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ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL AUDIT AND ASSESSMENT REPORT
SUPPLEMENTARY ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT FOR
VARNA INTEGRATED URBAN TRANSPORT PROJECT & VARNA FLOOD CONTROL
CHANNELS REHABILITATION PROJECT
NON-TECHNICAL EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
November 2016
Supplementary environmental and social assessment for Varna integrated urban transport project &
Varna flood control channels rehabilitation project - Non-Technical Executive Summary
2016 i
Contents
1.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND BACKGROUND ................................................................................ 3
2.0 COMPARISON OF IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERNATIVES, INCLUDING THE DO-
NOTHING ALTERNATIVE ............................................................................................................................... 7
3.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROCESS ......................................... 9
3.0 ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS, ADVERSE IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ........ 10
3.1 AIR EMISSIONS AND NOISE ...................................................................................................................... 10
3.1.1 AIR EMISSIONS ................................................................................................................................... 10
3.1.2 NOISE ................................................................................................................................................. 10
3.2 BIOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL RESOURCES (FAUNA, FLORA, BIODIVERSITY, PROTECTED SPECIES,
CRITICAL HABITATS, ECOSYSTEMS) .................................................................................................................. 11
3.2.1 FAUNA................................................................................................................................................ 11
3.2.2 FLORA ................................................................................................................................................ 11
3.2.3 BIODIVERSITY .................................................................................................................................... 12
3.2.4 PROTECTED SPECIES ........................................................................................................................... 12
3.2.5 CRITICAL HABITATS ........................................................................................................................... 12
3.2.6 ECOSYSTEMS ...................................................................................................................................... 12
3.3 CLIMATIC FACTORS AND CLIMATE CHANGE ............................................................................................ 13
3.4 CULTURAL HERITAGE, INCLUDING ARCHITECTURAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE ........................ 13
3.5 GEOMORPHOLOGY AND GEOLOGY .......................................................................................................... 13
3.6 LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL ASPECTS .......................................................................................................... 14
3.7 MATERIAL ASSETS .................................................................................................................................. 14
3.9 WATER (ACCESSIBILITY, QUANTITY AND QUALITY, SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER) AND WASTE WATER
MANAGEMENT .................................................................................................................................................. 15
3.10 WORKER AND PUBLIC HEALTH AND SAFETY ....................................................................................... 16
3.11 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLANS, MITIGATION MEASURES AND COMPENSATORY MEASURES .. 16
3.11.1 DURING CONSTRUCTION ................................................................................................................ 17
3.11.2 DURING OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE ....................................................................................... 17
4.0 SOCIAL BENEFITS, ADVERSE IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ............................. 17
4.1 LAND USE ................................................................................................................................................ 17
4.1.1 BASELINE ........................................................................................................................................... 17
4.1.2 EXPROPRIATION PROCEDURE.............................................................................................................. 18
4.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF THE LOCAL POPULATION AND OTHER SOCIAL ISSUES ................................ 20
4.2.1 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF ASPARUHOVO DISTRICT ................................................................... 20
4.2.2 FIELD SURVEY ON SOCIAL ISSUES IN THE AREAS AFFECTED BY THE PROJECT ................................... 21
4.2.3 SOCIAL ASSISTANCE .......................................................................................................................... 23
4.2.4 OTHER ISSUES OF RELEVANCE – GENDER EQUALITY ........................................................................... 24
4.3 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT PRACTICES ............................................................................................... 25
4.3.1 CURRENT PRACTICES FOR STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT FOR VARNA FLOOD CONTROL CHANNELS
REHABILITATION PROJECT ............................................................................................................................... 25
4.3.2 GRIEVANCE PROCEDURES ................................................................................................................... 27
4.4 SOCIAL IMPACTS ..................................................................................................................................... 27
4.4.1 IMPACTS AT NATIONAL LEVEL ............................................................................................................ 27
4.4.2 IMPACTS AT LOCAL LEVEL .................................................................................................................. 27
4.5 SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLANS, MITIGATION MEASURES AND COMPENSATORY MEASURES ...................... 28
4.5.1 DURING CONSTRUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 28
4.5.2 DURING OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE ........................................................................................... 29
5.0 MONITORING OF IMPACTS ............................................................................................................... 31
5.1 MONITORING DURING THE CONSTRUCTION PHASE .................................................................................. 31
5.2 MONITORING DURING OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE ........................................................................... 33
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Abbreviations
BSS Bulgarian State Standard
DCM Decree of Council of Ministers
EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
EHS Environment Protection & Health and Safety
ISO International Organization for Standardization
MoEW Ministry of Environment and Waters
PPE Personal Protection Equipment
REWI Regional Environment and Water Inspectorate
SG State Gazette
VOC Volatile Organic Compounds
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1.0 Project Description and Background
In October 2013 the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (“EBRD” or the
“Bank”) and the City of Varna (the “City” or “Varna”) signed a loan agreement intended to
support the City’s public transport improvement programme through co-financing two EU
grant funded projects as follows:
• Varna Integrated Urban Transport Project (financed under Operational Programme
Regional Development 2007-2013), and
• Varna Trolleybus Renewal Project (financed under Operational Programme
Environment 2007 – 2013)
Following the completion of the public procurement process for the above projects, it became
apparent that the City will realize savings due to achieving lower procurement contract prices
than initially budgeted. The City of Varna has requested to use the loan savings to co-finance
the rehabilitation of two flood control channels in the residential neighbourhood of
Aspruhovo (the “Project”). In 2014 the neighbourhood was hit by heavy floods causing loss
of life and severe damages to the infrastructure. The Project will be majority financed with
grants from the EU Solidarity Fund, whereas the City is required to co-finance approximately
30 per cent of the total cost. The Bank’s financing will be used by Varna to secure its
required contribution to the Project. As the City aims not just to rehabilitate the effects of the
2014 flood, but also to improve the urban environment and provide better public amenities
along the channels, there are activities foreseen in the overall project, which are not eligible
for financing under the EU Solidarity Fund. These very activities will be financed by the
EBRD loan and include:
• Covering of the rehabilitated flood control channels (Eastern and Western channel) in
the residential neighbourhood of Asparuhovo in Varna;
• Rehabilitation of existing underground infrastructure (cables, sewage, pipelines);
• Rehabilitation of over-ground infrastructure (pavements, bridges, subway, guardrails,
green areas) along the channels;
• Rehabilitation of park lanes, playgrounds and other recreational facilities located in
the immediate vicinity of the flood control channels.
In accordance with the Environmental and Social Policy of the Bank (2014) and in order to
secure the financing from the EBRD, POVVIK EAD prepared this Environmental and Social
Assessment of the proposed project.
The overall project for rehabilitation of the flood control channels is structured in the
following two phases:
• Phase I will be financed by the EU Solidarity Fund and includes the actual
construction/reconstruction works for the rehabilitation of the two flood protection
channels (i.e. preparation of the construction sites, demolition of existing structures,
excavation works, re-enforcements/re-construction of the channel walls, etc.).
• Phase II will be financed by the EBRD loan and comprises improvements to the
infrastructure located on or immediately next to the flood control channels. This
generally includes covering of the flood control channels, rehabilitation of existing
underground infrastructure, development of pedestrian underpasses and overpasses,
development of playgrounds/green recreational areas over/around the flood protection
channels and supply of equipment (benches, alcoves, children playground equipment
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and protective equipment, etc.). Phase II is intended to improve the urban mobility
and the quality of living in the Asparuhovo neighbourhood.
The two phases above will be contracted under the same contracts, but will be implemented
sequentially (one after the other) and financed from different sources. Phase I with a total
estimated budget of EUR 5.4 M will be 100% financed by the EU Solidarity Fund. Phase II
with total estimated budget of EUR 2.1 M will be financed entirely by the City of Varna with
the proceeds of the Bank’s loan (if approved). The EBRD’s loan will not be used to finance
any activities under Phase I.
An overview of the project location is provided in Figure 1.1-1 below.
Gabrovo
Stara Zagora
Plovdiv
SOFIA
Burgas
Varna
RuseDobrich
Silistra
Razgrad
Shumen
Vidin
Montana
Vratsa
Pleven
Lovech
Veliko Tarnovo
Targovishte
Pernik
Kyustendil
Blagoevgrad
Pazardzhik
Smolyan
Kardzhali
Haskovo
Sliven
Yambol
Sofia Region
Asparuhovo neighbourhood
VARNA
Eastern flood control channel
Western flood control channel
Figure 1.1-1: Overview of the project location
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General layout of the rehabilitated Eastern flood control channel is provided in Figure 1.1-2
below.
Asparuhov Park
Open section of
the channel
Covered section of the channel
Figure 1.1-2: General layout of the rehabilitated Eastern flood control channel
General layout of the rehabilitated Western flood control channel is provided in Figure 1.1-3
below.
