Non-ferrous Metals..Presentation of Emat

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PRESENTED TO.

DR. BAKHAT BAHADUR RANA

M.Junaid 10-MCT-13

Abdul Rehman 10-MCT-23

M.Saqib 10-MCT-26

M.Bilawal 10-MCT-52



TOPIC

Non Ferrous Metals and Alloys

y Aluminum

y Nickel

y Tin

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Ferrous Metals & Non-Ferrous

Metals

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Ferrous metals are metals that contain iron

E.g. Steel (iron and carbon)

Non-ferrous metals are metals that do not contain ironE.g. Zinc (pure metal), Bronze (Copper and tin)

(non-ferrous may contain slight traces of iron)

Ferrous Metal = alloy metals that contains iron

( Primary base metal is iron)

Non-ferrous Metal = alloy metals that do not contain iron

Primary base metal does not contain iron)



Classification

Ferrous Metals Non- Ferrous Metals

Iron Aluminum

Low Carbon Steel Copper

Medium Carbon Steel Brass

High Carbon Steel Bronze

Cast Iron Zinc

Stainless Steel Lead

Tool Steels Tin

Others Others

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Metals can be divided into 2 groups

Metals



alloys.

Non-ferrous metals are those which do notcontain iron. In general they have excellentresistance to corrosion. Copper, reputed to be

the first metal used by mankind, includessome very useful and interesting properties,it is malleable and ductile. It is for thisreason is was of such interest to our

ancestors. Another non-ferrous metal,aluminum, has only featured in engineering

terms in the last 75 years.

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Aluminum Aluminum is one of the most versatile of metals. It is only of engineering significance since the late twenties, when it became

possible to produce it in commercial quantities.

Next to steel it is the most used metal in the world. Yet the production of aluminum is only 6% that of steel.

Aluminum has a wide range of uses, from cooking foil to aircraft.Its properties make it suitable for many applications. It is light

does not corrode, is a good conductor of electricity and heat and ischeaper than copper.

Aluminum can be cast, extruded, rolled, forged, drawn,etc., to giveus the numerous shapes of the aluminum objects that we seeeveryday.

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Uses of Aluminum

y Aluminum is used extensively in almost countless applicationbecause of its high strength combined with low density. Also it iscorrosion resistant to the atmosphere as a thin film of aluminum

oxide forms over aluminum surfaces which protects it fromfurther corrosion. Also, aluminum is non-toxic making itsuitable for application involving contact with food products.

y The most extensive and biggest use of aluminum is in packing. Itused for packing in various forms such as cans, foils, tubes, andbottle tops.

y Second biggest use of aluminum is in transportation it is widely used in most transport vehicles. It is particularly suited for aeroplanes. A modern aero plane contains about 80% aluminum by

weight, A Boeing 747 contains about 75 tons of aluminum.

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Properties:

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y Low density (2.7 g/cm3)

y Very good corrosion resistance in common

environments (due toy Ductile (fcc crystal structure)

y High electrical and thermal conductivity

y BUT, low melting point: 660°C (e.g. mp of iron is

1535°C)y Also, Youngs modulus not particularly high (E = 70

GPa)



Application.y Aerospace & air travel: structural components of

planes, fuel

y Building and construction: panels, roofs, windowframes

y Packaging: beverage cans, foil

y Transport: bikes, car engine parts, bus bodies

y Electrical: e.g. overhead cables

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Alloys

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y Aluminum alloys are alloys in which aluminium (Al) isthe predominant metal.

y The typical alloying elementsare copper, magnesium, manganese, silicon and zinc.

y There are two principal classifications,namely casting alloys and wrought alloys, both of which arefurther subdivided into the categories heat-treat The mostimportant cast aluminum alloy system is Al-Si, where thehigh levels of silicon (4.0% to 13%) contribute to give good

casting characteristics.y Aluminum alloys are widely used in engineering structures

and components where light weight or corrosion resistanceis required. able and non-heat-treatable.



Nickel metal

y

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Nickel

Nickel is with the chemical symbolNi and atomicnumber 28. It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slightgolden tinge. Nickel belongs to the transition metals and ishard and ductile.

Pure nickel shows a significant chemical activity that can beobserved when nickel is powdered to maximize theexposed surface area on which reactions can occur, but largerpieces of the metal are slow to react with air at ambientconditions due to the formation of a protective oxide surface.

