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Nonlinear Optics LabNonlinear Optics Lab. . Hanyang Hanyang Univ.Univ.
Chapter 10. Laser Oscillation : Gain and Threshold
Detailed description of laser oscillation
10.2 Gain
<Plane wave propagating in vacuum>Consider a quasi-monochromatic plane wave of frequency propagating in the +z direction ;
zA
z z+z
u
The rate at which electromagnetic energy passes through a plane of cross-sectional area A at z is AzI )(
The flux difference ;
zAIz
AIzzI
)(])([
Nonlinear Optics LabNonlinear Optics Lab. . Hanyang Hanyang Univ.Univ.
This difference gives the rate at which electromagnetic energy leaves the volume Az,
zAIz
zAut
)()(
01
Iz
Itc
cIu /: Equation of continuity
<Plane wave propagating in medium>The change of electromagnetic energy due to the medium should be considered.=> The rate of change of upper(lower)-state population density due to both absorption and stimulated emission.
(7.3.4a) => energy flux added to the field : )()()()( 1212 NNIhNN
)()(1
12 NNIIztc
Nonlinear Optics LabNonlinear Optics Lab. . Hanyang Hanyang Univ.Univ.
(7.4.19) : )()/()( BSch
INg
gN
ISNg
gN
A
ISNg
gNB
c
h
ISNNBc
hI
ztc
11
22
11
22
2
11
22
12
)(
)(8
)(
)()(1
(no degeneracies)
(degeneracies included)
Define, gain coefficient, g()
11
22
11
22
2
)(
)(8
)(
Ng
gN
SNg
gN
Ag
Nonlinear Optics LabNonlinear Optics Lab. . Hanyang Hanyang Univ.Univ.
Igt
I
cz
I)(
1
Temporal steady state : 0t
Igdz
dI)(
zgeIzI )()0()( : valid only for low intensity ( saturation effect, g=g(I))
* g>0 when 12
12 Ng
gN : population inversion
* If ,12
12 N
g
gN
)()(
)(8
)(
1
2
1
22
1
21
1
21
1
22
ag
gN
NSg
gAg
Ng
gN
g
gN
g
gN
The gain coefficient is identical, except for its sign, to the absorption coefficient.
Nonlinear Optics LabNonlinear Optics Lab. . Hanyang Hanyang Univ.Univ.
10.3 Feedback
In practice, g~0.01 cm-1 if the length of active medium is 1 m.=> A spontaneously emitted photon at one end of the active medium leads to a total of e0.01 x 100=e1=2.72 photons emerging at the other end.=> The output of such a laser is obviously not very impressive.=> Reflective mirrors at the ends of the active medium : Feedback.
10.4 Threshold
In a laser there is not only an increase in the number of cavity photons because of stimulated emission, but also a decrease because of loss effects.(Loss effects : scattering, absorption, diffraction, output coupling)
In order to sustain laser oscillation the stimulated amplification must be sufficient to overcome the losses.
Nonlinear Optics LabNonlinear Optics Lab. . Hanyang Hanyang Univ.Univ.
<Threshold
condition>Absorption and scattering within the gain medium is quite small compared with the loss occurring at the mirrors of the laser. => Consider only the losses associated with the mirrors.
1 strwhere, r : reflection coefficient t : transmission coefficient s : fractional loss
At the mirror at z=L and 0 ;
)()( )(2
)( LIrLI
)0()0( )(1
)( IrI
Nonlinear Optics LabNonlinear Optics Lab. . Hanyang Hanyang Univ.Univ.
In steady state (or CW operation), g() : constant
)()(
)(
Igdz
dI )()(
)(
Igdz
dI
zgeIzI )()()( )0()(
))(()()( )()( zLgeLIzI
Amplification condition : after one round trip must be higher than the initial)0()(I )0()(
I
)0()0(][
])0([
)]([
)]([
)0()0(
)()()(221
)()()(21
)(2
)(1
)()(1
)(1
)(
IIerr
eIerr
LIrer
LIer
IrI
Lg
LgLg
Lg
Lg
1221 gLerr
Nonlinear Optics LabNonlinear Optics Lab. . Hanyang Hanyang Univ.Univ.
