44
A disjunctive cutting plane based branch- algorithm for O-1 mixed-integer nonlinear programs Yushan Zhu“ Takahito Kuno February 27, 2003 1SE-TR一一〇3-190 Institute of Information S ciences and Electronics, Uni 305-8573, Jap an Institute ofProcess Engineering, Chinese Academy of S China Tel:+81-298-536791,:Fax:+81-298-535206, e-mail:yszhu@syou.i Key words. MIAILP, bTanch-and-cut, plane, chemlcalprocess des ign. 1哲一and「ρr(~1セ。乙 読砂,unction, cuttln

nonlinear programs Yushan Zhu“ Takahito Kuno...A disjunctive cutting plane based branch-and-cut algorithm for O-1 mixed-integer nonlinear programs *Yushan Zhu Takahito

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Page 1: nonlinear programs Yushan Zhu“ Takahito Kuno...A disjunctive cutting plane based branch-and-cut algorithm for O-1 mixed-integer nonlinear programs *Yushan Zhu Takahito

A disjunctive cutting plane based branch-and-cut

       algorithm for O-1 mixed-integer

            nonlinear programs

         Yushan Zhu“ Takahito Kuno

             February 27, 2003

              1SE-TR一一〇3-190

Institute of Information S ciences and Electronics, University of Tsukuba, lbaraki

305-8573, Jap an

Institute ofProcess Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beij ing 100080,

China

“ Tel:+81-298-536791,:Fax:+81-298-535206, e-mail:yszhu@syou.is.tsukuba.ac.jp

Key words. MIAILP, bTanch-and-cut,

plane, chemlcalprocess des ign.

1哲一and「ρr(~1セ。乙 読砂,unction, cuttlng

Page 2: nonlinear programs Yushan Zhu“ Takahito Kuno...A disjunctive cutting plane based branch-and-cut algorithm for O-1 mixed-integer nonlinear programs *Yushan Zhu Takahito

A disjunctive cutting plane based branch-and-cut algorithm for O-1

              mixed-integer nonlinear programs

         *Yushan Zhu Takahito Kuno

Institute of Information S ciences and Electronics, University of Tsukuba, lbaraki

305-8573, Japan

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beij ing 100080,

China

Abstract.

A branch-and-cut algorithm is presented for solving O-1 mixed-integer nonlinear

programming problems. lt is shown that the optimal solution of the continuous

relaxation problem of the O-1 mixed-integer nonlinear programming at an

enumeration node is an optimal point of the linear programming over the linear

approximation set of the O-1 mixed-integer convex set, therefore an effective

disj unctive cutting plane to cut away this point can be generated by solving a

proj ection problem due to the disj unction on a free binary variable. The

proj ection problem is further converted into a linear programming problem, and

its dual problem is applied to lift the cut generated at some node to become valid

throughout the enumeration tree. A strengthening process is given to improve

the coefficients of the di sj unctive cut by imposing integrality on the left free

binary variables. The produced cutting plane is either a facet-defining inequality

of the convex hull of the disj unctive set or a stronger one. Preliminary numerical

experiments are reported on two typical chemical design problems, and the

re sults show that the proposed cutting plane is effective for the bounding

property in a branch-and-bound framework, then makes the resulting

branch-and-cut algorithm promising for large scale practical O-1 mixed-integer

nonlinear programming problems widely encountered in chemical processes.

Keyvvords: maNLP, bTanch-and-cu4 lzft-and-projec4 disl’unction, cutting

plane, chemlcalprocess des ign.

’ Corresponding author, Tel.: 81’298-536791. Fax: +81’298’535206. e’mail: yszhu@syou.is.tsukuba.ac.jp

                                1

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1. lntroduction

The mixed-integer nonlinear programming ( MINLP ) has played a crucial role

for the chemical process design via superstructure that always involves discrete

and continuous variables, especially in the recent two decades ( Grossmann and

Westerberg, 2000 ). The fomierly much investigated MINLP problems involves

continuous variables and binary ones, and the main characteristics defining their

mathematical structures are linearity ofthe binary variables and convexity of’ 狽?

nonlinear functions involving continuous variables ( Duran and Grossmann,

1986 ). Generally, this particular class ofMINLP problems can be described by

(po)

min!(κ)+のノ

ちア

s.t.9(κ)+By≦0,

   x∈x⊂E) ln           ,

   アd⊂{o,1}q

where the nonlinear functions f:Sl n-ER and those in the vector function

g:g{” 一〉 mM are assumed to be continuously differentiable and convex on the

n-dimensional compact polyhedral set X = [x:x E 9{n,Ax s a,]. The finite discrete

set is given by Y=/y:yG{O,1}q,By sb,}, and c and B are constant vector and

matrix defined in Sl q and s{MXq. This separable and convex mathematical

programming structure described by PO has many variants, such as only f

nonlinear or only g nonlinear, and its application arises in several areas,

especially the synthesis problems in chemical process design ( Floudas, 1995;

Zhu and Kuno, 2003 ). ln this paper, a more general formulation for this kind of

O-1 MINLP problems is considered, as

( Pl )

minプ(X,ア)

ぎヲア

s.’.9(x,)ノ)≦0,

   Ax+Gン≦わ,

   x∈ERn,ア∈{o,1}q

2

Page 4: nonlinear programs Yushan Zhu“ Takahito Kuno...A disjunctive cutting plane based branch-and-cut algorithm for O-1 mixed-integer nonlinear programs *Yushan Zhu Takahito

where, the functions f:ER”’q 一〉 9{ and g:ER”’q 一一〉 ER M are assumed to be convex

and once continuously differentiable. Note that all linear constraints have been

incorporated into the polyhedral set described by Ax+Gy s b. The solution to

this generally formulated MINLP problem was greatly motivated by the recent

need from chemical process design with control ( Mohideen, perkins, and

Pistikopoulous, 1996; B arton, Allgor, Feehery, and Galan, 1998; Bansal, Perkins,

and Pistikopoulos, 2002 ) and process synthesis based on global optimization

( Zhu and Kuno, 2003; Zhu and Xu, 1999; Zhu and lnoue, 2001; Zhu and Kuno,

2001 ), where a reliable and fast solver for large scale MINLP problem is

necessary. MINLP problems described by PO can be solved by two well-known

techniques, i.e. the general Benders decomposition method ( Geoffrion, 1972 )

and outer approximation method ( Duran and Grossmann, 1986 ). The latter

method was further extended by Fletcher and Leyffer ( 1994 ) to solve problem

Pl. Generally, those methods solve the MINLP by computing an NLP primal

problem at some fixed integer combination and an MILP master problem

alternatively in order to get the upper bound and lower bound of the original

MINLP problem, respectively. For each round, the general Benders

decomposition method j ust generates one. cut to update the constraint set of the

MILP master problem, then it yields a pretty loose lower bound. But for outer

approximation method, since all constraints will be incorporated into the former

constraint set of the MILP master problem, then the cutting plane constraint

number grows exponentially, which is a great burden, for the solution of the

MILP problem at each round though it produces quite tight lower bound.

    Although the branch-and-bound method is most popular for solving integer

programming or mixed-integer linear programming problems ( Nemhauser and

Wolsey, 1999 ), it was found that the brutal-force implementation for

mixed-integer nonlinear programming is quite inefficient due to the large gap

between the solution to the MINLP problem at an enumeration node and that of・

its continuous relaxation NLP problem. However, the successfu1 employment of

the branch-and-cut methods for O-1 integer programming ( Sherali and Adams,

1990; Lovasz and S chrij ver, 1991 ) and O-1 mixed-integer linear programming

( Balas et al., 1993; 1996 ) has spurred great interest in its application for O-1

mixed-integer nonlinear programming due to the significant progress of interior

point algorithm for convex programming problems. The problem formulation of

Pl can be rearranged to have a linear obj ective function by introducing an

additional variable, as

3

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( P2 )

rnln X    η+1あア

s.t.!(x,ア)一Xn+1≦o,

   9(x,ア)≦o,

   癬+(か≦ゐ,

   x∈Sln,ア∈{o,1}q

A linear obj ective function is necessary for cutting plane kind of algorithm

because for general convex function it is possible that the minimization of the

relaxation problem takes in the strict interior of the feasible set, therefore we

cannot add a valid inequality in this situation. But, for the above fomiulation, it

is easy to see that the valid inequalities can be added since the minimization of

the relaxation problem always acquires at some extreme point of its feasible set.

