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THE ASSESSMENT OF RIVER WATER
QUALITY IN KUANTAN
RIVER BASIN
NORHASMIRA IDAYU BINTI HARUN
MASTER OF SCIENCE
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG
SUPERVISOR’S DECLARATION
We hereby declare that we have checked this thesis, and, in our opinions, this thesis is
adequate in terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree of Master of Science.
_______________________________
(Supervisor’s Signature)
Full Name : DR. MOHD HASBI AB. RAHIM
Position : ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
Date :
_______________________________
(Co-supervisor’s Signature)
Full Name : DR. SAIFUL NIZAM TAJUDDIN
Position : ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
Date :
STUDENT’S DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the work in this thesis is based on my original work except for
quotations and citations which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has
not been previously or concurrently submitted for any other degree at Universiti
Malaysia Pahang or any other institutions.
_______________________________
(Student’s Signature)
Full Name : NORHASMIRA IDAYU BINTI HARUN
ID Number : MKT 15001
Date :
THE ASSESSMENT OF RIVER WATER QUALITY
IN KUANTAN RIVER BASIN
NORHASMIRA IDAYU BINTI HARUN
Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of the degree of
Master of Science
Faculty of Industrial Sciences & Technology
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG
AUGUST 2019
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
With the name of Allah, Most Gracious and Most Merciful.
First of all, all praises and thanks to Allah, for giving me enough time to complete my
thesis. Secondly, it is dedicated to my teachers and supervisors, Associate Professor Dr.
Mohd Hasbi Ab. Rahim, Dr. Daisuke Kozaki, Associate Professor Dr. Saiful Nizam
Tajuddin, and Dr. Wan Nur Syidah, the lecturers and the staff of Universiti Malaysia
Pahang, especially Ms. Anida, for teaching, assissting and guiding me in the research
works. Then specially to my lovely husband, Kang Wei, my parents, Harun Bin
Abdullah and Napisah Binti Taib, my children and my siblings for their endless support
and love. Lastly to my research team, Aini Syazana Binti Derahman, Nurul Syazwani
Binti Alias and Kee Seng Pu, for assisting me during the research.
iii
ABSTRAK
Penilaian kualiti air sungai adalah sangat penting kepada masyarakat dan alam sekitar.
Sebarang kemorosotan kualiti air sungai akan mendorong kepada risiko yang besar
kepada ekosistem hidupan serta boleh memberi kesan negatif kepada ekonomi setempat.
Oleh itu, pengawasan berterusan kualiti air serta kaedah rawatan dan pengurusan yang
sesuai adalah perlu. Maka, penyelidikan ini berfokus kepada pengawasan kualiti air
sungai di kawasan lembangan Sungai Kuantan. Ia melibatkan Sungai Galing, Sungai
Belat dan Sungai Kuantan kerana sungai- sungai ini saling berkait antara satu sama lain.
Pefahaman terhadap hubungkait antara ion inorganik dan parameter terpilih sangat
penting dan salah satu langkah penambahbaikan dalam pengurusan air sungai.
Penyelidikan ini menumpukan kepada kefahaman terhadap taburan kepekatan ion
inorganik dan parameter kualiti air yang terpilih dan pengkelasan sungai berdasarkan
Piawaian Kualiti Air Kebangsaan (NWQS). Selain itu, pengkajian pengawasan secara
terperinci juga dilakukan kepada sungai yang paling tercemar di antara sungai-sungai
yang di kaji. Sistem ion kromatografi di gunakan dalam penyelidikan ini terutamanya
dalam menganalisa sifat ion inorganik. Ion HCO3- di kaji dengan menggunakan Ion
Kromatografi Pengecualian, manakala SO42-, Cl-, NO3
-, Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+ ion
di kaji dengan menggunakan Ion Kromatografi Pengecualian/ Kation Penukaran
Kromatografi. Selain itu, analisis statistik dibuat dengan menggunakan ANOVA.
