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Prof.ssa Ernestina Giudici 1
Nonverbal communication
2 Prof.ssa Ernestina Giudici
NVC roots
n It is more instinctive and natural than verbal communication (less intentional control)
n It constitutes a kind of body language which is basically universal
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Cultural perspective
“What is shown on ones face is written in culture”
n NVC is learned during childhood like languages
n It differs from one culture to another, from gesture systems to facial expressions
n Places emphasis on differentiation (unique and exclusively non verbal forms)
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Connection between NVC and VC
n The communicational act is created by the sender and interpreted by the recipient on the bases of a multiplicity of systems of meanings and signals
n Each system (NVC and VC) produces a specific meaning
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n Phenomenons of non verbal communication (NVC):
¨ Prosodic and paralinguistic voice qualities
¨ Kinesics system ¨ Facial expressions ¨ The way you look at someone
‘The look’ ¨ Gestures
Vocal system
Prof.ssa Ernestina Giudici
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Vocal system
n The voice: meanings that go beyond words
n When pronouncing a word prosodic and paralinguistic aspects are associated to the intonation, the tone, rhythm and intensity
n The phonopoietic act is the synthesis of verbal and nonverbal aspects
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Parts of vocal communication n The voice is comprised of various phenomenon and vocal processes:
¨ Reflexes (cough, etc.), vocal characterizations (laughter, crying, etc.), and vocalizations (“full pauses”)
¨ Extra-linguistic characteristics: organic and phonetics
¨ Paralinguistic characteristics (together with acoustic properties)
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Paralinguistic characteristics
n Parameters:
¨ Tone (pitch profile)
¨ Intensity (voice volume)
¨ Time: duration, speech speed (n. of syllables including pauses), articulation speed (n. of syllables excluding pauses), the pause (full pause = use of mhm, ehm, etc; empty pause = silent time)
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Phonopoietic Act
n Vocal verbal section
n Vocal nonverbal sections
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Vocal verbal section
n Pronunciation of a word or phrase (phonology)
n Vocabulary (lexicon and semantics)
n Grammar (morphology and syntax)
n Prosodic profile (conclusive, interrogative, exclamation tone, etc.)
n Prominence (emphatic importance or stress of an element)
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Vocal nonverbal sections n Factors influencing the human being voice quality ¨ Biological (sex, age)
¨ Social (culture, place of geographic origin, occupation)
¨ Personality (permanent psychological traits)
¨ Temporary psychological traits (emotional experience, cognitive situation of certainty or doubt, etc.)
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The voice of emotions
Each emotion has its own exact and distinctive vocal profile
n Encoding phase: analysis and measurement of acoustic elements of vocal expression
n Decoding phase: the recipient’s ability to recognize the emotional state of the speaker taking only the vocal characteristics into account
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Encoding
n Anger: increasing the intensity of the voice, short or absent pauses, enhanced rhythm, frequent changes of intonation
n Fear: speed of the articulation rhythm; very high intensity of the voice; thin, tense, and sharp voice (feeling powerless in front of a threat)
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Encoding
n Unhappiness: low tone; long pauses; lessened rhythm of articulation; relaxed and sharp voice
n Joy: very pitched tone and progressive intonation profile; increasing intensity and, some-times, quickening of articulation rhythm
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Encoding
n Contempt: very slow articulation of syllables and sustained phrase duration; rich voice pitch; full intensity
n Tenderness: regular rhythm; deep tones and linear intonation profile; volume basically low, broad and relaxed voice
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Decoding
n Average accuracy of acknowledgement equal to 60%
n Easier to understand the negative emotional vocal expressions than the positive ones (reason: survival instincts make you recognise the perception of “danger”)
Silence
Prof.ssa Ernestina Giudici
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Silence
n Lack of words
n Strategic way to communicate
n Its meaning changes with situations, relationships and culture of reference
n The value of silence is determined by its ambiguity
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Positive or negative communicative silence values
n Emotional ties (can connect on the basis of a deep emotional experience or separate with hostility and hate)
n Evaluation function (can show agreement and approval or bring disagreement and disapproval)
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Positive or negative communicative silence value
n Understanding process (can show something to someone or it can be an opaque barrier for specific information
n Activation function (can show a strong mental concentration or report a mental dispersion)
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Silence rules
n Complex set of social standards that manage silence
n Generally it is associated with: ¨ Social situations wherein the
relationship between the participants is unclear, not much is known, it’s vague or equivocal
¨ Social situations wherein there is a known and asymmetric distribution of social power between the participants
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Culture and silence
n Western culture (individualistic): quick succession of tones in words, the latency period of pauses are very short