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Sea canal connecting Black Sea and varna Lake
Open section of
the channel
Covered section of the channel
Figure 1.1-3: General layout of the rehabilitated Western flood control channel
The City has developed technical designs for the rehabilitation of the channels. These
technical designs formed part of the Tender Documents for the public procurement procedure
for selection of contractor for engineering (detailed design and construction) of the channels
rehabilitation project. At the time of writing of this report, the engineering contractor has
already been selected following the public procurement procedure. The technical designs of
the Eastern and Western flood control channels foresee construction of silt traps (reinforced
concrete chambers that will retain any silt, sand, debris, etc.) at the beginning (the uppermost
part) of each channel. These silt traps will also include access ramps from which machines
will have access for cleaning and inspection of channels interior. Two more access ramps will
be constructed in the middle and at the end of the covered section of each channel.
Utility lines that will be affected by the rehabilitation of the channels will be rehabilitated and
relocated to dedicated ducts inside the rehabilitated flood control channels.
The routes of both channels were designed to follow the existing routes of the
channels/ditches, to be located as much as possible on municipal land and affect as low as
possible private properties.
Dimensioning of the cross sections and vertical alignments of channels has been based on
modelling of the anticipated water flow rate of a one in one thousand years flood event.
Open sections of the channels will be provided with guardrails to prevent falling into the
channels.
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Rehabilitation works will be performed in sections in order to minimise nuisance to people
and traffic. Temporary bridges above the excavation trenches will be installed to provide
means for safe crossing. The technical designs also include adequate planning of temporary
organisation of the traffic and traffic safety.
As required by the Bulgarian legislation, the technical designs also include a Health and
Safety Plan for the rehabilitation of each of the channels. These Plans foresee temporary
fencing of each section of the channels where rehabilitation will be taking place. Workers
will be provided with amenities in mobile premises, including chemical toilets. Following
completion of the works in one section, all temporary facilities will be moved to the next
section of the channel and the area will be reinstated. Prior to commencement of the
rehabilitation works, the Contractor will coordinate the works with the relevant owners and
operators of underground and above ground utilities, coordinate with the Municipality the
appropriate locations for dumping of the excavated soil and construction waste, coordinate
the appropriate routes for movement of construction machines and transportation of materials
and waste. The Health and Safety Plans also describe specific appropriate measures to be
taken during activities related to the rehabilitation works and relevant legislation to be
followed by the Contractor. As the above Health and Safety Plans are part of the Technical
Design, they rather provide general guidance and specify the requirements to be followed.
Development and implementation of Detailed Health and Safety Plans for the rehabilitation
works will be obligation of the Contractor.
The technical designs of the Eastern and Western flood control channels also include Plans
for management of construction waste, as required by the Bulgarian legislation. These Plans
describe the applicable legislative documents and specific requirements for management of
construction waste, as well as the types and quantities of anticipated waste and the percentage
of generated waste that will be utilized.
2.0 Comparison of impacts associated with alternatives, including the do-
nothing alternative
As the Municipality is considering only one alternative for development, i.e. rehabilitation of
the flood control channels in subject, this alternative has been compared here with the do-
nothing alternative, where these channels are not rehabilitated. A comparison of the expected
impact from the two alternatives is provided below in Table 1.2.1:
• Alternative 1 – Rehabilitation of the flood control channels
• Alternative 2 – Do-Nothing alternative
Table 1.2.1 Comparison of the impact from the considered alternatives
EHS Factor Alternative 1: Rehabilitation of the
flood control channels
Alternative 2: Do-Nothing alternative
Air Quality Increased air pollution during
construction works associated with
rehabilitation of the flood control
channels
(medium negative)
No pollution from the rehabilitated
Smell and dust from the garbage
dumped at the existing open
channels/ditches
(medium negative)
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EHS Factor Alternative 1: Rehabilitation of the
flood control channels
Alternative 2: Do-Nothing alternative
and covered flood control channels
(major positive)
Water
Quality
Insignificant effects during
construction
Significant reduction of the
potential for contamination of the
water flowing through the
rehabilitated channels as they will
be covered in the densely populated
areas. This will also reduce the load
of pollutants going into the Black
Sea (the final water recipient )
(medium positive)
Continuous increase of the potential
for contamination of the water
flowing through the open
channels/ditches by the garbage
dumped in them.
(medium negative)
Soil Quality Soil disturbance and compacting
during construction works.
(minor negative)
Significant reduction of the
potential for contamination of soil
along the channels as the channels
will be covered in the densely
populated areas and the water will
flow in watertight channels during
the operation phase
(medium positive)
Continuous increase of the potential
for contamination of soil along the
open channels/ditches by the garbage
dumped in them.
(medium negative)
Biological
Diversity
Temporary disturbance of species
during the construction phase
(minor negative)
Risk of reoccurrence of flood.
(medium negative)
Natura 2000
and other
protected
sites
The Project will not impact
nationally designated sites and is
unlikely to impact Natura 2000
species.
(no impact)
Risk of reoccurrence of flood.
(medium negative)
Landscape Disturbed urban landscape during
the rehabilitation works
(minor negative)
Project implementation will result
in harmonised urban landscape and
environment along the channels.
(major positive)
Continuing unpleasant look of the
urban landscape and environment
along the channels, due to their poor
structural and visual condition.
(medium negative)
Health and
Safety
Increased health and safety risk
during the rehabilitation works
(medium negative)
Significant reduction of risks from
Risk of reoccurrence of the
disastrous 2014 flood.
(major negative)
Risk for people to fall into open
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EHS Factor Alternative 1: Rehabilitation of the
flood control channels
Alternative 2: Do-Nothing alternative
potential flooding during operation
and creation of much healthier and
safer urban environment.
(major positive)
unprotected sections of the channels.
(medium negative)
Risks associated with garbage
dumped into the channels/ditches
(minor negative)
Noise and
vibrations
Increased noise and vibrations
during the rehabilitation works
(major negative)
Insignificant effects during
operation
Insignificant effects
Social
Aspects
Demolition of small parts of some
houses along the route of the
Western channel prior to the
rehabilitation works
(major negative)
Improvement of the urban
environment and creation of
healthier and safer living conditions
(major positive)
Insignificant effects on the present
way of living for the people along the
channels, but remaining risk for them
to be affected by the next flood.
(medium negative)
Overall, it is clear that from an environmental and social standpoint the choice of Alternative
1 will lead to significant positive impact after the rehabilitation of the channels, while the do-
nothing alternative will result in continuous increase of the health, safety and environmental
risk and especially the risk for reoccurring of the disastrous 2014 flood. For sure Alternative
1 will have some negative environmental and social impacts during rehabilitation works.
However, these impacts will be temporary and can be reduced to acceptable levels by
implementation of appropriate mitigation measures. Special attention shall be paid to
relocation of people, acquisition of property and demolition of structures. This should happen
on the basis of implementation of adequately developed plan aiming to provide appropriate
communication, support and compensation to the affected people.
In conclusion it can be stated that from an environmental and social standpoint the choice of
Alternative 1 will bring significant positive and long-term effects, while the do-nothing
alternative will lead to continuing worsening of the negative environmental and social
impacts.
3.0 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Process
According to national regulations in force, the project is subject to the screening stage of the
EIA procedure (harmonised with the EU EIA Directive). The relevant Regional Environment
and Water Inspectorate (Varna) has been officially notified for the project. The notification
consists of a standard descriptive brief presentation of the works involved by the project and
of how these may interact with the environmental aspects (social aspects are not addressed
according to the applicable regulations). Regional Environment and Water Inspectorate
Varna reviewed the notification and issued an official statement that the project is not subject
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to EIA and/or Appropriate Assessment. The required environmental approval is granted
based on screening phase evaluation made by authorities and the project may proceed to
obtaining the construction permit and further to implementation. This reflects the EU EIA
Directive and is in line with the EBRD PR1.
Although not legally required, public discussions have been held with Asparuhovo residents
that will be potentially affected by the Project and the majority of the residents is fully aware
of the necessity of Project’s realization and has not raised any objections. According to the
social mediators, there are only two Roma families living in the first two of the seven illegal
houses that still have their doubts about the Project. However, one more public meeting will
be organized before the commencement of the construction works at which the mediators will
try among others to assure these two families of the urgency of the Project.
3.0 Environmental Benefits, Adverse Impacts and Mitigation Measures
3.1 AIR EMISSIONS AND NOISE
3.1.1 AIR EMISSIONS
Varna Municipality has elaborated a programme for improvement of air quality in order to
achieve the legislatively set requirements. The programme is periodically updated according
to the requirements of the environmental legislation in Bulgaria.
Adverse climatic conditions
The breeze circulation, which is typical for the coastal zones, contributes for repeatedly
passing and accumulation of pollutants in the air. In days with breeze the typical for the flat
areas midday decrease of concentrations of pollutants in the lowest atmospheric layer is not
observed. On the contrary, air pollutants concentrations in the afternoon remain high, which
leads to higher average daily concentrations.
