Nordicguidetosustainablematerials

WP4:Guidetosustainablematerials

Author:RambøllonbehalfofGBCFReferencegroup:NGBC,SGBC,GBCFandIGBC

December2014

CONCEPTS AND ABBREVIATIONS

BIM Buildinginformationmodel:modelcanbeusede.g.forlifecycleanalysis,energyefficiencymodelling,materialneedcalculations.

CENTC350(Sustainabilityofconstructionworks)

CEN/TC350isresponsibleforthedevelopmentofhorizontalstandardizedmethodsfortheassessmentofthesustainabilityaspectsofnewandexistingconstructionworks(buildingsandcivilengineeringworks),includinghorizontalcorerulesforthedevelopmentofenvironmentalproductdeclarationofconstructionproducts(EPD).

EN15978 StandardinstructionsforassessingtheenvironmentalperformanceintheCENTC350sustainabilityofconstructionworksstandardfamily

EN15804 StandardinstructionsforEnvironmentalProductDeclarationcontentintheCENTC350sustainabilityofconstructionworksstandardfamily

“Cradle-to-grave”

Thereviewbeginswiththegatheringofrawmaterialsfromtheearthtocreatetheproductandendsatthepointwhenallmaterialsarereturnedtotheearth.

Environmentalcertificationschemesforbuildings(LEED,BREEAM)

LEED(LeadershipinEnergyandEnvironmentalDesign)isacertificationschemefordifferentbuildingsandconstructionprojectsfromUS.BREEAMistheBREEnvironmentalAssessmentMethod,certificationschemefordifferentbuildingsandconstructionprojectsfromGreatBritain.

EPD Environmentalproductdeclarationisanindependentlyverifiedandregistereddocumentthatcommunicatestransparentandcomparableinformationaboutthelife-cycleenvironmentalimpactofproducts

LCA Lifecycleassessmentisa“cradle-to-grave”approachforassessingproductenvironmentalmeasures.LCAincludesaninventoryofrelevantenergyandmaterialinputsandtheirenvironmentalreleases.

LCC Life-cyclecostingorLCCisatoolwhichevaluatesthecostsofanassetthroughoutitslife-cycle.

Lifecycle Theseriesofstagesthroughwhichaproductpassesfromthebeginningofitsproductionrawmaterialharvestinguntilitsdisablingtolandfill

Materialefficiency Materialefficiencyisnaturalresourceuseminimizationbyusingproductsandservicesthatreducetherawmaterialuseandenvironmentalharmsduringtheproductlifecycle.

REACH REACHabbreviationcomesfromRegistration,Evaluation,AuthorisationandRestrictionofChemicals.REACHisaregulationthatenteredintoforceon1stJune2007tohelpintheidentificationofchemicaloriginandproductchaintraceability.

Servicelife Thetimethattheproductisexpectedtoservetheusedthatitisdesignedfor.

Sustainability Sustainabilitymeansthatissuesaredoneinenvironmentallyresponsibleway.Sustainabledevelopmentisgloballyandlocallyorganizedsocialdevelopmentthatshouldsecurefuturegenerationsthesameconditionsthantoday.Thatalsomeansthatenvironment,humanandeconomyistakenintoconsiderationinthedecisionmaking.TheUNBrundtlandCommission'sreport(1987)definedsustainabledevelopmentas"developmentwhichmeetstheneedsofcurrentgenerationswithoutcompromisingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirownneeds".

FOREWORD TheprojectNordicGuidetoSustainableMaterials,financedbyNordicBuilt,hasbeenacooperationbetweentheGreenBuildingCouncilsinFinland,Iceland,SwedenandNorway.Westartedthisprojectbecausetherehasbeenaneedforpredictablecriteriaandlackofcommonagreementofsustainabilityinexistingtoolsandenvironmentallabels.Theprojecthasresultedindifferentreportsandguidelines;WP1:State-of-the-art,isareportwithupdatedoverviewoftheregulationsandrunningactivitiesbothintheNordiccountriesandEuropewithinthisfield.

WP2:Thecriteria,isareportthatdefinesfunctionalcriteriaforsustainablebuildingproductsanddescribethebackgroundforthedifferentspecifications.

WP3:Surveyresults–KnowledgeanddemandofEPD,summarizestheresultsfromasurveydoneineachofthefourcountriesamongbothBuildingownersandProducersandproviders

WP4:GuidetoSustainablematerials-thisreport,discussessustainablematerialsbothonabuilding,materialandproductlevel.Thisreportalsogivesaoverviewofthewholeprojectandincludesummariesfromtheotherworkpackages.

Theprojectalsohasproducedthreeguidelines:

• WhydoweneedaEPD–abrochurethatexplainwhatanEPDisandwhybuildingownersshouldaskforit

• Guidelinesforsustainablematerials–withadvicesforboththebuildingdesign,choiceofmaterialsandchoiceofbuildingproducts

• Guidelinesforprocurement–whichgoesmoreintodetailsofhowtousethecriteriadefinedintheprojectsinprocurements

Inadditiontotheseoutputs,theprojecthasbeenanimportantexperienceofhowimportantitistocollaboratewithintheNordiccountries.Weallhaveaconcernaboutsustainablematerials,buthavealottolearnfromeachother.WealsohopeourprojectcanraisetheknowledgewithinthebuildingsectorinthewholeEurope.

10.0316

TrineDyrstadPettersen,Norwegianprojectmanager

JonnyHellman,Swedishprojectmanager

SigríðurBjörkJónsdóttirandHelgaBjarnadottir,Icelandicprojectmanagers

JessicaKarhu,Finnishprojectmanager

KatharinaTh.Bramslev,NGBC,Nordicprojectmanager

1

Contents1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 2

1.1 Goal of this guide ....................................................................................................................... 2 1.1.1 Definition ............................................................................................................................. 3 1.1.2 Three levels in this guide ..................................................................................................... 3 1.1.3 Four indicators with three different ambition levels ......................................................... 3

1.2 State-Of-Art /Sweden/ WP1 ...................................................................................................... 3 1.3 The environmental legislation on buildings and national targets ............................................. 4

1.3.1 Environmental regulations for construction sector ........................................................... 4 1.3.2 Latest development in the environmental regulations ...................................................... 5 1.3.3 Future development in the environmental regulations ..................................................... 5

2. Sustainability on the building level .................................................................................................. 6 2.1 Sustainability of a building ......................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) perspective ................................................................................... 7 2.3 Environmental certification systems ....................................................................................... 10 2.4 Location of a building ............................................................................................................... 11 2.5 Form and structure of a building ............................................................................................. 12 2.6 Meaning of building components ............................................................................................ 13 2.7 Materials role in the life-cycle of the building ......................................................................... 15

2.7.1 Manufacturing materials and products ............................................................................ 18 2.7.2 Transportation of materials and products ........................................................................ 18

3. Sustainable materials and products .............................................................................................. 19 3.1 Sustainability of building products / Norway, WP2 ................................................................. 19

3.1.1 Four sustainability indicators ............................................................................................ 19 3.1.2 Three levels for each indicator .......................................................................................... 20 3.1.3 How to group the materials? ............................................................................................ 22 3.1.4 Accepted documentation .................................................................................................. 26

3.2 Verification of environmental product data of Nordic products ............................................ 27 3.3 Re-use and recycling of building materials and recycled materials in buildings .................... 28

3.3.1 Product approval ............................................................................................................... 28 3.3.2 Planning new building components for reusable ............................................................. 29 3.3.3 Using re-used building components ................................................................................. 30 3.3.4 Re-use of building frame ................................................................................................... 31 3.3.5 Recycled building materials in new construction ............................................................. 31

4. Guidelines for planning and design ............................................................................................... 33 4.1 Feasibility analysis .................................................................................................................... 33 4.2 Program development and schematic design ......................................................................... 34 4.3 Design development and working drawings ........................................................................... 35 4.4 Construction phase .................................................................................................................. 36 4.5 Commissioning stage ............................................................................................................... 37 4.6 Use and maintenance .............................................................................................................. 38

5. Guidelines for procurement / Finland / all .................................................................................... 38 5.1 Tenderer's suitability criteria ................................................................................................... 40 5.2 Minimum requirements and technical instructions of a purchase ......................................... 41 5.3 Comparison criteria for tenders that fulfil the requirements of request for quotation (RFQ) 42 5.4 Contract clauses ....................................................................................................................... 43

6. References ...................................................................................................................................... 45

2

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Goal of this guide The goal has been to tackle three important challenges for the transition to more sustainablematerials:

• agreementonacommonsetoffunctionalcriteriaforsustainablematerials• sufficient Environmental Product Declarations (EPD) for Nordic products to enable

manufacturerstogetcreditfromtheirdevelopmentofsustainableproductsand• simplification of the procurement, planning and construction process for sustainable

materialsThe project will also provide practical guidelines for building owners who require the use ofsustainable building materials and will be applicable for all types of building and rehabilitationprojects.

TheGreenBuildingCouncilsinNorway,Sweden,FinlandandIcelandareallpartnersintheproject.Each country’s respective GBC consists of members from the whole value chain and thesemembersareinvitedtojointheproject.Theprojectconsistsoffiveworkpackages.Workpackage1iswrittenbytheSwedishGreenBuildingCouncil,givesashortoverviewofregulationsinthisfieldand existing commonly used tools and criteria in each country. The state-of-the art-reportsummarizestheresultsandthereportcomprisesimportantinputforourNordiceffortstoidentifycommonfunctionalcriteriaforsustainablematerials.

TheNorwegianGreenBuildingCouncilhasbeeninchargeofworkpackage2andisresponsibleforthisreport.Therehasbeenclosecollaborationbetweenallofthepartnersinobtaininginformationfromallfourcountries.Thisguide isbasedon the resultsof theNordicSustainableMaterials -project, fundedbyNordicBuilt in2014-2015.Theguideanswers to theprojectgoalsbutalsoaims tomotivate theuseofsustainablematerialsandbuildingproducts.The objective of this guide is to clarify the relevance of building materials and products whileevaluating the sustainability of our built environment. The building materials and products canhave different environmental effects depending on their use in the building. Therefore, forevaluating materials´ sustainability, it is important to recognize their intended function in thebuildingandestimatedservingtime.This guide aims to give common Nordic guidelines on how to evaluate and communicate thesustainabilityofbuildingmaterials.ThisguideemphasisesthatallevaluatingprocessesshouldbebasedoncommonEU–standardsandpoliciesinordertoachievecomparableresults.OthergoalofthisguideistoencourageorganisationstosettargetsthataremorestrictthanthegenerallevelinordertoreachambitiousandsignificantchangestocurrentsituationinNordiccountries.Inadditiontothediscussionconcerningtheenergyconsumptionofourbuiltenvironmentwearestartingtounderstandthattheembodiedenergyintheconstructionsandbuildingproductshasasignificant role regarding the carbon footprintof the construction sector.Material efficiencyandrecycling/recycledmaterialshavesignificantpotentials for theconstructionsectorandweshouldsupport new innovations in that field. Customers are more and more conscious of hazardousmaterials inbuildingmaterialsanddemandofnon-hazardouslivingenvironmentisrising.Wearespendingmostofourlifeindoors,thusthehealthyindoorclimateiscrucialelementofsustainablebuildings.This guide provides practical guidelines for building owners in order to support the demand ofsustainablebuildingmaterialsandgivesinstructionsforthetenderingprocess.Italsooffersadvicetoplannersanddesignersonhowtoconsider recyclingandmaterialefficiencywithin thedesignprocess.

3

1.1.1 Definit ion

Theobjectiveofthisstep-by-stepguidelineistohelpthebuildingowner,hisprojectteamandthecontractortomakedecisionsthatreducethenegativeenvironmentalimpactfrombuildingmaterials.Thebuildingmaterialsandproductscanhavedifferentenvironmentaleffectsdependingontheiruseinthebuilding.

1.1.2 Three levels in this guide Thisguidelinedealswithmaterialsinthreelevels.ThefirstlevelBuildingdesigncoversformandstructureofthebuilding,reuseofbuildingcomponentsanddesignforreuse.ThesecondlevelChoiceofmaterialcoverslifecycleanalysesandreuseofmaterialstogetherwithenvironmentalimpactduringservicelife.ThethirdlevelChoiceofbuildingproductscoversfunctionalcriteriaofaproductgroupandindividualproductdeclaration

Figure0.Threelevelsofmaterialsustainability.

1.1.3 Four indicators with three different ambition levels

Greenhousegasemissions,materialresources,hazardoussubstancesandindoorairemissionsarethefourindicatorsdescribethesustainabilityofbuildingmaterials.Theambitionsaresplitintothreelevels:BestNordicpractice,highambitiousandgoodambitious.Foreachindicatorandchosenambitionlevelitisdefinedcriteriathatthemostusedbuildingmaterialshavetofulfill.

1.2 State-Of-Art /Sweden/ WP1 There isoverridingEuropean legislationcoveringthisarea.The lawshavebeen implementedbuttheinterpretationamongtheNordiccountriesmayvary.Inaddition,individualcountriesalsohavetheir own legislation in this area. Most of these requirements form a framework and are notspecific. With the exception of Norway, no countries currently apply any general requirementsstipulating that construction products must disclose the contents of the substances they use.Under the Construction Products Regulation, the member states are able to enact regulationslimitinghazardoussubstances inconstructionmaterial.However,nationalchemical requirementsthat are specifically aimed at construction products are few. In Sweden, there is a billrecommending that keeping a logbook of construction materials should be a requirement,GovernmentBill2013/14:39.InNorway,boththebuildingregulationsandtheProductControlAct“thesubstitutionprinciple”demandthatauserofaproductdocumentsanyhazardoussubstances

• Form and structure of the building • Flexibility and material efficiency • Reuse of components • Design for reuse

Building design

• Life Cycle Analysis • Reuse of materials • Low environmental impact during service life

Choice of materials

• Functional criteria for a product group • Demand for product declaration

Choice of building products

4

and tries to identify an alternative product without these substances.A number of voluntary initiatives have been initiated, primarily, in Sweden and Norway, whererequirements have been set for the certification of buildings through various private and jointindustrialactions,butalsoforthereportingoftheenvironmentalimpactofconstructionproducts.Sweden has currently made the greatest progress concerning hazardous substances with threeestablishedsystems(Basta,Byggvarubedömningen(BuildingMaterialAssessment)andSundaHus)inthemarket,wherebyconstruction-relatedproductsareassessedbasedontheirenvironmentalproperties.Themainfocusoftheassessmentsliesonthecontents(chemicalcontent)andtwoofthe systems (Byggvarubedömningen and SundaHus) also address other environment-relatedlifecycles. In order to obtain this information, the industry has prepared a joint document, aclassification in which information about content and the environmental performance of theproduct is declared in theBuilding Product Declaration, version 3, wherework is in progress toupdateanddevelopthedocument.Thisworkshouldbetakenintoaccountlaterinthisproject.Regarding EPDs, both Norway and Sweden have established program operators that assess abuildingproduct’s life cycle according to stipulated requirementsunderdifferent standards, EPDNorwayandInternationalEPDinSweden.Norway has made the greatest progress concerning CO2 emissions due to materials and manybuildingownersdemanddocumentationof thisandalsodemandemissionsbelowdefined limitsforspecifiedproducts.ThefirstpartoftheNordicGreenGuidetoSustainableMaterialProjectshowsthatthejointlegalrequirementson the subject are relatively fewandpointlessbut, at the same time, they formasharedplatformfortheindustry.Manypositiveinitiativesexistandtheseshouldbeaddressedincontinuedefforts.Theobstaclesthatcouldimpedetheworkisbasedonthefactthattherehavenotbeenanypreviousprocedures for the information flowbetweenvarioussupplierchains,andthat there has not been any significant demand for the content. One problem is that manyproductsderivefrompartsoftheworldwheretheserequirementsarestillconsideredinsignificantand,inviewofthesizeoftheNordicmarket,itcouldbedifficulttodemandrelevantinformationfromthesesuppliers.

