French fleet,captured a large Britisharmy led by GeneralCharles Cornwallis atYorktown, Virginia.

Formation of the United States of America(1776-1789)


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A series of attempts to organize amovement to outline and pressreforms culminated in the Congresscalling the Constitutional Conventionof 1787, which met in Philadelphia,Pennsylvania.

George Washingtona renownedhero of the American RevolutionaryWar, commander and chief of theContinental Army, and president ofthe Constitutional Conventionbecame the first President of theUnited States under the new U.S.Constitution in 1789. The nationalcapital moved from New York toPhiladelphia and finally settled in

Washington DC in 1800.

Formation of the United States of America(1776-1789)


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The LouisianaPurchase, in 1803,gave Westernfarmers use of theimportant MississippiRiver waterway,removed the French

presence from thewestern border of theUnited States, andprovided U.S. settlerswith vast potential for

expansion. TheUnited States andBritain came to adraw in the War of1812 after bitter

fighting that lasteduntil January 8, 1815.

Westward expansion (17891849)


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The Treaty of Ghent, officially ending the war, essentially resulted inthe maintenance of the status quo ante bellum; however, crucially forthe U.S., the British ended their alliance with the Native Americans.

The Monroe Doctrine, expressed in 1823, proclaimed the UnitedStates' opinion that European powers should no longer colonize or

interfere in the Americas.. The Monroe Doctrine was then invoked inthe Spanish-American War as well as later in the proxy warsbetween the United States and Soviet Union in Central America.

In 1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act, which authorizedthe president to negotiate treaties that exchanged Indian tribal landsin the eastern states for lands west of the Mississippi River.

The act resulted most notably in the forced migration of severalnative tribes to the West, with several thousand Indians dying enroute, and the Creeks' violent opposition and eventual defeat.


West ard e pansion (1789 1849)


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1835


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The Indian Removal Act also directly caused the ceding ofSpanish Florida and subsequently led to the many SeminoleWars.

Mexico refused to accept the annexation ofTexas in 1845, andwar broke out in 1846.

The U.S., using regulars and large numbers of volunteers,defeated Mexico which was badly led, short on resources, andplagued by a divided command.

The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ceded California, NewMexico, and adjacent areas to the United States.

In 1850, the issue of slavery in the new territories was settled bythe Compromise of 1850 brokered by Whig Henry Clay andDemocrat Stephen Douglas.



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In the middle of the 19th century, whiteAmericans of the North and South wereunable to reconcile fundamentaldifferences in their approach togovernment, economics, society and

African American slavery.

Abraham Lincoln was electedPresident, the South seceded to formthe Confederate States of America, andthe Civil Warfollowed, with the ultimatedefeat of the South.

Civil War era (18491865)


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The causes:

Abraham Lincoln, a foe ofslavery , was elected presidentin 1860.- 11 states left Union andproclaim themselves anindependent nation, theConfederate State of America.

Process of the war:

The Confederate Army hadbrilliant tacticians especiallyGeneral Robert E. Lee

The Union Army had superiorand resources to draw upon,leaded by General Ulysses S.

Grant.


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Result The Confederates surrendered.

Historical meaning: the civilwar was the most traumaticepisode in American history,

but it resolved two matters:+ put an end to slavery+ decided that the country

was not a collection of semi-independent states but an

indivisible whole.


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Reconstruction and the rise of industrialization(18651918)

America experienced an accelerated rate ofindustrialization, mainly in the northern states.

Civil Rights : a state of economic, social and politicalservitude.

Monopolies plagued the United States and corruption

within the oil, steel, and railroad businesses was vast. U.S. Federal government policy, since the James

Monroe Administration, had been to move theindigenous population beyond the reach of the whitefrontier into a series ofIndian reservations.

In 1876, the last majorSioux warerupted when theBlack Hills Gold Rush penetrated their territory.

This period was capped by the 1917 entry of the UnitedStates into World War I.


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Reconstruction and the rise of industrialization

(18651918) - Immigration

The level of immigration grew steadily after1896.