Threshold gain,
)ln(2
11ln
2
121
21
rrLrrL
gt
tg
* In the case of high reflectivity,
xxrr -)-ln(1 and ,121
0.9) ties,reflectivi(high)1(2
12121 rrrr
Lgt
* If the “distributed losses” (losses not associated with the mirrors) are included,
arrL
gt )ln(2
121
where, : effective loss per unit lengtha
Nonlinear Optics LabNonlinear Optics Lab. . Hanyang Hanyang Univ.Univ.
Example) He-Ne laser, L=50 cm, r1=0.998, r2=0.980
14
1
102.2
)]980.0)(998.0ln[()50(2
1
cm
cmgt
Threshold population inversion ;
)(8
)( 11
222
2
SN
g
gN
n
Ag
)()(
82
2
11
22
ttt
g
AS
gnN
g
gNN
nm 632.8at sec104.1 16 A
MHz1500MHzM
T11015.2amu20M,K400~
2/16
D
NeT
39
101628
14
cm/atoms106.1
sec)103.6)(sec104.1()cm106328(
)cm102.2)(8(
tN
631
15
9
10108.4
106.1
N
N t (very small !)
Nonlinear Optics LabNonlinear Optics Lab. . Hanyang Hanyang Univ.Univ.
10.5 Rate Equations for Photons and Populations
Time-dependent phenomena ?
1) Gain term (stimulated emission or absorption)
)()()(
)(1
Igt
I
cz
I
)()()(
)(1
Igt
I
cz
I
))(()(1
)( )()()()()()(
IIgIItc
IIz
In many lasers there is very little gross variation of either or with z. =>)(
I)(
I 0z
* l<L (l : gain medium length, L : cavity length)
))(()( )()()()( IIcgIIdt
d
))(()( )()()()( IIgL
clII
dt
d(10.5.4b)
Nonlinear Optics LabNonlinear Optics Lab. . Hanyang Hanyang Univ.Univ.
2) Loss term (output coupling, absorption/scattering at the mirrors)
By the output coupling, a fraction 1-r1r2 of intensity is lost per round trip time 2L/c.
))(1(2
)( )()(21
)()( IIrrL
cII
dt
d (10.5.8)
From (10.5.4b), (10.5.8), and put : total intensity)()( III
Irr
L
cIg
L
cl
dt
dI)1(
2)( 21
or photon number, Iq
qgL
clqg
L
cl
qrrL
cqg
L
cl
dt
dq
t
)(
)1(2
)( 21
Nonlinear Optics LabNonlinear Optics Lab. . Hanyang Hanyang Univ.Univ.
If g1=g2,
IrrL
cINN
L
cl
IrrL
cISNN
A
L
cl
dt
dI
)1(2
))((
)1(2
)()(8
2112
2112
2
Coupled equations for the light and the atoms in the laser cavity including pumping effect :
)1(2
)(
)()(
)(
21
222
2111
rrL
cg
L
cl
dt
d
KgNAdt
dN
gANNdt
dN
Nonlinear Optics LabNonlinear Optics Lab. . Hanyang Hanyang Univ.Univ.
10.7 Three-Level Laser Scheme1) Two-level laser scheme is not possible.
22)(
212
N
A
NN
Neglecting 1, 2 in (7.3.2) => : can’t achieve the population inversion
2) Three-level laser scheme
P : pumping rate
1pumping
1 PNdt
dN
1pumping
1
pumping
3
pumping
2 PNdt
dN
dt
dN
dt
dN
(10.5.14) =>
)(
)(
1222112
1222111
NNNPNdt
dN
NNNPNdt
dN
)1(2
)( 21rrL
cgL
cl
dt
d
Nonlinear Optics LabNonlinear Optics Lab. . Hanyang Hanyang Univ.Univ.
<Threshold pumping> for the steady-state operation i) Near threshold the number of cavity photons is small enough that stimulated
emission may be omitted from Eq. (10.7.4) ii) Steady-state : 021 NN
121
2 NP
N
TNNN 21
TNPN
21
211
TNP
PN
212
21P
: total population is conservedAnd,
# Positive (steady-state) population inversion :
# Threshold pumping power : 131
PwrNPh
V
TNP
PNN
21
2112
TNP
Ph
21
2131
21min P
312121 hN T
Nonlinear Optics LabNonlinear Optics Lab. . Hanyang Hanyang Univ.Univ.
