Non-state Actors PGDIR 2014

8/9/2019 Non-state Actors PGDIR 2014

1/41

Non-state Actors and

International Politics

PGDIR Course 101

21.11.2014


2/41

News Headlines

Close to 50 !renc" #i"adists $illed in%&ria- the daily star 20.11.2014

'N calls (or Nort" )orea ri*"ts +ro,e-

The daily star 20.11.2014

'% Ira draw u+ *round attac$ +lana*ainst I%I% The daily star 24.10.2014

)urds sie/e I%I% ars near )o,ani%&ria- the daily star, Lebanon18.11.2014


3/41

News Headlines

'N to launc" %&ria c"eical wea+ons +ro,e--- theDaily Star 22.3.2013.

P3 tras"es orld an$ *ra(t alle*ations-sa&s *o6tto ,uild Pada ,rid*e wit" own (und inister

ust uit i( *ra(t alle*ation is +ro6ed---The DailyStar 5.7.2012

%to+ ass trial o( DR unit& 7 Huan Ri*"tsatc" ur*es *o6t. calls (or dis,andin* Ra,

-The Daily Star 5.7.2012

D"a$a Del"i +lan "unt (or 83 en7 siultaneousraids on ,orders soon. 9 :"e dail& star 20.11.2014


4/41

News Headlines

!res" tensions cloud Indo-Pa$ +eace tal$s- New Del"isus+ended a (our-&ear +eace +rocess wit" Islaa,ada(ter t"e attac$s on Indias ;nancial ca+ital ,& 10Islaist *unen t"at le(t 1-The Daily Star 5.7.2012=

Iran "as u++ed its ;er& anti-west r"etoric in res+onse tot"e launc" on %unda& o( a total ?uro+ean 'nion e,ar*o

on ,u&in* Iranian Crude oil >-The Daily Star 5.7.2012=


5/41

Non-%tate Actors >N%A=in IR7 A*uide to t"e @ecture

1. Rise o( N%A7 a ,rie( "istor&

2. arious :&+es o( N%As

B. 6er6iew o( dierent N%As and t"eir role

in IP4. A t"eoretical Ecritical +ers+ecti6e


6/41

Introduction 7 %tate as t"e+rinci+al actor in orld +olitics

%tates eer*ence as a le*itiate a,stract entit&durin* t"e 1Ft"centur&

I and ,rea$down o( Austro-Hun*arian and

ttoan e+ire

II eer*ence o( su+er+owers

Decoloni/ation and eer*ence o( @DCs


7/41

Post II de6elo+ent

New states to satis(& a ra+idl& *rowin*6ariet& o( social needs and

?conoic deands

@ess a,ilit& to +er(or

?er*ence o( intra- and etra-state actors


8/41

?6olution o( Non-stateActors >N%A=

@on*er "istorical roots :"ree de6elo+ents durin* t"e 1t"and

20t"centur&7:"e concert o( ?uro+e:"e Ha*ue %&ste 1 10F Pu,lic International r*ani/ations

Non-state actors -as old as nation statest"esel6es.


9/41

arieties o( N%As

a. Inter*o6ernental or*ani/ations >IGs=

,. Intl ;nancial Institutions >I!Is=

c. Intl NGs and ci6il societ& >INGs and C%s=

d. 3ultinational cor+orations >3NCs=e. alue-,ased ad6ocac& networ$s

(. ?t"nic *rou+s and National @i,eration3o6eents

*. Reli*ious o6eent and". ?+isteic counities

i. Indi6iduals


10/41

N%As since 100

Year IGOs INGOs

10 BF 1Fased on +ur+oses and (unctions= t"ree ,road

cate*ories7 3ulti+ur+ose 9 :"e 'nited Nations

Alliance t&+e 9 NA: Re*ional (unctional IGs- A%?AN %AARC

Co+le networ$ o( o6erla++in* internationalor*ani/ations

coo+erate wit" wit" a wide ran*e o( *lo,al issues>(ro trade de(ense disaraents to relie(science and re(u*ee issues=


13/41

:"e 'N %&ste

irt" a(ter t"e II

3e,ers"i+

Goals-aintainin* +eace and securit&international coo+eration "aroni/in*t"e actions o( nations de6elo+in*(riendl& relations wit" states

r*ans

Ac"ie6eents and C"allen*es


14/41

NA:7 Alliance t&+einter*o6ernental or*ani/ation

!ored in 14 to contain %' in t"e Nort"Atlantic areas.