1.3 The environmental legislation on buildings and national targets

1.3.1 Environmental regulations for construction sector Today,theconstructionsectorenvironmentalprotectioninFinlandismainlycoveredbythewasteact and decree, as well as the land use and construction law. The regulations provideenvironmentalprotectionguidanceforconstructionwaste,re-useanddisposal,aswellasbuildingmaterialssafeandcorrectuse.TheWasteDirective(2008)obligesMemberStatestoincreasetherecycling rate of waste as material, which will contribute to more efficient use of resources.Finland'sobjectiveistoachievea70%recyclingrateforconstructionwasterecyclingasmaterialsby2020(FinnishMinistryofEnvironment).Forthenewbuildingproducts,environmentalcontroliscurrentlybasedmainlyontheCEmarkingandtype-approval.ConstructionproductsCEmarkinghasbeenmandatorysince1.7.2013asstatedin the new building regulation. The regulation defines the harmonized method for productapproval, but the levels are country specific. The CEmarking in Finland is based on the law forcertainconstructionproductsapproval(954/2012).CE-markedconstructionproductscoverabout80percentofallconstructionproductsFinnishMinistryofEnvironment.Other regulations covering the construction material environmental impacts are EcodesignDirective:Guidelines(2009/125/EC)laiddownatEUlevel,thatarenationallydeployedintheeco-design act (1005/2008 var 1009/2010, Finlex.). YM and TEM are responsible for supervising andcoordinatethepreparationofnationallawsandregulationsandconsultthestakeholders.

5

It is important toactat theearliestpossiblestagewhentheregulation isconsidered.Eco-designaimstoimproveproductsenergyefficiencybyintegrationofenvironmentalaspectsandlife-cycleaspectsalreadyinproductdesignphase.ThesecondFrameworkDirectivewhichiscloselylinkedtothe construction sector is the Energy Labelling Directive (2010/30 / EU) concerning the energyefficiencyofproductsthatincludese.g.HVACequipment.

1.3.2 Latest development in the environmental regulations Energy efficiency of buildings has been paid a lot of attention lately. Renovation project energyregulationswererenewedwiththeenergyefficiencydirective(2010/31/EU)andtheelementsofthe energy certificate was renewed (Act 50/2013 energy certificate) e.g. to cover theenvironmental impact of energy production. Energy efficiency is also encouraged by the energyefficiency agreements,which are based on the EU's Energy Efficiency Directive (2012 /27 / EU).Ministry of the Environment and the Finnish Environment Agency has now turned their eyestowards the environmental impact of building materials. The importance of materials isemphasized during the building's life cycle as the energy consumption emissions are reduced.SimilartrendisevidentintheotherNordiccountriesasinprojectexamplebelow.

Figure1.PassivhausresidentialblockfordisablepeopleisthefirstpassivehouseforTrondheiminNorway

1.3.3 Future development in the environmental regulations

Thegovernmentprogram(2011) includedtheencouragementofbuildingmaterialsandproductslife cycle analysis. Additionally the different environmental classifications (LEED = Leadership inEnergy and Environmental Design and BREEAM = BRE Environmental Assessment Method) andassessmenttoolspromotetheuseofLCA.Thelifecyclemodelingalsobecomesmoreefficientasthe use of building construction information models increases and information becomes morereadily available. Life-cycle accounting standardization has also developed a family of standardsCENTC350(Sustainabilityofconstructionworks).InthebackgroundistheEUgoalsanddirectives,accordingtowhichby2020greenhousegasemissionsmustbecutby20%, improvethebuildingenergyefficiency20%anduse20%morerenewableenergythanon1995(Hakaste).TheFinnish

6

governmentalsogaveresolutiononpromotesustainabledesignwithcleantechsolutionsinpublicprocurement.

2. SUSTAINABILITY ON THE BUILDING LEVEL

2.1 Sustainabil ity of a bui lding Sustainabilityofabuildingdependsonnumerousoffactorslikeservicelifeofbuildingandbuildingmaterialsandcomponents,maintenanceneedofdifferentmaterialsandcomponents,amountofneeded materials, energy efficiency of building and building process, etc. However, thesustainabilityofbuildingwillbeconcludedmostlyduringprojectplanning.Ability to influenceonthesustainabilityof thebuildingwilldecreaseduring theprocessall the timewhile,at thesametime, effects of decisions in the beginning and during the building process will be constantlyrealised(seeFig2).

Figure2.Theabilitytoinfluencethedecisionmakingprocessandknowledgeontheemissionsimpactsoftheproject(ModifiedfromBuildingPerformanceIndicators2013)

Inthematerialefficiencypointofviewtheamountofsoilneededforconstructiontogetherwithmaterials for buildings frame are crucial during buildings construction phase because both areneeded relatively huge mass. To the amount of needed soil as well as coarse and fine graveldepends strongly on the construction site and what will be constructed. So the possibilities toinfluenceonlanduseandneedforsoilintheconstructionprocessisduringlanduseplanningandprojectplanning.Proportionalshareofbuildingsframefromallconstructionmaterialswiththeexceptionoflanduseismorethan50%inanofficebuilding,seechapter3.1.Thematerialchoiceforbuildingsframeisnot totally free. The frame must fulfil several requirements like loads, moisture stress, fireresistance,dynamicpropertiesetc.,soarchitectureofthebuildingtogetherwithbuildingsitehasastrong influence on buildings frame. Building frame materials are decided in very early phaseduringprojectplanning.Theframeofthebuildingisdesignedfor100yearservicelifeinnormalcase.Inindividualprojectfinancial or using period for the building is usuallymuch lower. Thismeans that in thematerialefficiencypointofview,theflexibilityrequirementsandusabilityofthebuildingaremorecrucialthanservicelifeissues.Forthenewbuildingmustbeplannedalsotheseconduseoreventhirduseduringprojectplanning.

7

Figure3.Severaltargetsanddemandssetinthebeginningoftheprojectareverifiedandcontrolledduringtheproject(ModifiedfromRIL216-2013)

2.2 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) perspective

LifeCycleAssessment(LCA)isawaytoanalysetheinputsandoutputsofmaterialsandenergy,andtheenvironmentalimpactsthataredirectlyattributabletoaproduct,aprocess,oraservicefromgettingrawmaterialstoabandonofmaterialorproduct.LifeCycleAssessmentbasesonseveralISO/ENstandards.StandardisationiscoordinatedbyCEN/TC350,seeFig.3.AccordingtostandardsLCAcontainsfourphases:• definitionoftargetsandareaofapplication• LifeCycleinventory(LCI)• LifeCycleImpactAssessment(LCIA)• Interpretationofresults.Conceptlevel

UserandRegulatoryRequirementsIntegratedBuildingPerformanceEnvironmentalperformance

Socialperformance

Economicperformance

Technicalperformance

Functionalperformance

Frameworklevel

EN15643-1SustainabilityAssessmentofBuilding–GeneralFramework(TG)

EN15643-2FrameworkforEnvironmentalPerformance(WG1)

EN15643-3FrameworkforSocialPerformance(WG5)

EN15643-4FrameworkforEconomicPerformance(WG4)

TechnicalCharacteristics

Functionality

ISO2193-1FrameworkforAssessmentofEnvironmentalPerformance

ISO15686-1ServiceLifePlanning–GeneralPrinciples

Buildinglevel

EN15978AssessmentofEnvironmentalPerformance(WG1)

prEN16309AssessmentofSocialPerformance(WG5)

AssessmentofEconomicPerformance(WG4)

CENStandardsonEnergyPerformanceofBuildingDirective(EPBD)

ISO15686-5LifeCycle

8

Costing

Productlevel

EN15804EnvironmentalProductDeclarations(WG3)

(seeNotebelow)

(seeNotebelow)

ISO15686-2ServiceLifePrediction,ISO15686-7FeedbackfromPractice,ISO15686-8ReferenceServiceLife

ISO21930EPDofBuildingProducts

Note:Atpresent,technicalinformation

relatedtosomeaspectsofsocialand

economicperformanceareincludedunder

theprovisionofEN15804toformpartof

EPD

EN15942Comm.Form.B-to-B(WG3)

CEN/TR15941

Figure4.CENstandardsforsustainableconstructionandthemostimportantrelatedISOstandardsaccordingtoCEN/TC350by2012

Onabuildinglevel,itisimportanttotakeintoaccountthewholeservicelifeofthebuildingintheLCAanalyses.Servicelifeofbuildingvaries,butusuallyitisbetween50and100years.Duringlongservice life theenergy required inabuildingover its lifetimeusuallyplays themajor role ineco-efficiency. Typical target service lives for different building types and building components arepresentedintable2.1.However,themovetowardslowornearlyzeroenergyhousesandtheshareof embodied energy of buildingmaterials becomesmore andmore important. For instance, thegreenhousegasemissionsofmaterialsofazero-energyhouseinFinland,countedfortheemissionsof a 50-year life cycle, are about onequarter of total greenhouse gas emissions, see Fig. 5. It isabouthalfof theemissionsused forheating,hotwaterandelectricity.Theshareof thebuildingmaterials (external and internal walls, ceilings and floors) amounts to approximately half of thegreenhousegasemissionsofallmaterials.

Table2.1.Targetservicelivesforbuildingsandbuildingcomponents(RIL216-2013)

Class Targetservicelifeforbuildingorbuildingcomponent

Typicalbuildingsintheclass

Typicalbuildingcomponents,technicalsystemsandmodules

Reasonforendofservicelife

1 1-5years Temporarybuildings(veryunusual)

Coatingswithshortservicelife

Old-fashioningDegradation

2 25years Temporarybuildings,likeportablebarrack

Roofs,windows,doors,othersupplementarycomponentsCoatingswithlongservicelife

Old-fashioningofbuildingsDegradationorold-fashioningofbuildingcomponents

3 50years Ordinarybuildings FoundationsFramesExternalwallassembliesRoofsSupplementarycomponents

Old-fashioningordegradationofbuildingsDegradationofbuildingcomponents

4 100years Publicbuildings FoundationsFramesExternalwallassemblies

Old-fashioningordegradationofbuildingsDegradationofbuilding

9

RoofsSupplementarycomponents

components

5 morethan100years

Monumentalbuildings

FoundationsFramesExternalwallassembliesRoofsSupplementarycomponents

Old-fashioningordegradationofbuildingsDegradationofbuildingcomponents

Figure5.Relativegreenhousegasemissions(CO2ekv.)ofasixstoreyconcretebuildinginHelsinki,Finland(Ruuskaetal.2013)

Inanothercasethecarbonfootprintof4131brm2newconstructionofficebuilding(Avialine3)wascalculatedwithcarbonfootprintcalculationsoftwareIlmarii.WithIlmarithecarbonfootprintofthebuildingmaterialscanbeassessedatvariousstagesoftheplanningprocess.Thecalculationtakesinto account the major structural elements such as foundations, frame structures, facades andother wall structures. Garden structures and coatings were not considered. Also, the technicalbuilding systems were calculated on top of the Ilmari calculation. Carbon footprint takes intoaccount themanufacturing process ofmaterials, typical transport in Finland, aswell asmaterialwasteat thesite (EN15804principles, taking intoaccount). Inaddition, thecalculationtook intoaccountanyrenewalsofstructuresduringthelifecycle(VTT).Inthecalculationsitwasassumedthatthebuildingisusedfor60years.HVACsystemlifespanwasestimated to be 25 years. Service life for the windows has been assumed to be 45 years. Thecalculationconsideredmaterial-specificlifecyclesinthetool.Thematerialinformationwasbasedonthereportedconstructionlistinformation,IFCmodelaswellasmaterialsupplier’sinformation.

The total foot print of the building was 1 524 648 CO2 kgCO2eq that is 354 CO2 kgCO2eq/brm2. The picture below shows how the emissions are divided between the different major structural

8 % 4 %

53 %

15 %

6 %

3 % 10 % 1 %

perustukset

alapohja

runko

ulkoseinät ja ikkunat

yläpohjat

väliseinät ja alakatot

talotekniikka

aurinkopaneelit

Foundations

Base floor

Frame

Exterior walls and windows

Roofs

Partitions and suspended ceilings

Building services

Solar panels

10

elements.

Figure6.Relativegreenhousegasemissions(CO2ekv.)forAvialine3officebuildinginVantaa,Finland

Thestructuralchoiceofframeworkaffectssignificantlytothecarbonfootprintofabuilding.Intheabove case, the frame structures caused more than half of all emissions. Since the mid-solestructureistypicallylargeinofficebuildings,oftenevenasmallimprovementresultsinoverallfarsmaller carbon footprint for the whole structure. Additionally, there are new hollow-core slabalternative structures, whose impact on the environment should be investigated. The effect oftechnical building systemsmaterials emissions was about 10% in the study, but the impact forenergyconsumptionduringuseand itsemerginggreenhousegasemissions issignificant.For thecaseabovethelife-cycleimpactsresultingfromenergyuseofthebuildingexceedtheconstructionlife-cycleimpactsapprox.at14.5yearsofuse.Assumptionsmadeinthereportofthebuildingstructure lifecyclesfortechnicalbuildingsystemsandwindowsware based on estimates. In practice, the user requirements of indoor air quality,adaptabilityandtheappearanceofthesurfacesmayresult insignificantlyfasterupgrades,whichcontributetoincreasethecarbonfootprint.Alsotheareadevelopmentandattractivenesshaveaneffect totherenovationandrepairneeds.Thatshouldalsobeconsidered inthedesignphasetoavoid unnecessary masses at the planning stage, if the need for the structures is for shorterperiods.