Stubbs and Mehrotra ( 1999 ) first generalized the lift-and-proj ect method for

O-1 integer linear programming proposed by Sherali and Adams ( 1990 ) and

Lovasz and S chrij ver ( 1991 ), and extended their method into a branch-and-cut

algorithm for the O-1 mixed-integer convex programming. The lifting idea for

O-1 linear programming can be traced to the classic work by Balas ( 1974 ), but

not formally published until 1998, for disjunctive programming. lt is interesting

to note that the generalized idea proposed by Stubbs and Mehrotra ( 1999 ) can

be taken as an natural extension of the Theorem 2.1 in B alas ( 1974 ). The

lift-and-proj ect cut presented by Stubbs and Mehrotra ( 1999 ) i s obtained by

solving a convex proj ection problem, then it is computationally expensive. lt is

shown in this paper that a reliable disj unctive cut can be produced by solving a

linear programming for the proj ection problem over the convex hull of the

disj unctive linear approximation to the convex feasible region of the continuous

relaxation problem at each node in an enumeration tree. It should be noted that

the cut generation linear programming proposed by B alas et al. ( 1993; 1996 ) is

the dual problem of our proj ection problem with a different norm obj ective

function. But, their dual problem is always unbounded without a normalization.

Unfortunately, no normalization method now can guarantee to get a

facet-defining inequality based on the solution to the cut generation linear

programming ( B alas et al., 2002 ). This disj unctive cut constructed in this paper

can be further lifted to be valid throughout the enumeration by virtue ofthe dual

problem of the above proj ection problem, moreover, a strengthening procedure

is presented when the gap between the dual multipliers exists. Some preliminary

computational experiments are presented for two typical process design

4

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problems, it is shown that the disj unctive cuts generated in this paper i s efficient

for solving the MINLP problems in a branch-and-cut framework.

    2. 0-1 MINLP problem and the general branch-apd-cut procedure

The general O-1 mixed-integer nonlinear programming problem considered in

this paper can be formulated as

                          min礁

                          x,ン

                          s.t.ノlx十(}y≦b                     (P)

                            g,(x,y)一くO, i=1,...,l

                             x∈貌〃,ア∈{o,1}q

where, the nonlinear functions g,:S{”’q一一>9{, i=.1,...,1 are assumed to be

continuously differentiable and convex, and the constant vectors and matrices

are defined as d G ER”,AE9{MX”,GEERMXq,bES{M. The standard continuous

relaxation ofproblem (P) is presented as

                       聖艸

                       s.ムAx+Gン≦わ,

                          g,(x,y)SO, i=1,...,1,

                          0≦ア≦1,

                          (x,ア)∈E)ln+q,

Let the feasible region of the .above NLP relaxation be defined as

                               Ax+Gン≦b,

                 C一(x,ア)∈91n+9&(x,ア)≦0, i-1,_,1,

                                0≦ア≦1,

Hence, the feasible set ofthe O-1 MINLP ( P ) can be formulated as

                                5

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co一{(x,ア)∈C:アノ∈{・,1},ノー1,…,9}.

and the following assumptions are made

(Al) The continuous variables are bounded, i.e. lx, i s L, i= 1,...,n, which can be

taken as a part of the constraints in problem ( P ) and L is a large positive

number.

(A2)For any(κ,ア)∈C, g’(x,ア)≧一五, i=1,...,1.

(A3) A constraint qualification holds at the solution of every resulting NLP

problem which is obtained from problem ( P ) by fixing some or all ofthe binary

variables.

With above assumptions held, we know that problem ( P ) is well-defined in the

sense that if it is feasible and does not have unbounded optimal value, then it has

an optimal solution. At a generic step ofthe branch-and-cut algorithm ( B alas et

al., 1996; Stubbs and Mehrotra, 1999 ), let (S,」) be a solution to the current

NLP relaxation of (P). If any of the components of the binary variables y are

not in {O,1}, then we can add a valid inequality to the current continuous

relaxati・n such that this・ inequality is vi・lated by⊂i・y〕・At血e same ti鵬it

should be noted that some of the binary variables are fixed either at their upper

bound or at their lower bound in an enumerative tree. We denote by c the

current family of inequalities for describing the continuous relaxation and the

newly enriched ones. We denote by F,,F, g {1,...,q} the sets of binary variables

that have been fixed at O and 1, respectively. Let

6

Page 8: nonlinear programs Yushan Zhu“ Takahito Kuno...A disjunctive cutting plane based branch-and-cut algorithm for O-1 mixed-integer nonlinear programs *Yushan Zhu Takahito

and let

K(加州o(x・ア)∈c

;1ゴ溜副

NLP(C, F,,F,) denote the nonlinear program

                         mln CX                          ズシア

                         s.t.(x,ア)∈κ(c,F。,Fi)

which is assumed to be either bounded with a finite minimum or infbasible at the

current node by virtue ofthe above mentioned assumptions. The active nodes of

the enumeration tree are represented by a list of S of ordered pairs(Fo,Fi).Let

UBD stand f()r the current upper bound, i.e., the value of the best一㎞own

solution to the MINLP problem(P).

B70nch-and-cu11フrocedureプ~)T convex O-1ルtlN.乙」P

Input:d, n, g,.4,G,~5,ノ;,ノ=1,_,1,

1. ln itialization. Set 8ニ{(Fo=Φ,・Fi=Φ)}, let C  consist of the nonlinear

   programmi:ng relaxation of(P)and UBD=。○.

2.1>∂de Selection. If SニΦ,stop. Othサrwise, choose an ordered pair

   (Fo,F,)∈S and remove it from S.

3.」乙ower、Boundlng 8t(?p. Solve the nonlinear program M,P(0, Fo,F,). If the

pr・blem is infeasible・ 9・t・Step 2・・the職1et〔S・P〕den・teits・ptimal

s・luti If翻D・9・t・Step 2・lf iノ∈臨L…・9・let (x*・ア*)一〔晃の・

   乙IBD=dx,and go to Step 2.

4・ Branching v(2アrs・us cutting declslon. Should cutting Planes be generated?If

   yes, go to Step 5, else go to St(?P 6.

                                7

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5. Cut generatlon. Generate cutting plane aoc+th s l valid for the (P) but

violated by (i,Y).Add the cuts to C and go to Step 3.

6. Branehing Ste)o: Pick an index 7’E{1,...,q} such that O〈y,〈1. Generate

the subproblems corresponding to

into the node set S. Go to Step 2.

(Fo v{i F,) and (F,,F, u{/’}), add them

When the algorithm stops, if UBD〈co, then (x“,y*) ‘is an optimal solution to

(P), otherwise (P) is infeasible. All of the steps in the above algorithmic

description are completely defined except for Step 5. And the cut generation

step introduced in the underlying section is divided into two stages, first a valid

inequality is generated at the current node on the basis of its MP relaxation

problem, then this cut is lifted to be valid throughout the enumeration tree.