Berdasarkan penyelidikan ini, pengkelasan berdasarkan NWQS telah dibuat dan
didapati bahawa Sungai Galing adalah yang paling tercemar dalam kalangan sungai
yang dikaji. Daripada kepekatan Cl- and Na+, didapati di kawasan G2 sangat tinggi
disebabkan masalah persekitaran dan pengaruh daripada bahan buangan organik
berbanding dengan kawasan yang lain. Manakala jumlah nitrogen (TN), keperluan
oksigen kimia (COD) dan oksigen terlarut (DO), kepekatannya sangat tinggi
terutamanya pada sebelah barat Sungai Galing. Hal ini disebabkan oleh sisa buangan
yang tidak dirawat dengan sempurna daripada kawasan industri, perumahan dan
pertanian yang berdekatan seterusnya menghasilkan pengkelasan yang tinggi bagi
sebelah barat Sungai Galing berbanding kepada kawasan sebelah timur sungai Galing.
Nilai pH di kawasan pangkal sungai di sebelah barat Sungai Galing (G1a-1 and G1a-2)
di kawasan industri dikelaskan dalam kelas V atau dekat dengan kelas V. Secara
umumnya, penyelidikan ini menunjukkan status terkini bagi kualiti air sungai di
kawasan Kuantan. Selain itu, penggunaan Ion Pengecualian Kromatografi di dapati
mampu menjadi rujukan untuk penyelidik alam sekitar yang lain dan juga institusi
berkaitan dalam proses pengawasan kualiti air sungai.
iv
ABSTRACT
Assessing water quality is of crucial importance to both society and the environment.
Deterioration in water quality induces substantial risk to the living ecosystem and can
have detrimental effects on the local economy. Therefore continuous water monitoring
with appropriate treatment and management approach is necessary. Thus, the current
study focuses on the assessment of river water quality in Kuantan River basin. It
involved Galing, Belat and Kuantan rivers that link to each other. Understanding the
relationship of inorganic ions and selected parameters are important and one of the
improvements for river water management. Thus, the research focuses on understanding
the distribution of inorganic ions concentrations and its relationship with selected water
quality parameters subsequently classification of the monitored rivers was made based
on the National Water Quality Standards (NWQS). The detail monitoring was done to
the most polluted river among the study area. The ion chromatographic systems were
used for analyzing the behavior of inorganic ions. The HCO3- ion concentration was
determined using Ion Exclusion Chromatography. Meanwhile, SO42-, Cl-, NO3
-, Na+,
NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+ ions were identified by Ion-Exclusion Chromatography/Cation-
Exchange Chromatography. The statistical analysis was made by using ANOVA. The
classification was made based on the NWQS indicates that the Galing River is the most
polluted river in the study area. Thus, detail monitoring on Galing River is done and
from the obtained results, the concentration of Cl- and Na+, is high due to the
environmental burden and anthropogenic influence that was detected in G2 compared to
the rest of the Galing River area. In terms of total nitrogen (TN), chemical oxygen
demand (COD), and dissolved oxygen (DO), the western side of the Galing River was
affected by higher human activity such as wastewater from industrial, household, and
agricultural, which classify within higher class compared to the eastern side. Class V or
near Class V for pH values were obtained at upstream on the western side of the Galing
River (G1a-1 and G1a-2) in the industrial area. In general, the study provides the
current status of river water quality on Kuantan river basin. On top of that, the
application of ion exclusion chromatography can be used as the reference for other
environmental researcher and related institutional bodies in water monitoring process.