Predominant for Varna Municipality wind directions, with different frequency in the
respective seasons, combined with well-defined negative relief forms are unfavourable for
diffusion of pollutants in the atmosphere. The typical for the region moderate and strong
winds are favourable for dispelling the pollutants in the air.
Assessment of air pollution with PM10
The performed analyses and assessments in terms of air quality in Varna indicate that the
main problems result from the excessive concentrations of particulate matter (PM10) - the
recorded exceedances of the norms for this parameter are the most frequent in comparison
with all other monitored pollutants.
Air Quality will be negatively impacted on local level during the construction, due to the
increased emissions of dust and exhaust gases from the machines during construction works
associated with rehabilitation of the flood control channels. These impacts will stop with the
completion of construction works and the rehabilitated and covered flood control channels
will cause no air pollution during the operational phase.
3.1.2 NOISE
Noise pollution is one of the most serious environmental concerns for large and congested
urban settlements such as the city of Varna. Noise from transport is particularly prevalent in
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Varna, which is the intersection of several national and international transit corridors and
routes.
A Strategic Noise Map for Varna agglomeration has been developed in September 2008
according to EU Directive 2002/49 and officially approved by the Municipal Council. Data
collected for the noise levels in the city proves that the main source of noise to which the
population is exposed is the road traffic, which forms nearly 80% of the noise pollution in the
town. Varna has developed and implemented an Action Plan related to the Strategic Noise
Map from 2008, including a set of 23 measures for the reduction of unwanted abnormal noise
pollution in urban areas with an emphasis on problem areas, accounting for the highest noise
levels.
According to data from Strategic Noise Map for Varna agglomeration and the Action Plan
related to the Strategic Noise Map, people living in Asparuhovo district are not affected by
noise levels exceeding the norms.
Noise and vibrations will be increased during the channels rehabilitation works. The impact
is expected to be significant for the local residents due to the close proximity to residential
buildings. However, the duration of these nuisances for any individual location will be short
and after the completion of the Project there will be no or only insignificant noise and
vibrations effects during the operational phase.
3.2 BIOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL RESOURCES (FAUNA, FLORA, BIODIVERSITY,
PROTECTED SPECIES, CRITICAL HABITATS, ECOSYSTEMS)
The biological and ecological resources pertaining to the Project area are typical for
urbanised environment.
3.2.1 FAUNA
In terms of zoogeography, the territory of Varna Municipality belongs to the Northern
Zoogeographical Subregion, Black Sea Region (Georgiev, 1982). The dominant animal
species are terrestrial animals that are common for Central and Northern Europe. Taking into
account that the Project concerns exclusively urban environment, it can be inferred that the
animal species affected by the Project are the ones typically inhabiting such areas.
Key factors for the formation of bird species composition in the residential areas are
considered to be the anthropogenic transformation and the vegetation development. The two
factors have opposing effects – the high degree of urbanization has a negative impact on the
diversity of birds, while the well-developed tree and shrub vegetation maintains rich
biodiversity. Contingent on these two factors, the number of the nesting birds varies between
9 (in industrial areas and newly built neighbourhoods) and 39 (in Varna’s Sea Garden).
In general, the animal species in the Project area are synanthropes, used to inhabiting
urbanised environment. No domesticated animals are bred in the living quarters.
3.2.2 FLORA
The predominant tree species in Asparuhovo district is the populus that causes problems in
many locations and has to be systematically replaced. Commonly occurring tree species are
ash (Fraxinus), hackberries (Celtis), Platanus, Aesculus, Cercis, Styphnolobium japonicum,
Robinia pseudacacia, Gleditsia triacanthos, Norway maple (Acer platanoides), Catalpa
bignonioides and others.
A major public place in the region is the park called “Asparuhov Park”. The other green areas
are relatively small and dispersed across the whole region, mainly around Narodni Buditeli
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Blvd. There is a large share of woodland surrounding Asparuhovo, incl. the Southern road
junction, which is part of the administrative region.
Actively maintained green spaces in the region are the green strips along Narodni Buditeli
Blvd. and the Southern road junction, as well as the Asparuhov Park. The other green spaces
are poorly maintained. The vegetation in Asparuhov Park is also in poor condition as a result
of long-term bad maintenance in the past.
3.2.3 BIODIVERSITY
The following numbers and percentages of vertebrate species are reported occurring within
the territory of Varna Municipality as compared to the national level:
• Birds – 233 species out of 383 at a national level or 61%;
• Amphibians – 6 species out of 16 at a national level or 37.5%;
• Reptiles – 18 species out of 36 at a national level or 50%;
• Mammals – 37 species out of 101 at a national level or 36.6%.
The high bird diversity is attributed to the relatively close contact of the city with the
surrounding natural biotopes and the availability of wetlands (particularly the sea and the
Varna Lake).
3.2.4 PROTECTED SPECIES
Since the Project is taking place on an urban territory, it is not expected to affect directly any
rare or endangered plant or animal species.
Nonetheless, one of planned routes of the channels passes through a Natura 2000 site
designated as SPA under the Birds Directive (SPA Galata BG0002060), and both channels
mouth into SPA Varna-Beloslav Lake BG0000191.
Therefore, the possible impacts of the Project on the bird species under protection in these
protected areas have to be taken into account.
3.2.5 CRITICAL HABITATS
There are no critical habitats within the Project area.
3.2.6 ECOSYSTEMS
The ecosystems in the urban environment have anthropogenic origin and include the green
systems described above.
The impacts on Biodiversity are likely to be insignificant, related with temporary disturbance
of species during construction works. The animal species in the Project area are
synanthropes, used to inhabiting urbanised environment. No domesticated animals are bred in
the living quarters. The vegetation is typical for urban area and does not include protected or
flagship species, even along the planned route of the Eastern channel in the Asparuhov Park.
There are small patches of land (flower-beds or vine strips) in the yards to the houses to be
affected by the construction, but these can be reinstated and are likely to restore quickly. The
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Project area is not within the boundaries of any SCIs and will not impact any habitats
protected therein. It is also unlikely to affect Natura 2000 species, as there are none breeding
in the Project area; the region offers a lot of alternative feeding and resting sites which can be
used by the species.
3.3 CLIMATIC FACTORS AND CLIMATE CHANGE
The specific climatic factors of Varna Municipality are micro-relief features of territory and
climate-forming role of the Black Sea which form the climate of Varna Lake, the channel
"Lake-Sea", as well the slopes of “Frangensko” and “Avrensko” plateau.
Areas along the Black Sea coast have a sea climate, while the plateau areas have moderate-
continental climate. The average annual temperature in the near-coast areas is 11.8 ºC. The
absolute maximal temperature in the near-coast areas is measured in July - 41.4 ºC. The
lowest temperature is measured in January-February and it is -24 ºC.
Summers in Varna are warm, but sometimes they can be unusually hot. Winters are mild, but
there were short periods of temperatures below zero in recent years. End of winter and the
begging of spring are the periods with the most sudden temperature changes. Spring is short
and colder, while autumn is warm, mild and long.
The area of Varna has lower precipitation than the average for Bulgaria - 498 l/m2 and has
summer and autumn maximum. Precipitation is predominantly in the form of rains, but in
winter they may also fall as snow.
Industries operating in the area of Varna, air, road and sea traffic are sources of greenhouse
gas emissions and respectively have their share in climate change processes.
The project will have no impacts on the climate.
3.4 CULTURAL HERITAGE, INCLUDING ARCHITECTURAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL
HERITAGE
The flood control channels do not pass through or affect any cultural heritage sites on the
territory of Asparuhovo district.
No known cultural heritage sites will be affected by any means by the reconstruction of the
flood control channels in Asparuhovo district.
3.5 GEOMORPHOLOGY AND GEOLOGY
A geological survey for the both channels in Asparuhovo district has been performed in 2014.
The survey area covers Western and Eastern channel areas.
According to the survey, the area of Western and Eastern channel geology consists of
Neogene varieties represented of Galatska Formation (gN1t-s). It is characterized with the
prevalence of yellowish and whitish sands with green marl and sandy clays bands and spaces,
more rarely lenses and layers of sandstone, sand and detritus limestone occurred to the
southeast with an inclination about 10°. The channel is filled with quaternary sandy-loam
materials of alluvual-proluvial character. In the coastal zone are established residual materials
from marine terraced deposits.
During the surveys of the Western channel groundwater was found in all boreholes at depth
1.5 to 4.0 m (in the upper part of the channel) and 6-7 m (downstream). In the lowest part
groundwater was found at depth of 2-3 m. The groundwater forms one common aquifer. Its
feeding is mainly by infiltration and from the adjacent slopes of Avren Plateau.
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During the surveys of the Eastern channel underground water was found in all boreholes at
depth of 2 to 3m (in the upper part of the channel) and 5-6 m (on the middle part of the
channel). In the lowest part groundwater was found at depth of 2-3 m. The groundwater
forms one common aquifer into the Quaternary deposits. Its feeding is mainly by infiltration
and from the adjacent slopes of Avren Plateau.