2.3 Environmental certif ication systems Agreatnumberofcertificationsystemstoassesstheenvironmentalqualityofbuildingshavebeen introduced over recent decades. They have a significant impact onmany project decisionsworldwide.Suchcertificationsystemsarebeingdevelopedandpromotedmostlyby thenationalbranchesoftheGreenBuildingCouncil(GBC)orbysimilarorganizations.Themostcommonlyusedcertification schemes are LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) from US. andBREEAM(BREEnvironmentalAssessmentMethod)fromGreatBritainthatarecommonlyusedallover theworldwithover72000certificationprojectsdonewith LEED inover150countriesand200000 buildings certifiedwith BREEAM. ii Additionally, there are several nationalmodificationsfromcommonenvironmentalcertificationsystemsinuse,forexample:DGNB(Denmark),BREEAMNorway,Miljöbyggnad(Sweden)andBuildingPerformanceIndicators(Finland).The focus of certification on various environmental categories is different ineachsystem.Someemphasizeindoorairquality;othersaremoreenergyorprocess-oriented.Buildingresourceefficiency can be represented by “materials” and “waste” categories that occupy altogether lessthan20%inalloftheselectedsystemsasdemonstratedonFig7. As itcanbenoticed,differentcertificationsystemsarenotcomparable.AccordingtoSchmidt(2012)lessthan5%ofcreditsareattributed directly to the life-cycle performance of building products and materials in the fourmajorschemes(BREEAM,LEED,DGNBandHQE),andLEEDdoesnotutilizeLCAresultsatall.

11

Figure7.Theproportionof"materials"and"waste"categories(Heinckeetal.2012).

2.4 Location of a building Landuseplanningisakeyfactorforsustainablelanduseandconstruction.Inasustainablepointofview complementary building on urban or suburban areas is more sustainable than newconstructioningreenfieldareas,becauseinfrastructure, likeroadsandwaterandsavagelinesaswell as district heating pipes (inmany cases) already exists on those areas. In several cities thismean enlargement of existing buildings, demolition of existing buildings and new substitutivebuildinginthesameplaceorsittingnewbuildingsonbrownfieldareas.Goodexamplesforthatcanbe found e.g.Helsinki Jätkäsaari or Kalasatama,where old shipyard and harbour areas near citycentreisplannedforblockofflats,officesandpublicbuildings,andthereforeenablesenlargementofthecitywithoutusinganygreenfieldareasforthispurpose.Oftenthebuildinguseistransferredfromtheoriginalbuildinguseasintheexamplebelow.

12

Figure8.Ramboll'sofficeinStockholmSweden.GoodlocationandrenovatedoldbuildingneartheStockholmcitycentralandgoodtransportationaccessFeil! Bokmerke er ikke definert.Feil! Bokmerke er ikke definert.

In land use planning it is important to take account utilisation of soilmaterial of those plannedareas or nearby. This is equally important both green field and brownfield areas, because withintelligentuseofexistinglandmassinthecertainarea,unnecessarytransportationandtrafficonexistingroadsmightbeavoided.Orienting new buildings intelligent so that solar energy can be utilized asmuch as possible butoverheatingofbuildingsindooraircanbeavoidedatthesametimeisachallengingtask.Thepointforthis isenergysavingduringbuildingsservicelife.Thisneedsdynamicmodellingofwholeareaduringlanduseplanning.Locationofbuildingsisalwaystighttocityplanningmadebylocalauthorities.Whencityplanningisreadyandacceptedbyauthoritiesitisverycomplicatetochangeitduringbuildingprocess.Thismean quite big responsibility and ability to far looking visions is demanded for peoplewho aremakingthoseplansanddecisions.

2.5 Form and structure of a building Building form and structure ismainly determined by the building use.Offices, homes, industrialandwarehousestructuresarealldifferentandsoaretheenvironmentaleffectstobediscussedinthedesignandconstructionphase.Thebuildingtypehasaneffecttothechoicesthataremadeduringdesignphase.Asanexample,ifofficebuildingisdesigned,thecommonchoiceisaboutthetypeofoffices:individualoffices,smallopen-plan offices, and large open-plan offices are all common in Nordic workplaces. IndividualofficesprovetobecommoninNorwegian,FinnishandIcelandicenterprises,whereasinDenmark,smallopen-planofficesarethemostcommonform(BakkeJohn).Itseemsthatinnewbuildingsthe

13

choiceismoreoftenopenplanoffices.InUSAmorethan75%ofofficeshaveopenplans(BortolotLana).

Open plan offices are more adaptable and the access for natural light is better. This leads tonarrow frame depth and minimization of strengthening concrete walls in areas where theyminimize the building adaptability. The amount of partitionwalls isminimized and form is keptsimple.Thereforethemostmaterial loadisonexternalwalls.Theloadbearingstructuresaretheones that should be examined. In industrial buildings the amounts of load bearing verticalstructures are even less tomaximize the open space. Additionally the externalwalls are usuallylightstructuresthatareeasilymodified.Thereforethehorizontalstructuresarelongandbearalotofload(BondeJensen2012).Inhomestherearealotmoreinternalwallsandthosearealsoloadbearing.Usuallytheenvironmentalloadistherewherethemassis,sotheinvestigationshouldbeleadtotheplaceswheretheloadis. Inapartmentbuildingsandofficesarealsoa lotofmidsolesandgapsforstairs,HVAClinesandelevators.Thestructuresareloadbearingandthereforeshouldbeinvestigated.The plot, building design and foundation design has a significant effect on the carbon footprintemissions.Theneedofsoilstabilizationandmassiveasphaltinginyardconstructionarethemainreasonsforconsiderablyincreasedenvironmentalimpacts.Formof thebuilding is designedby an architect. Cubic form is themost energyefficient for thebuilding, but not necessarily the best for usability of the building. Building design is always acompromisewhere energy efficiency,material efficiency, usability and suitability of the buildingmustfulfilsatisfactorilywithcosts.Inthesustainabilitypointofviewtheusabilityandsuitabilityofthe building are themost important factors for architectural design. If the building is extremelywellusableforitspurposeitwillbeusedforlongtime.Inarchitecturaldesignthereareseveralpossibilitiestoimprovesustainability.Forexampleplacingthe building on the site so that land use and need for soil and gravel is low, using architecturalelements for shading direct sunshine to rooms instead of need for cooling systems and usingsustainablematerials,whichhaslongservicelifeandlowmaintenanceneed.

2.6 Meaning of bui lding components Building components have different relative meaning on carbon footprint of the building.AccordingtoRuuskaetal. (2013)themajorCO2 ekv. impact iscausedbyexternalwallassemblies,partition walls, intermediate floors, roof and balconies in basic block of flats, see fig. 9. Alsocomplementarybuildingcomponentslikewindowsanddoors,furnitureandsurfacematerialshasrelativelyhighmeaningasagroups(>5%).

14

Figure9.Buildingcomponent'sshare(%)fromtotalCO2ekv.inbasicblockofflats(Ruuskaym.2013).

However,incolumn-beamframes,whichareusuallyusedinofficeandindustrialbuildingsaswellas inwarehouses, theframehasastrong influenceoncarbonfootprintofbuilding. In fig.10hasbeenpresentedmodel and totalCO2ekv frombasic concrete column-beamwarehouse.As canbeseen the precast concrete frame presents 29 % (72000 kg CO2ekv) of total emissions. On singleprecastandpre-stressedbeamsemissionswere2270kgCO2ekv.Thebiggestemissionaffectedbyconcreteslabonground108000kgCO2ekv(43,6%),whilefoundationsforcolumnswas39000kgCO2ekv(15,7%).Theshareofenergyuseinsituwas10%(29000kgCO2ekv).Thetotalemissionsforthisconcreteframewere248000kgCO2ekv.Thisexampleshowsthatinspiteofconcretinginsituisthemajorreasonforemissions,totally147000kgCO2ekv(59,3%),thereisnoalternativeforitbecausethefunctionofframeneedsconcretefoundationsandusabilityofwarehouseneedssmoothconcreteslabonground.

15

Figure10.Framecomponent'sshare(%)fromtotalCO2ekv.inbasicconcretecolumn-beamwarehouse(Lahdensivuetal.2015).

2.7 Materials role in the l i fe-cycle of the building

Building materials should be selected keeping mind the alteration possibilities for current anddifferentbuildinguses,maintenanceneed,demolitionand final disposal.Allmaterials shouldbepossibletorecycleasmaterialorasenergy. Ideally thematerialsshouldberecycledasmaterialswithoutanywasteloadtoenvironmenttoachievecirculationeconomy.Thecirculationeconomyiswell-plannedeconomy,wherewasteofmaterialsandthegenerationofwasteareminimizedandresourcesareusedefficiently.Therawmaterialsvaluewillbebetter. Inpractice,thismaymean,forexample,thattheproductisdesignedsothatthematerialsareseparableandrecyclable(Sitra).Allmaterials have created environmental load during harvesting, processing and transportation.The determination of the product environmental load when it is used can be difficult with thecurrent information available.Goodway to collect informationof buildingmaterials is to collectbuildingmaterialEPD(Environmentalproductdeclaration)sheetsintothebuildingservicemanual.Environmental product declaration is an independently verified and registered document thatcommunicatestransparentandcomparableinformationaboutthelife-cycleenvironmentalimpactof products. The information of the material environmental load can then be combined to theBuildinginformationmodel(BIM)andusedinthedeterminationofthemostefficientconstructionsolution.Mostcommonlythematerialsareselectedtofullfilltheneededservicelife,weathering,strength,aswellasfireresistanceproperties.Thereforeintheselectionofmaterialsforcertainusehaveonlyalimitednumberofpossibilities.

0,00

20 000,00

40 000,00

60 000,00

80 000,00

100 000,00

120 000,00

kg C

O2-e

qu

iv.

16

Figure11.Buildingmaterialselectiondilemma

IntheLCAcalculations,thevariationsofmaterialshaveresulteduptohalflargerCO2eqsumresultthanwithothermaterial selections (SYKE). iii This is a lot.However, theCO2eq is only oneof themostresearchedenvironmentalimpactsandotherimpactsshouldberesearchedaswell.Thereisalso a lot that canbedone in thedisposal phase thatminimises the environmental impact. TheeffortsthatincreasethematerialefficiencyinthedisposalphasearenottakenintoaccountintheLCAcalculations,becausethatcanonlybetakenintoaccountinthe”optional”phaseofcalculationas the standardEN15978:2011advices to calculate.However, thebiggest saves for environmentaretheoneswhichcausenowmaterialadditionasintheprojectexamplebelow.

17

Figure12.AarhusmunicipalbuildinginDenmark:anexampleofabuildingthatusedrecycledmaterialsandpreservedbiodiversitybyrenovatinginsteadofnewbuilding.Feil! Bokmerke er ikke definert.Feil! Bokmerke er ikke definert.

Evensamematerialshaveadifferentenvironmentalimpactdependingonthematerialprocessingtechniques, construction techniques and transportation of the materials to the process andforwardtotheconstructionsite.Goodexampleisconcretethatisusuallyusedalotinthebuildingindustryasretailbuildingsaremostcommonlystructuredwithconcreteorsteel.Themainmaterialinconcreteiscementthatrequiresahighlyenergyintensivemanufacturingprocess.However,theamountof cement in concrete varies,manufacturers canuse recycled concrete to replace virginmaterials and theenergyused inproduction can come fromnumerous sources. Additionally theproductsusedatthesitehavedifferentamountofconcrete.Asanexamplehollow-corestructurecanbelighterwiththesamestrengthfeaturesandthestructurecontainsmuchlessconcretethanwiththespotcastingtechniquethatrequires.Spotcastingrequiresalsotemporarystructuresthatincreasestheenvironmentalloadandhasalongerbuildingtime.Themostimportantenvironmentalimpactisfromthebiggestmassesofstructures.Usuallytheseare foundations, exteriorwalls, partitions, floors, roofs and balconies as explained earlier in thisreport.Thereforetheeffortshouldbecontributedtothemajormaterialmasses.Additionallysomematerialsareextremelyharmful for theenvironment.Forexamplechemicalsused inpaints,andsteel structures are extremely dangerous. Anti-corrosion agents and flammability preventionchemicals shouldbediscussed in theconstructionprojects. Fromthematerialefficiencypointofviewinselectionofmaterialsattentionshouldbepaidto:• longservicelifeofmaterials• lowmaintenanceneedofmaterial• easyrepairofmaterial• recyclableofmaterial• reuseofmaterial• lowenvironmentalimpactduringservicelife.Typicallymaterialsusedinthesamepurposehavedifferentservicelifeandneedformaintenanceduringtheservicelifeofbuilding.E.g.woodenfaçadeneedsusuallymaintenancepaintingafter15yearservicelife,whichmeans3,3overpaintingtimesduring50yearservicelifeoffaçade.Atthesametimepaintedconcretefaçadeneedsonlyoneoverpainting.Servicelifeofbuildingmaterialsdependstronglyontheoutdoorclimateexposureduringtheirservice life.Typicalservice livesofmaterialsexposedtooutdoorclimateispresentedintable2.2.

Table2.2.Typicalservicelivesofmaterialsexposedtooutdoorclimateandmaintenanceactionsandtimesduringbuildingsservicelife.

Buildingcomponent Targetservicelife

Maintenanceperiod

Maintenanceaction

Elasticsealantsinfacades

20years 20years replacement

Mortarjointsinfacades 20years 20years replacementConcretefacade 50years 50years Patchrepairof

degradationsorcoveringMasonryfaçade 50years 50years Replacementofmortar

joints(outersurface)Plankedfacade 50years 15years RepaintingRenderingonbrickwork 50years 25years RepaintingRenderingonthermalinsulation

40years 20years Repaintingwithprotectivecoating

Concretebalconies 50years 50years Patchrepairofdegradationsorreplacement

Waterproofingontheroof

30years 30years Replacement

18

ThemaintenanceofthestructureistakenintoconsiderationintheLCAofthebuilding.Theeffectsofthebuildingorientationandnecessityofthefaçadepaintingshouldbeconsideredcasebycase.Additionally if “general calculation values” are used, that should be very clearly shown in theresults and discussedwhen the project continues tomaterial selection. Even the transportationlength can make the building materials produced closer to become more ecological while theactualmanufacturingcausesgreatercarbonfootprint.Frames of the building are usually sheltered from wind driven rain (WDR) and other harmfuloutdoorclimate.So,theservice livesofframematerialarenotdependingonageingofmaterialsinstead of changes in loads or accidental deterioration. Changes in the use of the buildingmaycausechangesinrequirementsandpropertiesofbuildingframee.g.loadcarrying,fireresistance,sound insulation, etc., which may shorten the service life of the building in practice. However,thesechangescan'tbetakenintoaccountinLCA.