Most new arrivals unskilled workers from eastern and southern Europe,who found jobs working in the steel mills, slaughterhouses andconstruction crews in the mill towns and industrial cities.

The start of World War I in 1914 suddenly stopped most internationalmovement, which only resumed after 1919.

Starting in the 1880s, the labor unions aggressively promoted restrictions

on immigration, especially restrictions on Chinese and other Asians.

The basic fear was that large numbers of unskilled, low-paid workerswould defeat the union's efforts to raise wages through collectivebargaining.

Post World War I and the Great Depression


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Post-World War I and the Great Depression(19181940)

Following World War I, the U.S. grew steadily in stature as aneconomic and military world power.

Red Scare

The United States Senate did not ratify the Treaty of Versaillesimposed by its Allies on the defeated Central Powers; instead, the

United States chose to pursue unilateralism, if not isolationism. In 1920, the manufacture, sale, import and export of alcohol were

prohibited by the Eighteenth Amendment to the United StatesConstitution.

Prohibition encouraged illegal breweries and dealers to make

substantial amounts of money selling alcohol illegally. The Prohibition ended in 1933, a failure.

Post World War I and the Great Depression


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Post-World War I and the Great Depression(19181940)

During most of the 1920s, the United States enjoyed a period ofunbalanced prosperity: farm prices and wages fell, while industrialprofits grew.

The boom was fueled by a rise in debt and an inflated stockmarket.

The recovery was rapid in all areas except unemployment, whichremained fairly high until 1940.


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World War II (1940-1945) and Home front-United

States-World War II

As with World War I, the United States did not enter World War IIuntil after the rest of the activeAllied countries had done so.

Its decision to declare war followed Japan's surprise attack onPearl Harboron 7 December 1941.

Until then, the United States isolationism had bound the country

to neutrality. the American armed forces were significantly smaller than the

equivalent forces ofFrance, Germany, Britain, the Soviet Unionand Japan.

On 31 October 1941, less than two months before the attack onPearl Harbor, an American destroyer escorting cargo ships in the

Atlantic was sunk by a German U-boat.

War, however, was not declared on Germany.


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World War II (1940-1945) and Home front-United

States-World War II

On 7 December 1941, Japan launched a surprise attack on theAmerican naval base in Pearl Harbor, citing America's recenttrade embargo as justification.

The following day, Franklin D. Roosevelt successfully urged ajoint session of Congress to declare war on Japan, calling 7December 1941 "a date which will live in infamy."

Four days after the attack on Pearl Harbor, on December 11, NaziGermany declared war on the United States, drawing the countryinto a two-theater war.


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Battle against Germany

Upon entering the war the United States realized they could notfight both Japan and Germany at once.

The United States first step was to set up a large air force inBritain to concentrate on bombing raids into Germany itself.

By May 1943, the British 8th Army had expelled the Germans

from North Africa and the Allies controlled this vital link until theend of the war.

The American navy also played an active role in the Atlanticprotecting the convoys bringing vital American war material toBritain.

The allied bombing raids on Germany increased tounprecedented levels after the D-Day invasion, with over 70% ofall bombs dropped on Germany occurring after this date.

Germany was flattened, the country was physically andemotionally rubble.


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Battle against Germany

On 30 April 1945, with Berlin completely overrun with Russian

forces and his country in tatters,Adolf Hitler committed suicide. On 8 May 1945, the war with Germany was over, following its

unconditional surrender to the Allied forces.

The first years of the war against Japan was largely a defensivebattle with the United States Navy attempting to prevent the

Japanese Navy from asserting dominance of the Pacific region. Initially, Japan won the majority of its battles in a short period of

time.

Japan quickly defeated and created military bases in Guam,Thailand, Malaya, Hong Kong, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia

and Burma. The turning point of the war was the Battle of Midway in June

1942. The United States Navy had broken the Japanesecommunication codes.The Americans began fighting towardsChina.During this period, they inadvertently triggered what would

become their most comprehensive victory in the entire war.