The area of both channels is characterized with 7-th degree of seismic activity according to
Medvedev-Shopenhoier-Karnik scale. The seismic coefficient is Кс=0,10.
Implementation of the Project will improve slope stability in the upper section of the Western
channel.
3.6 LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL ASPECTS
The main orographic parameters of the Eastern flood channel are:
• Water catchment area – 4.767 km2;
• location - average 131.6 m above sea level;
• average gradient of the catchment area – 11.6%;
• afforestation – the channel is covered with low and medium-high vegetation (mainly
deciduous forests);
• soil – the predominant soils on the slopes are gray forest and
sandy clay and loamy sands on the bottom.
The main orographic parameters of the Eastern flood channel are:
• Water catchment area – 3.555 km2;
• location - average 126.2 m above sea level;
• average gradient of the catchment area – 9%;
• afforestation – the channel is covered with low and medium-high vegetation (mainly
deciduous forests, mixed forests and natural vegetation);
• soil – the predominant soils on the slopes are gray forest and
sandy clay and loamy sands on the bottom.
Impacts on Landscape will include some disturbances of urban landscape during the
rehabilitation works. However, Project implementation will result in harmonised urban
landscape and environment along the channels during the operational phase.
3.7 MATERIAL ASSETS
The main material assets related with the Project are the existing flood control
channels/ditches. They have suffered from the 2014 flood and proved to be not capable to
conduct the high water flow and various materials brought by the flood. After the 2014 flood,
the flood control channels/ditches have been cleaned and cleared from any debris and
structures blocking the channels cross section. At the moment they are in poor structural and
visual condition and urgently need to be rehabilitated in order to avoid reoccurring of the
flood. The main purpose of the Project is to rehabilitate the channels utilizing better design
and allowing for higher water flow rates than before. Apart of that, Municipality of Varna has
gone beyond these purely structural and safety considerations and has further developed the
design of the channels to cover them and develop new public amenities on top of them. Thus
significantly improving the urban environment and providing additional safety for the public.
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3.8 SOIL (ORGANIC MATTER, EROSION, COMPACTION, SEALING)
Almost the whole territory of the city of Varna is covered with anthropogenic soils.
The Western channel is with southwest to northeast direction and leads rainwater flowing
into it from adjacent slopes of Avren plateau. In its upper part the channel is 120 m wide with
U-shaped profile, and forms two slopes with 20-22 m high and gradient of 20-25°. These
slopes are affected by old landslide processes (from the side of Rozova dolina str.), and from
contemporary landslide (from the side of Kalach str), due to intense rainfall. Downstream the
channel gradually narrowing its profile to 4-6 m with depth up to 1.5-2.0 m, and in it at the
lowest lower part spills to the terrain.
Based on the information from the exploration boreholes, the uppermost soil layer at both
channels comprises of embankments with diverse composition – from sandy clays to clay
sands with inclusions of fine gravels and construction waste, as well as gravel fundamentals
of pavements. This layer is underlain by clays with inclusions of single gravels.
Soil Quality will be negatively impacted due to compacting and soil structure disturbance
during construction works. Significant reduction of the potential for contamination of soil
along the channels is expected during the operational phase as the channels will be covered in
the densely populated areas and the water will flow in watertight channels.
3.9 WATER (ACCESSIBILITY, QUANTITY AND QUALITY, SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER)
AND WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT
Public water supply in Varna Municipality is secured mostly from water sources located
outside the municipal territory. The water amounts provided from these sources are sufficient
for the mid term, but might not be enough for the long term. The share of water losses in the
water supply system are also is quite high. Water consumption significantly increases in
summer especially in the recreational and touristic zones. Consumption is increasing through
the years because of the expansion of the settlements and construction of new buildings
sometimes in areas where the existing water supply systems are not capable of coping with
the additional water demand. Generally, drinking water in the territory of Varna municipality
complies with the applicable water quality standards.
About 90% of properties in Varna are connected to the sewerage system. Some of the sewer
pipelines need rehabilitation due to their age, poor condition and insufficient capacity. Varna
has a municipal wastewater treatment plant which treats significant part of wastewaters
collected in the sewer system.
Besides the underground sewer pipelines, the area of Varna also utilizes open ditches and
flood protection canals, which are deigned to convey surface waters to the sea. These surface
water structures require regular maintenance in order to secure their water conductivity.
However, there are problems with dumping of garbage, natural accumulation of materials,
natural grow of vegetation, construction of houses and other structures inside the canals, etc.
which result in reduction or even complete blocking of the water flow that can be conveyed
by the canals, resulting in floods and demolition of nearby buildings and structures.
Groundwater aquifers, located close to the surface are negatively impacted by anthropogenic
activities. They are unsuitable for drinking or irrigation purposes, construction or industrial
needs. Problematic groundwater parameters in the Area of Asparuhovo include ammonia,
nitrites, nitrates, total phosphorus and oxidisability. Pollutants penetrate groundwaters due to
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the shallow location of the aquifers, thin clay cover, the relatively even terrain with low
inclinations and limited number of creeks. These factors result in slow water exchange and
maintenance of relatively constant concentrations of pollutants. Some of the sources of
groundwater pollution in Varna municipality include infiltration of precipitation through
agricultural land, villa areas to the south of Varna Lake, irrigated areas, farms and lands
treated with fertilizers and leaks from the sewerage systems.
Insignificant effects are expected on Water Quality during construction as the channels are
normally dry. Significant reduction of the potential for contamination of the water flowing
through the rehabilitated is expected during the operational phase as the channels will be
covered in the densely populated areas. The load of pollutants going into the Black Sea (the
final water recipient) will also be reduced.
3.10 WORKER AND PUBLIC HEALTH AND SAFETY
According to the Technical Design each construction section of the channels will be
surrounded by a temporary fence, workers will be provided with mobile living premises and
chemical toilets. Each construction section of the channels will be also provided with a
dedicated place for parking of construction machines. The area will be also provided with
temporary road signs and other warning and information signs. All the above mentioned
elements will be removed upon the completion of construction works at the section and
moved to the next section. The section will be reinstated after completion of the works at the
section.
All workers will be provided with adequate personal protective equipment as per the
requirements of Ordinance 3 on the minimal requirements for health and safety of workers
during use of personal protective equipment.
The temporary fence of the construction section will prevent the access of the citizens to the
construction sites. Where the access of the citizens to their homes or other premises will be
temporarily interrupted due to construction activities, safety overpasses will be installed to
prevent the loss of access for the period of construction. The supervisor of the construction
will be in charge to observe also any citizens walking around the construction and to prevent
accidents to happen. It won’t be allowed unaccompanied children to pass near the
construction area, nor to play in dangerous proximity. These restrictions will apply with
special attention in the Roma neighbourhood, where the control over the children by their
parents is usually lower.
Health and Safety risks will be increased risk during the channels rehabilitation works due
to excavations and operation of machines in urban environment in close proximity to
residential buildings. However, Project implementation will result in significant reduction of
risks from potential flooding during operation and creation of much healthier and safer urban
environment.
3.11 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLANS, MITIGATION MEASURES AND
COMPENSATORY MEASURES
In order to address issues identified during this Environmental and Social Assessment, an
Environmental and Social Action Plan (ESAP) was developed as a separate document. The
ESAP is focused on those issues that are required to bring the operations into compliance
with the EBRD’s requirements, best practice and the applicable legal requirements.
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3.11.1 DURING CONSTRUCTION
In order to avoid or minimize the potential negative impacts and issues during construction,
Consultants propose the following additional mitigation measures to be implemented during
the construction phase:
• The construction works should be undertaken outside the breeding season of the majority
of the animal species, which is from April to June, in order to minimise their disturbance.
Most appropriate would be if the construction works commence early in the spring
(February – March) or in the autumn (September – October), when the birds and the rest
of the animals have not yet occupied nesting or breeding areas.
• Construction works should be undertaken only during the day in order to avoid potential
disturbance of species from the bat fauna.
• Project-generated construction, domestic and food waste should be properly treated and
regularly removed from construction sites.
• Any spills of fuels and lubricating materials from the construction machines should be
prevented.
• Biodiversity:
• Following the Black Sea Basin Management Directorate instructions set out in comm. ref.
05-09-12 (2), contemporary technologies and materials shall be applied in the course of
the Project implementation to ensure positive effect for preserving the habitats and to
create habitats for species.
3.11.2 DURING OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
Some measures aiming to reduce negative impacts and issues have already been included in
the designing phase of the Project. Examples of such include:
• Regular cleaning of the covered part of the channels from sludge, constriction and
municipal waste, in order to achieve maximum throughput of the rehabilitated channels;
• Regular cleaning and maintenance of the silt traps at the beginning (the uppermost part)
of each channel;
• Regular cleaning of the rainwater collection pipelines/channels discharging in the
rehabilitated flood control channels.