2.7.1 Manufacturing materials and products Materialmanufacturingemissionsarematerialspecificandthebestpossibleinformationavailablefortheconstructioncaseshouldbeused.Materialmanufacturingenvironmentalloadinformationcanbe found fromenvironmentalproductdeclarations (EPD) fordifferentmaterialproducers. IntheappendixyoumayfindanexampleofNorwegianEPDforacementproduct.Additionally,fromliteraturecontainssocalled“generalmaterial informationforcertainproducts”thatcanbeusedforemissionestimationsforprojects intheearlydesignphase.BelowthereisanexampleofonetableavailableforpublicusethatcontainsconstructionproductcarbondioxideemissionsforearlyphaseLCAcalculation. In theappendix, there isanexampleofone tableavailable forpublicusethatcontainsconstructionproductcarbondioxideemissionsforearlyphaseLCAcalculation.The emissions for a manufacturing process in the EPD are shown for phases A1 raw materialsupply,A2 transport forprocessing andA3Production. There is usually also adescriptionof theproductionprocessforthesubscriber.Theenvironmentaleffectofacertainrawmaterialisshownwith many different environmental indicators such as global warming potential (GWP), Ozonedepletion potential (ODP), Acidification Potential of soil and water (P), Eutrophication Potential(EP), Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP), Abiotic Depletion Potential for Elements(ADPE)andAbioticDepletionPotentialofFossilFuels (ADPF).WithEPDinformationavailabletheenvironmentalimpactofthematerialcanbeusedintheselectionprocessasanindicatortogetherinadditiontotheotherselectioncriteriasuchasfinancialcontrol.

2.7.2 Transportation of materials and products Transportation of materials and products causes need for traffic, emissions from vehicles andabrasion of roads etc. However, comparing to material use of construction the share oftransportation is usually relatively low. Transportation distances in Nordic countries are usuallyrelatively low. 100 km radius coverswellmost areas in each countrieswhere construction, andtherefore need formaterials and products, is active. Emissions caused by transportation of oneconcretebeampresentedinchapter2.6for100kmis64,2kgCO2ekv.Transportingallcolumnsandbeamsneededforthewarehousewillaffectemissionsof4250kgCO2ekv.IfthoseframematerialsaremanufacturedinsouthernFinlandandwillbetransportedtosouthernNorwaybytrucksvianorthernSweden,thedistanceisapproximately2000kmtoonedirection.Sothis means 1284 kg CO2ekv emissions for one beam or column and 85000 kg CO2ekv for wholeconcrete frame.This increases totalemissionsofconcretewarehouse for25%compared to100km transportation distance. Quite a lot of construction materials are transported to Nordiccountries from Europe or Far East, like China. Long distances for material transportation willdecreasesustainabilityofconstructionphase.Theemissionsoftransportationdependstronglyonused vehicle. For long distances ship is usually more sustainable than road transportation. InNorwayandespeciallyinIslandshiptransportationisthemostefficienttransportationmethodformaterialsandproductsbecausethesituationbythesea.

19

Figure13.Totalemissionsofsingledoubleslopebeam,transportationdistancewithtruck100km.(Lahdensivuetal.2015).

Figure14.Totalemissionsofsingledoubleslopebeam,transportationdistancewithtruck1000km.(Lahdensivuetal.2015).

3. SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS

3.1 Sustainabil ity of bui lding products / Norway, WP2

3.1.1 Four sustainabil ity indicators Thefourparticipatingcountrieshaveagreeduponfoursustainability indicatorstobeusedtothedefinesustainabilityofbuildingmaterialsandproducts.

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

DE: Diesel mix at refinery PE

GLO: Truck PE <u-so>

DE: Landfill for inert matter (Construction waste) PE

DE: Ready-mix concrete C30/37 (EN15804 A1-A3)

FI: Electricity grid mix PE

GLO:Steel rebar ELCD/Eurofer

kg CO2-ekv.

Double slope beam, HI-2, (100 km)

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

DE: Diesel mix at refinery PE

GLO: Truck PE <u-so>

DE: Landfill for inert matter (Construction waste) PE

DE: Ready-mix concrete C30/37 (EN15804 A1-A3) PE

FI: Electricity grid mix PE

GLO:Steel rebar ELCD/Eurofer

kg CO2-ekv.

Double slope beam, HI-2, (1000 km)

20

Other indicators have also been discussed in the process defining practical indicators, either asseparate indicatorsor as an indicator as a replacementofoneof the fourmentionedabove.Anexample of this is energy use as an indicator instead or in addition to globalwarming potential(GWP). Since GWP is based both on energy use and type of energy, both important factors toreducegreenhousegases,wechoosenottoprioritizebetweentheseindicatorsbutleaveittotheproducerstochoosethemostefficientmeasurestoreducethegreenhousegasesintheproductionofnewproducts.An important principle has been that all indicators could be found from existing documentationsystems,eitherfromonesinglesystemorfromseveralsystemsthatdocumentonlyoneorsomeoftheindicators.Thefourindicatorsare

• Globalwarmingpotential–greenhousegases(GWP)• Materialresources• Hazardoussubstances• Emissionstoindoorclimate

Verified EPDs are the most central documentation since these are based on internationalstandardization.All four indicators canmoreor less all be found inat leastNorwegianEPDsbutalso to some extent in EPDs from other national programme operators. All EPDs includeinformation about the two first indicators,while Hazardous substances and Emissions to indoorclimateareincludedinsomeEPDs.Ifsuchinformationis lacking,itmustbefoundthroughotherdocumentation,suchassafetydatasheets,self-declarationfromtheproducerorcertificationlabelingsystems.

3.1.2 Three levels for each indicator Inthebeginningoftheproject,mostparticipantsexpectedtoendupwithonlyonelevelforeachindicator representing themost sustainable level for building products. Aswe got to knoweachother's varied experiences and different systems across the borders, we realized that eachindicatorneededseverallevelstobeabletotakedifferencesintoaccount.Norwayhasexperience fromall four indicators fromexistingenvironmental assessment systemsandbuildingprojectswhereoneorseveraloftheindicatorsarepartoftheprocurement.EPDsforbuilding materials are well established and are quite often required in building projects. TheNorwegian EDP-database (EPD-Norway) has in the spring 2015 around 250 EPDs for buildingproducts frommorethan90differentcompanies).MostproducersareNorwegianbut inthe lastyearstheinterestonEPDsonthebehalfofinternationalproducershasincreased.The well-established declaration system Building Material Assessment (BVB) dominates theSwedish building industry together with BASTA when it comes to documentation of buildingproducts that exceeddeclarationof performance according to international laws. These systemsfocus mostly at harmful substances. BuildingMaterial Assessment and BASTA have harmonizedcriteriaandthedeclarationsystemisrevisedin2015.ThereatsomeEPDsforbuildingmaterialsintheSwedishsystemoperatedEnvirondec.The Finish Emission Classification of Building Materials (M1) from The Building InformationFoundation RTS is well established, and the most common labeling system used for bothmanufacturers, importers and exporters of building products in theNordic countries. The Finishbuilding product association plans to reestablish EPD for buildingmaterials and has started theprocessearly2015.

21

Iceland has only few producers of building materials and imports materials and products frommore than100countries. Thechallenge is to requireproductswith sustainablequalitieswithoutcriteriadescribingtheconditions.Due to the large variation of experiences in the Nordic countries, will both the need for moredocumentation and given sustainable levels contribute to further development of sustainablebuildingmaterialsinallcountries.Consequently, both type of documentation and achieved quality are used as basis to split allindicatorsintothreelevelsdescribingtheambitionsofthesustainabilityofbuildingmaterials.

Table3.1.Threelevelsdescribingthesustainableambitionsforbuildingmaterials

Ambitionlevel Documentation

Productnn

BestNordicpractice Givenlevelbasedonstandardizedverifieddeclaration

Highambitions Verifieddeclaration

Goodambitions Self-declaration

ThemostambitiouslevelforeachofthefourindicatorswillbethebestpracticeinoneorseveralofthefourNordiccountries.Thismeansthatthemostambitiouslevelforoneindicatorcanbebestpracticeinonecountry,whilethemostambitiouslevelforanotherindicatorcanbedecidedbasedonbestpracticefromanothercountry.Greenhouse gas emissions and Material resources follow this main principle more or less likedescribedabove,whileHarmfulsubstancesdeviatesalittle,especiallyaccordingtotheexperiencesfromSweden,whereitispossibletobesomemoredetailedaboutthequalitylevels.ForEmissionstoindoorclimate,therearealsostandardizedtestmethodsandlevelsthatcanbeusedtodefinethelevels.

Table3.2.Principlesuseddescribingthesustainableambitionsforbuildingmaterials

Greenhousegasemissions Materialresources Hazardous

substancesEmissionstoindoor

climate

Productnn

Givenlevelbasedonverified(LCA)

declaration

Givenlevelbasedonverified(LCA)

declarationorCertification

Givenlevelbasedondeclaration

GivenlevelbasedonverifieddeclarationorCertification

Verifieddeclaration Verifieddeclaration Givenlevelbasedondeclaration

Givenlevelbasedonverifieddeclaration

Self-declaration Self-declaration Self-declaration Self-DeclarationThe level called "Good ambitions" is represented by self-declaration for all indicators since it isimportanttoatleastdeclaretheperformanceevenifitisnotbasedoneitherexistingstandardsorthird part verifications. Examples of such self-declarations are the Swedish Building MaterialAssessmentorlaboratorytestsbytheproducersthemselves.The level called "Highambitions" is representedbydeclarationbasedon international standardsand verified by a third part. Examples of this are for instance EPD based on ISO 14025 and EN15804andEcolabelbasedonISO14024.

22

Thelevelcalled"BestNordicpractice"isrepresentedbythebestpracticeinoneorseveraloftheparticipatingNordiccountries.ThismeansthatifoneNordiccountryhascriteriaorsystemsforoneor severalof the indicators that ismoreambitious than theother countries, themostambitiousleveldefinethemostambitiouslevelforalltheparticipatingNordiccountries.

3.1.3 How to group the materials? Independent of how thematerials are grouped, the grouping will not be correct for all kind offunctionsthattheproductfulfils.Insulationandbuildingboardsmustforinstancebothfulfiloneormoreofthefunctionsregardingthermalconductivity,fireresistance,density,acousticsandsoon.Groupingofmaterialsmight thereforebedifficult, but is still doneevenof all thesedifferences,bothinthisprojectbutalsowhenwetalkaboutproductsingeneral.Wedefineproductsingroupslikeinsulation,buildingboards,slabs,columns,windows,flooringproductsandsoon.Whendesigningbuildingsmostof theseproductgroupshave tobedefinedmuchmoredetailedwhentheproductsaregivenneededfunctions. Examplesoftheseiswheninsulationissplit intounflammableandflammableinsulation,densitygroupsetc,buildingboardsaresplit intogypsum,chipboardsetcwhilebeamsaresplitintoconcrete,steelandwoodenbeams.Another aspect that have been discussed regarding grouping of productswith the sustainabilityaspectisifthevariousPCRsshouldbetakingintoaccountsincetheEPDsforcomparableproductsmight be based on different PCRs. This means that the PCR is the basis of the group, and allproductsincludedinthePCRconstituteaproductgroup.Themajorproblemwithsuchapproachisthat comparable products with EPDs from two different EPD-operators will not be in the samegroupeven if they aremoreor less the sameproduct. The conclusionof suchdiscussion is thatproductsmightmecomparedindependentofwhichPCRthatisused,butstillacomparisonhavetobedonewithcaution,especiallyifscenariosareincludedinthecomparisonbasis.Whenusingthisindicator in procurement documents, it have to be considered carefully if the indicator levelrepresentsproductsthatfulfillalltheneededfunctionalrequirements.SincetheBestNordicpractice-levelforthegreenhousegasandtheResourcesindicatorsarebasedonEPDs,itisaneedofenoughdatatoestablishsuchreferencelevels.Possibleproductgroupsdiscussedare:

• Concrete• Concreteelements• Steelconstructions• Insulation• Buildingboards• Windowsanddoors• Flooringproducts• Roofingproducts• Woodenproducts

Forsomeproductgroupsitisnecessarytosplitintomoredetailedmaterialgroupssincefunctionsareobtainedbyusingvarioussubproducts.Oneexampleisfor instancewindowsmadeofeitherwood, plastic ormetalswere some of the indicatorsmight vary dependent of type ofmaterialsusedintheproduct.Greenhousegasemissions

The most ambitious levels are the most challenging to decide, especially on greenhouse gasemissionswhere the experiences on levels are fairly low in all countries exceptNorway. SeveralNorwegianbuildingprojectssetstodaycriteriaformaximumacceptablegreenhousegasemissionsfromproducts.Theambitiouslevelmustbegivenatalevelthatiseithernottoohighorlow.

Summary: The most ambitious levels for each product group are more or less based on theestablished Norwegian method Ecoproduct. The indicator is described as greenhouse gasemissionslowerthangivenlimitsspecifiedforsomeproductgroups.

23

The Norwegian Ecoproduct and Klimagassregnskap.no, both databases on greenhouse gasemissions, can be used as basis for a Nordic level. Another reference, as for instance industry-norms, is perhaps themost useful references, like the classification of concrete defined by theNorwegian Concrete Association. Both Ecoproduct and Klimagassregnskap.no are described inAnnex3inthereportfromworkpackage1intheNordicguide-project.Thereferencevaluewillbebasedoncomparableproducts.Animportantquestiontoaskis"Whenare products comparable?" According to the standard EN15804:2012+A1:2013 comparisonsbetween construction products can be carried out in the context of their application in thebuilding".Thismeansthatproductscanbecomparedwhen(all)thesamefunctionalrequirementsare met, and the influence of the whole construction and the building are taken into account.Comparisonofaproductagainsttherequirementmustthereforebedonewithcautionsincetheproductmighthavedifferentpropertiesexceptthepropertyusedforwhenthereferencevalueisdecided.When establishing the first reference levels both these databasesmentioned above, and valuesfromseveral EPDsareusedasbasis. This referencevalueswill probablybe changed somewhenmore products are documented with verified EPDs and further development towards moresustainableproducts.