10.8 Four-Level Laser Scheme
Lower laser level is not the ground level : The depletion of the lower laser level obviously enhances the population inversion.
Population rate equations :
))((
))((
1222102
122211101
11000
NNNPNdt
dN
NNNNdt
dN
NPNdt
dN
Nonlinear Optics LabNonlinear Optics Lab. . Hanyang Hanyang Univ.Univ.
TNNNN constant210
Steady-state solutions :
T
T
T
NPP
PN
NPP
PN
NPP
N
21102110
102
21102110
211
21102110
21100
Population inversion :
PP
NPNN T
21102110
211012
)(
# Positive inversion : 2110 lower level decays more rapidly than the upper level.If P,2110
TNP
PNNN
21212
Nonlinear Optics LabNonlinear Optics Lab. . Hanyang Hanyang Univ.Univ.
10.9 Comparison of Pumping Requirements for Three and Four-Level Lasers
1) Threshold pumping rate, Pt
21laserlevelthree)(
tT
tTt NN
NNP
21laserlevelfour)(
tT
tt NN
NP
(10.7.9) =>
(10.8.7), (10.8.6) =>
1)(
)(
laserlevelthree
laserlevelfour
tT
t
t
t
NN
N
P
P
2) Threshold pumping power, (Pwr)t
2131laserlevelthree 2
1)Pwr(
T
t NhV
(10.7.15) =>
2130laserlevelfour
)Pwr(
t
t NhV
T
t
t
t
N
N
V
V
31
30
laserlevelthree
laserlevelfour 2
)/)Pwr((
)/)Pwr((
Nonlinear Optics LabNonlinear Optics Lab. . Hanyang Hanyang Univ.Univ.
10.11 Small-Signal Gain and Saturation
For the three-level laser scheme, steady-state solution including the stimulated emission term ;
2
)(
21
2112 P
NPNN T
Gain coefficient (assuming g1=g2),
)(fn)(2
))(()( 1
21
21
P
NPg T
: A large photon number, and therefore a large stimulated emission rate, tends to equalize the populations and . In this case, the gain is said to be “saturated.”
1N 2N
<Microscopic view of the gain saturation>As the cavity photon number increased, the stimulated absorption as well as the stimulated emission increased. => The lower level’s absorption rate is exactly equal to the upper level’s emission rate in the extreme limit. The gain is
zero.
Nonlinear Optics LabNonlinear Optics Lab. . Hanyang Hanyang Univ.Univ.
<Small signal gain / Saturation flux>
sat0
2121
21
/1
)(
)]/()(2[1
1))(()(
g
PP
NPg T
Where we define, Small signal gain as
21
210
))(()(
P
NPg T
Saturation flux as
)(221sat
P
* The larger the decay rates, the larger the saturation flux.* The saturation flux Stimulated emission rate : The average of the upper- and lower-level decay rates.
Nonlinear Optics LabNonlinear Optics Lab. . Hanyang Hanyang Univ.Univ.
<Gain width>
When the absorption lineshape is Lorentzian,
1)/()(
1)()(
221
221
21
* Small signal gain width : 21 g
(10.11.3) =>
)/(1)/()(
1)()(
sat221
221
210
21
gg
where,21
2121210
))(()(
P
NPg T : Line-center small signal gain
* Power-broadened gain width : 2/1
sat21
21
1
g
Nonlinear Optics LabNonlinear Optics Lab. . Hanyang Hanyang Univ.Univ.
2121221
2
21
21sat )(4
)(221
PA
P
: Line-center saturation flux is directly proportional to the transition linewidth.
Nonlinear Optics LabNonlinear Optics Lab. . Hanyang Hanyang Univ.Univ.
10.12 Spatial Hole Burning
In most laser, we have standing waves rather than traveling waves.
=> Cavity standing wave field is the sum of two oppositely propagating traveling wave fields ;
),(),(
)]sin()[sin(
sincos),(
021
0
tzEtzE
tkztkzE
kztEtzE
)sin(),( 021 tkzEtzE where,
The time-averaged square of the electric field gives a field energy density : 20
0)(
8E
c
h
=> Total photon flux,
kz2)()( sin][2
hI kzIII 2)()( sin][2