No other environmental mitigation measures are considered necessary during operation and
maintenance.
4.0 Social Benefits, Adverse Impacts and Mitigation Measures
4.1 LAND USE
4.1.1 BASELINE
According to the Detailed Spatial Development plan of Varna Municipality, the Western
flood control channel would affect 18 private land plots situated near its route. These plots
will need to undergo a procedure of expropriation. However, among these only one land plot
will be fully expropriated (according to the Municipality). The rest of the plots will be
partially expropriated (with less than 1/3 of the plot area). There are 7 illegally built houses
along channel’s route located in the Roma neighbourhood that will be, similarly, only
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partially affected. As concerns the municipal land plots, the Western channel will pass
through 19 of them.
The Eastern flood control channel, in its turn, will affect 18 private land plots, all of them
only partially. It will also pass through 22 municipal and 2 state-owned land plots. There are
no illegally constructed houses in these plots and there is no need for any demolition
activities. No existing residential or business buildings are located on the route of the Eastern
channel.
4.1.2 EXPROPRIATION PROCEDURE
The land plots and buildings affected by the Project are subject to expropriation in
accordance with the Municipal Property Act Chapter III, promulgated on 01.06.1996. The
expropriation procedures follow strictly the requirements of the Municipal Property Act. The
Municipality has no separate plan or guidance for conducting expropriation procedure as the
legislation is detailed enough.
The expropriation procedures could be started only if there is an approved and enacted
Detailed Spatial Development Plan (that means that all required procedures, incl. public
hearings related to land/plots designation, have passed successfully and the Detailed Spatial
Development Plan (DSDP) has come into force). All land plots designated for acquisition for
the purposes of Varna Flood Control Channels Rehabilitation Project already have an
approved DSDP.
Complying with the Municipal Property Act Chapter III, Para 22, the Municipality is required
to appoint an independent licensed appraiser to estimate the market value of the land plots
subject to expropriations. The Municipality has approved 34 independent licensed appraisers
selected through a competitive procurement procedure. The qualification requirements of the
independent appraisers are set in the Law for independent appraisers (i.e. to be members of
the National Chamber of Independent evaluators and to have an official certificate for this
activity issued by the Chamber). The Municipality signs individual contracts with them for
each particular task. Currently, the Municipality is in process of contacting independent
licensed appraisers for estimating the market value of the legal land plots under expropriation
for the channels rehabilitation project. Compensation for the affected residential structures
(e.g. a room or other structures attached to the house which will be removed due to the
Project), can be offered in the form of developing comparable structures (in terms of size,
condition, purpose and value) to the ones that have been removed. The costs for developing
the comparable structures will be borne by the Municipality. This is the only viable approach
due to the illegal status of the structures, which makes Municipal Property Act Chapter III
inapplicable.
To assess the fair market value of the legal land plots subject to expropriation, the
Municipality will contract four independent licensed appraisers. The expected working period
for the preparation of independent market appraisals shall be approximately two weeks. Once
the appraisals of the market value of the land plots are submitted to the Municipality, the
Municipality must notify officially all owners for its intent to conduct land expropriation
procedure. Official notifications (the “Notification”) are also uploaded on the Municipality’s
website (www.varna.bg) for a period of at least 14 days. They also have to be published on
the website of the local administrative region (The Administrative Region of Asparuhovo).
Finally, the notifications have to be published in two daily newspapers on central (national)
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level and in one local newspaper (MPA Chapter III, Para 25). The usual practice of the
Municipal employees dealing with the expropriation procedures is to contact the owners by
phone or in person.
One calendar month after the official Notification, the Mayor of Varna issues the Orders for
expropriation of the land plots, which stipulate the compensation for each land plot. Each
Order is published on the Municipality’s website and on the website of the local regional
administration (Asparuhovo). A certified copy of the Order is also delivered to all concerned
stakeholders, which in the case of the Flood Control Channels Rehabilitation Project are the
private owners of the land plots. Employees from the Municipality expropriation department
have to visit in person and deliver the Order to each owner. If, after several visits, the owner
is not found at the address, the Order has to be published in the National State Gazette.
Each Order indicates that the owners have a grievance period of 14 days after receipt or
publication in the State gazette of the respective Expropriation Order (MPA Chapter III, Para
27). The compensation could be appealed before the Administrative Court. The
Administrative Court will decide on the need for conducting a second independent appraisal
of the market price of the plots. Should such be required, the independent evaluators
appointed by the Court will conduct the evaluation. According to representatives of the
Municipal Property Department, based on the existing legal practice, the assessments
performed by appraisers of the City and the Court may differ but the difference is not
significant (up to 15%). In case of appeals, the final value of the land plots and hence the
final compensation will be the one determined by the appraisers appointed by the
Administrative Court.
If, after the expiry of the 14-day appeal period, there are no appeals filed, the Order of the
Mayor enters into force. The Municipality transfers the amount via bank transfer to a bank
account indicated by land plot’s owner. The Bank transfer should be made no later than one
month after the 14-day appeal period has expired. The ownership title on the land plots passes
to the Municipality only after the bank accounts of the exiting owners are credited.
The ownership title of the Municipality is evidenced through the issuance of a Deed for
Municipal Property, issued by a Notary. All administrative and other expenses associated
with the ownership transfer are paid for by the Municipality. The Municipality is considered
as an owner of the plot and could enter into possession of the property immediately after the
issuance of the Deed for Municipal Property.
Should the expropriated property be the only property of the private owner, he/she has the
right to use the expropriated property for the period of three months after receiving the
payment and after the issuance of the Deed for Municipal Property (MPA Chapter III Para
29(5)). If there are other specifics related with harvesting or other activities conducted on the
plot, the Municipality has to give the right of the previous owner to benefit/collect the crops
or to fulfill the activities for its own benefit (not relevant in the case of this Project). In case
that the previous owner has difficulties to relocate from the property, the Municipality shall
provide assistance on its own expenses. The Social Activities Directorate is required to
organize the relocation of the owner and its movable property, as well as provide other
necessary assistance.
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4.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF THE LOCAL POPULATION AND OTHER SOCIAL ISSUES
4.2.1 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF ASPARUHOVO DISTRICT
The District of Asparuhovo has a population of roughly 27,000 people according to estimates
of district’s officials (no official statistics is available) making it a medium-density urban
area. It is located immediately south and east of the Asparuhovo Bridge that strategically
connects Varna Municipality with Asparuhovo district. Administratively, Asparuhovo
encompasses the suburban areas Galata, Zelenika, Priboy, Fichoza, Rakitnika and Borovets.
Several public institutions will be affected to a certain extent by the Project. The Eastern
flood control channel will pass through in a close vicinity of a kindergarten called “Valentina
Tereshkova” (10 m) and a primary school called “Hristo Botev” (100 m). The Western flood
control channel will pass through near a kindergarten called “Morski svyat” (200 m), a
kindergarten called “Gorska Prikazka” (150 m) and the Varna Maritime High School “Sv.
Nikolay Chudotvoretz” (250 m).
The population of Varna Region and Municipality has remained almost constant over the past
5 years in contrast to the overall population of Bulgaria which has been steadily declining.
This implies the favourable living conditions in the area, which is confirmed by the relative
high average net income and low unemployment in comparison to the national level.
Unfortunately, there is no official economic data for Asparuhovo district. In 2015, the
average net income per capita in Varna Region is 5,150 BGN compared to 4,886 BGN in
Bulgaria, while the average net income per household in Varna Region is 12,399 BGN
compared to 11,723 BGN in Bulgaria. These figures also enjoyed a solid increase between
2011 and 2015. Yet it has to be noted that they remain way below the EU average net income
level.
The employment opportunities in Varna Region seem to be also better than on a nation level.
As of 2015, the unemployment in Varna was only 5.7% or about 3.5% lower than the average
unemployment rate in Bulgaria. It also dropped by almost 5% in the course of the last five
years which indicates the increasing supply of jobs in the region. It is worth mentioning,
however, that in Varna women unemployment is slightly higher than men unemployment,
while on a national level the situation is reversed.
Although there is no research data available on the reasons for the discrepancy between
unemployed men and women in Varna, a possible explanation could be the fact that as a
maritime city a significant share of the male population works as sailors or boat mechanics.
These men tend to earn well and be the only revenue source for their families and
housewives. Another argument could be the unequal gender composition of Varna’s
population. There are about 10,000 more women than men living in Varna Region and Varna
Municipality. This men-women ratio has remained constant over the past couple of years.
The higher number of women implies that there is a more fierce competition among women
on the labour market, which might leave some of them unemployed. This argument, however,
does not hold when the gender composition of the labour force in Varna is taken into
consideration. As of 2015, 113,477 men are economically active compared to only 106,267
women.
In terms of age, the population of Varna Region can be defined as middle-aged.