v
TABLE OF CONTENT
DECLARATION
TITLE PAGE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii
ABSTRAK ii
ABSTRACT iv
TABLE OF CONTENT v
LIST OF TABLES ix
LIST OF FIGURES xi
LIST OF SYMBOLS xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background of study 1
1.2 Problem statement 3
1.3 Research objectives 4
1.4 Scope of study 4
1.5 Significance of study 5
1.6 Thesis summary 5
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 7
2.1 Introduction 7
vi
2.2 Overview of selected water quality parameters practiced in Malaysia 7
2.2.1 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) 8
2.2.2 pH 9
2.2.3 Total Nitrogen (TN) 10
2.2.4 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 12
2.2.5 Total Phosphorus (TP) 13
2.3 The relationship between inorganic ions with river water quality 13
2.4 The relationship between different seasons and water quality 15
2.5 General water quality status of selected rivers in Malaysia 16
2.6 Geographical structure of study area 17
2.7 Ion Exclusion Chromatography (IEC) 18
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 21
3.1 Introduction 21
3.2 Water sampling area and filtration method 21
3.3 Reagents 25
3.4 IEC/CEC systems for inorganic ions 25
3.5 Water quality parameters for water quality standard 30
3.5.1 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) 30
3.5.2 pH 30
3.5.3 Total Nitrogen (TN) 30
3.5.4 The statistical analysis 32
3.6 The classification of the monitored rivers based on National Water
Quality Standards (NWQS) 32
3.7 Detailed monitoring of the most polluted river in the study area 33
3.7.1 The sampling map for detailed monitoring of the most polluted
river in the study area 33
vii
3.7.2 The water quality parameters in detailed monitoring of Galing
River 36
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 36
Total Phosphorus (TP) 37
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 39
4.1 Introduction 39
4.2 The distribution of inorganic ions concentration in Galing, Belat and
Kuantan rivers 39
4.3 The distribution of water quality parameters in Galing, Belat and
Kuantan rivers 51
4.4 The relationship between NO3-, NH4
+ and DO 56
4.5 The classification of monitored rivers using National Water Quality
Standards (NWQS) in Malaysia 61
4.6 The statistical analysis 62
4.7 The detailed monitoring of the most contaminated river 65
4.7.1 Details monitoring of inorganic ions concentration in Galing River 66
4.7.2 The distribution of water quality parameters in detail monitoring of
Galing River 70
4.7.3 The detailed monitoring of relationship between NH4+, NO3- and
DO in Galing River 71
4.7.4 The water quality classification using National Water Quality
Standards (NWQS) for Malaysia 72
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 75
5.1 Conclusion 75
5.2 Recommendation 76
viii
REFERENCES 77
APPENDIX A 84
APPENDIX B 89
ACHIEVEMENT 92
ix
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 National Water Quality Standards (NWQS) Classes and Uses 8
Table 2.2 Dissolved Oxygen value classification based on Water Quality
Index and National Water Quality Standards 9
Table 2.3 The pH value classification based on Water Quality Index and
National Water Quality Standards 10
Table 2.4 The ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N), nitrite ions (NO2) and nitrate
ions (NO3) value classification based on National Water Quality
Standard and ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N) value classification
based Water Quality Index. 11
Table 2.5 Chemical Oxygen Demands value classification based on Water
Quality Index and National Water Quality Standards 12
Table 3.1 The sampling time 21
Table 3.2 The sampling point and coordinate 24
Table 3.3 The list of system involved in ion chromatography 25
Table 3.4 List of the samples point that need to be diluted 27
Table 3.5 The list of Test 'N Tube Low Range Total Nitrogen Reagent Set 31
Table 3.6 The classification of the monitored river based on the National