Table3.3ThethreelevelsoftheindicatorGreenhousegasemissions

BestNordicpractice Lessthanthereferencelevel,A1-A3

Highambitions Verifieddeclaration

Goodambitions Self-declaration

Materialresources

Whatkindof indicatorthatcoulddescribetheuseofmaterialresourcesonamaterial levelhavebeendiscussedwidely.Asabasisofthisindicator,theinputmustbeabletofindinEPDs.AllEPDsaccordingtoEN15804includeinformationabouttypeandamountofenergyandmaterialresourcesusedtoproducethematerialandhowmuchsecondarymaterialsandwater thathavebeen used. Some few EPDs also include amodule D, which is outside the boundary systems inEPDs,thatinformaboutthereuse/recycling-potentialoftheproductbasedonscenariosforgivenmarkets.IntheNorwegianEcoproduct-methodthatinterpretEPD-resultsandpresenttheresultsimplified,the indicator Resources is split into Material resources and Energy parameters and both areweighted the same. The Material resources are split into three other sub-parameters "Use ofrenewableandnon-renewablematerials,UseofsecondarymaterialsandUseofwater.Allhavethesameweighting.As a simplification from Ecoproduct, an alternative might be to only use themost "critical andrelevant"parameterregardingmaterialresourcesandnotallsub-parametersasinEcoproductandEPDs.

Summary:Material resourcesarebasedonusedsecondarymaterials intheproductionofnewmaterials. The levels are based on experiences from projects and EPDs. For wooden basedproductsthelevelcriteriaisthatthewoodcomesfromcertifiedforestsanddoesnotincludeanytropicalwood.

24

Whatisthemostcriticalandrelevantparameter,andisitpossibletolimitthisindicatortoonlyoneparameter?Thismightdifferfromonematerialtoanother,andmustbedefinedspecifiedforeachmaterials,asthereferencelevelisdefinedforgreenhousegasemissions.Themostcriticalandrelevantparametersthatarenotincludedintheotherindicators,areatleastthetypeofmaterialsandifthesearerenewableornot.Theuseofrenewablematerialsdependsmoreorless,onwhattypesofmaterialsareevaluated,andmightbedifficulttohaveasageneralparameter.Itisforinstanceimpossibletoproduceconcreteslabsbasedonforinstancemorethan60%renewablematerials,whilewoodenslabsareproducedbyalmost100%renewablematerials.The indicator "Use of secondary materials" is a concrete value of how much material that isrecycledfromprevioususeorwaste(scrapmetal,brokenconcrete,brokenglass,plasticetc)whichareusedasmaterial.Accordingto ISO14021which is thebasis forEPDs,onlypre-consumerandpost-consumermaterialsareconsideredasrecycledcontentorsecondarymaterials.Internalscrapfromitsownproduction,isnotconsideredintheuseofsecondarymaterials.The indicator secondary materials do not make any difference if the materials is up – ordowncycled,andcanbothberenewableandnon-renewable,withorwithoutenergycontent.Theuseofsecondarymaterials istosomeextent included inthegreenhousegasemission indicators,but this parameter is probably not enough to stimulate to more use of secondary materials inproductionofnewmaterials.Thisparameter is importantregardingsecondaryeconomyfocusingon more reuse of existing resources. The same is the D-module in EPDs informing about thereuse/recycling-potential, but both because this information is based on scenarios for givenmarkets,andthatstillitisquitefewEPDthatincludethisinformation,itisprobablybettertofocusontheconcretevaluesthatUseofsecondarymaterialsrepresent.Useofsecondarymaterials isthereforeanappropriateindicatortouseformostmaterialgroups,with some exceptions. The most important exception is wooded products where it is moreimportantto focusonhowthewood isproduced insteadof if theproduct isbasedofsecondarywoodenmaterials.Anotherexceptioncouldbe that theuseofsecondarymaterials isnotalwaysthemostsustainable if theuseof secondarymaterials leads todisproportionately long transportdistanceswithhighemissions.At the same time the indicators have to reflect best practice in the Nordic countries – andthereforemustberelevantforthespecifiedmaterialsandproducts.Despitealltheseincompleteness's,asimplificationwerethesingle"Useofsecondarymaterials"asaportionofthetotalweightisusedasanindicatorofUseofresources,unlikeEcoproductthatalsoincludetheparameterdefininguseofrenewableandnon-renewablematerials.Hazardoussubstances

TheSwedishBASTAandBuildingMaterialAssessment(BVB)focusprimarilyonharmfulsubstanceswith fixed criteria for a list of given substances. TheBuildingMaterialAssessment includes eventhreedifferent levels;Recommended,AcceptedandAvoidedwere recommended is the strictestlevel.The Accepted level in the BuildingMaterial Assessment (BVB) harmonizeswith the BASTA-level,SundahuslevelBandtheNorwegianSINTEFTechnical.ThecriteriafortheNordicEcolabelareatleastasstrictastheAcceptedlevelinadditiontomorechemicalsthanincludedintheassessmentsystem.

Summary:TheBestNordicPracticeandHighambitionlevelarebasedontheambitiouslevelsforvariousNordicassessmentandlabellingsystems.Thelistofcriteria isthesameforallproductgroups. As a principle, all established major Nordic assessment and labelling systems can beusedasdocumentationdespitetheminordeviationsbetweenthesystems.

25

ThetwomostambitiouslevelsintheNorwegianGreenEcoproduct-levelmeetrespectivelythetwomostambitiouslevelsinthisNordicguide.The levelsaremoreor lessthesameforall typesofproducts inthevariousdeclarationsystems.TheexceptionisEcolabelthathassomevariationincriteriadependingontypeofproduct.IntheNordicguideregardingHazardoussubstancestheseexistingdeclarationssystemsareusedasbasisdefiningthethreelevelsofambitions.SinceEcolabel,BASTA,SINTEFTechnicalapprovalandRecommendedandAcceptedintheBuildingMaterialAssessmentallareatahighambitiouslevel,themostambitiouslevelintheNordicguide,isestablishedattheBASTA/TG-level.AcomparisonofthesethreelevelsisgiveninAppendix1.

Table3.4ThethreelevelsoftheindicatorHazardoussubstances

BestNordicpractice

SubstanceslessthanlimitsinTable2.11,BestNordicpracticeor

Ecolabel,BVBrecommended,GreenEcoproductlevel1,SundahuslevelA

Highambitions

SubstanceslessthelimitsinTable2.11,Highambitionsor

BASTA,BVBaccepted,SundahuslevelB,SINTEFTechnicalapproval,GreenEcoproductlevel32

Goodambitions Selfdeclarationandlessthan0,1%substancesontheReachcandidatelists

The three levels are based on international and national legislation, with either EPD or moresophisticatedanddetailedevaluationofhazardoussubstancesasbasisfortheleveleachproductshas.Emissionstoindoorclimate

The indicator "Emissions to indoor climate" is only relevant for products that affect the indoorenvironment. ForNorwegian conditions, this is describedasproductson the insideof the vaporbarrier or as a part of the vapor barrier system. For other countries, other referencesmight bemoreappropriatetousebasedonthenationalconstructionmethods.TheinternationalstandardEN15251isthebasisforthisindicator.ThecriteriaforLowemissionmaterialsare:Examinedqualitiesforlowemittingmaterialsafter28days [mg/m2h]

• Theemissionoftotalvolatileorganiccompounds(TVOC) <0,2• Theemissionofformaldehyde(HCOH) <0,05• Theemissionofammonia(NH3) <0,03• Theemissionofcarcinogeniccompoundsbelongingtocategory1A

or1BinAnnexVItoRegulation(EC)No1272/2008<0,005

CriteriaforEmissionClassesintheFinnishclassificationsystemTheFinnishemissionclassificationofbuildingmaterialshasthreeemissionclasses.EmissionclassM1correspondstothebestqualityandthelowemittingclassinEN15251,andthemostambitious

Summary:TheBestNordiclevelcorrespondstothecriteriaforLowEmissionmaterialsdescribedinEN15251.

26

level in the Nordic guide-system. M2 correspond to the medium ambitious level. Classifiedmaterialshavetofulfillthefollowingcriteriaattheageof4weeks.

Table3.5CriteriaforEmissionsClasses

EmissionclassM3includesmaterialswhoseemissionsexceedthevaluesspecifiedformaterialsincategoryM2.Othertestingmethodsmightalsobeused,forinstanceGEV-EmicodeforflooringmaterialsandtheGUT label for carpets. Ecolabelhasemission criteria corresponding to lowemittingmaterials forflooringproductsfrom2015.BasedonthisistheM1levelestablishedastheminimumlevel,exceptforsealantswereEC1Plusistheminimumlevel.ThethreelevelsregardingIndoorairemissionsintheNordicguideareasfollowing:

Table3.6ThethreelevelsoftheindicatorIndoorairemissions

BestNordicpractice

Lowemissionlevel(accordingtoEN15251)

DocumentationasM1,EC1,GUT,Ecolabelorcorrespondinglevelbasedonthesecertificationsystems

Highambitions MediumemissionlevelDocumentationasM2orcorrespondinglevelbasedonthiscertificationsystem

Goodambitions Self-declaration

3.1.4 Accepted documentation To meet the described levels several types of documentation can be used depending on theambitiouslevelandthesustainabilityindicator.

Table3.7Typesofdocumentationdependingonambitiouslevelandindicator

Greenhousegasemissions

Materialresources Hazardoussubstances

Emissionstoindoorclimate

BestNordic

• VerifiedEPD• Green

• VerifiedEPD• GreenEcoproduct

• TheSwan• BuildingMaterial

• M1• GEVEmicodeEC1

27

practice Ecoproduct • PEFC/FCSe.gcertificationforwoodenbasedmaterials

• TheSwan

AssessmentRecommended

• SundaHuslevelA• GreenEcoproductlevel1

• SafetyDataSheet• VerifiedEPDwithadditionalinfo.

andEC1Plus• GUT• SINTEFTechnicalapproval

• GreenEcoproduct• TheSwan(onlyflooring)

• VerifiedEPD

Highambitions

• VerifiedEPD• TheSwan

• VerifiedEPD• TheSwan

• BuildingMaterialAssessmentAccepted

• BASTA• SundaHuslevelB• SINTEFTechnicalapproval

• GreenEcoproductlevel3

• SafetyDataSheet• VerifiedEPDwithadditionalinfo

• M2• CEVEmicodeEC2• VerifiedEPD

Goodambitions

• BuildingMaterialDeclaration

• Otherself-declaration

• BuildingMaterialDeclaration

• Otherself-declaration

• SafetyDataSheet• BuildingMaterialDeclaration

• Otherself-declaration

• Self-declarationbasedonlaboratorytests

3.2 Verif ication of environmental product data of Nordic products The main purpose of Work Package 3 has been to increase awareness of Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) in the Nordic building market and map the knowledge and the use of EPDs in the market. This report shows the main results of two surveys which were conducted in Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Finland during the summer of 2015 (July - Sept). The two surveys were aimed at different target groups; 1) Building owners, consultants and contractors and 2) Producers and providers of building products. When the two surveys are analyzed, it is important to bear in mind that answer rates and participation is different for each country. In the survey for building owners (1), there seems to be a rising interest in getting more detailed information on environmental properties of materials and in being able to compare different building materials. However for this group, due to lack of knowledge and/or experience in working with EPDs in the sector, it is somewhat easier to use labelled products than to analyzing the information in an EPD for a given product. Cost is still considered high since this is not yet common practice. It is also considered problematic that the different EPDs are

28

currently not harmonized in all stages which can make the comparison between products more difficult. In the survey for producers and providers (2), the majority of answers came from Sweden and Norway. Hence, the second survey does not reflect the building market in the Nordic countries very well. The results show that there is a growing demand for environmental data of building products in these countries, and producers are expected to present information in an accessible way that makes it easier for consumers to make informed decisions in selecting building materials. It is also required that information provided in EPDs to be open and accessible since the growth of registered EPDs in the market will only increase their accuracy and value. This development goes in hand with the increased use of international certification systems in the Nordic building market but also reflects developments in EU and international laws and regulations. One of the main obstacles mentioned in the surveys for the use of EPDs is the lack of market demand. The challenge today is to expand the market for EPD certified products, and make the information both transparent and understandable for both decision makers and those that have influence on the procurement of building products. One of the main driver for the implementation of EPDs is the use of environmental certification systems for buildings, but other factors such as willingness to gain market advantage for a quality product are important as well.

3.3 Re-use and recycl ing of bui lding materials and recycled materials in bui ldings Thedemolitionofexistingbuildings is inFinlandhighlyconcentrated ingrowthareaswherealsonew construction is most active. Majority of the demolished buildings consist of industrial andwarehouse buildings aswell as office buildings.However, the demolition of residential buildingshastodatebeenminor.(Huuhka&Lahdensivu2014). Itcanbeforeseenthatmorebuildingswillbe subject to demolition in the future. Due to the high volumeof concrete construction even asmallincreasewillresultinhighincreaseindemolitionwaste.The Europeanwaste framework directive (2008), inwhich also the national legislation is based,promotes the re-use of products instead of crushingmaterial recycling.More than 4 tonnes ofconstructionanddemolition(C&D)wastepercapitaisgeneratedinFinlandeveryyear.Thiswastecontains over 75% of soil and other excavation which is normally not being accounted for.Therefore, theestimatedamountofC&Dwaste in Finland (1 tonper capita) is below theEU-27average of 1.1 tons per capita. Approximately 77% of this waste is recovered according toMeinander &Mroueh (2012), and 26% is re-used or recycled according to the BIO IntelligenceServiceestimationbasedon2009data.Althoughmostofthestructuralunitsystemshavenotbeendeliberately intendedanddesigned forpartial dismantling and reuse, variouspilot projects haveprovenitfeasible.

3.3.1 Product approval According to the Construction Products Regulation (CPR) Product approval i.e. CE marking ofconstruction materials and products has been mandatory since July 1st 2013. In the first placeproduct approval is needed for materials and products when they are coming to markets.DiscussionisstillgoingonbetweenEUmemberstateswhetherconstructionproductsalreadywereonthemarketbeforetheobligationofCE-markingaresubjecttoCE-marking.Ithasbeenproposedthat CE marking should only be required on new construction products and not on reclaimedbuilding materials and architectural salvage. However, products which are further processedbeforerecyclingprobablyfallundertherequirementforCEmarking.