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In terms of ethnicity, according to a national census conducted in 2011, Bulgarians represent
93.4% of Varna’s population, while Turks comprise 3.6% and Roma 1.1%. On a national
level Bulgarians make up 84.8% of the total population with Turks being 8.8% and Roma
being 4.9%. The remainder consists mainly of small minorities such as Armenians,
Macedonians, Russians and Greeks. As for Asparuhovo district, there is once again no
official data but, according to field surveys conducted by the mayoralty, the Roma residents
are about 4,200 people and comprise about 15% of the population.
According to estimates of district’s authorities, the Project is expected to affect some 500
Asparuhovo residents with 250 of them being of Roma descent. The Roma people in
Asparuhovo are well integrated and have a decent standard of living, as no more than 20 of
them are registered as unemployed in the mayoralty. The rest either relies on remittances sent
by relatives working abroad1
or are employed as casual labourers in industry sectors such as
construction works, professional cleaning, tourism, boat maintenance and others. The Roma
neighborhood offers relatively good living conditions, as all its residents live in one, two or
three storey houses (albeit damaged by the 2014 flood), rather than in some shacks. Since the
majority of Roma people in Asparuhovo are part of the labour force and provide for
themselves, they are not dependent on social benefits. All Roma children attend public
schools and kindergartens. Given that Roma families usually have a number of children,
Roma women are less inclined to work than men. Often, they remain housewives taking care
of the household and children, while men work and earn money. Yet men and women have
equal access to employment and financing opportunities. It is also worth mentioning that the
Roma people in Asparuhovo define themselves as Turks and get offended when called Roma.
They tend to relate this denomination to negative associations. Since the Project (in
particular, the Western flood control channel) directly affects properties and parts of houses
(mostly illegal ones) in the Roma neighbourhood in Asparuhovo, the needs and peculiarities
of the local community have to be taken into considerations.
4.2.2 FIELD SURVEY ON SOCIAL ISSUES IN THE AREAS AFFECTED BY THE PROJECT
To identify the current social baseline and attitude towards the Project of the Roma minority
living in illegal houses (preliminary reported as houses for demolition) in the immediate
vicinity of the Western channel, the Povvik team conducted a field survey as requested by the
EBRD. The field survey also addressed issues such as (1) households and overall number of
Roma residents affected by the Project; (2) characteristics of the land plots and properties
along the Eastern and Western channels (legal/illegal status; properties for expropriation); (3)
need for conducting physical or economic resettlement; (4) mechanisms of the expropriation
procedure (steps, stakeholders, grievance mechanism); (5) expected timeline for
implementation; and (6) current practices for stakeholder engagement by the Municipality.
The field survey was carried out in the period 29-30 June 2016. The Povvik team conducted
personal interviews with the affected Roma families, gathered visual materials such as photos
and videos, as well as prepared maps of the areas affected by the Project:
• Western channel – the section with higher population density and a number of illegal
houses populated by members of the Roma minority;
• Eastern channel – the section where no illegal land plots or houses are affected.
1 According to estimates of district’s authorities, more than 2,000 Roma people from Asparuhovo work abroad
and send remittances back home
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During the field survey the Povvik team was supported by representatives of the
Municipality.
The field survey reached the conclusion that there are a total of 7 illegally constructed houses
with yards in the immediate vicinity of the Western flood control channel (which, however,
would be affected only peripherally with no need to be demolished. The construction of the
Western channel will require the expropriation of some yard space belonging to four of these
seven properties. The following structures of the informal properties have to be demolished
or removed:
o All fences along Grivitsa street (the street along the Western channel);
o One laundry room shall be partially demolished;
o 3 external stairs shall be partially demolished;
o 2 summer kitchens attached to the main house shall be demolished;
o One storeroom attached to the main house shall be demolished;
o One wooden shelter shall be removed;
o One ramshackle shall be removed.
As these structures constitute mainly additional servicing shelters and the main buildings
(one, two or three storey houses) are not affected, no forced resettlement is required. The
families have enough living space/rooms so that they can stay in their houses during
construction and operation periods. Since the channels will be cemented and closed as part of
phase II of the Project, the yards (currently covered with concrete) would be available again
after the end of the construction works. However, it should be noted that all the fences of the
respective informal properties along the channel route will have to be removed.
There are no official records regarding the construction date of the informal properties.
According to the municipal authorities, most illegal properties have been constructed before
1989 (i.e. during the time of Socialism). After the democratic reforms in the earlier 1990s, no
steps have been taken by the municipal authorities to remove the illegal properties and
relocate the people, mainly due to budget constraints and a shortage of long-term social
housing where people can be relocated to. Priority for resettlement has been given to people
living in very poor or life-threatening conditions. The local authorities have not recognized
the living conditions in the Roma neighbourhood as such before the flood of June 2014 in
Asparuhovo.
Illegally-built houses along the Project route still exist (a total of 7 houses). In the past their
number used to be 9, however, 1 house was entirely demolished by the 2014 flood, while
another one became unfit to inhabit. The remaining 7 properties, on the other hand, suffered
serious damages. People that used to live in the demolished houses were immediately
relocated by the municipal authorities to temporary shelters (financing was provided by the
state budget). The other residents chose to continue living in their homes and gradually
repaired the damages on their own. The current residents of the 7 illegal houses are 132, as
two of the houses are uninhabited because their owners live and work abroad. At the present
moment, these 13 people appear to have recovered their houses to such an extent that they
live in decent conditions (i.e. they have access to electricity and potable water). They also
2 Allocated into 5 families of 2 to 4 people.
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have some income because they are either employed as full-time or occasional workers, or
rely on savings or transfers from their relatives who work abroad. No plantations are
cultivated or domesticated animals are bred in the 7 properties affected by the Project. Thus
there are no business activities going on in this area and hence no economic displacement is
required.
In order to identify the people and the assets that will be affected by land acquisition, and to
assess the compensation measures that will be required, a separate document called
Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) was developed as part of the Project’s activities.
4.2.3 SOCIAL ASSISTANCE
The representative of Varna Municipality in relation to the Project confirmed that the
rehabilitation and construction works as part of the Project will not prevent the direct access
of the neighboring residents to their respective properties. The selected construction company
will arrange for the deployment of safety overpasses to each house in order to ensure their
free accessibility for the period of construction (which is expected to be no longer than one
week per house). This measure is in line with the Bulgarian legislation under the supervision
of the Municipality.
The Municipality also takes over responsibility to assist, upon request, any residents who
indicate to experience disturbance due to the construction activities, by providing them with
temporary social accommodations. However, such requests are unlikely, due to the short
period of construction (no more than a week around a single house, with different intensity of
noise, vibration and dust levels).
In addition, there are two Municipality agencies, one NGO and two Roma mediators
providing social assistance to the local population and facilitating the social acceptance of the
Project.
In regard to the Project and the people affected by the reconstruction of the flood control
channel, the Municipality will introduce a scheme of differentiated social compensation of
illegal owners as a one-off social aid, within the legally prescribed limits. The largest amount
of aid will be given to those who will lose some parts of their properties (rooms, fences and
yards). Additionally, the Municipality will replace on its own expenses the underground
infrastructure connecting the residents to water supply, sewerage or electricity. Some of the
informal houses, illegally connected so far, will be connected with the power supply grid and
Water City Utility. This will result in improved safety and access to services which were no
previously available to some of the residents.
The Municipality is prepared to support the informal residents as well by providing free
consultancy support to the informal residents to ensure that any replacement structures (stairs,
fences, toilets) are developed in compliance with the engineering and safety standards.
Moreover, the Municipality is prepared to deliver, free of charge, construction materials
(cement, sand, gravel) to the construction site, which the informal residents could use to
partially recover their lost properties (where physically possible).
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It should be noted that there are no disabled persons or individuals living in adverse social
conditions in the area of the Project who have applied for financial support.
There are also two local social mediators who actively work with the Roma population in
Asparuhovo to facilitate the communication between the local Roma people and the
municipality authorities. In relation to the Project, they set out to acquaint the Roma
neighborhood with the details and potential impacts of the reconstruction of the flood control
channels. The two mediators even participated in the measurement of the canal servitude and
respectively the extent to which the illegal land plots would be affected by the Western
channel. Furthermore, the mediators have an office in the Roma neighborhood where they
receive and brief the local residents about the ongoing Project. Layouts of the Project design
are displayed in the office, illustrating the Project route and the plans for rehabilitation of the
area.
Public discussions have been held and the majority of the residents is fully aware of the
necessity of Project’s realization and has not raised any objections. According to the
mediators, there are only two Roma families living in the first two of the seven illegal houses
that still have their doubts about the Project. However, one more public meeting will be
organized before the commencement of the construction works at which the mediators will
try among others to assure these two families of the urgency of the Project.
In conclusion, this socio-economic analysis serves to facilitate the understanding of the social
and economic context in Varna Municipality and Asparuhovo district where the Project will
take place. The section also aims to aid the assessment of possible Project’s impacts on the
local residents, their living conditions and livelihood.