Article 5 o( t"e constitution.

3e,ers"i+- (ro 1


15/41

%AARC- A re*ional ulti+ur+oseor*ani/ation

!ored in15

Goals7 to +roote wel(are o( t"e +eo+le o(%out" Asia and to (oster coo+eration

aon* states at econoic social andcultural le6el.

Initiati6es7 li,erali/in* trade aon* %AARCcountries reducin* t"e i+act o( cliatec"an*e ana*in* disaster etc.

C"allen*es


16/41

?'- A su+ranationalAut"orit&K

?' (ro B counities7 ?uro+ean Coaland %teel Counit& >151= ?uro+eanAtoic ?ner*& Counit& >15F=and?uro+ean ?conoic Counit& >15F=.

1B 3aastric"t treat&-?uro+ean 'nion Initiall& t"ere were si e,ers 20 ot"er

?uro+ean countries #oined *raduall&. r*ans7 a council o( inisters a

+arliaent a court o( #ustice and aneconoic and social council

Issue o( %u+ranationalit&


17/41

International !inancialInstitutions

!ro IRD to orld ,an$- +ost warreconstruction to +o6ert& alle6iation in@DCs

I3!- to ensure ;nancial sta,ilit& t"rou*" as+ecial drawin* arran*eent (ro a trust(und.

:- a successor o( GA::. 15


18/41

Intl NGs and Ci6il %ociet&r*ani/ations

Green +eace Anest& Intl Huan Ri*"tsatc" RAC

:"e nature and sco+e o( INGs and ci6il

societ& or*ani/ations are increasin* da& ,&da&.

!ro icro credit to relie( o+eration toreconstruction to ri*"ts issues.

"ile INGs su++leent *o6t.s+ro*raes ci6il societ& wor$s ore as+ressure *rou+s


19/41

Role o( INGs in IP

Role in *lo,al +olic& a$in*

Relati6el& wea$ in "i*" +olitics>*eostrate*ic issues= ,ecause o( state

control ,ut *ood at low +olitics >econoic social

en6ironental deo*ra+"ic as+ects=

Reci+rocal relations ,etween NGs and

%tate *o6t. %in*le issue *rou+s "a6e ore inLuence

t"an lar*er issues.


20/41

3NCsE:NCs

?a+les 7 'nile6er :o&ota H%C %on& A+ollo"os+ital Pan-Paci;c I3 >6erseas e+ansion o(*oods and ser6ices=

Draatic *rowt" in sco+e and inLuence a(terII.

'suall& wor$s in ore t"an one countries


21/41

?6olution o( 3NCs

(oration o( ?uro+ean ?conoic Counit& in15F.

'% in6ested in ?uro+e. & 10s '% 8a+an and ?' ade a triad.

!urt"er e+ansion %"i(ted a,road to *et soe co+arati6e

ad6anta*e direct role in deterinin* t"e +olitical econoic

relations ,etween de6elo+ed and de6elo+in*

countries.


22/41

Pros and Cons o( 3NCE:NCs Role inorld Politics

Positi6e Increase in t"e 6olue o(

world trade Assist in a**re*ation o(

in6estent ca+ital t"at can(und de6elo+ent

!inance loans and ser6ice intlde,t

@o,,& (or (ree trade and t"ereo6al o( ,arriers to tradesuc" as taris.

