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NON-FERROUS METALSNON-FERROUS METALS
Non-Ferrous MetalsNon-Ferrous Metals CopperCopper Tin & BronzeTin & Bronze Lead & SilverLead & Silver Brass & ZincBrass & Zinc NickelNickel Aluminum & MagnesiumAluminum & Magnesium Beryllium & TitaniumBeryllium & Titanium Niobium & ColumbiumNiobium & Columbium Cobalt, Tantalum & ChromiumCobalt, Tantalum & Chromium PlatinumPlatinum
CategoriesCategories
Precious MetalsPrecious MetalsGold, Silver, PlatinumGold, Silver, Platinum
Base MetalsBase MetalsOld:Old: Iron, Tin, Copper, Zinc, LeadIron, Tin, Copper, Zinc, LeadNew:New: Nickel, Magnesium, Cobalt, AluminumNickel, Magnesium, Cobalt, Aluminum
Specialty MetalsSpecialty MetalsNiobium, Chromium, Beryllium, Titanium, TantalumNiobium, Chromium, Beryllium, Titanium, Tantalum
Pure AlloysPure AlloysBronze, BrassBronze, Brass
Processing ConsiderationsProcessing Considerations
Melting PointMelting Point Boiling PointBoiling Point Specific GravitySpecific Gravity Atomic BondsAtomic Bonds ReactivityReactivity SolubilitySolubility
CopperCopper
GeneralGeneralElement, CuElement, CuMelts At 1981Melts At 1981ooFFBoils At 2567Boils At 2567ooFFSpecific Gravity = 8.9Specific Gravity = 8.9Brownish-Red ColorBrownish-Red Color
HistoryHistoryPrehistoric PeoplePrehistoric PeopleEgypt, Asia Minor, China, Cyprus, Crete, Am. Egypt, Asia Minor, China, Cyprus, Crete, Am.
IndiansIndians
Copper (Continued)Copper (Continued)
PropertiesPropertiesConducts Electricity & HeatConducts Electricity & HeatResists CorrosionResists CorrosionMalleable & DuctileMalleable & DuctileTensile Strength - 60 ksiTensile Strength - 60 ksi
UsesUsesCoinsCoinsWireWireOrnamentalOrnamentalSheathingSheathing
MetallurgyMetallurgyNative CopperNative Copper
Crushed, Washed, & Cast In BarsOxides & Carbonates Are Reduced With Carbon
Sulfide Ores (Chalcopyrite & Bornite)Sulfide Ores (Chalcopyrite & Bornite)1% < Copper < 12%Reverbatory Furnace Yields Crude Metallic Copper
98%
Electrolysis Produces 99.9% Purity
Copper (Continued)Copper (Continued)
Melted Native CopperMelted Native CopperHeat From Above By Charcoal FireHeat From Above By Charcoal FireLens-Like Ingot In Clay Lined Saucer Beneath Fire Lens-Like Ingot In Clay Lined Saucer Beneath Fire
BedBedForced Draught Or ChimneyForced Draught Or Chimney
Crucible FurnacesCrucible FurnacesVertical Cylindrical Clay ShaftVertical Cylindrical Clay ShaftCrucible Surrounded By Charcoal In ShaftCrucible Surrounded By Charcoal In ShaftFree DraughtFree DraughtUsed For CastingUsed For Casting
Copper (Continued)Copper (Continued)
Copper (Continued)Copper (Continued)
Earliest Known Crucible Earliest Known Crucible FurnaceFurnace
ReconstructionReconstruction3300 - 3000 BC3300 - 3000 BCChalcolithic SiteChalcolithic SiteAbu Matar, BeershebaAbu Matar, BeershebaPerrot (1951)Perrot (1951)
Natural Draught FurnaceNatural Draught Furnace Remelting Impure Remelting Impure
CopperCopper
Melting & Casting Native CopperMelting & Casting Native CopperOriginated In Anatolia, Turkey (5000 to 4000 BC)Originated In Anatolia, Turkey (5000 to 4000 BC)Spread From Asia MinorSpread From Asia MinorFirst Copper Artifacts In Sialk, Iran (4500 BC)First Copper Artifacts In Sialk, Iran (4500 BC)Egyptian Artifacts (5000 to 4000 BC)Egyptian Artifacts (5000 to 4000 BC)Supplies Of Native Copper Became Inaccessible Supplies Of Native Copper Became Inaccessible
To Supply DemandTo Supply DemandCopper Artifacts After 3500 BC Contained Base Copper Artifacts After 3500 BC Contained Base
Metal ImpuritiesMetal ImpuritiesThus, Extracted From Ore