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Battle against Japan

The Pacific war became the largest naval conflict in history.

The decision to use nuclear weapons to end the conflict has beenone of the most controversial decisions of the war.

The first bomb was dropped on Hiroshimaon August 6, 1945,unexpected by the Japanese. The second bomb was dropped onNagasaki on August 9.

On August 15, 1945, the Japanese surrendered unconditionallyand the war was over, avoiding a bloody invasion.

Cold War beginnings and the Civil Rights Movement


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Cold War beginnings and the Civil Rights Movement(19451964)

Following World War II, the United States emerged as one

of the two dominant superpowers. The post-war era in the United States was defined

internationally by the beginning of the Cold War, in whichthe United States and the Soviet Union attempted toexpand their influence at the expense of the other, checked

by each side's massive nuclear arsenal and the doctrine ofmutual assured destruction.

Within the United States, the Cold War prompted concernsabout Communist influence, and also resulted ingovernment efforts to encourage math and science toward

efforts like the space race. Germany became a divided country:

+ Western zone under joint British, French & Americanoccupation

+ Eastern zone under Soviet Union occupation.



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4/1949, NATO (North Atlantic

Treaty Organization) was formedby U.S, Canada, Denmark,France, Italy.

Soviet Union responded by theestablishment of the Warsaw

Pact & Soviet Allies in socialistfaction in Europe: Poland,Hungary,.



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John F. Kennedy was elected President in 1960.

During his time in office, the Cold War reached itsheight with the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962.

The Americans move from farms into the citiesand experienced a period of sustained economicexpansion.

At the same time, institutionalized racism acrossthe United States was increasingly challenged bythe growing Civil Rights movement andAfrican

American leaders such as Martin Luther King, Jr.


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Cold War(19641980)

The Cold Warcontinued through the

1960s and 1970s. The United States entered the Vietnam

War.

In the early 1970s, Johnson's successor,President Richard Nixon was forced by

Congress to bring the Vietnam War to aclose, and the American-backed SouthVietnamese government subsequentlycollapsed.

The war had cost the lives of 58,000

American troops and millions ofVietnamese.


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Cold War(19641980)

The Cold Warcontinued through the 1960s and

1970s. The United States entered the Vietnam War.

In the early 1970s, Johnson's successor,President Richard Nixon was forced by Congressto bring the Vietnam War to a close, and the

American-backed South Vietnamese governmentsubsequently collapsed.

The war had cost the lives of 58,000 Americantroops and millions of Vietnamese.

The OPEC oil embargo and slowing economic

growth led to a period of stagflation.


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OPEC - 1973 oil crisis OIL EMBARGO

The 1973 oil crisis started in October 1973.

BACKGROUND1971Nixon Shock 0rNixon Price Freeze.

(U.S. exits BRITTON WOODS ACCORD and floats US

dollar)

RESPONSE Rest of the countries also float theircurrency and also increased their reserve.

RESULT Depreciation of US dollar as well as othercountries.

OPEC Cartel issued decision of pricingoil against gold.


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OPEC - 1973 oil crisis OIL EMBARGO

The 1973 oil crisis started in October 1973.

BACKGROUND1971Nixon Shock 0rNixon Price Freeze.

(U.S. exits BRITTON WOODS ACCORD and floats US

dollar)

RESPONSE Rest of the countries also float theircurrency and also increased their reserve.

RESULT Depreciation of US dollar as well as othercountries.

OPEC Cartel issued decision of pricingoil against gold.


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End of the Cold War(19801988)

Ronald Reagan produced a majorrealignment

with his 1980 and 1984 landslides. In 1980, the Reagan coalition was possible

because of Democratic losses in most social-economic groups.

"Reagan Democrats" were those who usually

voted Democratic but were attracted by Reagan'spolicies, personality and leadership, notably hissocial conservatism and hawkish foreign policy.


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History of the United States (1988present)

After the fall of the Soviet Union, the United States

emerged as the world's sole remainingsuperpower and continued to involve itself inmilitary action overseas, including the 1991 GulfWar.