3. Separating inequality

The li負一and-pr(刀’ect cut is used in this paper to solve the MINLP problem(P),

which is obtained by a procedure that lifts the constraint set of the continuous

relaxation into a higher dimensional space by introducing new variables, adds to

it some equations implied by O-1 conditions, and then proj ects it back onto the

original space by eliminating the new variables ( Balas et al., 1993; Balas et al.,

1996; Stubbs and Mehrotra, 1999 ). The newly enriched inequality is still

satisfied by every feasible solution to MINLP, but it can cut off some parts ofthe

original space as implied by the O-1 conditions. Then, the outcome of the

process of lifting-strengthening-proj ecting is a constraint set tighter than the

original one. For the MILP problem, the lift-and-proj ect can be directly

generated form the original linearly constrained set, but it i s not convenient for

MINLP problems since it concerns of the nonlinear constraints. Stubbs and

Mehrotra ( 1999 ) proposed an excellent way to generate lift-and-proj ect cut by

solving a convex minimum distance problem after reformulating the proj ection

problem by using the perspective functions ( Hiriart-Urruty and Lemarechal,

1993). ln this paper, it i s shown that strong lift-and-proj ect cut can be obtained

by solving a linear programming ( LP ) rather than convex programming for the

8

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O-1 MINLP problems.

3.1 A linear approximation of the NLP relaxation

The general continuous relaxation for MINLP at some node in an enumeration

tree can be described by

                           min dx

                            x,ア

                           3。t.ノIx十Gア≦ろ,

                    (NLP)&(x・ア)≦・・i-1・・…1・

                              アノ=o,ノ∈F。,

                              アノ=1,ノ∈F,,

                              (x,ア)∈E}ln+・,

where the newly reformulated linear constraint set consists of the original linear

constraint set and the upper and lower bound constraints for binary variables,

then A E E}1(’”“2q)Xn,G E s{(M“2dyq,b G g{M’2q. Assume that the above NI.P contihuous

problem is feasible and has a finite minimum at (2,Y), since otherwise the node

is done. Then, a linear approximation problem at (il,P) for the above NLP

problem can be given by

                   min dx

                    x,ア

                   s.t.ノ4 x十Gア≦b,

             (LP)&〔i・y〕+▽嗣/二1〕≦い一一

                      アノ=o,ノ∈F。,

                      アノ=1,ノ∈F,,

                      (x,.y) E E}ln+q,

where the original convex and differentiable functions are replace by their

9

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first一・rder Tayl・r apPr・ximati・n at〔x・ア〕・Acc・rdingいMILP pr・blem

corresponding to the MINLP’ 垂窒盾b撃?香@at the current node can be described by

                     min礁

                      x,ア

                     s.乙・4λ:+Gア≦ゐ,

            (MILP)嗣+▽&欧二1〕一一一

                        アノ=o,ノ∈F。,

                        アノ=1,ノ∈F,,

                        x∈1)ln,ア∈{o,1}q,

The following theorem tells us the relationship between the NLP and its LP

approximation at (2,Y), and helps to realize that (il,P) is an extreme point of

the relaxed feasible set ofthe above MILP in the sense that it can be cut away by

introducing a valid disjunctive cut to the above MINLP feasible set.

伽一3・L A∬随一ゐ・vε皿P漁e剛胆al・s・一’〔x・ア〕・

so it is also an optimal solutlon ofthe above LP.

Proof. lt is obvious to observe that (i,Y) is a teasible solution to the primal LP.

And the dual formulation ofthe above LP can be presented by

( DLP )

鍵)+μ〔9(s・ア〕一▽練〕〕 

&乙蜘▽9〔x, y〕一d・

  一ノしG+δo+δ1=0,

   iZ E ER?,,a E E}lzl,60 E E}ltlFol,6i E fi){tlFil,

10

Page 12: nonlinear programs Yushan Zhu“ Takahito Kuno...A disjunctive cutting plane based branch-and-cut algorithm for O-1 mixed-integer nonlinear programs *Yushan Zhu Takahito

By virtue ofthe first-order Kuhn-Tucker condition ofthe NLP, we have

一〃一μ▽k一d・       む    

一ノLG+δ+δ=0

                む          

λ∈s{f,μ∈蝋,δ∈㌶凧δ∈㌶1君「

Then,(S, 」)

is a feasible solution to the dual LP. By virtue of the strong dual

theory, we know ⊂動 is an optimal solution to the above LP. O

The geometrical explanation of the above linear approximation is presented in

the Figure 1, and it is obvious that the mixed-integer set is expanded after linear

approximation. lf we introduce the subdifferential concept of the convex

function into our problem, then the assumption that the nonlinear function is

continuously differential is not needed. For a nonlinear inequality constraint

g,(x,y)gO defining C, let

嗣≡恥〕+ξ七二1〕鯛蝋ア)∈c}

Then, the linear approximation set of C can be constructed by choosing any

element from this subdifferential set. The geometrical explanation is to use the

tangent cone at the point (i,Y) to apProximate the convex set. According to

Theorem 3.1, it i s interesting to note that the Gomory mixed-integer cut can be

easily generated to cut away the point (S,Y) since the optimal simplex tableau

can be easily recovered when the optimal solution is available. And the lifting

procedure for Gomory mixed-integer for MILP is provided by Balas et al.

( 1996 ). But, the efficiency ofthe Gomory mixed-integer cut is not comparable

by the disj unctive cut which is elaborately generated by solving a linear

progranmiing in the consequent section.

11

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3.2 Lift-and-project cut generated based on LP approximation

For problem ( P ), it i s very prospective to generate the lift-and-proj ect cut based

on the LP introduced in the former s ection rather than the NLP, but it still can

cut away the point (2,P). Such cut can be derived by imposing the O-1

condition on a single binary variable yj while O〈 y」 〈1. ln Figure 1, the short

dashed line represents the cut generated directly by using the convex hull of the

mixed-integer convex set presented by Stubbs and’ lehrotra ( 1999 ), and the

long dashed line stands for the cut to be generated in this paper based on the

linear approximation. The direct cut generation needs to solve a convex program,

which is computationally expensive though it might yield better quality than that

described here if measured by some norm distance between the cut hyper-plane

and the current NLP solution (i,」).For cut generation, the node sets Fo and Fi

can be expanded to include additional binary variables whose optimal solutions

are obtained at O or 1 for the NLP problem at the current node. Then, we have

F・一o1:ア’一・}and F,一{i:ア’一1}・lt is n・t difficult t・veri幽the ab・ve

NLP and LP problems have the same optimal solutions if we change their

original node sets to be the expanded ones. Then, iet the feasible region of the

above LP be defined as

K =K(C, F,,F,)= (x,ア)∈1)1”+・

・4x+Gア≦ゐ

ア,=0,ノ∈1㌔

ア1=1,ノ∈Fi

where A E s{(”’“2q’i)×”,G E s{(””29“ihe,b E g I M’2q’i, i.e., the newly reformulated linear

constraint set consists of the linear approximation set besides the original ones,

as

12

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                     Ax+Gy≦ゐ,

         A.+Gア≦5≡▽ガ向κ+▽9・〔s・ y)ア≦▽9@〔1〕一9㈲

                     一ア1≦O i=1,_,(1,

                     ア,≦1  i=1,_,9,

It should be noted that the node sets now have changed to the expanded ones. ’ 撃

we impose the integrality on some binary variable y」 while O〈y,. 〈1, the

lift-and-proj ect cut can be obtained’by choosing the valid inequality for

P」・ (K) :conv(K A ((x,y)E E}ln+q :yy. E {o,1}]〉

And the convex hull of this union set can be further described by its disjunctive

form as

P、’(K)一・・nv({κ∩勧∈ERn+・:アノ≦・}}∪(K∩{(切∈ER・n+・:一アノ≦一1}}}

Note that the disjunction (yj 〈一 O)v (一 y」 一く 一1) instead of (y」 = O)v (y」 =1) is used

to describe p」 (K), though both of them are equivalent to each other. A key idea

of disjunctive programming is that it is equivalent to a linear program in a

higher-dimensional space, as that described in Theorem 2.1 by Balas ( 1974 ). ln

this paper, it i s shown that the proj ection problem to generate’the cut can be

achieved by using this reformulation. First, we introduce the following notations

to simply the description of the constraint set of the above LP by using a linear

tran’唐?盾窒高≠狽奄盾氏D Let F = {1,...,g}X(F, u F,) denote the set of free variables at node