Copper (Continued)Copper (Continued)
Smelting Of Oxide & Carbonate Copper OresSmelting Of Oxide & Carbonate Copper OresEasily Smelted In Primitive FurnacesEasily Smelted In Primitive FurnacesSeparate Copper, Iron & Other Unwanted OresSeparate Copper, Iron & Other Unwanted OresChalcolithic Smelting Furnaces At Timna (3000 Chalcolithic Smelting Furnaces At Timna (3000
BC)BC)No Tap Hole & No Ingots FoundMetal Never Separated From Slag
Egyptians At Timna (1200 BC)Egyptians At Timna (1200 BC)Reached Zenith At Timna (1100 BC)Reached Zenith At Timna (1100 BC)
Smelting Of Sulfide & Arsenic Copper OresSmelting Of Sulfide & Arsenic Copper Ores
Copper (Continued)Copper (Continued)
Egyptians At TimnaEgyptians At Timna 1200 BC1200 BC Reconstruction Of Reconstruction Of
Remains Of Smelting Remains Of Smelting FurnaceFurnace
Cooper Settles To Bottom Cooper Settles To Bottom Of Furnace Below SlagOf Furnace Below Slag
Plane-Convex IngotsPlane-Convex Ingots
Copper (Continued)Copper (Continued)
Copper (Continued)Copper (Continued)
Timna (1200 BC)Timna (1200 BC) Heated From AboveHeated From Above Copper & Slag Tapped Copper & Slag Tapped
Simultaneously To Bed Simultaneously To Bed Of SandOf Sand
Tap Hole For SlagTap Hole For Slag
TinTin
GeneralGeneralElement, SnElement, SnMelts At 450Melts At 450ooFFBoils At 4100Boils At 4100ooFFSpecific Gravity = 7.28Specific Gravity = 7.28
HistoryHistoryTombs Of Ancient EgyptiansTombs Of Ancient EgyptiansExported From Cornwall, EnglandExported From Cornwall, England
Tin (Continued)Tin (Continued)PropertiesProperties
Highly Malleable & Ductile > 212Highly Malleable & Ductile > 212ooFFUsesUses
Tin PlatingTin PlatingTin CansTin CansAlloyingAlloying
Bronze (Tin & Copper)Solder (Tin & Lead)With Titanium
Metal WorkingMetal Working AnnealingAnnealing
About 5000 BCAbout 5000 BCHeat Up Metal, Hammer, Cool Down (Repeat)Heat Up Metal, Hammer, Cool Down (Repeat)Used Ordinary Wood FiresUsed Ordinary Wood FiresWithout Heat Metal Becomes To Hard & BrittleWithout Heat Metal Becomes To Hard & Brittle
SmeltingSmeltingReduce Copper Ores To CopperReduce Copper Ores To CopperTwo-Chamber Pottery KilnTwo-Chamber Pottery Kiln
AlloyingAlloyingResult of Smelting Process (About 3000 BC)Result of Smelting Process (About 3000 BC)Ores Bearing Different MetalsOres Bearing Different Metals
BronzeBronze
History - Well Established By 1500 BCHistory - Well Established By 1500 BCArsenic Coppers Decline (3000 BC)Arsenic Coppers Decline (3000 BC)Iran - 2.5% Tin (3000 BC)Iran - 2.5% Tin (3000 BC)Sumeria - 8 to 10% (3000 - 2500 BC)Sumeria - 8 to 10% (3000 - 2500 BC)Egypt - 8 to 10% (2500 - 2000 BC)Egypt - 8 to 10% (2500 - 2000 BC)Thailand - 8 to 10% (2000 BC)Thailand - 8 to 10% (2000 BC)China - 8 to 10% (2800 BC)China - 8 to 10% (2800 BC)England (2200 BC)England (2200 BC)Italy (1850 BC)Italy (1850 BC)Spain (1700 BC)Spain (1700 BC)
Bronze (Continued)Bronze (Continued)
Uses In Ancient worldUses In Ancient worldWeapons & Cutting ToolsWeapons & Cutting Tools
SwordsSpearsArrowheadsShieldsAdzes & Axes
Bowls & CauldronsBowls & CauldronsFurnishing - Greece & RomeFurnishing - Greece & Rome
Bed & Table FramesTripods & Lamp Stands
Bronze (Continued)Bronze (Continued)
Casting TechniquesCasting Techniques Rocking CrucibleRocking Crucible 1600 - 1200 BC1600 - 1200 BC Greek IslandsGreek Islands Sinai RegionSinai Region
Chinese BronzesChinese Bronzes
Shang Dynasty (1500 BC) Shang Dynasty (1500 BC) to Ch’in Dynasty (206 BC)to Ch’in Dynasty (206 BC)
Artistic VesselsArtistic VesselsSnakes, Dragons, Etc.Snakes, Dragons, Etc.