'nderwrite researc" andde6elo+ent t"at allowstec"nolo*ical inno6ation

Introduce and dis+ensead6anced tec" to lessde6elo+ed countries

Ne*ati6e Increased ono+ol& o( (ew and

reduce co+etition and (reeenter+rise

De+ri6ation o( local industries+ro;t *oes to "oe countr&

3a$e t"e +oor de+endent onde,t

@iit t"e a6aila,ilit& o(coodities ,& ono+ol&+roduction and distri,ution int"e local ar$et

?+ort tec"s w"ic" are not

suita,le (or @DCs

In"i,it t"e *rowt" o( in(antindustries and indi*enous andlocal tec"nolo*ical e+ertise in@DCs


23/41

Pros and cons o( 3NCs Role>Cond=

Reduce t"e costs o( *oods ,&encoura*in* t"eir +roductionaccordin* to t"e +rinci+le o(co+arati6e ad6anta*e

General increase in e+lo&entand "el+ rise s$ill-le6el o( wor$ers

Produce new *oods and e+and

o++ortunities (or t"eir +urc"aset"rou*" t"e internationali/ation o(+roduction

Disseinate ar$etin* enter+riseand ass-ad6ertisin* et"odsworldwide.

Proote national re6enue andeconoic *rowt" (acilitate

oderni/ation o( @DCs Ad6ocate +eace(ul relations

aon* states

Hel+ Low t"e trade *oods andculture.

3a& create ,loc t"at contri,ute toinLation

Contri,uted to t"e e+loitation o(la,our

@iit t"e su++l& o( raw aterialsa6aila,le in t"e international ar$et

Proote a "oo*enised worldcoodit& culture eroddin*traditional culture and nationaldierences

iden t"e *a+ ,etween ric" and

+oor. 3ani(est social strati;cation %u++ort and rationali/e re+ressi6ere*ies in t"e nae o( sta,ilit& andorder

C"allen*e national so6erei*nt& and#eo+ardi/e t"e autono& o( t"enation-state.


24/41

?t"nic *rou+s as Actors inIP-1

?t"nicit&7 a constructed identit&- w"en a *rou+ o(+eo+le s"are si*ni;cant cultural eleents andre+roduce t"esel6es ,ot" sociall& and,iolo*icall& >Hall 2004=.

?t"nic nationalis. 7 Peo+les lo&alt& to andidenti;cation wit" a +articular et"nic nationalit&*rou+s t"at is o(ten ,ased on race lan*ua*ecoon culture tradition ori*in reli*ion or aco,ination o( two or ore.


25/41

?t"nic *rou+s

Nearl& M o( t"e worlds lar*er countries>11< o( 1


26/41

?t"nic and non-state*rou+s-B

3a& deand (or *reater inde+endence.

3a& wa*e a war.

3a& see$ a *reater le6el o( re*ional autono&and *reater 6oice in t"e doestic and (orei*n+olic&.

Di6ide state internall& and interru+t states to(unction as unitar& actors.

?a+le7 )urds C"ec"ens etc


27/41

Reli*ious 3o6eents

Reli*ion7 A s&ste o( t"ou*"t s"ared ,& a*rou+ t"at +ro6ides its e,ers an o,#ecto( de6otion and a code o( ,e"a6iour ,&

w"ic" t"e& can et"icall& #ud*e t"eir action. REo6eent7 A set o( ,elie(s +ractices

and ideas adinistered +oliticall& ,& areli*ious *rou+ to +roote its conce+tion

or its +rinci+les (or conduct. Hi*" ideals o( doctrines 6s t"e acti6ities o(

t"e "eads o( t"e reli*ious o6eents


28/41

RE3 2

:"e relations"i+ ,etween state andtransnational RE3. 9 state control 6ssecularis

ilitant reli*ious o6eents- soec"aracteristics7 etreistuni6ersalists eclusionists ilitant.

Intl acti6ities7 irredentis secessioni*ration dias+ora internationalterroris


29/41

CA%?%

I%I%- %ei/in* +ower in Ira and %&ria

ant to create a +an-Islaic Cali+"ate

C"allen*in* traditional state aut"orit&

Inno6ati6e in et"ods o( recruitentstrate*& etc

International +olitics on I%I%7 state

ri6alr& state interest t"ers7 o$o "ara in Ni*eria ::P in

Pa$istan Al-aeda in Oeen


30/41

?+isteic counities

%+eci;c counities o( e+ertss"arin* a ,elie( in a coon set o(cause and eect relaitons"i+s as well

as coon 6alues to w"ic" +oliciess"ould ,e *o6erned

er tec"nical $nowled*e to increase

intl coo+eration %tate a& use t"e (or t"eir own

interest


31/41

Indi6idual Actors

Re(u*ees 3i*rants w"o cross intl,oundaries.