(F,,F,), and the vector corresponding to those free variables can be defined as

yF=yN{y,:ie(F, v F,)}.. The columns of matrix G corresponding to those

                                13

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fixed binary variables can be removed from the constraint set by defining

GF@= Gx(Gi :iE (F, v F, )/, and the right-hand side can be presented accordingly

   -F ”  一 一 一17 Fas b ==b-2Gi.Finally, the rows in matrices A and G , and vector S that

         iEFI

correspond to the upper and lower bounds of the fixed binary variables are

removed. After doing the above operations, we can assume without loss of

generality, that F, =¢. S ince if F, #¢, then all the variables yk in Fi can be

complemented by 1-yk which amounts replacing the columns Gk and the

right-hand side with 一Gk and b-Gk, respectively. B efore we go to the next part,

we assume that we have already done those complementing operations on the

linear constraint set of the above LP. Mu,ch more clearly, we use the following

equations to show the above reduction process for the linear constraint set ofthe

LP approximation at the current node. After complimenting, the LP constraint

set can be presented as

鰍Σ戸烈一G’ア・〕≦5-iδ’

                     一 一e 一Q

which we denote by A x+G y一くb . The reduced LP constraint set after

removing the fixed binary variables becomes

 ア      ダ      ア

・4κ+Gア≦b ≡

Ax+ΣGノァノ≦ゐ一ΣGノ,

    iEF iEFI

▽嚇+聾▽嗣アノ≦▽9暁〕嗣溜▽イえラ}

一Y, 一くO iG F,

ア,≦1i∈F,

        ア                ア                                 アwhere Z∈m(m+2iFl“’)×n,G∈E)1(m+21FI+1)×IFI,S∈Dl・・21・FI・1.Then, the feasible regi・n・f

the above LP can be reformulated by

14

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                   K十一i∴+G冨}

Then by virtue of the Theorem 2.1 in Balas ( 1974 ), we have the following

theorem.

Theorem 3.2. The convex hull of Pj(K), i.e. conv(P,.(K)), can be described by

                                   X= Uo 十 Ul,

                                   .Jy F :vo +vi,

                                   一F 一F 一F                                   ・4Uo+G Vo一わえ’o≦0,

                                   Vo,ノ≦0,

             conv(p」 (K)) =/(x,.y”)G si”’iFilZ” u, + (1>F v, 一一 5” ,z, s o, L.

                                   一一 vl,」 一く 一/1,

                                   Z, 十Z, =1;

                                   !o,/, 2 O,

                                   Uo,ui E Sl”,vo,vi E sllFl,

Proof. The bounded property of P,(K) is implied by the former assumptions

that all continuous variables are bounded. Obviously, the same is true for

conv(P」 (K)). Then the above Theorem is a direct result of Theorem 2.1 ( Balas,

1974)applied into the disjunctive set P,(K). O

Let (il,」) be the optimal solution wh’en solving NLP(C,F,,F,). First, we

assumet泣堰lisn・t・feasible・t・pr・blem(P)・ and let/be the binary variable

index such that O〈y」〈1. ln order to find a strong valid inequality for p」(K)

                                15

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that cuts away (i,Y) as much as possible, Balas et al..( 1993 ) proposed to

solve a cut generation linear program which maximizes the Euclidean distance

between (S,Y) and some facet of P」(K). ln fact, such generation procedure is

exactly the dual linear program of the proj ection problem, i.e. the problem of

minimizing the distance between the point (i,Y) and the convex hull of p,(K)

measured by some norm ( Stubbs and Mehrotra, 1999 ). ln this paper the

l, 一norm・is used to generate a valid cut for p,. (K). As

( CP(F) )

min f(x,アF)

s・t・κ=Uo+u1,

  ゾ=v。+Vl,

   ア      ア      ア

  ・4Uo+G Vo-b 2,0≦0,

  Vo,ノ≦0,

   ア       ア      ア

  ・4Ul+G VI一ゐ2、1≦0,

  一Vl,ノ=一Zi,

  λ。+!,=1;

  ・Z。,Zi≧0,

  U。,Ul∈㌶〃,V。,Vl∈㌶IFI.

whe瞭ゾ)掴一〔 Fx,ア〕1丘濤κ’一ii+暮減・The-f・ll・wing

separation theorem from convex analysis ( Rockafeller, 1972; Hiriart-Urruty and

Lemarechal, 1993 ) ensures that a valid inequality can be obtained after solving

the above proj ection problem. Note, the only convexity of the above program is

implied by the piecewise obj ective function.

Theorem 3.3. Let (S,」F)be an optimal solution to the above CP(F) problem.

Then, there exi sts a valid inequality apc+/3 F Jy”s/, which cuts away〔静り・

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The coefficients ofthis valid inequality are given by

                    α一一嗣}

                    β㌧鱗同

                    7一一嗣〕唖アF〕デ・

Proof. Since

〔  Fx,ア〕

is an optimal solution to the above minimum distance

pr・blem・ and we kn・w that〔x・・yりd・es n・t be1・ng t・

virtue ofthe separation theorem, we have

                             り   ぶ ズ                       一~γκ,ア

                                .lyF一ア

            (s,yF)(1;iy.)so

is the subdifferential・f!(x,ジ)

cony(P,(K)), then by

where k    at〔 Fx, y〕・andthenweget

the cut stated in the above Theorem by doing some rearrangements. lt is obvious

to observe that function f(x,yF) is convex, so according to the definition ofthe

subdifferential for convex function, we have

                 〆+傘∵.≦!(x・ゾ)

                                 ア                                    ーア

By letting@ゾ)一〔 Fx,ア〕

        F)(1;i,F)

andnoting (i,YF)#(S,YF),wehave

17

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・f

k Fx,ア〕/初≧飼〕一!〔i’デ〕≧〔 Fx, y〕一〔ガ〕

1

>o

Then, the valid inequality denoted by

(N,YF)from p,(K). e

ax+fi F y F s r in the theorem cuts away

The objective function defined in CP(F), i.e. f(x,yF), is convex, but not

differentiable at point (i,YF). And, it is easily to observe that the

subdifferential at this point belongs to a cone set. But there exists only one

element for the subdifferential set at any other point, i.e. the gradient of f(x,yF).

since the relation (i,」F)#(i,YF) always holds for the above separation

problem, then we can change the subdifferential stated in the above theorem’ @into

the gradient, as

                    α一施F}

                    18 F一一畷ガ}

                    γ一幅茂アF}一点ガ〕∴

The 1,一norm convex function f(x,yF), or piecewise linear function, can be

easily transformed into linear function by introducing additional variables, and

                                18

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the resulting proj ection problem is equivalent to a linear program by increasing

some additional linear constraints on those newly introduced variables, denoted

by LP(F), we have

min 2 Zi+Σw、

   iE V    iEF

S・1・X=UO十Ul,

  アF=Vo+v1,

  _F     _F     _F

  ・4Uo+G Vo一わノし。≦0,

  Vo,ノ≦0,

   ア       ア      ア

  AUI+GVI-b!,≦0,  一VI,ノ≦一!l,

  /o十!,ニ1;

  一一 z十x≦λ:,

  一z-x≦一x,

           ア

  一W+アF≦ア ,

             ア

  一w一アF≦一ア ,

  Zo,!i≧0, z, w≧0,

  X,U。,Ul,.Z∈ERn,ノ,V。,Vl,W∈㌶囚.