Angyang (1400 - 1027 BC)Angyang (1400 - 1027 BC) Weight > 1.6 tonsWeight > 1.6 tons Multi-part MoldMulti-part Mold
Pre-fired Clay SegmentsPre-fired Clay Segments
LeadLeadGeneralGeneral
Element, PbElement, PbMelts At 662Melts At 662ooF, Boils At 3164F, Boils At 3164ooFFSpecific Gravity = 11.34Specific Gravity = 11.34
HistoryHistoryObtained From The Ore GalenaObtained From The Ore GalenaAlso From Cerussite & AnglesiteAlso From Cerussite & AnglesiteAnatolian - 6500 BCAnatolian - 6500 BC
UsesUsesBatteries, Cable Sheathing, X-Rays, Shielding Batteries, Cable Sheathing, X-Rays, Shielding
Radioactive MaterialRadioactive Material
SilverSilver
GeneralGeneralElement, AgElement, AgMelts At 962Melts At 962ooFFBoils At 2212Boils At 2212ooFFSpecific Gravity = 10.5Specific Gravity = 10.5
HistoryHistoryExtracted From Lead (About 4000 BC)Extracted From Lead (About 4000 BC)Silver-Rich Lead - Aegean AreaSilver-Rich Lead - Aegean AreaValuable Material Till Roman EmpireValuable Material Till Roman Empire
Silver (Continued)Silver (Continued)PropertiesProperties
Lustrous (High Polish)Lustrous (High Polish)Most Malleable & DuctileMost Malleable & DuctileExcellent Electrical ConductivityExcellent Electrical Conductivity
UsesUsesJewelryJewelryElectrical ComponentsElectrical Components
ProcessingProcessingSmelting Silver OresSmelting Silver OresChemically Precipitating Metallic SilverChemically Precipitating Metallic Silver
BrassBrassOrigins Are Uncertain (Like Bronze)Origins Are Uncertain (Like Bronze)Accidentally From Smelting Process Of Zinc-Accidentally From Smelting Process Of Zinc-
Bearing Cooper OresBearing Cooper OresZinc Not Naturally Found With CopperZinc Not Naturally Found With CopperArtifactsArtifacts
Cyprus (2000 BC)Cyprus (2000 BC)Copper, Zinc (4%), & Tin
China (2000 BC)China (2000 BC)Copper & Zinc (5%)
China (1200 BC)China (1200 BC)Copper & Zinc (10%)
ZincZinc
GeneralGeneralElement, ZnElement, ZnMelts At 788Melts At 788ooFFBoils At 1665Boils At 1665ooFFSpecific Gravity = 7.14Specific Gravity = 7.14Silver-White ColorSilver-White Color
HistoryHistoryOres Known Since 1000 to 2000 BCOres Known Since 1000 to 2000 BCElement - Andreas Sigismund Marggraf (1746)Element - Andreas Sigismund Marggraf (1746)
German Chemist
Zinc (Continued)Zinc (Continued)
PropertiesPropertiesBrittleBrittleInsoluble In WaterInsoluble In WaterSoluble In Alcohol, Acids, AlkaliesSoluble In Alcohol, Acids, Alkalies
UsesUsesProtective CoatingProtective CoatingGalvanizingGalvanizingAlloying With CopperAlloying With CopperDie CastingsDie Castings
Zinc (Continued)Zinc (Continued)
Transform Ores To Transform Ores To Oxides By High TempOxides By High Temp
Zinc Boils & Distills In Zinc Boils & Distills In RetortRetort
Also Can Be Subjected Also Can Be Subjected To Sulfuric Acid And To Sulfuric Acid And ElectrolyzedElectrolyzed
Zinc Zinc (Continued)(Continued)
NickelNickel
Paktong - ChinesePaktong - ChineseUnknown Composition Till 1822 (Fyffe)Unknown Composition Till 1822 (Fyffe)
Cupro-Nickel AlloyCopper, Zinc, & Nickel
Chinese Used In 1st Century ADChinese Used In 1st Century ADUsed In Coins & CutleryUsed In Coins & CutleryShipped To England 1700s In Ingot FormShipped To England 1700s In Ingot FormUnable To Produce In EnglandUnable To Produce In England
Nickel Was Not Identified
Nickel (Continued)Nickel (Continued)
