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Nonie WigginsArkansas State University
March 30, 2010
Overview of the Education System in China
www.maps.com
Chinese Population by Gender
http://www.nationmaster.com/country/ch-china/Age-_distribution
History/Governance4000 years of Chinese Dynasties – feudalism
dominant Up to 1027 B.C. - Education was a privilege. Goal to
produce government officials. Focus on “Six Arts” – rites, music archery, chariot riding, history and mathematics.
770-221 B.C – Confucius philosophy dominant in educationPersonal conduct Principles of society & government
Opium War (1840-1842) – China lost to Britain. Western education introduced by Christian missionaries.
1911 Revolution, Sun Yat-sen ended monarchyMore western type educationDid not want to lose Chinese identity (Confucius)
1949 – Communist rule – “People’s Republic of China”Soviet Model of Education – focus on technological needsHigher ed. was focus – less than half children in primary &
secondary schoolMao’s “Walking on two legs” - balance of Western Education &
Confucian Vocation/work study Regular university, college & college prep
1966 – Cultural Revolution Classes stopped until fall 1967 – each level shortened Development of “commune” schools for agricultural regions
1976- present - Educational Reform was twofold “Four Modernizations” - agriculture, industry, national defense, science &
technology “Four Cardinal Principles” – the socialist road, the people’s democratic
dictatorship, the Chinese Communist Party leadership, and Marxim-Leninism-Mao Zedong thought
Educational elite schools weeded out Rural primary enrollment declined – children needed to work rather than
go to school 4 types of secondary schools – Keypoint middle schools, non-key general
or ordinary middle schools, specialized technical secondary schools, vocational schools
Surowski, D. http://math.ksu.edu/ dbski/publication/history.html
1985 – (Post Mao) – “Decision of the Reform of the Education System” To bring about the Four Modernizations To increase state funding for education To insure that the education system shall supply a
sufficient number of qualified personnel To institute a 9-year compulsory education policy To expand the system of technical and vocational
education To give provisions for reform of higher education (eg. To
change the system of job-assignments to graduates and to grant colleges and universities more decision making powers)
To strengthen educational leadership State Education Commission formed Allow president of a college or university to be the CEO
1995 – “Education Law of the People’s Republic of China”
Principles & General Objectives of Education “…Education in the People’s Republic of China
must serve the construction of the socialist modernization, be combined with production and labor, and foster builders and successors with all round development of morality, intelligence and physique for the socialist cause. Education shall be carried out in the spirit of inheriting and expanding the fine historical and cultural traditions of the Chinese nation and assimilating all the fine achievements of the civilization progress of human beings.”
World Data on Education. http://www.ibe.unesco.org
Goals of the ReformReduce youth illiteracy to <1% & increase adult
literacy to 90%.9 year compulsory education with 95%
enrollmentStrive for admission age of 6 yearsIncrease senior secondary enrollment to > 50%Increase higher ed. enrollment to 11% (9.5
million; 700/100,000 people)Further develop pre-service and in-service, job
transfer training, and continuing education to have a “comprehensive social education system and lifelong learning”
World Data on Education. http://www.ibe.unesco.org
Education System in China
Kindergarten
Pre-school class
Kindergarten
Pre-school class
Primary schoolPrimary school
Regular junior middle school
Vocational junior middle school
Regular junior middle school
Vocational junior middle school
Regular senior middle school
Secondary vocational school
Technical school
Vocational middle school
Regular senior middle school
Secondary vocational school
Technical school
Vocational middle school
Graduate school
University
College
Short-term vocational university
Advanced technical school
Graduate school
University
College
Short-term vocational university
Advanced technical school
Compulsory education
Higher education
Secondary education
Elementary education
Pre-school education
Outcomes of the ReformIncrease in kindergarten enrollment (36.8% in 2000;
47.3% in 2008)99% of primary students were admitted to junior
middle schools in 200779.9% of junior middle school students were
admitted to senior middle schools (29% increase since 2000)
106% more senior middle school students in 2007 than 2000
Increase in secondary vocational school students 10.4 million in 2000 to 19.8 million in 2007
Curriculum Examined – past curriculum placed too much focus on basic knowledge (rote memorization) and too little on practical courses.
“Hidden Assumptions of the Reform Policy”Youth key to developing the nation in the
future.Meaningful experiences are as important as
knowledge delivery.Students need to learn how to learn.The reform is for all of basic education.Reforms success depends on teachers and
students as well as the policy makers.
Feng, D. (2006). China’s recent curriculum reform: progress and problems. Planning and Changing. 37, 1&2, pp 131-144.
Integrated Practical Courses for Senior Middle SchoolsTo Provide:Field work for enrichmentDiscovery and problem solving skillsPractical skills and abilitiesFoster collaborationThroughResearch oriented studiesCommunity serviceHands on working activities
Information technology was also incorporated into the new curriculum Compulsory courses: information retrieval,
processing, expression, resource management, & information technology & society.
Electives – algorithm & program design, multimedia technology, network technology, data management, artificial intelligence
Providing Elective Courses Curriculum Structure of
Regular Senior Middle Schools
Language and
LiteratureC
hinese
Foreign Lan
guage
Mathem
atics
Mathem
atics
Hum
anities an
d S
ocial Scien
ce
Moral E
ducation
History
Geo
graphy
Science
Physics
Chem
istry
Biology
Technology
General T
echnology
Info Technology
PE
and H
ealth P
Eand H
ealth
Arts
Fine A
rts
Music
Arts
Integrated P
ractical Activities
Integrated P
ractical Activities
Fields of Study
Subjects
Modules Including compulsory and elective modules
Zhu Muju, Basic Education in China Presentation, March 2009
Three Tiered CurriculumGives more control locally
Class hours mandated by the state80-84% State mandated courses16-20% Local and school based courses
Zhu Muju, Basic Education in China Presentation, March 2009
Challenges and Criticisms of ReformLarger classesIncreased competition for school and college entrance
Primary schools are local. Others are competitive.Migration of teachers to urban areas – rural areas
have trouble with inflexible curriculumIncreased teacher workload.Local control may ignore student/parent interestsCultural dilemmas – Western v. Chinese leadership
styles among school leaders Government wants immediate outcomes – not
enough data yet.