4.2.4 OTHER ISSUES OF RELEVANCE – GENDER EQUALITY
Bulgaria ranks among the five most gender-balanced countries worldwide according to a
recent global research of The Peterson Institute for International Economics and Ernst &
Young on women participation in business and corporate leadership. The study comprises
about 22 thousand companies in 91 countries. Although Bulgaria has not reached full gender
parity yet, it has exhibited an ever increasing number of women in important decision-making
roles over the past couple of years.
These positive results indicate the low degree of gender inequality in Bulgaria, which is in
compliance with the Constitution and national legislation stipulating the equal rights of men
and women in all spheres of public life. The fact that Bulgaria is one of the most gender-
balanced countries in the world can be attributed to the consistent national policies focused
on encouraging gender equality.
According to Eurostat Labour Force Survey, secondary education attainment of Bulgarian
women (77.1%) is considerably above the EU-27 average (70.9%). Furthermore, tertiary
education attainment of women has increased to 25.2% and is now close to the EU-27
average (25.8%). According to the National Statistical Institute (NSI) of Bulgaria, in 2015 the
unemployment rate of Bulgarian women was at 8.4%, which is 1.4% lower than the male
unemployment rate. The female unemployment rate has been steadily decreasing over the
past couple of years.
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This data at national level implies that male and female residents of Asparuhovo affected by
the Project will have equal access to social assistance, trainings, financing and job
opportunities that might mitigate any negative short-term impacts on the local population
resulting from the Project. Gender inequality is not considered to be an issue for the
realization of the Project.
4.3 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT PRACTICES
Varna Municipality works actively with different stakeholder groups such as public
authorities (at national, regional or local level), NGOs, business organizations, local
communities and individuals in relation to the Project.
The usual approach while working with authority stakeholders is through official letters,
formal meetings or roundtables. The results of the engagement activities are always recorded
in protocols (Minutes of Meeting) signed by all participants.
Each Municipal decision or Mayor’s order, concerning different stakeholder groups is
published on the Municipal website, together with the respective official documents (project
specific information, maps, announcements, protocols, technical descriptions or others). The
specific information of importance for the different stakeholder groups is also required to be
published on the websites of the District Administrations (e.g. Asparuhovo district
administration). The information disclosure goes also through national and local media
(newspapers are the preferred communication channel).
As for the Project, Municipality approaches different stakeholders through information letters
and disclosure of project information. As mentioned above, stakeholders could be NGOs
from environmental sector, business organizations, pensioner clubs or other relevant
institutions. In case of seeking feedback from particular stakeholders, Municipality is dealing
proactively organizing meetings, roundtables or public hearings.
As per the EBRD requirements, a Stakeholder Engagement Plant (SEP) was developed for
the Project.
4.3.1 CURRENT PRACTICES FOR STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT FOR VARNA FLOOD
CONTROL CHANNELS REHABILITATION PROJECT
Varna Municipality has established a structural approach for information disclosure and
stakeholder engagement for infrastructure development projects, including this for flood
control channels rehabilitation.
Furthermore, the City of Varna established Expert Council consisting of different institutions
(at central and local level) and organizations representing the interest of public and private
sectors.
At the session of the Expert Council held on December 22, 2015, the Project was presented to
the experts from the Chief Architect of the Municipality of Varna and was approved by the
Council.
On January 19, 2016 Varna Municipality sent officially the approval decision for public
disclosure in the State Gazette, and it was promulgated on Jan 26, 2016. On the date of
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issuance of the public announcement in the State Gazette, the Municipality disclosed
information about the Project on the Municipal billboard, on the billboard of Asparuhovo
district administration office and on the websites of the Municipality and Asparuhovo district
administration. On the same date the announcement was sent for publication in one of the
biggest national daily newspapers – “24 chasa”, where it was published on Jan 28.
On April 5, 2016 the Mayor of Varna – Ivan Portnih, presented the Project to the Municipal
Council (the highest decision making body of the City). The Project was approved at the
session of the Municipal Council held on April 20, 2016.
The Decision of the Municipal Council was published in the State Gazette N 38/May 20,
2016. On May 10, 2016 the Project for flood control channels rehabilitation was submitted in
the local administrative district office of Asparuhovo, where it is still publicly available.
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4.3.2 GRIEVANCE PROCEDURES
The Municipality has no written procedure for grievance. On Municipality’s website, there is
an e-mail address specifically dedicated for grievances, questions, complaints or statements
from the citizens, directed to City management or administration. Each individual can submit
a grievance officially or anonymously. If the submitting party would wish to receive an
answer, then it is mandatory to indicate his or her name, address, phone or mail, along with
clear explanation of the subject of the grievance.
The complaint is directed to the office of the respective vice-Mayor who distributes the
complaints to the respective officers for appropriate action. Usually, the Municipality takes
immediate actions addressing each feedback or complaint from citizens, depending, however,
on the subject of complaint (sometimes it may take more time to respond to the complaint, if,
for example, there is documentation to be investigated or surveys to be conducted).
Each complaint is recorded, registered and followed through. There is two–level recording
system:
• Record of the complaint to the Mayor’s administration office;
• Record of the complaint at the office of the emergency team of Varna Municipality.
In both offices the complaints are recorded and their proceedings are under control.
As per the EBRD requirements, a Stakeholder Engagement Plant (SEP) was developed for
the Project. The SEP includes a grievance procedure that will be implemented by the
Municipality.
4.4 SOCIAL IMPACTS
4.4.1 IMPACTS AT NATIONAL LEVEL
At national level the Project can potentially relieve the State Treasury of large expenditures
for emergency assistance to the local population resulting from recurring natural disasters in
Asparuhovo district such as the flood in 2014. To alleviate the consequences of the
devastating flood, the State provided more than BGN 240,000 in the form of financial aid and
subsidies for a period of 5 months between June and November 2014. The Rehabilitation of
the Eastern and Western flood control channels will prevent a repetition of the 2014 disaster,
as well as the subsequent need for financial assistance by the State. This would have long-
term positive effect at national level.
4.4.2 IMPACTS AT LOCAL LEVEL
At local level the Project will have both positive and negative (rather short-term) impacts on
the social context in Asparuhovo district.
In terms of negative effects, the construction activities related to Project implementation will
cause short-term discomfort and nuisance to the local population living in close vicinity to the
routes of both channels. As a result of the construction works there might be also limited
access to some public facilities and infrastructure. Nonetheless, this negative impact is
considered to be rather minor. On top of that, however, the residents of the 7 informal
properties affected by the Western channel will have to concede some temporary losses of
living space. One storage room, two summer kitchens and several secondary structures will
be partially or completely demolished, which would inevitably cause further discomfort to
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the informal residents. However, after the finish of channel’s construction works, the
Municipality will provide assistance to the informal owners to re-build where physically
possible or to compensate in form of one-off social aid the most affected residents. Therefore,
this short-term impact can be assessed as medium.
The Project is expected to have many more positive social impacts in the long-run on
Asparuhovo district. First, the rehabilitation of the two flood control channels will lead to
improvement of the infrastructure, safety connections and access to City utility services like
sewage and waste water treatment and creation of healthier and safer living conditions. The
urban environment will be also made more aesthetic and pleasing through the construction of
new recreational public amenities. Therefore, the Project is expected to result in major
positive effects on the health, safety and overall well-being of the local population. In
addition, it will also have a positive impact on the job supply in the area. The construction
and consequent need for maintenance of the Eastern and Western flood control channels will
create new job opportunities for the Asparuhovo residents and thus will improve the standard
of living in the district. Since the routes of both channels do not affect properties used for
economic activities, the Project will have no negative effect on residents’ livelihood but, on
the contrary, only positive effect. The aforementioned changes in the social context in
Asparuhovo district are considered to have a major positive impact on the local population in
the long run.
4.5 SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLANS, MITIGATION MEASURES AND COMPENSATORY
MEASURES
In order to address issues identified during this Environmental and Social Assessment, an
Environmental and Social Action Plan (ESAP) was developed as a separate document. The
ESAP is focused on those issues that are required to bring the operations into compliance
with the EBRD’s requirements, best practice and legal requirements.
4.5.1 DURING CONSTRUCTION
The impacts related with Social Environment during the construction could be split on three
main groups:
• Mitigation measures for impacts related to partial loss of premises/shelters/yard space
from the informal owners of houses in the Western channel right-of way:
� Disclosure of preliminary information to the concerned households. Explanations
and clarifications of the process of construction and construction stages.
Explanation of the level of impacts to the concerned citizens;
� Presence of representatives from the Social Department of the Municipality of
Varna, together with representatives of the local NGOs and mediators during the
construction. The mediators and the representatives of the local NGOs may
provide assistance in the communication between the local residents and the
construction workers. The representative of Social department will have the right
to intervene in case some issues / risks arise from the construction.