Water Quality Standards 32
Table 3.7 The details monitoring for Galing River and its coordinate 33
Table 3.8 The geographical structure of the detailed sampling point of
Galing River 36
Table 3.9 The list of Chemical Oxygen Demand Reagent Set 38
Table 3.10 The list of Total Phosphorus TNT Reagent Set 39
Table 4.1 The average concentration of inorganic ions in Galing, Belat and
Kuantan rivers 50
Table 4.2 The classification of Galing, Belat and Kuantan rivers based on
National Water Quality Standards 61
Table 4.3 The National Water Quality Standards in Malaysia 61
Table 4.4 The ANOVA Two- Factor with replication for water quality
parameters including dissolved oxygen, pH and total nitrogen in
Galing River 62
Table 4.5 The ANOVA Two-Factor with replication for water quality
parameters including dissolved oxygen, pH and total nitrogen in
Belat River 67
Table 4.6 The ANOVA Two-Factor with replication for water quality
parameters including dissolved oxygen, pH and total nitrogen in
Kuantan River 68
x
Table 4.7 The average concentration of inorganic ions in detail monitoring
of Galing River 70
Table 4.8 The average value of selected water quality parameters 73
Table 4.9 The classification of the details monitoring of Galing River based
on the National Water Quality Standards (NWQS) in Malaysia 76
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3.1 The sampling map of Galing, Belat and Kuantan rivers 23
Figure 3.2 The IEC schematic diagram for bicarbonate ion 28
Figure 3.3 The IEC/CEC schematic diagram for inorganic ions 29
Figure 3.4 The detailed sampling map for Galing River 35
Figure 4.1 The sulphate ion concentration in Galing, Belat and Kuantan
rivers 41
Figure 4.2 The chloride ion concentration in Galing, Belat and Kuantan
rivers 42
Figure 4.3 The nitrate ion concentration in Galing, Belat and Kuantan
rivers 43
Figure 4.4 The sodium ion concentration in Galing, Belat and Kuantan rivers 44
Figure 4.5 The ammonium ion concentration in Galing, Belat and Kuantan
rivers 45
Figure 4.6 The potassium ion concentration in Galing, Belat and Kuantan rivers 46
Figure 4.7 The magnesium ion concentration in Galing, Belat and Kuantan
rivers 47
Figure 4.8 The calcium ion concentration in Galing, Belat and Kuantan
rivers 48
Figure 4.9 The bicarbonate ion concentration in Galing, Belat and Kuantan
rivers 49
Figure 4.10 The dissolved oxygen, pH and total nitrogen values in Galing
River 52
Figure 4.11 The dissolved oxygen, pH and total nitrogen values in Belat
River 54
Figure 4.12 The dissolved oxygen, pH and total nitrogen values in Kuantan
River 55
Figure 4.13 The relationship between NO3-, NH4+ and dissolved oxygen in
Belat River 57
Figure 4.14 The relationship between NO3-, NH4+ and dissolved oxygen in
Kuantan River 58
Figure 4.15 The relationship of NH4+-NO3- -DO concentration of Galing River 60
Figure 4.16 The average inorganic ions concentration in Galing River:
a) SO42-, b) Cl2-,c) NO3-, d) Na+, e) NH4-, f) K+, g) Mg2+, h)
Ca2+ 67
Figure 4.17 The relationship of NH4+, NO3- and dissolved oxygen in detail
monitoring of Galing River 72
xii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
Ca+ Calcium ion
Cl- Chloride ion
HCO3- Bicarbonate ion
H+ Hydrogen ion
K+ Potassium ion
Mg/L Miligram per liter
Mg2+ Magnesium ion
Min Minute
Na+ Sodium ion
NH4+ Ammonium ion
NO3- Nitrate ion
SO4+ Sulphate ion
mM mili Molar
xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AEC Anion Exchange Chromatography
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
DO Dissolved Oxygen
EC Electrical Conductivity
G1 Galing 1
G2 Galing 2
IC Ion Chromatography
IEC Ion Exclusion Chromatography
IEC/CEC Ion Exclusion Chromatography/ Cation Exchange Chromatography
pH Alkalinity and acidity
TP Total Phosphate
TN Total Nitrogen
UV-Vis Ultra Violet-Visible
NWQS National Water Quality Standards Malaysia
SCX Column Strongly Cationic Exchange Column
WCX Column Weakly Cationic Exchange Column
77
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