29

CEmarkingof reclaimedconstructionproductmightmeet somechallenges.CEmarkedproductsmustbetraceablei.e.allinformationaboutmanufacturingprocessandoriginalityofrawmaterialsmustbedeclared.Inre-usedconstructionproductswhichhavebeenmanufacturedalongtimeagothis is usually impossible. Another challenge is the quality control of the re-usable constructionproduct. Probably this requires new procedures for quality control and also amendments toproductstandards.General quality requirements to be considered in the re-use of construction products (Wahlström 2014) The building material does not contain restricted compounds (according to today’s requirements) The product has not been subjected to activities leading to pollution of the material. The previous use of construction material has not endangered the technical properties (e.g. material ageing) The deconstruction of the material has not harmed its technical properties

3.3.2 Planning new building components for reusable

Easy and effective constructability has been the most common starting point for design fordecades. In factalldevelopmenthasbeen focusedoneasierand faster installingof constructionmaterials and product on site. The shorter constructions time the lower costs. In the future thedesigner will increasingly be able to judge how building parts can reasonably be repaired ordismantledwithoutbreakingthem,andhowtheremaininglifetimeofthedismantledpartscanbeutilized in newapplications.Dismantling of the building should be taken into account already inprogramdevelopmentandschematicdesignphase,anditshouldbeapartoflifecycleassessmentof building components and structures. Good design takes into account future needs,making iteasytorepairthecomponentsorrecyclethedemolitionmaterials.Designbuildingcomponents fordeconstruction (DfD) refers to thedesignof thebuilding so thatthepartsareeasilydismantledandseparatedfromeachotherforre-useorrecycling.Gooddesignsolutionspromotefurtheruseofcomponentsandmaterials.Manyexamplescanbefoundalready.Usuallythoseconnectionshavebeenmadewithbolts:precastconcretecolumnsandbeams,gluedlaminatedtimberbeamsandcolumns,steelcolumnsandbeams,etc.

Figure15.Examplesofeasydismantledconnectionsinconcretestructures(Buildingindustry1995).

30

Figure16.Re-useofbuildingcomponentsisremarkablyeasierifthebuildinghasbeenoriginallydesignedfordeconstruction(DfD)(Talja2014).

Advantages on designed for deconstruction and recycling (Talja 2014) Re-use and recycling save non-renewable resources Re-use saves the energy and emissions required to manufacture new products. The maintenance and replacement of building elements and HVAC system is easier, reducing the costs of the future Better adaptability of the building increases the possibility to change the spaces to alternative purposes. Opportunities for resale and re-use of the undamaged salvage parts and objects will be greatly improved. A higher score can be achieved in environmental quality classification, which will improve the ecological image of the company. Dismantling costs and environmental impacts due to dust, noise or other harmful emissions are reduced. Landfill waste due to repair and demolition will be reduced in the future.

3.3.3 Using re-used building components Concretebuildingsmadewithgirderandpostframehaveaveryhighrecoverypotential,becausegirdersandcolumnscanusuallybeusedassuchinnewconstruction.Warehouses, industrialandoffice buildings aswell as commercial buildings are usuallymadewith girder andpost frame. Inmostcases,precastcolumnsandbeamsareconnectedtogetherwithbolts,whichcanusuallybedisassembledrelativelyeasily.TT-slabsareconnectedtobeamseitherweldedorwithbolt joints.Bothareusually rathereasy toopen.Blocksof flatsarealsomadewithprecastconcretepanels,butthepanelsareconnectedtogetherwithreinforcedandcastjoints.Thesejointsmustbeopenedbychiselingorcutwithadiamondsaw.Thediamondsawalsocutstiebarsfromthepanels.

Table3.15Re-usabilityofdifferentstructuralconnections.

Connections Suitability Note Cast and reinforced connections sometimes suitable Usually will damage both

elements and connection steels.

Welds mostly suitable Usually can be replaced with new welds and connection steels.

Bolts suitable Usually easy to open without damaging the elements.

Theassessmentofoldstructuralmembersandbuildingcomponentsneedsanaccurateknowledgeoftheamountandsituationofreinforcementaswellasstrengthpropertiesofusedmaterials.Re-usedstructuralmembersmustcarrytheloadsdemandaccordingtothecurrentdesignstandards.Asummaryofgoodpracticesinthere-useofstructuralbuildingcomponentsandelementsisfoundinthefollowingparagraphs.AssessthedamageDo not use structural members from areas of accelerated localized corrosion or frost-damagedmaterialorwherethere isotherevidenceof localizedsection loss.Avoidbeamswithbigexisting

31

holes in locationsof high stress concentration.Donotusepre-stressed concretebeamsor slabswithwidecracksorcorrodedsteel.Donotusetimberstructureswithholesorsufferingrotten.FocusonconnectionsAvoidelementsiftherearewidecracksintheconsoleareaofacolumnortheconnectionareaofabeam.Connectingsteelmustbesafeandsoundinallpanels.KnowthehistoryIf original drawings and specifications are not available, a testing programmemust be initiated.Avoid using elements from bridges or similar dynamically loaded structures because of theaccumulated fatiguedamage. Consider the possibility that highmoisture levels of structuremayhavecausedcorrosionproblemsorevenfrostdamage.Timberstructuresmighthavesignsofmoldorevenrotten.PreparethedocumentationShowthelocationandbuildingstructurewherethememberswereoriginallyinuse,includingthedateofconstructionoftheoriginalbuilding.Providecertificationofallre-usedconcretestructuresas regards to the section properties andmaterial grade as specified on the drawings or generalnotes.Especiallytheweatherexposedstructuresintheexistingbuildingstockusuallyhavesomeextentofrepairneedsduetoenvironmentalloadingorindoorairpollution.Thisleadstotheneedtoassessthe reusepotentialof these structures individually. It is therebyunlikely toachieve thecommonservice liferequirementof50yearsusingthesereusedparts.Thereuseofstructuralmembers isaffected by the age and purpose of the existing building and itsmaterials, the loading they aresubjected to during their lifetime and the intendedpurposeof the reusedparts. Structurepartsthatcanbeeasilydetachedandreassembledhavethehighestreusepotential.Oneofthegreatestrisksfordamagingthereusepartsareinfactinvolvedinitsdetaching,handlingandtransportation.

3.3.4 Re-use of building frame Thebuilding frame isusually located inside thebuildingenvelopeand inmostcases it is ingoodcondition and can be re-used. In the case of indoor air polluted buildings, the uncontaminatedpartsofthebuildingposepotentialforre-use.Allstructuralmembers,suchascolumns,beamsandslabs,aredesignedindividuallycasebycase,i.e. reinforcement of concrete structures, the section of steel structures as well as woodenstructures,etc.hasbeencalculatedaccording todesignnormsandguidelines in force fordesignloads. The design codes that give regulations formaterial properties and loading have changedregularlysincethebeginningofprecastconcreteconstruction.Ithastobelookedafterthatthere-usedpartsarenotsubjectedtogreatermechanicalorenvironmental loadingthan inthepresentstructure.Alsotheexistingthermalinsulationoftheexternalwalls isnotsufficienttothecurrentcodeandwillrequireaddedinsulation.Carbon footprint calculationsof the reuseof anobsoletewarehousewitha column-beam framesupport re-use of structures from the environmental point of view. Even though the carbonfootprint of the transportation of re-used structures has to be taken into account in re-usefeasibilityanalysis,itisminorcomparedtothefabricationofnewmembers.Forexamplere-useofcolumn-beam frame presented in chapter 2.7 gives 72000 kg CO2ekv smaller carbon footprintcomparedtototallynewframe.

3.3.5 Recycled building materials in new construction Reinforcedconcretestructuresaremadeeitherinsituorasprecastconcreteelements.Insitu-castconcrete structures are not re-usable as whole structures or part of it. Crushed concrete isrecyclable as an aggregate of new concrete, and mostly replaces natural aggregate in soil

32

construction like roads, etc.Reinforcement is recyclable as aremetals in general, but itmustbeseparatedfromconcreteduringthecrushingprocess.Crushingofconcreteisnoisyanddustywork,soconcreteshouldfirstbetransportedtoasuitablecrushingplaces.

33

4. GUIDELINES FOR PLANNING AND DESIGN

4.1 Feasibi l ity analysis Duringfeasibilityanalysisthemostimportanttaskistofindouttheclient’sneeds.Firstofallanyclient do not need any kind of building in the first place. The client need spaces for his/heractivities,which couldbe like living,working, storinggoodsorproduct something,etc. From thematerialefficiencypointofview,importantquestionsareasfollows:

• Whatisthepurposeofthespace?• Whatkindofspaceswillbeneeded?• Wherethespacesshouldlocate?• Arethesespacesalreadyavailable?• Howmanysquaremetreswillbeneededandhowthesesquaremetresshouldbedesigned

(principles)?• Whatistheclient’sbudgetfornewspaces?• Cantheclientgoshortofhis/herdemandsforspaces?• Forhowlongperiodclientneedsthosespaces?

Inausualproject,client’sneedsorwishesdonotmeettheexpensesoftheproject.Thereisusuallyoneormorerounds,wheretheclientmustthinkwhathe/shereallyneed. It isalso importanttofindouthowlong-lastinginvestmenttheclientismaking.Livingisdefinitelylong-terminvestment,butinthee.g.commercialbuildingstheinvestmentperiodisusuallybetween5and10years.Fromthesustainablepointofview,themostsustainablebuildingisthebuilding,whichwillneverbe built. That'swhy it is very important to ask for the client if some existing buildingwillmeetrequirements.Inmanycasesexistingbuildingismoresustainablethananewoneevenifthereisneed for modifications in the existing building. For the short period investments, a lightmodification of existing building is the most reasonable solution both from an economic andenvironmentalpointofview.Iftherearenosuitableexistingbuildingsavailable,andtheclientwantstobuildanewone,fromsustainablepointofviewitisveryimportanttofindout:

• Servicelifeofbuilding• Userenvironmentalpolicyaspectsformaintenance,wastehandling,wateruseandheating• Levelofsustainability–bestNordicpractice,HighorGoodambitious• Energyefficiencyofbuilding• Sustainabilityclassofbuildingaccordingtoe.g.BREEAM,LEED,etc.• Maintenanceperiodsofthebuildinganditscomponentsandmaterialsingeneral• Possibilitiestoreuseoldbuildingcomponentsfromsomeotherbuildings• Possibilitiestouserecycledmaterialsinthebuilding.

Servicelivesofbuildingsanditscomponentsvaryalot.Inanormalcasefoundationsandframeofthebuildingaredesignedfor100yearsusewhilee.g.facadesaredesignedmostlyfor50yearsandwindowsandroofsfor30years’servicelife.Theseservicelivestogetherwithmaintenanceperiodshave strong impact on materials and structures of the building. The longer service life andmaintenance period demands, the higher durability demands for the materials and buildingcomponents. In thematerialefficiencypointofview, the flexibility requirementsandusabilityofthebuildingaremorecrucialthanservicelifeissues.Forthenewbuildingmustbeplannedalsotheseconduseoreventhirduseduringprojectplanning.After ball, the cubic form of building is the most efficient in energy use and consumption ofbuildingmaterials.Inthefirstplacetheformandframeofthebuildingmustfulfiltherequirementsofusers'needs.Settargetsforenergyefficiencyclassofthebuildinghasstrongeffectonmaterialefficiencyofbuilding.Highenergyefficiencydemandsforbuildingsmight increasetheamountof

34

buildingmaterials,especiallyamountofthermalinsulationbutalsoamountofconstructionframeswherethethermalinsulationisinstalled.ThiswilldecreasethematerialefficiencyofbuildingandincreaseCO2footprintofconstructionperiod.Ontheotherhand,duringthewholeservicelifeofthebuildingtotalCO2savingsofthebuildingarehigherduedecreasedenergyconsumptionthanaffectedby increasedmaterial use. Therefore it ismore important to consider structural factorsthat minimize the energy consumption. Besides the insulation these are: use of passiveheating/cooling from sun with shadows and light trespassing structures and openings, energystorages andoptimal building shape considering theuse. Thebestway to do this is tomake anenergy simulationmodel of the building and check the optimal solutions case by casewith themodel.DecisionsrelatedtosustainabilityDuring feasibility analysis at least following items related to buildingmaterials shouldbe takenintoaccountinthedecisionprocess. CHECKANDASKTHEDESIGNTEAMTODOCUMENT: Materialefficiency:totalmaterialrequirementpersquaremeter(TMR)(ton/m

2)

Formandstructureofthebuilding Flexibility Reuseofbuildingcomponentsanddesignforreuse Designbuildingcomponentsfordeconstruction(DfD)

4.2 Program development and schematic design Fromthesustainabilitypointofview,theprojectplanningphaseisthemostimportantphaseinallbuildingprojects.Todesignassustainablebuildingaspossible, themost importantdecisionswillbemadeinthisphase.Projectplanningphaseisusuallydividedintwophases:

• feasibilityanalysisand• programdevelopmentandschematicdesign.

Client’sneedswillbedevelopedtodesignprogramforarchitectsandtechnicaldesigners.Basedonarchitect'sschematicdesign,structuraldesignerwillmakethefirstplanfortheframeofbuildingandothertechnicaldesignerswillmaketheirownsketch.Theseschematicplanswillbeestimatedbasedonsetgoals.Structuralengineermakesaproposalfortheframeandstructuralsystemforthebuildingbasedonarchitecturaldesign.Materialsforthebuildingframemustmeetdemandsonstructuralsafety,firesafety and stability of the building in the first place. After those requirements, comes cost andmaterialefficiency.Sizeofthebuilding,differentloads,longspans,etc.mightrejectfreechoiceofframematerials.Basedonarchitecturalandstructuralschematicdesign it isalsopossibletoestimatecostsof theproject as well as sustainability of the building. Schematic designs will be developed by thedesignersbasedonthefeedbackfromtheclientandauthoritiessofarthatarchitecturalplansandframe system of the building aswell as themost important structural types can be decided forbasisofactualdesignphase.Targets for energy efficiency class of the building have strong effect on material efficiency ofbuilding. High energy efficiency demands more or more efficient thermal insulation and betterwindowsaswellthanregularbuilding.Ontheotherhandtotalenergyconsumptioninlow-energyorpassivehouse is lower in longperiodandtherefore totalgreenhousegasemissionareusuallylowerinlongterm.Inthebuildingswithlongservicelifethematerialchoiceswhichwillneedas

35

little maintenance, repair or renewal as possible during their service life are usually the bestchoices also formaterial efficiency point of view because the total consumption ofmaterials isusually lowest as completeness. Minor repair and renewable need has positive effect on thedisturbance–freeuseofthebuilding,too.Concretebuildingsmadewithgirderandpostframehaveaveryhighrecoverypotential,becausegirdersandcolumnscanusuallybeusedassuchinnewconstruction.Warehouses, industrialandoffice buildings aswell as commercial buildings are usuallymadewith girder andpost frame. Inmostcases,precastcolumnsandbeamsareconnectedtogetherwithbolts,whichcanusuallybedisassembled relatively easily. Easy and effective constructability has been the most commonstartingpointfordesignfordecades.Infactalldevelopmenthasbeenfocusedoneasierandfasterinstallingofconstructionmaterialsandproductonsite.Theshorterconstructionstimethe lowercosts.So,themostimportantdecisionsformaterials,materialefficiencyandsustainabilityofthebuildingwillbemadeintheendofprojectplanning.DecisionsrelatedtosustainabilityIn the final design program and schematic design at least following items related to buildingmaterialsshouldbetakenintoaccountinthedecisionprocess. CHECKANDASKTHEDESIGNTEAMTODOCUMENT: Formandstructure:Howclient'sneedsarerealized? Servicelifeformaterialsandbuildingcomponents:

§ Foundations(years) § Frame(years) § Facades(years) § Wetrooms(years) § Roofs(years) § Supplementarybuildingcomponents(years),etc.