Feng, D. (2006). China’s recent curriculum reform: progress and problems. Planning and Changing. 37, 1&2, pp 131-144.
Financing of Education in ChinaLocal schools are financed by local budgets.Central treasury of China also provides
some funding.2002 – Social investment in education
was1.94% of GDP State’s investment was 3.41% of GDP
Other financial inputSocial enterprisesExtra fees tuitionFundraisingDonations
Pre-school EducationNot compulsoryMore in urban than rural areas – full time,
part-time, boardingRural areas preschools are mainly nurseries
Photos: Farrell, L. (2004). An emergent curriculum in China: collaborative tolerance. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 59(2). 243-250.
Primary Education -Ideology & moral character Chinese languageMathSociety – not until 4th
NaturePEMusicPaintingWork –beginning grade 3
World Data on Education. http://www.ibe.unesco.org
Lower Secondary Ideology & politicsChinese languageMathForeign languageHistoryGeographyChemistryPhysicsBiologyPEMusic PaintingWork Skills
World Data on Education. http://www.ibe.unesco.org
Vocational EducationJunior vocational – part of the 9 years compulsory
(3-4 yrs)Mostly in rural areas to provide basic professional
knowledge & skills to workers, peasants & employees
Secondary vocational – (3-4 years) Practice oriented technical and normal schools
Tertiary vocational - (2 years)for high school and secondary vocational graduates.
Vocational training courses – managed by the department of education and labor but provided by the employers
Special EducationFor blind, deaf or mentally retarded
children and teens1539 special education schoolsSome students attend regular schoolMany are kept at home or institutionalized.
Some immigrate to US.
http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/38282.htm
Crawford, R. – personal conversation March 2010.
Classes/schoolsUniforms unique to each schoolSegregated either by school or by class in
higher grades
Higher EducationVery competitiveEntrance exams
Some problems with autonomous regions & municipalities
Moral assessment and physical constitution
Assessment of Higher Ed.Self-assessmentAdministrative organizationsSocial assessment
Graduation RequirementsComplete all coursesComplete thesisAre up to standard in morality.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.smellchina.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/wuhandaxue-2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.smellchina.com/2009/10/wuhan-university/&usg=_
Teacher Education Examinations for best candidates Chinese citizen Must be sound ideologically and politically Good knowledge of pedagogy Good physique Graduate from:
normal school for pre-schools secondary normal schools for primary schools Two year normal colleges for junior-middle schools Normal or other universities & four year colleges for senior
secondary. Post-graduates or undergraduates from universities for teachers
of schools of higher learning Television outreach for teachers
Zhu, X. and Han, X. (2006). Reconstruction of the teacher education system in China. International Education Journal, 7(1). P 66-73.
DisciplineDo not bring shame to familyDiscipline is not usually a problemIn the past corporal punishment was used.
Other IssuesMilitary training for both girls & boys. Boys have
mandatory military serviceConformity is stressed. No individuality.All know standing in the class.
Grades are announcedShame if performance is not perfect
You are from the province of your ancestors.Must have foreign passport to attend private
institutions
Study abroad is encouraged. Many with PhD’s do not return
References
China in World Data on Education. 6th ed. Retrieved 1/20/10 from http://www.ibe.unesco.org/.
China Education. Retrieved from http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/china/239636.htm on 3/27/10.
Colb, S. (January 26, 2005). China announces that it will criminalize sex-selection abortions; what, if anything, should the U.S. do about the practice in this country: retrieved 3/28/10 from http://writ.news.findlaw.com/scripts/printer_friendly.pl?page_/colb/20050126.html.
Crawford, R. Personal communication 3/28/10.
Farrell, L. (2004). An emergent curriculum in China: collaborative tolerance. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 5(7), pp.243-250.
Feng, D. (2006). China’s recent curriculum reform: progress and problems. Planning and Changing. 37 (1&2). P. 131-144.
Introduction to China. Retrieved from http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/china.htm. on 3/17/10.
King-Head, S. (2010). China-Us: PhD students stay on. University World News. Retrieved from http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story+2010030511225767 March 17, 2010.
Kvaternik, R. (2001). Teacher education through distance learning. Education Sector, Higher Education Division, Teacher EducationSection . Fontenoy, France.UNESCO
Ministry of the Education of the People’s Republic of China available at http://www.moe.edu.cn/edoas/website18
Muju, Z. (2009). Basic education and curriculum reform in China (Presentation).
Premier reports on Outline of new 5 year plan (II). Retrieved from http://english.peopledaily.com./english/200103/05 on 1/20/2010.
.
Special education and vocational education. Retrieved 3/28/10 from http://www.china.org/cn/english/features/38282.htm.
Surowski, D. editor. History of the educational system of China. Retrieved from http://www.math.ksu.edu/~dbski/publication/history.html. on 1/20/2010.
Zhu, X. & Han, X. (2006). Reconstruction of the teacher education system in China. International Education Journal. 7(1). 66-73.