GeneralGeneralElement, NiElement, NiMelts At 2651Melts At 2651ooFFBoils At 2730Boils At 2730ooFFSpecific Gravity = 8.9 (Same As Copper)Specific Gravity = 8.9 (Same As Copper)Silver-White ColorSilver-White Color
HistoryHistoryDiscovered By Axel Cronstedt (1751)Discovered By Axel Cronstedt (1751)Isolated Metal From Niccolite OreIsolated Metal From Niccolite Ore
PropertiesPropertiesHardnessHardnessMalleable & DuctileMalleable & DuctileMagnetic Below 653Magnetic Below 653ooFF
AbundanceAbundanceLargest Supplies In Quebec, CanadaLargest Supplies In Quebec, CanadaCuba (Meteors), Soviet Union, China, & AustraliaCuba (Meteors), Soviet Union, China, & AustraliaNo Reserves In USNo Reserves In US
Nickel (Continued)Nickel (Continued)
Nickel (Continued)Nickel (Continued)
UsesUsesCoating - Protective & OrnamentalCoating - Protective & Ornamental
Iron & SteelElectrolysis In Nickel Solution
AlloyAlloySteel - Hardness & StrengthAutomobile Parts - Axles, Crankshafts, Etc.Armor Plate
Coins - 25% Nickel, 75% CopperCoins - 25% Nickel, 75% CopperBatteriesBatteries
Nickel-Cadmium
Nickel (Continued)Nickel (Continued) ProcessingProcessing
Ores Are Smelted In Blast FurnaceOres Are Smelted In Blast Furnace Ingot Of Copper & Nickel Sulfide
Electrolytic ProcessElectrolytic ProcessCopper & Nickel Are SeparatedDifferent Voltage To Different Electrolyte
Mond Process (Ludwig Mond, England, 1889)Mond Process (Ludwig Mond, England, 1889)Copper Removed In Dilute Sulfuric AcidNickel Residue Becomes Impure Metallic NickelCarbon Monoxide Added to Produce Nickel CarbonylGas Heated To 392oF, DecomposesProduces Pure Metallic
AluminumAluminumGeneralGeneral
Element, AlElement, AlMelts At 1220Melts At 1220ooFFBoils At 4473Boils At 4473ooFFSpecific Gravity = 2.7Specific Gravity = 2.7Silver-White ColorSilver-White Color
HistoryHistoryIsolated By Hans Christian Orsted (1825)Isolated By Hans Christian Orsted (1825)
Danish Chemist
Chemical Process Involving Potassium AmalgamChemical Process Involving Potassium Amalgam
PropertiesPropertiesMalleable & DuctileMalleable & DuctileExtremely ReactiveExtremely Reactive
Aluminum OxideResists CorrosionNo Tarnish Or Rust
AbundanceAbundanceMost Abundant Metallic Compound In The WorldMost Abundant Metallic Compound In The WorldNever Found PureNever Found Pure
Aluminum SilicatesBauxite (Impure Hydrated Aluminum Oxide)
Aluminum (Continued)Aluminum (Continued)
Uses - US (1989)Uses - US (1989)Containers & Packaging, 31%Containers & Packaging, 31%Building & Construction, 20%Building & Construction, 20%Transportation, 24%Transportation, 24%Consumer Products, 9%Consumer Products, 9%Miscellaneous, 16%Miscellaneous, 16%
Production - 4 Million tons (1989)Production - 4 Million tons (1989)Cost - $1 Per PoundCost - $1 Per Pound
Aluminum (Continued)Aluminum (Continued)
ProcessingProcessingElectrolytic Processing (1850s to 1870s)Electrolytic Processing (1850s to 1870s)
Required Large Amounts Of Electrical PowerDecomposing Compounds Depended On Atomic
BondsMoist Dissimilar Metals Sort Into Well Defined
Voltages
Hall & Heroult Simultaneously Discovered Hall & Heroult Simultaneously Discovered Electrolytic Process For AluminumElectrolytic Process For Aluminum
Bayer ProcessBayer Process
Aluminum (Continued)Aluminum (Continued)
Charles Martin HallCharles Martin Hall 18861886 Alumina Dissolved In Fused Alumina Dissolved In Fused
Cryolite (Natural Fluoride of Cryolite (Natural Fluoride of Al & Na)Al & Na)
Sugar In Water SolutionSugar In Water Solution Alumina/Cryolite Solution Is Alumina/Cryolite Solution Is