Materialefficiency: § Totalmaterialrequirement(TMR),(ton/m

2)

§ Materialchoiceforframeandfacades Reuseofbuildingcomponentsanddesignforreuse

4.3 Design development and working drawings Duringdesignphaseschematicdrawingswillbedevelopedforworkingdrawings.Nowadays,whendesignprocess ismademoreandmorewith thehelpofbuilding informationmodelling (BIM), itmakesdesigningmoreefficient; all drawingsneededon siteor in prefabricated factories canbeconverted from themodel.And for cost and sustainablepoint of viewbill of quantities in everysingle materials used in the building is possible to get from the model. This means that everychangemadeinstructuresormaterialscaninstantlybeseeninmaterialefficiencyofthebuilding.Service life and maintenance need during use phase should be kept in mind when consideringmaterialsexposedtooutdoorclimateorsomeotherharshenvironmentlikeseawaterorchemicalstress.Usuallydurableandlong-lastingmaterialsaremoresustainableinlong-term.During design phase it should be kept in mind that materials and new building componentsdesignedforcertainbuildingshouldbedesignedso,thatreuseofthosecomponentsormaterialsarepossiblewhentheservicelifeofdesignedbuildinghasended.Thisisuncommontoday,butinthe near future there is a need for this kind of thinking. In a new building, there might bepossibilitiestoreusebuildingcomponentsfromdismantledbuildings.E.g.beam-columnframecanbe originated from old demolished building. This kind of reuse increases material efficiencyremarkablycomparedtoatotallynewframe.

36

Wall assemblies, roofs, windows, etc. building components togetherwith technical installations,likeHVACsolution,effectonenergyefficiencyof thebuilding.Calculationsmustbemade foralldesign choices keeping in mind national regulations and clients targets. Hygro-thermalperformanceofmaterialsandbuildingcomponentshasstronginfluenceonindoorairqualityofthebuilding.Severalmaterialshavedemandsforlowerstructuresdryingoutbeforeinstalling.Insomecasestheframeofthebuildinghasbeenchangedfromonematerialtoanotherorfrominsitumadetoprefabricatedorviceversa.Sometimesthiskindofdecisionsaremadeduringdesignphase or even in construction phase mostly based on economic or time schedule reasons.However, original service life and usability demands, etc., must also be fulfilled after changes.Sustainabilityandmaterialefficiencycalculationsmustbedoneagainafterthesechanges.DecisionsrelatedtosustainabilityDuring design phase at least following items related to buildingmaterials should be taken intoaccountinthedecisionprocess.

CHECKANDASKTHEDESIGNTEAMTODOCUMENT: Materialefficiency:

§ LCA(LifeCycleAssessment)calculationsandmaterialchoiceforframe,facadesandallotherbuildingcomponents

Servicelifeformaterialsandbuildingcomponents: § Servicelifecalculationsforchosenmaterialsandbuildingcomponents

Energyefficiency: § Calculationsforalldesignchoices->selectionofstructuresandproducts

Hygro-thermalperformancelevelofbuilding: § Calculationsandmaterialchoices § Effectonindoorairquality

Useofrecycledmaterials: § Calculationsandmaterialchoices

Useofrenewableresources: § Calculationsandmaterialchoices

Useofreusedbuildingcomponents: § Calculationsandmaterialchoices

4.4 Construction phase

During construction phase the contractor buys materials and products for the building.Sustainabilityof thosematerialsandproducts (Environmentalproductdeclaration,EPD)dependson where thosematerials are produced and how long is the transportation distance as well astransportationvehicles.Sustainabilityofmaterialscanbeincreasedbybuyingmaterials,especiallyheavyandalotofneeded,nearconstructionsitetokeeptransportationdistancesminimum.Thematerialsandproductsmightbechangedtomoresustainableonesifpropertiesarethesamethaninoriginal.With functional criteria in theprocurementand requirementsondocumentation, thebuildingownercanhavecontrolthathisambitionlevelisrealized.Avoidingmaterialwaste during constructionphase is oneof themost efficientways to increasematerialefficiencyinconstructionphase.Innewconstructionthewastematerialsaremainlyfrommaterialpackagingwhereasinthereconstructionprojectsthemainpartofthewasteisdemolitionwaste. Avoidingwetting of uninstalledmaterials and already completed spaces can savemoneyandtimeaswellasmaterials.Moisturelevelcontrolisessentialinallbuildingswheregoodindoorairquality is set goal.Cleveruseofbuildingmaterialsproducesas littlewasteaspossible.Usingprefabricatedproductsasmuchaspossibledecreasesremarkablycuttingorothertoolingonsiteand,thereforealsolesswasteisproduced.Mostof thedecisions formaterial recoveryaredone in thedesignphase.A loteffort shouldbepaid to avoid unnecessary demolition and increase recycling rate of demolished materials with

37

active sorting. The share of construction waste of the total waste amount in Finland isapproximately26% (24.6million tons) includingbothbuilding constructionand civil engineeringworkproducedwaste.Mostof it is(upto94%)differentsoils(Ruuskaetc2013).Wastematerialhandlingisquiteorganizedintheconstructionsites,butunnecessarymateriallossisoccurringdueto material storing. All materials must be stored on site according to material producers'instructions.Inmany cases recycledmaterials can be used instead of virginal. For instance if recycled gravelfromnearneighbourhoodisavailableitcanbeusedtoe.g.artificialfillsinsteadofvirginalgravel.Orcrushedconcretemightbeusedtoloadbearingroadbase.But, ifrecycledmaterialsorreusedcomponents are used to load carrying structures, the validity must be shown by suitable tests.Constructiondesignismandatorybasedonthetestresults.Ifrecycledmaterialsareusedthereistheoretical possibility to reduce e.g. carbon dioxide emissions instead of increasing (there isnegativeemissionfortheconstructionmaterial).Research has shown that electricity and heating causes over half of the total site emissions,followedby groundworks,material transportationandon-site transportation.Waste,water andtemporaryworks cause insignificant emissions.Nodirect correlationwas foundbetween carbonintensityandcostintensityforthestudiedfunctions.Widespreadcarboncalculationwasfoundtobechallengingwithcurrentdatamanagementmodelsofconstructioncompanies(Helsten2012).Cleanliness of construction site is the key-factor for indoor air quality. Spaces should be cleanbefore technical installations, like air-discharge pipes etc. It's important that the building ownermakequalitycheckonbuildingsitethattheprovidedproductisactuallyused.Bymakingalistoverall approved products in the project, this list can be compared to used product during regularlyqualitychecksatthebuildingsite.DecisionsrelatedtosustainabilityDuringconstructionphase severaldecisionsaremade related tobuildingmaterials according to design program. CHECKANDASKTHEDESIGNTEAMTODOCUMENT: Controlofmoisturelevel:

§ Moisturecontentofstructuresbeforecoating § Shelteringconstructionmaterialsfrommoistureandrainduringstoringandafter

installation Cleanlinessofreadyspaces:

§ Shelteringroomsandinstallationsfromdustanddirt § Cleaningreadyspacesbeforeinstallations

Qualitycheck: § Materialsemissions § Responsetoplans

Wastemanagement § Sortingconstructionwaste § Reuseandrecyclingconstructionwaste

4.5 Commissioning stage

During commissioning thebuildingoperationhas tobe verified so that thedesignedoutcome isreality.Usually the insurancepoliciesandwarranty repairsneeds thecheck-up. In this stage it isalsonecessarytocheckthattheestimatedenvironmentaltargetlevelisachievede.g.forrecyclingratedetermination.CHECKANDASKTHEDESIGNTEAMTODOCUMENT:

38

Materialefficiency: § Totalwasteamountsforprojectandcalculaterecyclingrate § Totaluseofrecycledmaterials § BuildingmaterialEPD(EnvironmentalProductDeclaration)sheetsarecollectedintothe

buildingservicemanual § Checkthatthereareinstructionsforrepairingandmaintenanceofselectedbuilding

materials Servicelifeformaterialsandbuildingcomponents:

§ Therightinformationiscollectedformaintenanceintothebuildingservicemanual(forcleaningandothermaintenance)

§ Moistureprotectionandcheck-upscheduleformaintenance

4.6 Use and maintenance Useandmaintenancephaseisthelongestperiodinthebuilding: itwilltakedecades.Duringthisperiod, ageing of the materials in the building will lead to maintenance and repair needs. In asustainable building also maintenance of materials and building components should beprogrammed.Inproactivemaintenancemeasuresaremadebeforeanydegradationcanbevisuallyseen.With this kindofmaintenance large repairs canusuallybeavoidedandmaintenancecostsremainsonareasonablelevelifmaterialsandproductsarechosenright.DecisionsrelatedtosustainabilityDuring the use of building, maintenance needs correlates to material choices and quality ofconstruction work. Decisions related to building materials are therefore done mostly in earlier phases.CHECKANDASKTHEDESIGNTEAMTODOCUMENT: Materialefficiency:

§ Observationofmaterialageing § Maintenanceofdeterioratedmaterials § Followinginstructionsofmaintenancebook § Usingsustainablematerialsduringmaintenanceandrenovation

Wastemanagement § Recyclingofwaste § Sortingofwaste

5. GUIDELINES FOR PROCUREMENT / FINLAND / ALL

1.1 Environmental aspects in the procurement process In the building construction process it is important to ensure that the identified sustainabilityaspectsareconsideredinalloftheprojectphases.Especially it isnecessarywhenmovingfromaproject stage to another. In order to achieve the sustainability goals set for the project it isessential that owner’s project requirements (OPR) and goals are defined and documentedaccuratelythroughouttheproject.Afterasuccessfulprojectthefinalproduct,serviceorbuildingoperatesasintendedandcorrespondstotheOPR.Procurements related to building construction are important decision making points fromsustainabilitypointofview:theyareaneffectiveinstrumentinpromotingenvironmentally-friendlyproducts and services and in encouraging eco-innovation, thus contributing to sustainabledevelopment. Byusing thepurchasingpower to chooseenvironmentally friendly goods, servicesandworks,wecanmakeanimportantcontributiontosustainableconsumptionandproduction.Inthischapter,somegeneralguidelinesandcriteriaexampleswillberepresentedfor:

39

§ purchasingbuildingdesign(architectsanddesigners)andconstruction(contractorsandcommissioningagents)

§ purchasingbuildingmaterialsThefollowingguidelinesaregeneralandtheymustbeconsideredcase-specific.Inaddition,thenational guidelines and legislation concerningprocurementsmustbe taken intoaccountwhenplanningcriteriaforsustainableprocurements.Itmustbeunderlined, thatall thebuildingmaterialsmustmeetdemandsonstructural safety,firesafetyandstabilityofthebuildinginthefirstplace.Afterthoserequirements,comecostandmaterialefficiencyandothersustainabilityaspectsofprocurements.Intheprocurementprocess,sustainabilityaspectscanbeincludedin(A)tenderer'ssuitability,(B)technicalinstructions(C),comparisoncriteriafortenderor(D)contractclauses.

1.2 European commission Green Public Procurement (GPP) European commission has recognized Green Public Procurement (GPP) guidance as a gooddocumenttofollowduringtheprojectphases.TheEUGPPcriteriaaredevelopedtofacilitatetheinclusion of green requirements in public tender documents. The criteria can be used also inprivateconstructionprojectsandprocurementprocesses.While the adopted EU GPP criteria aim to reach a good balance between environmentalperformance,costconsiderations,marketavailabilityandeaseofverification,procuringauthoritiesmay choose, according to their needs and ambition level, to include all or only certainrequirementsintheirtenderdocuments.TheGPPcontainsthenextissuesiv:

§ benefitsandtoolsforsustainableprocurement§ commitmenttosustainablepolicy,definitionsandgoals§ prioritiesandcriteriabasedtoe.g.certificationandeco-labelledproducts§ information, education, networking and follow-up measures to ensure project goal

achievement§ procurementprocessandnecessarylegislativemeasuresthatshouldbefulfilled§ lifecyclecostprocurementbusinessmodelandcontactstosuppliers

SUSTAINABILITY ASPECTS IN THE PROCUREMENT PROCESS

A) Tenderer's suitability Sustainability aspects can relate to technical performance, education or professionalcompetenceofatenderer. B) Minimum criteria and technical instructions Sustainability aspects, which concern for example the capacity, materials, ingredients,production, technic, transportation or packing of product,must be included in the technicalinstructionsofpurchase. C) Comparison criteria Sustainabilityaspects,whichcanbescoredinthecomparisonoftenders D) Contract clauses Sustainability aspects, which contractor or service supplier must take into account whenrealizingthecontract/performingtheservice.

40

§ specifyingtheprojectcaseforinvitationtotenderandtechnicalspecificationstotakeintoaccounttheenvironmentalimpactsofpurchasedgoods,worksorservicesthroughouttheirlifecycle

§ specifications for tenderers green clean capability and sustainability measures andexcludingthetenderersthatdonotfulfilthecriteria

§ contract conditions that encourage for clean tech solutions and evaluation of life cyclecosts

§ contractterms,followupandpossiblecorrectivemeasures§ specificprocurementmeasuresforcertainsectorssuchasconstructionsector

TheGPPguidelinesaregeneralandtheEUGPPprocesswilltoalargeextentfollowthestructureofthe EU Ecolabel criteria-setting procedure. It will provide stakeholders with the possibility tocomment on the documents and the draft EU GPP criteria at several stages of the process.However, compared with the EU Ecolabel procedure, it will be shorter and will not involve theformaladoptionofthecriteriaasalegalact.

