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1.1 Facial expression
• The human face is so mobile that it can effortlessly register boredom, surprise, affection, and disapproval one after another in a few seconds.
• Facial cues are the single most important source of nonverbal communication.
• Woodworth, Experimental psychology (1938)
• Nonverbal cues can clearly express seven basic emotions:– Happiness (joy), surprise, fear, sadness,
anger, scorn (disgust) and emotional interrest in somethink/somebody
Recognition of basic emotions
• Basic emotions individuals express usually spontaneously.
• They are distinguishable by majority of observers.
• Timbre of voice, paralingvistic ques (voice qualities – pitch, range, resonance, lip control, articulation control,tempo and fluency,noises without linguistic structure, such as crying, laughing).
Recognition of basic emotions from voice and facial expressions
• Facial expressions inform better about our emotions than our voice.
• Emotion of happiness is the most easy to recognition than the other facial expressions.
• Emotion of scorn is more difficult to recognition than the other facial expressions.
Fear
• We can better to control facial expression than voice.
• Diaphragm, breathing – voice vibration
Intercultural comparation
• P. Ekman conducted comparation of facial emotional expressions in all cultures(P. Ekman a W. Friesen, Unmasking the face, Englewood Cliffs, (NJ, USA), Prentice Hall, 1975)
• In some respect, expressive facial behavior is constant across cultures.
• People in all cultures are able to recognize from fatial expression four emotions:fear, malevolence, sadness, pleasure
1.2 GESTURES
• Gesticulation – accompanies speech, emphasizes meaning
of message (illustrative gestures) or
– substitute a word or claim (semantic gestures)
Types of gestures:
• Symbolic gestures– They represent ideas and thoughts. However, the same
gestures can have different meaning in particular cultures.
• Technical gestures– There are used in some professions (sailors, firemans …):
The others do not understand to thwm.
• Code gestures– Symbolic languague (e.g. Morse alphabet)
• „Authoritative gestures“– Empahasize meaning of the words and tempo of speech.
These gestures are often used by professional speakers.
Control of emotional expresions
• Training in control of emotional expression
• Control of all part of our body during strong emotional reaction is almost impossible.
• Displacement activity.
Sources and functions of barriers
• Rejection of communicatin– An individual makes impossible others to
iniciate a contact.
• „Hiding place“– fear, anxiety, social stress
• Camouflage– Flirtation, the goal is not to make a contact
impossible, conversely, to elicite an interest.
Rejection of a contact• Individuals use for the rejection of the contact
various physical barriers including their own body.
• They use verbal and nonverbal cues, but nonverbal cues can be more unambiguous and effective.
• Barrier is physical (to hide behind a real physical object) or symbolic.
Barriers
• Biological basis of berriers – to protect important parts of body :
• Hands: head, face, heart
• Legs: genitals
Barriers tools: by hands
• Hands are crossed before the body
• Shield mouth.
• Shield whole face
• Shield eyesight.
Barriers
• Interpretation: Women does not believe herself, low selfconfidence, she does not leave the chair (Thiel,1993)
Barriers
• Interpretation: Striked selfconfidence. The man needs a hiding place. He is in the centre of the attention.
Barrier tools:Legs
• Barriers by legs crossing
• Parallel legs and hans crossing is more expressive.
Barrier tools: Body declination
• This posture express rejection of a contact.
• Individual hides behind an imaginary barrier.
Barrier tools: Objects in the role of barriers
• Public transport: newspaper, book
• Smoking – the barrier created by a smoke, the individual is a less visible
• Women – knitting, fan (long-ago)
Haptics (contact,tactile behavior)
• Touch is one from the most basic form of communication in animal.
• Bodily contact is the most basic form of cummunication.
• Intimate behavior
• Touch besides intimate behavior.
Contact and distance beings
• Animals differ each others in a need of in physical contiguity (proximity).
• Contact animals– např. rodents, monkeys, human beings
• Distance animals– some birds, some mammals
• During evolution for human beings the touch communication had been very important.
• Modern-day humans less depend on touch communication. They become to be more distance beings.
Intimate zones and taboo
• Some zones of human body are „taboo“ for individuals of the same sex.
• But in some circumstances it is allowed for individuals of the opposite sex to touch.
• Those zones are reserved only for intimate contacts.
Function of the hand in contact behavior
• Hand is important in the initializing of physical contact.
• The roots of this behavior - old ritual, individual shows that he has not a weapon in his hand.
Information, which a hand gives.
• Physical appearance of a hand: – Appearance of a hand informs about genetics
characteristics and way of live.
• Tactil percept of a squeeze – sponginess or hardness of a hand. It informs about a job (blue colar, white colar).
• The level of wetness or dryness– Dry hand with even squeezing - self-trust – Wett, cold hand - stress, anxiety
Information, which a hand gives.
• Force of a squeeze – men x women
• Duration of a squeeze of the
• Averadge duration app. 5 sec, 4-5 shakes– Shorter squeeze – a lack of interes– Longer squeeze – greater interest– To long squeeze – intrusiont, impossibility to
escape– Individual has to feel that he/she can terminated
contact and escape. Otherwise he/she feels threatened. Innate reaction.