International Dru* Dealers

International :erroristE !reedo

!i*"ters 'N secretar& General


32/41

Issues o( de,ate

%tate-centered 6iew 6stransnationalis

Glo,ali/ation s %tateControlE+rotectionis

:ransnational Issues- i.e.en6ironent "ealt" i*ration etc.

Huan ri*"ts 6s states res+onsi,ilit&

:"e trio o( %tate 3ar$et and %ociet&


33/41

A Critical Pers+ecti6e 1

:"e nu,er t&+es and roles o( N%As"a6e increased to a si*ni;cant le6el.

?6en to suc" etent t"at an&sc"olars ar*ue w"et"er t"e& areta$in* t"e +lace o( nation-statew"ile ot"er see it (ro (unctionalist

+ers+ecti6e.


34/41

Huntin*ton on N%As

No reason eists w"&-in addition tostates-nationalities dias+oras reli*iouscounities and ot"er *rou+s s"ould not

,e treated as le*itiate actorsIn t"eeer*in* *lo,al +olitics "owe6er stateso6erei*nt& and aut"orit& are wit"erin*and no alternati6e suc" as soe -s&ste

o( world *o6ernent is a,out to ;ll t"e6acuu.

-%auel P. Huntin*ton 2001


35/41

%lau*"ter on N%As

Awa& (ro t"e state9 u+ down andsidewa&s- to su+ra-state su,-stateand a,o6e all non-state actors- new

+la&ers t"at "a6e ulti+lealle*iances and *lo,al reac" A*ain to +ower ,& non-state actors

does not necessaril& translate into aloss o( +ower (or t"e state.

--Anne-3arie %lau*"ter 1F


36/41

!al$ on %o6erei*nt& andN%As

Interde+endence and t"e inter+enetrationo( doestic and international +olitics t"eo,ilit& and *lo,ali/ation o( ca+ital andin(oration and t"e risin* inLuence o(

transnational social o6eents andor*ani/ations are aon* t"e (actors t"ata$e it anarc"ronistic to anal&/e +olitics asi( territorial su+reac& continues to ,e a

*enerali/ed condition or a use(ul (riction.

- Ric"ard !al$ 2001


37/41

t"er t"eorists w"o ,elie6et"at

N%A created an& c"annels o( accessto t"e international s&ste

:ANs ,lur t"e ,oundaries ,etween

states and citi/ens ,& trans(orin*t"e state o( so6erei*nt&.

:"ere is no reasons to see t"ec"allen*es (ro INGs and NGs as aco+ound t"reat to states continuin*doination o( world +olitics.


38/41

A realist +ers+ecti6e

%tate retain a ono+ol& on t"e useo( coerci6e (orce and continue toold t"e acti6ities o( non-state

actors ore t"an state ,e"a6iour isolded ,& t"e.

-- Howard @entner 2004

d li, l


39/41

:owards a li,eral+ers+ecti6e

"ereas it would ,e +reature toa,andon t"e (ocus on t"e state in t"e world+olitics it would ,e euall& ista$en to

ea**erate t"e states +ower as adeterinant o( t"e *lo,es (ate and disisst"e e+andin* role o( t"at non-state actorsare +la&in* wit"in t"e ti*"tenin* we, o(

interde+endent *lo,ali/ation t"at is erodin*t"e +ower o( states.

------ C"arles .)e*le& 200F


40/41

Conclusions

N%As si*ni;cantl& inLuence states (orei*n+olic& ,e"a6iour

@o,,& in doestic and international settin*

3o,ili/e national and *lo,al o+inion ?+loit states a*ainst eac" ot"ers

NGs "as ,ecoe nota,le deterinants o(states (orei*n +olic&

%tates are no lon*er a unitar& actor in intl+olitics


41/41

Re(erences >A6aila,le atDe+artents @i,rar&=

)e*le& C. 200F World oliti!s " trends andtrans#or$ation, ')7 :"oson >C"a+ter

Documents

Non-state Actors PGDIR 2014