5.1 Tenderer's suitabi l ity criteria The tendering procedure for selecting the service supplier or contractor offers opportunities forimproving the environmental performance of these services. The project architect, designers,contractors, commissioning agents should have knowledge in the best available sustainabilitypractices. In the request for quotation (RFQ), the procurer can ask for the service supplier orcontractortoprovehis/herabilitytomanagethemostimportantenvironmentalimpactscausedbytheserviceorcontractinquestion.Environmentalaspectscanrelatetotechnicalperformance,educationorprofessionalcompetenceofatenderer:

§ Levelofeducation(BachelorofEngineering,MasterofSciencee.g.)§ LEED,BREEAM,Miljöbyggnad,energyefficiencyorsimilarenvironmentalorenergy

certificationschemequalificationsuitablefortheprojecttype§ Knowhowofcertainprojecttypes(refurbishment,renovation,changeofuse)orbuilding

types(e.g.schools,warehousesetc.)orcleantechsolutionssuchassolarpower,LEDillumination,heat-pumps,heatrecoveryprocessesetc.(listingofprojectexperiencetotheofferwithprojectinformationandownparticipationinformation)

§ Technicalcapability(equipmentorasoftware)§ Tenderer’senvironmentalmanagementpolicyortool(e.g.ISO14001)

Theabilitytomanagethemostimportantenvironmentalimpactscausedbytheserviceorcontractinquestionmustbeprovenby service supplieror contractor.Because, the sustainabilityaspectsarecase-specific,theselectioncriteriafortheprojectteamshouldincludeexperiencequalificationsofcertainprojecttypesandknowhowofcleantechsolutionssuitableforthatcertainprojectandarea.Thespecificationsforsustainabilitysuchascertificationsschemesandavailabilityofsustainabilityprofessionalsintheorganisationforbackuphelpcanbeusedforallthecases.Onewaytoensurethat theproject teamhas enoughunderstanding for sustainable solutions is to include a specialadvisorfortheprojectteamtotakecareofthesustainabledevelopmentaspectsfollow-up.

41

5.2 Minimum requirements and technical instructions of a purchase Asustainableprocurementmeans that thedesiredoutcome isachievedwithminimalamountofenvironmental impacts and the use of natural resources, energy and transport. A number ofdifferent indicators have been developed tomeasure the sustainability aspects of products andservicesandhencedesiredindicatorsandtargetlevelsshouldbedeterminedatearlystageoftheprocurementprocess.Inaconstructionprojecttheowner’ssustainabilityrequirementshavetobedocumentedexplicitly inbasisofdesignsincetheowner’sprojectrequirements (OPR)definetheminimumrequirementsandtechnicalinstructionssetforthetargetofpurchase.Thetargetofpurchaseishereadesigningservice,contractserviceoraproductandmaterialofbuilding. Sustainability aspects can relate to the capacity, materials, ingredients, conduct,productiontechnic,transportationorpackingofthetargetofpurchase.Iftheseaspectsaresetasminimum requirementsof the target of purchase, the aspectsmust be included in the technicalinstructionsofpurchase.Alltheaspectsmustalsobeclearandmeasurable.Iftheyaremeasurable,theycanbeverifiedandmonitoredby thebyer.Whendefiningsustainability requirements forapurchase itmustbeensuredthatthereareenoughsuppliers inthemarket,whocanmeettheserequirements.Iftheprocurerisnotsureforthat,he/shecancarryoutamarketsurvey,wherethesupplier'sabilitytomeettherequirementswillbetestedbeforetheactualtenderingprocesswillbegin.

SUSTAINABILITY ASPECTS IN THE PROCUREMENT PROCESS

A) Tenderer's suitability Selectioncriteriaexample:Thecontractormustproveitstechnicalandprofessionalcapabilitytoperformthesustainabilityaspectsofthecontractthrough:

§ anenvironmentalmanagementsystem(suchasEMAS,ISO14001orequivalent,[insertothernationalorregionalofficialsystems]),or

§ aBREEAMorLEEDcertificationforthebuilding§ ansustainabilitypolicy,workinstructionsandproceduresforcarryingouttheservicein

anenvironmentallyfriendlyway,or§ previousexperienceinapplyingsustainabilitymanagementmeasuresinsimilar

contracts

42

5.3 Comparison criteria for tenders that fulf i l the requirements of request for quotation (RFQ) Iftheprocurerhasconductedamarketingstudy,andhe/sheisstillnotsure,ifthesuppliersinthemarket are able to meet the sustainability requirements for the target of purchase, thesustainabilityaspectscanbesetascomparisoncriteriafortenders.Comparisoncriteriafortendersmustalwaysrelatetothetargetofpurchase.Theideaisthatsustainabilityaspectsrelatedtothetargetofpurchasewillbescoredinthecomparisonoftenders.

SUSTAINABILITY ASPECTS IN THE PROCUREMENT PROCESS

B) Minimum criteria and technical instructions Minimumcriteriaexampleforaserviceorcontractinquestion:Theselecteddesignerorcontractormustcompileasustainabilityplan,whereshe/hedescribeshowtheecological,socialandeconomicsustainabilitywillbepromotedandthemostenvironmentalimpactwillbereducedindesign/contract.Minimumcriteriaexampleforaproductormaterialinquestion:MinimumcriteriaforproductsormaterialcanbesetforexamplebyusingthefoursustainabilityindicatorsrepresentedinChapter3Sustainablematerialsandproducts.Theseindicatorsrelateto:

§ Globalwarmingpotential–greenhousegases(GWP)§ Materialresources§ Hazardoussubstances§ Emissionstoindoorclimate

Inaddition,theminimumcriteriacanconcern:

§ Maintainabilityofproductormaterial:Howoftenthematerialorproductismaintained?Whatarethemaintainingrequirements?àWillbedefinedinserviceinstructionandintheperiodofguaranteeofmaterialorproduct.

§ Reusabilityorrecyclabilityoftheproductormaterial§ Selectionofeco-labelledorrecycledmaterialsfor[x]%ofthetotalmaterialrequirement

(TMR)

43

Sustainabilityaspects inthecomparisoncriteriacanrelatetothecapacity,materials, ingredients,conduct,productiontechnic,transportationorpackingofthetargetofpurchase.Intheminimumrequirements,theremightbeaminimumlevelfortheseaspects,andifthetargetofpurchasewillexcelitselfitwillbescored.Whenmarketswilldevelopandsustainabilityaspectwillbecomemorepopular, the sustainability aspects in the comparison criteria can be moved to the minimumrequirements.Comparisoncriteriamustbeclearandmeasurable,liketheminimumrequirementsofthetargetofpurchase.Clearandmeasurablecriteriawillmakethecomparisonofthetenderseasierandensureequal processing of tenders. Clear criteria will also prevent possible appealing processes. Thepointsandscoringmustbeconsideredcasebycase.Tenderscanbeevaluatedaccordingtocostsoreconomicallyadvantageousness.Criteriadefinitionand tender valuation of tenders requires expertize fromprocurer aswell and quality-costs ratioshould reflect the basis of the owner’s project requirements. If the procurer makes purchasedecisionbasedon theeconomically advantageousness, European commissionhas recommendedthat the quality aspects/criteria should be considered with at least 60 % and the sustainabilityaspects/criteriashouldbe10-15%ofqualityaspects.

5.4 Contract clauses

SUSTAINABILITY ASPECTS IN THE PROCUREMENT PROCESS

C) Comparison criteria Comparisoncriteriaexamplefortheserviceorcontractinquestion:Ifnotsetasaminimumrequirement:Pointcanbegiven,iftheselecteddesignerorcontractorcancompileaSustainabilityPlan,whereshe/hedescribeshowtheecological,socialandeconomicsustainabilitywillbepromotedandthemostenvironmentalimpactwillbereducedindesign/contract.Comparisoncriteriaexamplefortheproductormaterialinquestion:ComparisoncriteriaforproductsormaterialcanbesetforexamplebyusingthefoursustainabilityindicatorsrepresentedinChapter3Sustainablematerialsandproducts.Theseindicatorsrelateto:

§ Globalwarmingpotential–greenhousegases(GWP)§ Materialresources§ Hazardoussubstances§ Emissionstoindoorclimate

Intheminimumrequirements,theremightbeaminimumlevelfortheseindicators,andifthetargetofpurchasewillexcelitselfitwillbescoredaccordingtothetablesinChapter3.Inaddition,pointscanbegivenif:

§ Calculationoflifecycleimpact(LCA)oftheselectedserviceorproductisavailable§ Environmentalproductdeclaration(EPD)ofaproductisavailable.EPDisan

independentlyverifiedandregistereddocumentthatcommunicatestransparentandcomparableinformationaboutthelife-cycleenvironmentalimpactofproducts.

44

Contract clauses concern design services and contracts. In contract clauses the procurer shouldexplicitly identify, how and when sustainability performance will be measured, reported andconfirmed. The responsibilities anddocumentationmethod shouldbediscussed clearlybywhichthedesired featuresareverified.Verycomplicatedclausesaredifficult toconfirmtobe fulfilled.Thecontract clausesmustbe represented for the tenderersalready in the request forquotation(RFQ)anddiscussedbeforeprojectstarts.

SUSTAINABILITY ASPECTS IN THE PROCUREMENT PROCESS

C) Contract clauses Contractclausesexamplefortheserviceorcontractinquestion:TheselecteddesignerorcontractormustcompileanAnnualSustainabilityReport,whereshe/hedescribeshowtheecological,socialandeconomicsustainabilityhasbeenpromotedandthemostenvironmentalimpacthasbeenreducedindesign/contract.Incontractclausestheprocureridentifies,howandwhensustainabilityperformancewillbemeasured,reportedandconfirmed.

45

6. REFERENCES

BakkeJohn,ANordicquidetoworkplacedesign,availableat:http://alexandra.dk/sites/default/files/downloads/NWoW/02132_dekar_a_nordic_guide_to_workplace_design.pdfBondeJensenMona,Diplomityö,Toimistorakennuksenrungonvaikutusrakennuksenmateriaalisidonnaiseenhiilijalanjälkeen,2012BortolotLana,EBSCO-BusinessSourceComplete."Workersfirst."EntrepreneurAug2014,Vol.42Issue8,p54-58-582014

Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 onwasteandrepealingcertainDirectives.Brussels,Belgium:2008.ENV.G.4/FRA/2008/0112. Service contract on management of construction and demolition waste – SR1, Final report Task 2. Paris, France: Bio Intelligence Service S.A.S., 2011. FiGBC (2013). Rakennusten Elinkaarimittarit (2013). Green Building Council Finland. Helsinki.8.2.2014:http://figbcfi.virtualserver26.hosting.fi/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Rakennusten_elinkaarimittarit_2013.pdfFinnish Ministry of Environment, available at: http://www.ymparisto.fi/fi-FI/Rakentaminen/Rakennuksen_energia_ja_ekotehokkuus/Rakennusmateriaalien_ymparistovaikutukset_ja_materiaalitehokkuusHakaste, Harri, ympäristöministeriö, Näkökulmia vihreään rakentamiseen seminaari esitys”Ympäristöominaisuudet rakentamisen viranomaisohjauksessa”. Available at:http://www.ecophon.com/globalassets/old-structure/15.suomi/vihrea-rakentaminen-seminaari/ymparistoominaisuudet-viranomaisohjauksessa_hakaste.pdfHeincke, C. & Olsson, D. Simply Green. Kvänum, Sweden: Conny Nilsson, Swegon Air Academy,2012.111.ISBN978-91-977443-5-5.Helsten, Pia. Modeling the carbon footprint of construction processes”, 2012, Master’s Thesis,DepartmentofSurveyingandPlanning,SchoolofEngineering,AaltoUniversityHuuhka, S., Lahdensivu, J. 2014. A statistical and geographical study on demolished buildings. Building Research and Information. Pp. 1-24. Lahdensivu,J.,Huuhka,S.,Annila,P.,Pikkuvirta,J.,Köliö,A.,Pakkala,T.2015.Reusepossibilitiesofpre-castconcretepanels.TampereUniversityofTechnology.DepartmentofStructuralEngineering.Researchreport162.78p.Meinander,M.&Mroueh,U.(eds.).Directionsoffuturedevelopments inwasterecycling.Espoo:VTTTechnicalResearchCentreofFinland,2012.VTTTechnology60.ISBN978-951-38-7893-1.Regulation no 305/2011 of the European parliament and of the council of 9 march 2011 laying down harmonized conditions for the marketing of construction products and repealing Council directive 89/106/EEC. Brussels, Belgium: 2011. Ruuska, A., Häkkinen, T., Vares, S., Korhonen, M. & Myllymaa, T. Rakennusmateriaalienympäristövaikutukset. Selvitys rakennusmateriaalien vaikutuksesta rakentamisenkasvihuonekaasupäästöihin,tiivistelmäraportti(Environmentalimpactsofconstructionmaterials.Areportonthecontributionofconstructionmaterialstogreenhousegasemissionsofconstruction).ReportsoftheMinistryoftheEnvironment8/2013.Helsin-ki,Finland:MinistryoftheEnvironmentofFinland,2013.

46

Schmidt,A.Analysisoffiveapproachestoenvironmentalassessmentofbuildingcomponentsinawholebuildingcontext.FORCETechnologyfinalreport.Lyngby,Denmark:2012.SITRA, Uutinen: Kiertotalous on Suomelle jopa 2,5 miljardin euron mahdollisuushttp://www.sitra.fi/uutiset/tulevaisuus/kiertotalous-suomelle-jopa-25-miljardin-euron-mahdollisuusSYKE: Suomen ympäristökeskus, Juylkaisut ympäristölehti available at: http://www.syke.fi/fi-FI/Julkaisut/Ymparistolehti/2013/Rakennusmateriaaleilla_on_valia%2828190%29VTT,LCA-calculationtoolfromVTT,availableathttp://www.vtt.fi/sites/Ilmari Wahlström, M. 2015. Quality aspects. In Hradil, P., Talja, A., Wahlström, M., Huuhka, S., Lahdensivu, J., Pikkuvirta, J. 2014. Re-use of structural elements. Environmentally efficient recovery of building components. VTT Technology 200/2014. 70 p.