� Temporary suspension of construction activities in case of serious and
unanticipated impacts (i.e. impacts under the integrity of the main buildings/
houses in the yard, emergency accidents with the local residents or other);
� Restoration of the dismantled structures to their state prior to the Project, where
feasible.
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� Providing temporary accommodation upon request by the local citizens during the
construction period, due to disturbance caused by the construction works (noise
levels, dust, vibrations). It is expected the construction to take no more than one
week in the nearest vicinity of one house.
� Provision of adequate construction site signage and fencing securing the living
conditions of the informal residents during the construction works;
� Provision of financial compensation in form of social aid to the residents with
most affected properties from the construction;
� Provision of free consultancy support to the informal residents to ensure that any
replacement structures (stairs, fences, toilets) are developed in compliance with
the engineering and safety standards;
� Delivery, free of charge, of construction materials (cement, sand, gravel) to the
construction site, which the informal residents could use to partially recover their
lost properties (where physically possible).
• Mitigation measures for impacts related to the expropriation of private land plots
(with formal ownership rights):
� Disclose information at the earliest possible stage and to enter in direct contacts
with the owners for disclosure of relevant information in their concern;
� Disclose information for the applicable grievance procedure according to the
applicable legislation (Municipal Property Act);
� Providing any other assistance in relation with difficulties encountered by the
owners in the process of expropriation – e.g. assistance with the opening of a bank
account for receiving the compensation amount in case no such account is in
place, or other of relevance.
• Mitigation measures for general impact from the construction activities on the
population inhabiting the project area of influence:
� Early information disclosure prior to the start of the construction activities. The
information should contain more details and clarification about the construction
schedule, construction areas, responsible persons from the Municipality,
Construction Contractor and Construction supervisor (together with their contact
details).
� Instalment of safety overpasses to secure the access to houses or buildings during
the construction;
� Providing strict independent monitoring during the construction and in case of
need, prohibition of the access in the vicinity of construction sites for minors,
elderly and/or disadvantaged individuals that may be put in risk during the
construction works.
4.5.2 DURING OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
The impacts on the Social Environment during the operation and maintenance phase are
strongly positive, due to newly built public amenities, instalment of sport and recreational
facilities and improvement of green areas for relaxation. Thus, the efforts should address
mainly the enhancement of the positive impacts in the long-run. The measures in this regard
should be:
• Adequate and systematic maintenance of the recreational and relaxing facilities and green
spaces through hiring of local labour force;
• The Social activities department of Varna Municipality or the local district administration
of Asparuhovo can organize different events related with the newly-built facilities: sport
competitions, happenings, tournaments for the local children;
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• Provision of trainings/public lectures by the local authorities for children and adolescents
about the importance of the green systems for the urban development, flood prevention,
aesthetics of the environment and others.
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5.0 Monitoring of Impacts
The environmental and social monitoring plan is important for the preservation of the natural
and social environment during the implementation and operation phases of the investment
project. The environmental and social monitoring plan must facilitate the measurement and
evaluation of the quantitative and qualitative changes in environmental indicators, as well as
the social aspects during the project implementation. It must ensure that appropriate measures
and mechanisms are in place for quick response and reduction of the risks to human health,
and social and environmental well-being
5.1 MONITORING DURING THE CONSTRUCTION PHASE
The environmental components, which should be monitored during the construction works,
include air quality, waste and noise. Table 5.1-1 lists the components of an environmental
monitoring schedule that could be implemented during the construction phase.
Table 5.1-1. Proposed monitoring schedule for channels reconstruction activities in
Asparuhovo during the construction phase Environmental/
Social
component
Monitoring method and
indicators
Timing of sampling Objectives and interpretation
Atmospheric air
quality
Sampling Method:
Bulgarian State Standard
- BSS EN ISO
14956:2004; BSS EN
ISO 9169:2006 and BSS
ISO 4226:1999
Monitoring and
measurement for
pollutants:
- total dust emissions
(BSS 17.2.4.20:1983)
-PM10 emissions (BSS
EN 12341:2004)
Automated monitoring
can be carried out by an
automatic air quality
measurement system or
periodic measurements
can be taken manually by
the regional laboratory of
environmental authorities
during working hours at
the construction phase
when dust and particulate
matter are most likely to
be generated.
Measuring air pollution from
non-organized sources in the
vicinity of the construction sites
- mostly dust from construction
activities.
Noise Sampling Method:
BSS ISO 1996:2005
-Environmental Noise
BSS ISO 1996-1:2005
BSS ISO 1996-2:2005
BSS ISO 1996-3:2005
Periodic monitoring may
be conducted during
noisy construction work
or upon signals received
from the population.
Noise monitoring should be
carried out to establish whether
any of the construction activities
have a significant effect on
environmental noise in the area
Waste Monitoring of types and
amounts of waste
generated during the
construction phase.
Sorting and weighing of
the construction waste.
Ensuring proper and safe
disposal of waste generated
during construction.
Biodiversity Monitoring of the
construction works
In the course of
construction works
To ensure that construction
works are carried out within the
designated RoW and do not
affect any vegetation beyond
these limits
Informal
residents
Supervision of
construction works by:
Independent constructor
Until the end of
construction works in the
vicinity of informal
Safety living conditions and low
levels of disturbance
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Environmental/
Social
component
Monitoring method and
indicators
Timing of sampling Objectives and interpretation
supervisor;
Representatives of the
Municipality;
NGOs representatives
Mediators
Through verification of
the presence of crossings,
fences and signs
adequately indicating the
construction sites.
Number of submitted
applications for
temporary
accommodation due to
disturbance by the
construction works
Number of received
complaints by the local
residents
properties
Formal land-plot
owners
Through verification of
the presence of crossings,
fences and signs
adequately indicating the
construction sites.
Number of received
complaints by the former
formal land-plot owners
Until the end of
construction works in the
vicinity of affected
properties
Safety living conditions and low
levels of disturbance
Local residents in
the area of project
influence
Information disclosure
prior the start of
construction works
(number of distributed
leaflets; signs at the
construction sites)
Through verification of
the presence of crossings,
fences and signs
adequately indicating the
construction sites.
Number of received
complaints by the local
population
Until the end of
construction works
Safety living conditions and low
levels of disturbance
Vulnerable
groups (children,
elderly,
disadvantaged
people)
Information disclosure
prior the start of
construction works
(number of distributed
leaflets; signs at the
construction sites)
Through verification of
the presence of crossings,
fences and signs
Until the end of
construction works
Safety living conditions and low
levels of disturbance
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Environmental/
Social
component
Monitoring method and
indicators
Timing of sampling Objectives and interpretation
adequately indicating the
construction sites.
Provision of social
assistance upon request
Number of received
complaints by the local
population
In addition to the environmental monitoring schedule, outlined above, the contractor should
be compliant with the legislation requirements regarding construction activities. The
Municipality should pay particular attention to ensuring that all construction contractors and
suppliers observe the same standards and follow its requirements for safe and
environmentally friendly operation.
5.2 MONITORING DURING OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
Considering the nature of the Project, no complex plans or schedules for environmental
monitoring are necessary for this type of investment proposal, other than the general
monitoring currently carried out by the RIEW-Varna, which measures air quality, noise levels
and controls waste management practices. Effects from the project operation will be
identified by the existing systems for monitoring of air quality and noise levels established on
the territory of Varna.
Table 5.2-1 below proposes some monitoring measures related to biodiversity and social
aspects during the operation and maintenance phase.
Table 5.2-1. Proposed monitoring schedule for channels reconstruction activities in
Asparuhovo during the operation and maintenance phase Environmental/
Social
component
Monitoring method and
indicators
Timing of sampling Objectives and interpretation
Biodiversity Monitoring of
environmental
reinstatement and
biological remediation
works
In the course of Project
implementation and
maintenance
To ensure that environmental
reinstatement is carried out
according to the approved design
and biological remediation is
successfully implemented and
maintained
Informal
residents
Recovered
premises/shelters/fences/
servicing areas in the
same or better state as the
one prior to the Project,
where physically
possible
Recovered living area –
green areas and new
facilities
Improved living
conditions – connections
Immediately after the end
of construction works
and works related to the
improvement of the
urban environment
Confirmation of the living
conditions of the informal
residents (same or better as the
ones prior to the project)
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Environmental/
Social
component
Monitoring method and
indicators
Timing of sampling Objectives and interpretation
to City utilities and
access to all services
provided by the Utility
companies
Local residents in
the area of project
influence
Job opportunities for the
local people
Access of the local
people to the newly built
recreational facilities
Long-term adequate
maintenance after the end
of construction works
and works related to the
improvement of the
urban environment
Better living conditions
Vulnerable
groups (children,
elderly,
disadvantaged
people)
Access of the vulnerable
groups to the newly built
recreational facilities
Long-term adequate
maintenance after the end
of construction works
and works related to the
improvement of the
urban environment
Better living conditions