Following his election in 1992, President Bill

Clinton oversaw the longest economic expansionin American history.

In 1993, Islamic terrorist, Ramzi Yousef, plantedexplosives in the underground garage ofOneWorld Trade Centerand detonated those killing

six people and injuring thousands, Beginning of an age ofterrorism.


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History of the United States (1988present)

The presidential election in 2000 between George W. Bush (R) andAl

Gore (D) was one of the closest in American history.

VS


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GEOGRAPHY


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GEOGRAPHY

Northern portion of the landmassgenerally referred to as the NewWorld, the Western Hemisphere, the

Americas, or simply America.

North America's only landconnection to South America is atthe Isthmus of Panama.

The continent can be divided into

four great regions The Great Plains (from the Gulf of

Mexico to the Canadian Arctic)

Mountainous west (the RockyMountains, the Great Basin)

California and Alaska (flat plateau

of the Canadian Shield in thenortheast)

The varied eastern region (theAppalachian Mountains, thecoastal plain along the Atlanticseaboard, and the Floridapeninsula)

GEOGRAPHY


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GEOGRAPHY

DEMOGRAPHICS


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The prevalent languages in NorthAmerica are English, Spanish,and French.

North America is a racially andethnically diverse continent. Itsthree main racial groups areCaucasians, Mestizos and Blacks.(significant minority of Indigenous

Americans and Asians).

DEMOGRAPHICS

DEMOGRAPHICS


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Native Languagesof North America

DEMOGRAPHICS

DEMOGRAPHICS


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Socially and culturally, Canada and the United States have a similar culture andsimilar traditions as a result of both countries being former British colonies.

Common cultural and economic market between the two nations because of thestrong economic and historical ties. Spanish-speaking North America shares acommon past as former Spanish colonies.

Mexico and the Central American countries where civilizations like the Mayadeveloped, indigenous people preserve traditions across modern boundaries.

Northern Mexico, particularly in the cities of Monterrey, Tijuana, Ciudad Jurez,

and Mexicali, is strongly influenced by the culture and way of life of the UnitedStates.

Economically, Canada and the United States are the wealthiest and mostdeveloped nations in the continent, followed by Mexico, a newly industrializedcountry.

DEMOGRAPHICS

POPULATION


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United States 311.6 million

Mexico 112,322,757

Canada 32,623,490

Caribbean island-nations Under 1 mil.

The largest cities in North America, by far are Mexico City and New York. (over8 mil.)

Next in size are Los Angeles, Chicago, Toronto, Havana, Santo Domingo,and Montreal. Cities in the sunbelt regions of the United States, such as thosein Southern California and Houston, Phoenix, Miami, Atlanta, and Las Vegas, areexperiencing rapid growth.

Cities near the United States border, particularly in Mexico, are also experiencinglarge amounts of growth. Most notable is Tijuana, a city bordering San Diego thatreceives immigrants from all over Latin America and parts of Europe and Asia.

Eight of the top ten metropolitan areas are located in the United States.

The proximity of cities to each other on the Canada - United States border andMexico - United States border has led to the rise of international metropolitanareas.

These urban agglomerations are observed at their largest and most productive inDetroitWindsor and San DiegoTijuana and experience large commercial,economic, and cultural activity.

POPULATION

POPULATION


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The top ten largest North American metropolitan areas by population as of 2010, basedon national census numbers from the United States of America, and census estimatesfrom Canada and Mexico.

POPULATION

BIGGEST METRO CITIES


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MEXICO NEW YORK

LOS ANGELES CHICAGO



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TORONTO

HOUSTON



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WASHINGTON D.C.

MIAMI

POPULATION


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Population density2000

POPULATION


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Settlements Points

POPULATION


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More than four out of fivepeople specified at least oneancestry.

The largest Europeanancestries have decreasedin population, while AfricanAmerican, Hispanic, andAsian ancestries haveincreased.