Even then, however, nickel is reactive enough with oxygenthat native nickel is rare on Earth's surface, being mostly confined to the interiors of larger nickel iron meteorites that were protected from oxidation during their time in space. 14



Properties

y Nickel is a silvery-white metal with a slight goldentinge that takes a high polish.

y It is one of only four elements that are magnetic at ornear room temperature, the others being

iron, cobalt an .y Its Curie temperature is 355 °C, meaning that bulk

nickel is non-magnetic above this temperature. Theunit cell of nickel is a face centered cube with the

lattice parameter of 0.352 nm giving an atomic radiusof 0.124 nm.

y Nickel belongs to the transition metals and is hardand ductile.

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Nickel Compounds

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The most common oxidation state of nickel is +2, but compounds of

Ni0, Ni+, and Ni3+ are well known, and Ni4+ has been demonstrated



Application

y Nickel is used in many specific and recognizableindustrial and consumer products, including stainlesssteel, alnico magnets, coinage, rechargeable batteries,electric guitar strings, microphone capsules, and

special alloys. .y It is also used for plating and as a green tint in glass.Nickel is preeminently an alloy metal, and its chief useis in the nickel steels and nickel cast irons, of which

there are many varieties.y is also widely used in many other alloys, such as nickel

brasses and bronzes, and alloys with copper,chromium, aluminium, lead, cobalt, silver, and gold.

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Alloys

y Alnico (aluminium, cobalt; used in magnets)

y Alumel (nickel, manganese, aluminium, silicon)

y Chromel (chromium)

y Cupronickel (bronze, copper)y Ferronickel (iron)

y German silver (copper, zinc)

y Hastelloy (molybdenum, chromium,sometimes tungsten)

y Inconel (chromium, iron)

y Monel metal (copper, iron, manganese)

y Nichrome (chromium) 18



Tin metal

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Tiny T

in is a chemical element with thesymbol Sn (for Latin: sternum) and atomic number 50.

y It is a main group metal in group 14 of the periodictable.

y

Tin shows chemical similarity to both neighboringgroup 14 elements, germanium and lead and has twopossible oxidation states, +2 and the slightly morestable +4. Tin is the 49th most abundant element and

has, with 10 stable isotopes, the largest number of stable isotopes in the periodic table.

y Tin is obtained chiefly from the mineral cassiterite, where it occurs as tin dioxide, SnO2.

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Chemical properties

y Tin resists corrosion from water but can be attackedby acids and alkalis.

y

Tin can be highly polished and is used as a protectivecoat for other metals.

y In this case the formation of a protective oxide layer isused to prevent further oxidation.

y This oxide layer forms on pewter and other tin alloys.y Tin acts as a catalyst when oxygen is in solution and

helps accelerate chemical attack.

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Physical propertiesy Tin is a malleable, ductile and highly crystalline

silvery-white metal.

y When a bar of tin is bent, a crackling sound known asthe tin cry can be heard due to the twinning of thecrystals.

y Tin melts at a low temperature of about 232 °C, whichis further reduced to 177.3 °C for 11-nm particles.

y -tin (the metallic form, or white tin), which is stable

at and above room temperature, is malleable. Incontrast, -tin (nonmetallic form, or gray tin), which isstable below 13.2 °C, is brittle.

y -tin has a diamond cubic crystal structure, similar

to diamond, silicon or germanium. 22



ApplicationsyTin platingTin bonds readily to iron and is used for coating lead orzinc and steel to prevent corrosion. Tin-plated steelcontainers are widely used for food preservation, and

this forms a large part of the market for metallic tin.y Solder

A coil of lead-free solder wire. Tin has long been usedas a solder in the form of an alloy with lead, tin

accounting for 5 to 70% w/w. Tin forms a eutecticmixture with lead containing 63% tin and 37% lead.Such solders are primarily used for solders for joining pipes or electric circuits.

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Tin Alloys

y Pewter is a tin alloy which has had many compositionsthrough the ages the only common ingredient being ahigh tin content, pewter exploits the beauty and easeof working of tin with additions of other metals being

made mostly to strengthen it.y Bronze is regarded as an alloy of tin and copper usually

less than 12% tin although it often includes othermetals to meet specific requirements. Bronze is the

first tin alloy used by man but there is much debateabout when and how we first deliberately mixed tinand copper as an alloy. Many early 'bronzes' don'tcontain much tin.

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Tin Alloys

y Solder

alloy compositions are numerous but the mostimportant are still the tin lead solders which were used

by the Romans. Tin melts at around 232°C and lead atabout 327°C in the combination 62Sn 38Pb theresulting alloy melts at 183°C. This composition isknown as the eutectic. Solders used in electronicsaccount for a significant proportion of tin

consumption. Lead free plumbing solder is often tin with about 0.5% copper although many othercompositions have been developed.

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(C) Coláiste Lorcáin Engineering 26

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Non-ferrous Metals..Presentation of Emat