This linear program has 4n+41Fl+2 variables with 2m+3n+71Fl+21+3

equality’@or inequality constraints. By noting the coefficient ofthose correlations,

it is clear that the scale of the LP(F) can be largely reduced by decreasing the

free binary variable set. By solving this linear program, we can obtain its

solutions denoted by (i,5)F,ilo,ili,Vo,Vi,」io,」ii,2,W) as well as the dual

multipliers. Note that those dual multipliers are equivalent to the Lagrange

multipliers ifwe solve the convex program directly. Denote by z.”,z,F,6,F,6,F,6,”

for the equality constraints, pt,F,pt,F for the inequality original constraints, and

s.F CE.” Cgpf,〈pf for the additional constraints in LP(F), then we have the following

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dual linear program for LP(F), denoted by DLP(F), as

                        ア       ア

max一δf一εfκ+εf x一ψfア+ψfア

s.t.πf+εf一εf≧o,

   πf+ψf一ψf≧,

            ア

   一πf+,a8 A≧o,

            ア

   一πf+μ侮≧o,

            ア

   一πゴ+μ8G+δ♂θノ≧o,

            ダ

   一πゴ+〆G一δrθノ≧o,

        ダ

   一μ♂b +δノ≧0,

        ア

   一μfb +δガーδ’≧0,

  一ε卜εf≧一1,

  一ψf一ψf≧一1,

   μ8,μr,εf,εf,ψf,グ≧o,

   π詞,εf∈ERn,πゴ,ψf,ψf∈㌶IF1,

  μ8,〆∈Sl”’+2「F「+’,δ♂,δr,δガ∈㌶,

The corresponding dual multipliers to the solution of the LP(F)can also be

obtained by solving this dual linear program directl)1. Following the above

n・t就i we have〆・論∴ラ霜・Sl・5凶as血s・luti・nt・

above DLP(F). Since we have assumed that the MINLP is bounded, then the

corresponding LP(F)generated at each node is bounded too. Then, the fbllowing

relation can be easily obtained by using strong duality theorem, as

                り     ア  ア  ア   ア  リア ア ふア ア

               1・z+1・w=δ1+δz-s+x+s一:κ一ψ+ア +ψ_ア ,

By virtue ofthe Kuhn-Tucker condition ofthe CP(F), we have

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施り一π∴

一病アF〕一πゴ・

Then the cut generated in Theorem 3.2, i.e. ex+βy≦γ,can be reformulated

by the dual multipliers and primal solutions to LP(F), as

                                       ア                    π∫κ+ゆF≦πfκ+πゴァ

By virtue ofthe dual linear program, i.e. DLP(F), we have

                             ア                     一πf+,“8 A≧Ol

                             ア                     一πガ+μ侮≧o,

                             ダ                     一πゴ+,Lt8 A+δ8θノ≧o,

                             ア                     一πゴ+μ一一δfθノ≧o,

                            ア                     δf一μ8ゐ ≧0,

                            ア                     δガーμrZ) +δf≧0,

Note that in any optimal solution to LP(F), which is also dual feasible since

LP(F)is always bounded according to the former assumptions. Then, we have

                   α,=mi晦1,αi}加∈N,

                   fii=min(fii,β2}加∈F,

where

                           ア            ダ

                    α1=,a8 A,α’=μ侮,

and

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      ヘア/i11 ・・ ,u8 A+δ8θノ,

      ヘダ

β2=μ侮一δ’θノ,

By virtue of the above derivation, we have that the cut denoted by

cxM+6FyF 一く7 at the node (F,,F,) is a valid inequality for the MILP problem at

that node, for it was generated according to the linear relaxation of the MILP

problem at that node together with a O-1 condition imposed on a additional

relaxed binary variable. S ince every nonlinear function in the formulation of the

MINLP is convex, then we have

gi

ii,Y)+vgi(il,Y)(1:Xl.)一くg,(x,y)so, i-i,...,i.

This relation implies clearly that the feasible set of the MINLP at the node

(F,,F,) is contained in the feasible set of the MILP at that node. Then, the cut

ex+fi”yF s/ is a valid and proper inequality for the MINLP problem at that

node denoted by (F,,F,), as well as its descendents since where the variables in

(Fo,Fi) remain fixed at their values.

3.3 Cut lifting

In general, a cutting plane derived at a node in an enumeration tree defined by a

subset (F,,F,) of the binary variables, where (F,,F,) index those variables

fixed at O or 1, respectively, is ’盾獅撃凵@valid at that node and its descendants in an

enumeration tree since where ’the variables in (F,,F,) remain fixed at their

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values. Such a cut may not be valid throughout the enumeration tree and

therefore might be violated by other nodes. Then, it is extremely important to lift

the cut generated at some node to be valid throughout the enumeration tree for it

not only can reduce the need for extensive bookkeeping, but also can possibly

improve the bounds at the other nodes in the enumeration tree. A cut generated

at some node can be made valid for the whole MINLP problem by computing

appropriate coefficients for the fixed binary variables belonging to the subset

(Fo,F,), but the sequential li甜ng procedure(Nemhauser and Wolsey,1988)in

general is a daunting task, which may require the solution of an integer program

for every coefficient. An important advantage of the cuts generated by the

lift-and-proj ect way is that’ the multipliers, i.e. zf,7vS,6,F,6,F,6,F and ,a8,pt,F,

・btained al・ng with the s・luti・n〔”りby s・lving LP(F)can be used t・

calculate closed form expressions of the coefficients fi, for the variables

iE F, v]F,. First, we lift the inequality obtained at the current node into the

complemented original space ofthe MILP problem, that is

{“ア)一:x

Let 1’E{1,...,q} be an index such that O〈y」〈1 and consider the inequality

aqx+6qy m〈rq generated over the complemented original space of the MILP

problem, this is to solve the linear program LP(Q). For clarity, the corresponding

CP(Q) to this linear program can be expressed as

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( CP(Q) )

min f(x, y)

Sl. X= Uo 十 Ul,

  ア=VO十Vl,

  m 一e 一e  Au,+G v, 一一一b Z,gO,

  Vo,ノ≦0,

  一 一e me  Au,+G v,一b !,SO,

  一Vi,」 〈一 ’一iZi,

  λ。+ろ=1;

  !,,Z, ) O,

  κ,U。,Ul∈ERn,ア, V。,Vl∈91q.

C・mpare this c・nvex pr・gram with CP(F), the new cut vect・r (a・,/g q,1・)can

be calculated by the cut vect・r@β・,γ)and its multipliers, i.e.ゐ∴〆. By

virtue ofthe Kuhn-Tucker condition ofthe above convex programming, we have

                               ム ム   ムリ

                          一門 κ,ア =πκ,

                               ム ム   ムリ

                          一▽ろん,アニπ・,

wherkarethes・luti・nst・theab・vec-vexpr・gra叫and〔劃are

the corresponding Lagrange multipliers. Those values can be obtained by the

corresponding LP(Q) to the above CP(Q), but, first we have the following

notations compared with those appeared in LP(F), as

k一 ヨ♂一〔で1 }嗣アー〔チ〕

where the set 2F == F, v F, for node (F,,F,). Then, the linear program LP(Q)

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corresponding to CP(Q) can be presented as

min 2 zi +2 wi

   i∈ノ〉    ’∈O

S.t. X = Uo 十 Ul,

  ア=VO十Vl,

  一 一e 一e  Au,+G v, 一一b !,gO,.

  Vo,ノ≦0,

  . .e 一e  Au,+G vi-b !, gO,

  一vl,」 一く 一/1,

  !o 十/i =1,

  一z十xS-x           ,

  一z-xS-x           ’

  一一・w+ア≦ア,

  一W一ア≦一ア,

  !o,4 2 O,

  X,U。,Ul,Z∈E)ln,ア, V。,Vl,W∈91q.

