Nonmendelian Genetics

6FIncomplete,

Codominance & Blood Types

Incomplete Dominance

• A blend of alleles• Red & white flower make pink offspring

Codominance

• Both alleles are expressed separately• Red & white flower make Striped or spottedoffspring

Blood Types

Sex-linked Traits

Pedigrees

Huntington’s Disease

Hemophilia

Techniques to study the genomes of organisms

6H

Human Genome Project

• http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/home.shtml

Human Genome Project Goals

• identify all the approximately 20,000-25,000 genes in human DNA,

• determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA,

• store this information in databases, • improve tools for data analysis, • transfer related technologies to the private sector, and • address the ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI) that

may arise from the project.

Gel Electrophoresis

• Also known as “DNA Fingerprinting”

DNA Fingerprinting

• http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0072835125/126997/animation40.html

• Paternity & Maternity • Criminal

identification & forensics

• Personal identification

Real Pictures of Gel Electrophoresis!

Restriction Enzymes• What is an enzyme?– Carbohydrate? Lipid? Nucleic Acid? Protein?

• Cuts DNA into smaller fragments

Restriction Enzymes, cont’d• Restriction enzymes cut in specific places• Some produce “sticky ends”

• Gel electrophoresis or DNA Fingerprinting…

• Restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA into fragments which are separated out during gel electrophoresis

Genetic Modifications

• GMO’s (genetically modified organisms) include bacteria and yeast, insects, plants, fish, and mammals.

• Used for research and to produce disease resistant crops.

Chromosomal Analysis

• Blood sample• Amniotic fluid• Bone marrow• Tissue

KARYOTYPE