¨ Silence = threat, absence of cooperation to managing the conversation
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Culture and silence
n Eastern culture (collectivist): long pauses of silence between one intervention and another, because of signals of reflexivity and judgement
¨ Silence = marker of trust, familiarity, harmony and agreement
Kinesics system
Prof.ssa Ernestina Giudici
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Kinesics system
n It is comprised by the movements of the body, face and eyes
Movements determine the production and transmission
of meanings
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Kinesics system
n Components:
¨ Facial expressions
¨ The look
¨ Gestures
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Facial expressions
n The face expresses: a specific mental state, emotional experience, interpersonal behaviour of a person
n The face is the most important part of the body that attracts the attention and interest of the interlocutor
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La mimica facciale
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Emotional perspective and communicational perspective
Emotional perspective
n Facial expressions have a dominant emotional value because they appear immediately, are instinctive and unintentional of emotions and are managed by specific and defined neuromotor programs
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La mimica facciale
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Communicational perspective
n Facial expressions have a communicational value because they show to others what the person’s purpose is with reference to the context
n By these means it is possible to identify a social value: in other words messages sent to others and as such they perform a communicational function
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In the communicational perspective it is essential to take into account the
context Expressions regarded in isolation are difficult to interpret and may generate several misinterpretations
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The smile n Ekman has detected 19 different forms
of smiles. Among those: ¨ Spontaneous smile (or Duchenne smile):
involves the face as a whole ¨ Fake smile: only puts the cheekbone
muscles of the lower part of the face into action
¨ Miserable smile: the expression of the lower part of the face is extended; it means accepting a condition of unpleasant necessity
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The smile
n According to Darwin and Ekman the smile is an expression, which is more or less intense, of joy
n New research (Fernandez-Dols) stated that smiling does not have any nexus with emotions, but it is strictly connected with social interaction
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The smile
n It is the developer of relational affinity (it is useful to establish and maintain a friendly, stable relationship)
n It is a regulator of social relations (its frequency and intensity are managed by social power and genre)
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The look
n The ocular contact (or reciprocal look) increases the nervous activation
n The look is an essential element to starting any interpersonal relationship
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Look and personal image management
n The person that looks at the partner shows greater general expertise in terms of intelligence and social impact, plausibility and reliability, trust and sincerity
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Look and personal image management
n The look is useful to govern the relationship of proximity or distance among other people
n Promotes cooperation
n It is a strong signal to ask for and obtain consensus at its own standpoint
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Looks and emotions
n Correlation looks-emotions:
¨ Positive emotions: increase of ocular contact
¨ Negative emotions: looking down and distortion of eye contact
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Look and genre contrast
n Feminine mode: expressive and relational nature
n Masculine mode: informative and instrumental nature
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The stare n A prolonged and enduring look that is impossible to ignore
¨ In particular situations it may have a value of threat and danger
¨ It is typical of seductive situations
¨ People that have power tend to hold their look for longer
¨ Cultural differences
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The gestures
n Organized and limited motor actions
n They aim to create a meaning
n Are addressed to one interlocutor to reach a specific purpose
n The set of gestures put together are also called “body language”, even though they mainly involve the hands
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Kinds of gestures
n Gesticulation
¨ go with the action of speaking and are strictly related with speech
¨ change with reference to shape, space and length
¨ are poorly formal
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Kinds of gestures
n Symbols (or symbolic signs)
¨ Are notably formal and encoded
¨ By custom, they are made from a distance due to a lack of language
¨ Express ideas that can also be said using words
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Kinds of gestures
n The language of gestures
¨ Sign language used by the deaf
¨ Has the properties of a language
¨ It is completely formal inside the community of users
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Gestures and words
n Are an integral part of speech
n Can add some useful meaning to words
n When the speaker stops speaking, all the connected gestures also stop
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Gestures and culture n Curiosity, but not only that:
¨ Gesture of mano a borsa n unknown in United Kingdom
n has the meaning of question and perplexity in Southern Italy
n means good in Greece
n slowly in Tunisia
n fear in Southern France
n very good in some Arabian communities