Note that more variables and constraints are added into this linear program

compared with LP(F). But, by using the solutions to LP(F) and its multipliers,

we can obtain the optimal solution to the above LP(Q). The following theorem

shows how to get those solutions and how the inequality apc+fi F y” s/ can be

extended into a valid cut a q x + fi q y s /9 throughout the enumeration tree.

Theorem 3.4. Assume that denoted by (},i,Do,Di,90,9i,Ao,Ai,2,W) be the

solution to the linear program LP(Q), then it can be constructed by the solution

t・the LP(F)as潟一〔ラF嚇一ii・・Dl一憂1鍾…)・01一阿

Ao 一io, Ai 一ii, 2-2, and O=(W,o). And the corresponding dual multipliers

25

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・fLP(Q)den・tedby〔身1・2∵・凝ゆ1・甜・31・綱・als・thes・1uti・n

of the dual linear program DLP(Q), can be constructed by those of DLP(F)as

∴易1・油蝉∈F・㌶一min{齢1∂1}圃uF,・㍍

and♂1伺・Then the inequalityαWア≦・・described by

ムリ   ムリ   んリバ ムリム

π。x+π〃≦π。κ+π〃is valid fbr the entire enumeration tree, and cuts away

〔えの・

Pr・・f・ The feasibility・fシ堀・・Dl・磁・・Al・2・h) t・LP(Q)canbejusti且ed

by showing that the more variables and constraints are satisfied by the above

construction compared with those of LP(F). The more variables hold since fbr

             一                                             _9F

i¢ Fwe haveア、=0・The more constraints are satisfied by noting that∂,≧O

fbr ノ¢F and !o,ノli≧0,expressed as

                              び 

                            一∂ !o≦0,

                              びり

                            一ろ !i≦0,

The feasibiiity of the duai soiution (fi9’,gg,g9,fi9’,dig,di9,b8,Q9’,3g,39,39’) t.

dual linear program DLP(Q), described by

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max一δ9一ερκ+εξκ一ψρア+ψ皇ア

S.t. Z.O一+S.O一一s-O-20,

   z,O. +q.O. m¢一〇. 2,

   一z.O一 + ,Lt8一 A 2 O,

   一z.O’ + ,Lt9 A) O,

           一e   -z,O一 +pt,O一 G +6,0’e, 〉一一 O,

           一e   一一 z,o一 +pt,e G 一一 6,ee」 〉一 o,

       一e   一一 pt,O一 b +6,0一 SO,

       一e   -pt,O-b +6,0一 一一 6,e so,

  一s.O一 一s-O一 2-1,

  一q.O一 一q-0’ 2-1,

   ,“8’,,Lti2,s.O’,E.O’,〈p9,q9一 ;}r o,

   7r9一,s.O一,s-O’ E ER”,7z79’,gp9’,cp9’ G ERq,

  ,Ltg一?,,Lt9一 G 91M+2q+i,6,0一,6,e,6,0一 E 91,

can be verified by its constnlction fbr the more constraints and variables

compared with those ofDLP(F), and the former ones are expressed clearly as

                     〈9  ~F_9

                    一πアノ+μ。G・≦0, for’∈1㌔uF,,

                     ムリ    ア  リ

                    一π,,’+μIG≦0,f・ri∈F。uF,,

The optimality can be indicated by the strong dual theorem by noting that the

fbllowing equality holds, as

 A A Ae Ae Ae一 A9一 Ae一 Ae-1・z+1・w = 6i + 6z-s+ x+ s一 x一 q. y+ q一 y,

Then, by virtue of the Theorem 3.3,

the entire complimented MILP, as

we have the following valid inequality for

AO AO AOA AOAn. x+zy y S z. x+ zy y

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Clearly, this inequality rewritten by a q x+fi q y g/q

that for i¢F we have y,=O. D

cuts away (i,Y)by noting

It should be noted that the cut is “optimally” lifted by Theorem 3.4, in the sense

                  Ae Ae Ae A   Ae Athat the resulting cut z. x+z, y s z. x+zy y is identical to the one that would

be obtained by solving LP(Q) directly.

3.4 Cut strengthening

The mixed-integer inequality a q x+6qy 一く 7 q obtained in the preceding section

can be further strengthened by imposing integrality on the left binary variables

which are still not fixed at zero or one, and this process can be easily

implemented by using the Gomory mixed-integer rounding ( Nemhauser and

Wolsey, 1988 ). But, B alas et al. ( 1993 ) introduced a cut strengthening process

( Balas, 1979 ) originated from disj unctive program for mixed-integer cut, and

showed that the Gomory mixed-integer rounding is just a special case of this

general method. Here, we apply the original ideal of the disj unction by Balas

( 1979, Theorem 7.1 ) into the primal problem and strengthen our inequality

generated and lifted in the former sections by using the dual feasible conditions.

Theorem 3.5. The inequality Qpc+fiy g 7 which is strengthened from the valid

inequality a C’x+6qy s 7 q is also valid for MINLP, where

ai = ai,

/3’i =

    ,6,i

/ == 7q,

  プ~)7i=1,...,n

maxoβ1+δ柿2一小’」/・ f・ri∈鴫

。」, for i E F, v Fi v {7’},

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where 6

3.2, and

,6,2,6,F,6,F are obtained by the solution to LP(F) described in S ection

r一一 ’ U,2-iB,i

mi =    (5’c5 + ,s,F ’

f・r i∈F鵬

Proof. To show that the strengthened cut is valid for MINLP can be done by

proving that it arises from a valid disjunctidn for the O-1 solution of its linear

approximation, i.e. the MILP. Suppose that in order to derive a cutting plane we

use the following valid disjunction (Balas et al., 1996 ). as

Pj(κ)一。・nv({K∩勧∈ERn+・:アノ吻≦・}}∪{K∩((x,ア)∈ERn+・:一アノー、my≦一1}})

instead of

p」, (K)= conv((K A ((x,y)E E)ln+q :y」 〈一 o]]v [K A [(x,y)G g{n+g :一y」, 〈一 一1]]),

where m is a vector of all integer components. The LP(F) based on this

disj unction can be obtained j ust by changing the two inequalities corresponding

to the above disjunction, as

v。,ノ槻v。≦0,

一vザ脚1≦一1,

Then, the corresponding changes in the DLP(F) for cut vector can be presented

as

         ア

ーπゴ+μ8G+δ8θノ+δ8駕≧o,

         ア

ーπゴ+μ8G一δ、Feノー 6、Fm≧0,

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By virtue ofthe optimality ofLP(F) or DLP(F), we have

β万一m.4x min [6+δ8吻,,βノーδr吻,}加∈F\{ノ}

     m

The maximum is implied by that m,,iEFX{/’} can be chosen as integers that

make 6,”,iEFX{/’} as large as possible. The inner minimization can be simply

eliminated by making the two terms in the bracket equal to each other, then we

have

1. 6,2-6,i

mi =    60” + 6iF

Take-m’一 m司・r-mi一同・

for i E F X {/’ }・

whichever yields the maximum value for

6,F ,i E FX {7}, as

β万一max{β1+δ伸・一δr國}加∈F魁

Then, the theorem follows by noting that the cut vector for other variables does

not change during this process. O

By virtue of the argument of the above Theorem, the strengthening gap is

determined by lfi,2 一fi,1, and this absolute value becomes zero when the ith

binary is lying at O or 1 (Balas et al., 2002 ). As that commented by Balas et al.

( 1993 ) for cut strengthening, a linear transformation, i.e. complementing, ofthe

linear constraint set A x+G)ノ≦b leaves K, Pj(K)and its facets unchanged, but

it can change the effect of the strengthening procedure. Then, it should be noted

that the above cut strengthening can be done after the solution to LP(F) is

defined, then the disjunction is changed only a posteriori. Remember that we

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ever assume that the index set Fi i s empty. If this i s not true for the MINLP

problem at some, we do complementing on this set to change it become empty.