Seven percent of the U.S.population reported theirancestry as American.


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GEOLOGY


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Canadian geology

Geologically, Canada is one of the oldest regions in the world. Canada's mineralresources are diverse and extensive. Across the Canadian Shield and in the north there

are large iron, nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, molybdenum, and uranium reserves.Large diamond concentrations have been recently developed in the Arctic, makingCanada one of the world's largest producers. Throughout the Shield there are manymining towns extracting these minerals. The largest, and best known, is Sudbury,Ontario.

U.S. geological provinces

The 48 U.S. states can be divided into roughly five physiographic provinces:1. The American cordillera.2. The Canadian Shield.

3. The stable platform.4. The coastal plain.5. The Appalachian orogenic belt.

The geology of Alaska is typical of that of the cordillera, while the major islands ofHawaii consist of Neogene volcanics erupted over a hot spot.

GEOLOGY


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GEOLOGY


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Central American geology

Central America is geologically active with volcanic eruptions and earthquakesoccurring from time to time.

In 1976 Guatemala was hit by a major earthquake, killing 23,000 people; Managua,the capital of Nicaragua, was devastated by earthquakes in 1931 and 1972, the lastone killed about 5,000 people; three earthquakes devastated El Salvador, one in1986 and two in 2001; one earthquake devastated northern and central Costa Rica in2009 killing at least 34 people; in Honduras a powerful earthquake killed 7 people in2009.

Central America has many mountain ranges; the longest are the Sierra Madre deChiapas, the Cordillera Isabelia and the Cordillera de Talamanca.

Between the mountain ranges lie fertile valleys that are suitable for the people; in factmost of the population of Honduras, Costa Rica and Guatemala live in valleys.

Valleys are also suitable for the production of coffee, beans and other crops.

CLIMATE


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ECONOMY


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Canada, Mexico and the UnitedStates have significant andmultifaceted economic systems.

The United States has the largesteconomy in North America, and in theworld. In 2011, the US has anestimated per capita gross domesticproduct (PPP) of $47,200, and is themost technologically developedeconomy in North America.

United states Service sector 76.7 % Industry 22.2 % Agriculture 1.2 %

ECONOMY


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GDP growth_1923-2009

ECONOMY


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ECONOMY


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ECONOMY


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ECONOMY


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Canada's economic trends are similar to that of the United States, with significantgrowth in the sectors of services, mining and manufacturing. Canada's GDP (PPP)was estimated at $39,400 in 2010.

Canada Service sector 78% Industry 22% Agriculture 2 %

Mexico has a GDP (PPP) of $15,113 per capita and as of 2010 is the 11th largesteconomy in the world. Mexico maintains both modern and outdated industrial andagricultural facilities and operations. Its main sources of income are oil, industrialexports manufactured goods, electronics, heavy industry, automobiles,construction, food, banking and financial services.

ECONOMY


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The North American economy is well defined and structured in three maineconomic areas.

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM)Central American Common Market (CACM)

In addition to the larger trade blocs there is the Canada-Costa Rica Free TradeAgreement among numerous other free trade relations; often between the larger,more developed countries, and Central American and Caribbean countries.

The North America Free Trade Agreement forms one of the four largest trade blocsin the world. (implemented in 1994)

Twenty Largest Economies by GDP at Given Years

The following is a list of twenty largest economies by nominal GDP at a specific year


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The following is a list of twenty largest economies by nominal GDP at a specific yearaccording to IMF (International Monetary Fund)

The following is a list of twenty largest economies by GDP (PPP) at a specific yearaccording to IMF and the World Bank


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according to IMF and the World Bank

1980 1990 - European Union, United States and Japan lead expansion


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1990 2000 - United States dominates expansion


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2000 2010 Rise of Developing and Emerging Economies


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URBAN EXTENTS


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WORLD POPULATION COUNT


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1990



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1995



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2000

WORLD POPULATION DENSITY


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1990



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1995



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2000

WORLD URBAN EXTENTS


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Documents

North America-city Futures