Then, finally doing a simple reverse linear transformation, we can get the cut

which is valid for the original MINLP problem before complementing, as

                  cvc+ 2 i6,.]y, + ]Ei (一 i(3’i ).yi 〈一7+2(一 iBi)

                     iEFUFo iEFI iEFI

And the following section is devoted to a theoretical comparison of the cut

generation method in this paper and that ofBalas et al. ( 1993; 1996 ).

3.5 Cut Comparison

The reverse polar set presented by B alas ( 1979 ) can be used to characterize all

valid inequalities for P」(K), and the facets of P,(K) are strong inequalities

( Balas et al., 1993, 1996 ) for eliminating the current optimal solution, i.e.

G,」), in a o-1 mixed-integer linear program. Then, it is very interesting to give

a comparison between the two kinds of cuts described by Balas et al. ( 1993,

1996) and that proposed in this paper, since the latter can be used independently

to solve MILP problems. Given (2,Y) be the current optimal solution to the

continuous NLP, then we assume that (i,i) is the closest extreme point of

P,(K) relative to (S,P), and P,(K) can be described by

乃(K)一{(x・ア):繭≦5}・Let the index set・be defined as

・一oi:爺+∂面}・then we have a c・nvex c・ne・riginated fr・m the p・int

〔i・y〕・i・e・k一{(x・ア):Z’x+∂’ア≦蜘∈・}・・bvi・usly we have P」(K)⊆瓦

since the latter is obtained by dropping off a number of constraints from the

former one. The polar cone ( or negative polar cone ) of K can be defined by

31

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             kO = ((u,v)E m”’q :〈(u,v), (x,」y)〉 sg o for all (x,」y)G k/.

Then, the following lemma ensures that the projection of (i,」) onto p,(K)

can be obtained at (S,i).

Lemma 3.6. Assume that we have the above definitions. and                                               ,

itsprojectiononto P」(K) is (i,Y),andviceversa.

(il,P) G kO, then

Proof. Since we have P」(K)gK, then the assertion holds if the proj ection of

(S,Y) onto the cone k is (i,Y). This is implied by Proposition 3.2.3

( Hiriart-Urmty and Lemarechal, 1993 ) by virtue of (i,Y)Ek,

(5e,」P)一(i,5))G kO, and ((i,5))一(N,」V),(i,5))) =o, where the latter two relations

are satisfied by n・ting〔i・y〕isthe・rigin・f血ep・1arc・ne k.・C・nversely, by

virtue o f Theorem 3.1.1( Hiriart-Urruty and Lemarechal, 1993 ), we have

〈⊂i・P〕一⊂S・y}唖」〕〉≦・綱∈k・then〈〔i・y〕一〔え夕洞〉一・

implies thatq⊂i・P〕一⊂動(の≦・姻∈k・Then・ the lemma f・ll・ws by

notingthat (i,Y) istheoriginofthecone k anditspolar. O

It is very difficult to compare the cut quality and its role played in an

enumeration tree, since some cut may not work well j ust after its generation, but

will become very strong after some iterations. Then, even we use the closed gap

gained by the introduction of the cut, it is still not certain to measure the cut

quality,definitely. Here, we use the distance between the point and the cut to

                                32

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evaluate the cut quality, which is first proposed by B alas et al. ( 1993; 1996 ) for

solving MILP problem by using branch-and-cut method. Very roughly, the

following theorem shows that the cut generated in this paper is the same as or

somewhat better for some Cases than the lift-and-proj ect cut proposed by Balas

et al. ( 1993; 1996 ). But, it should be carefu1 to note that the Euclidean distance

or 1,一norm is used in their method instead of 1,一nomi in this paper, then the

following comparison is just qualitative, and sketched simply in Figure 2.

Theorem 3.7. Assume that the projection of the solution point (i,」) onto

P,. (K) is not an extreme point of the P」 (K), then the cut generated in this paper

is either a facet-defining inequality of P」(K), or a stronger inequality in the

sense ofthe separation distance.

Proof. lfthe projection ofthe solution point (2,Y) onto p,(K), without loss

of generality denoted by (i,Y), is not an extreme point of the P/(K), then it

must lie on some facet of P」 (K). Then the distance between point (i,Y) and its

proj ection onto P」 (K), i.e. the minimal separation di stance, is equivalent to that

of the largest distance between that point and the facet defining P」(K) which

separ訊ing向丘・呪(K)・・bvi・usいhe l飢ter is the飴ceレde丘ning

inequality presented by Balas et al. ( 1993; 1996 ). Otherwise, we know (i,」)

is an extreme point of P」(K), or the origin of the cone K, and different from

(2,i), the projection point of (i,Y) onto some hyperplane defined by some

facet of p,(K) or cone k, i.e. the facet-defining inequality. Since (i,Y) also

33

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lies on that hyperplane, then the distance between (i,Y) and (i,」) is always

longer than that between (S,P) and (2,P), which minimizes the distance

betweenpoint (il,Y) anditsseparatinginequality. O

4. Preliminary computational experiments for process design problems

In this section, the effectiveness of the disj unctive cut or lift-and-proj ect cut in a

branch-and-bound framework is demonstrated on the basis of the algorithm

developed at the preliminary stage. The algorithm has been implemented by

using standard C language on a Pentium III with 800 MHz CPU and 128 MB of

RAM, but the CPU time for two process synthesis problems are not reported

here due to the instability of the cut generation linear programming solver used

our branch-and-cut algorithm. Then the iterations or the enumerated nodes and

the LPs solved become the main comparison between a pure branch-and-bound

algorithm and the proposed branch-and-cut algorithm which has imbedded the

disj unctive cut into an enumeration process. Concerning of the specific

implementation aspects, the binary tree is searched according to the depth-first

principle and the cuts are generated at each enumerated node ifthere is a binary

variable for disj unction in its feasible solution. lt should be noted that the latter

choice has answered to the question given in the algorithm described in Section

2, i.e. branching versus cutting decision. But, for large practical problems, it is

recommended for MILP by B alas et al. ( 1996 ) that a skip factor obtained by

the calculation results at the root node be introduced in order to promote the

efficiency of the branch-and-cut algorithM. However, in this paper, we j ust

simply chose that parameter to be unity so as to observe the roles played by the

disj unctive cuts in an enumeration tree.

      The continuous relaxation problems are solved by using an NLP solver

LSGRG2C ( Smith and Lasdon, 1992 ), and the cut generation linear

programming problems are solved by the same solver as above but all its

variables are set to be linear and a Phase 1 subroutine, i.e. a perturbation problem

in order to find a feasible solution, is first done before running this revised LP

solver. The two problems tested are related to the problem of synthesizing a

process system ( Duran and Grossmann, 1986 ) which is the one of

34

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simultaneously determining the optimal structure and the operating parameters

for a process so as to satisfy the given design specifications. Since these two

MINLPI problems have nonlinear obj ective function, then the additional

continuous variables are introduced to transform them into the standard fomi

introduced in S ection 1. The first MINLP problem has 3 nonlinear constraints

and 4 linear constraints with 7 variables, where 3 of them are binary. The

transformed fomiulation ofthis problem is presented as

Test problem No. 1

mmlmlze X4

subj ect to 5y, +6y, +8y, +10x, 一7x, 一181n(x, +1)一19.2 ln(x, 一 x, +1)+10 一 x, sO

                    一 O.8 ln(x, + 1)一 O.961n(x, 一 x, + 1)+ O.8x3 g O

                   一 ln(x2 + 1)一1.2 ln(xi 一 x2 + 1)+ x3 + Uy3 一一 2 S O

                                             X2 一一 Xl SO

                                            κ2一の1≦O

                                        x「κ2一乙ケ2≦0

                                             ア1+ア2≦1

                                 ア∈{0,1}3,a≦x≦b,」・c∈9{4

                          aT = (o, o, o,m), bT == (2, 2, 1,一), U =2

The solution to the continuous relaxation NLP problem at the root node for the

above MINLP problem is given by (2,Y)={1.14640, O.54581, 1.0, O.75919,

O.27290, O.30030, O.O}, then two disj unctive cuts can be obtained by solving the

cut generation linear programming problem, as

一x:1+0.01135x,+x3一κ4+Yi一ア2+8)ノ3≦一1.37445

一κ1-x2+x3一κ4一)ノ1-0.15312ア2+8)ノ3≦一2.85375

35

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It is obvious to observe that the MP solution point, i.e. (i,Y), is violated by the

above two cuts, then this point will be cut away after adding those cuts into the

constraint set of the continuous relaxation problem of the original MINLP. By

checking the optimal solution of this MINLP problem to the above two cuts, it is

found that the optimal solution point, i.e. (x*,y“)={1.30097, O.O, 1.0, 6.00972,

O.O, 1.0, O.O}, is still feasible. The proposed branch-and-cut algorithm in this

paper converges on the optimal solution after 5 iterations ( enumerated nodes ),

the optimal solution was found at the 5‘h iteration and the number of the total

cuts generated is 2. The pure branch-and-bound algorithm converges on the

same optimal solution after 5 iterations and the oPtimal solution was found at 5th

iteration. The advantage of the proposed algorithm is not obvious for this small

example, but for the following slightly bigger problem, we will see that the

proposed algoritlm is more advantageous than the pure branch-and-bound

algorithm.

Test Problem No. 2

       ロ        

mlnlmlze XIO

subj ect to  5)ノ1・+8ア2+6.Y3+10)ノ4+6)ノ5+7)ノ6+4)ノ7+5)ノ8一一10κi-15x2+15x3+80x4

+ 25xs +35x6 一40x7 +15xs 一35xg + exp(xi)+ exp(x2 /1.2)一 651n(x3 + x4 +1)

                        一 90 ln(x, + 1)一80 ln(x, + 1)+120 一 xio S O

                               -1.5 ln(x, + 1) 一一 ln(x6 + 1)一 xs S O

                                         -ln(x3 + x4 +1) 一く O

                                       exp(x,)一10y, 一一1SO

         ’ exp(x, /1.2) 一一一10.Jy, 一一1 sil O

              一一一 xl 一一一 x2 + x3 +2jx 4 + O.8x, + O.8x6 一〇.5x7 一 xs 一2xg 一く O

                  一 xl 一 x2 +2x4 + O.8xs + O.8x6 一2x7 一 xs 一2xg S O

                         -2x4 一〇.8xs 一〇.8x6 +2x7 + xs +2xg S O

                                      -O.8x, 一一 O.8x6 +xs SO

                                          -X4 +X7 +Xg gO

                                   一 O.4x, 一 O.4x, +1.5x, S O

                                            x3 一一 O.8x, SO

                                           一一 x3 +O.4x4 sO

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         x, 一10y, go

 o.sx, + o.sx, 一一loy, g o

2x4 一一 2x, 一2xg 一10y, SO

         x, 一loy, go

         x, 一10y, SO

      X3 + X4 一10ys S O

        ア1+ア2-1≦0

       一アーア2+1≦0

        ア4+ア5-1≦0

     一ア4+ア6+ア7≦0

       ア4一ア6一ア7≦0

          ア3一ア8≦0

ア∈{0,1}8,α≦x≦b,x∈9Z・’O

aT@一 (o,o,o,o,o,o,o, o, o,一), bT 一 (2, 2,1,2,2,2,2,1,3, 一)

The second MINLP problem has 5 nonlinear constraints and 20 linear

constraints with 18 variables, where 8 of them are binary. lt should be noted that

no only the obj ective function was transformed into linear function in this

formulation by introducing new continuous variable compared with that

described by Duran and Grossmann ( 1986 ), the equality constraints in their

formulation were also changed to two equivalent inequality constraints. The

optimal values of this MINLP and its continuous relaxation NLP problem at the

root node are 68.00974 and 15.08219, respectively. For this middle scale

problem, the proposed branch-and-cut algorithm converges on the optimal

solution after 17 iterations ( enumerated nodes ), i.e. 17 NLPs were solved, and

optimal solution was found at 16’h iteration after generating 21 cuts, i.e. 21 LPs

were solved. The branch-and-bound algorithm found the optimal solution at 21St

iteration after fathoming 23 nodes, i.e. altogether 23 NLP were solved. At this

preliminary stage, it is found that the proposed algorithm has saved 6 NLPs at

the cost of solving extra 21 LPs. Then, it is very prospective for large-scale

process synthesis MINLP problems to use this proposed branch-and-cut

algorithm since the LP i s always much computationally cheaper than the NLP

for large problems.

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5. Conclusion

A branch-and-cut algorithm is developed in this paper for solving O-1

mixed-integer nonlinear programming problems where the lift-and-proj ect cuts

generated at each enumeration node are incorporated into a branch-and-bound

framework. lt should be noted that the lift-and-proj ect cut generation due to the

disj unctive property of the binary variable can not directly extended into the

general mixed-integer programming problems. A linear approximation scheme

is used to replace the continuous relaxation nonlinear programming problem by

a linear programming problem, and it is proved that the disjunctive cut yielded

over this linear set is able to cut away the solution point to the continuous

relaxation nonlinear programming problem of the .O-1 mixed-intgger nonlinear

programming at an enumeration node. The cut generation linear programming is

derived according to the separation theorem of the convex analysis, and the dual

problem of this linear programming is applied to lift the disj unctive cut at some

node to be valid throughout the enumeration tree. F or the cut coefficients of the

free binary variables, a strengthening process is proposed by imposing

integrality on those variables after the cut generation process and lifting. The

theoretical comparison of the disjunctive cut developed in this paper and that

according to the dual description states that the former i s either coincides with

the latter as the facet-defining inequality ofthe convex hull of the disj unctive set

or a stronger one as’separation inequality. Two typical chemical design O-1

mixed-integer nonlinear programming cases are solving by using a tentative

implementation of the branch-and-cut algorithm developed in this paper. The

results show that the branch-and-cut algorithm i s very promising for large scale

O-1 mixed-integer ponlinear programming problems which are widely

encountered in the chemical engineering community for process design and

synthesis.

Acknowledgement

Y.Z. gratefully acknowledges financial support from Japan society for the

Promotion of Science ( JSPS ) and JSPS Fellow Project O I O40, and sincerely

appreciates the kind help from Prof. E. Balas ( Carnegie-Mellon University ) for

his patient explanation of the lifting and strengthening process. Y.Z. is a JSPS

Fellow. He is also gratefully supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research

且om JSPS.

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Figure 1. Linear approximation of the MINLP problem, where the obj ective

function 一x is minimized subj ect to a mixed-integer convex set described by a

continuous variable and a binary variable, respectively.

y

1

        ノ

       ノ1

      ;s’ /

     s/ /

    ノ1

   / 1

s’ 1ノ

ノ 1

(s, 」)

o/

42

Page 44: nonlinear programs Yushan Zhu“ Takahito Kuno...A disjunctive cutting plane based branch-and-cut algorithm for O-1 mixed-integer nonlinear programs *Yushan Zhu Takahito

Figure 2. A simple geometrical sketch for cut comparison.

P, (K)g K

〔籾

                     ’                 . //

               / /

             /  /

         /t /

       /    /

   ./ //      /

;モ、 〔i・P〕

1 ’N N..

1’ N. 一〉,.,×

il 〉..x“”“”“’NxN

11...,.......,..,“・:・・“’XNN ”Nx..

li,“““’ ’m           N

             N

o

K

43