Good ConductorGood Conductor Current Maintained Current Maintained
TemperatureTemperature Separated By Electric Separated By Electric
Current & CooledCurrent & Cooled
Aluminum (Continued)Aluminum (Continued)
Paul Louis HeroultPaul Louis Heroult 18861886 Same Process As Hall Same Process As Hall
Except He Added HeatExcept He Added Heat Heat Not NecessaryHeat Not Necessary Cryolite Is Not ConsumedCryolite Is Not Consumed
Aluminum (Continued)Aluminum (Continued)
MagnesiumMagnesium
GeneralGeneralElement, MgElement, MgMelts At 1200Melts At 1200ooFFBoils At 2025Boils At 2025ooFFSpecific Gravity = 1.74Specific Gravity = 1.74Lightest Stable MetalLightest Stable MetalSilver-WhiteSilver-White
HistoryHistoryIsolated By Sir Humphry Davy (1808)Isolated By Sir Humphry Davy (1808)
British Chemist
Magnesium (Continued)Magnesium (Continued)
PropertiesPropertiesMalleable & Ductile When HeatedMalleable & Ductile When HeatedReactive With AcidsReactive With AcidsReacts With Oxygen Above 1472Reacts With Oxygen Above 1472ooFF
AbundanceAbundance6th Most Abundant Metallic Compound In The 6th Most Abundant Metallic Compound In The
WorldWorldFound In Carnallite, Dolomite, & MagnesiteFound In Carnallite, Dolomite, & Magnesite
UsesUses““Milk Of Magnesia”Milk Of Magnesia”Textiles - Refractory & Insulating MaterialTextiles - Refractory & Insulating MaterialEpsom SaltEpsom SaltCosmeticsCosmeticsAlloysAlloys
CastingsArtificial LimbsLawn Mowers
PurePureFlash Powders, Incendiary Bombs, Signal Flares
Magnesium (Continued)Magnesium (Continued)
Similar To Aluminum Similar To Aluminum ProcessProcess
Molten Magnesium Is Molten Magnesium Is Lighter Than ElectrolyteLighter Than Electrolyte
Magnesium (Continued)Magnesium (Continued)
BerylliumBerylliumGeneralGeneral
Element, Be, Melts At 2349Element, Be, Melts At 2349ooFFSpecific Gravity = 1.85 (Lightweight)Specific Gravity = 1.85 (Lightweight)Called Glucinium (Sweet Tasting)Called Glucinium (Sweet Tasting)
HistoryHistoryDiscovered By Frederick Wohler (1828)Discovered By Frederick Wohler (1828)
UsesUsesHigh Strength Per WeightHigh Strength Per WeightCorrosion Resistance At High TemperatureCorrosion Resistance At High TemperatureSpace Applications - Structure & PropellantSpace Applications - Structure & PropellantNuclear Reactors - Captures NeutronsNuclear Reactors - Captures Neutrons
TitaniumTitaniumGeneralGeneral
Element, TiElement, TiMelts At 3020Melts At 3020ooFFSpecific Gravity = 4.5Specific Gravity = 4.5Also Called MenachiteAlso Called Menachite
HistoryHistoryDiscovered By William Gregor (1791)Discovered By William Gregor (1791)
British Clergyman
UsesUsesPure Titanium Is Very Brittle When ColdPure Titanium Is Very Brittle When ColdAerospace ApplicationsAerospace Applications
Niobium Or ColumbiumNiobium Or Columbium GeneralGeneral
Element, NbElement, NbMelts At 4474Melts At 4474ooFFSpecific Gravity = 8.57Specific Gravity = 8.57Steel-GraySteel-Gray
HistoryHistoryDiscovered By Charles Hatchett (1801)Discovered By Charles Hatchett (1801)
British Chemist
UsesUsesAlloying Metal For Stainless SteelAlloying Metal For Stainless SteelCorrosion Resistance At High TemperatureCorrosion Resistance At High Temperature
CobaltCobalt
GeneralGeneralElement, Co, Melts At 1495Element, Co, Melts At 1495ooFFSpecific Gravity = 8.9Specific Gravity = 8.9Low Strength, Low Ductility, HardnessLow Strength, Low Ductility, Hardness
HistoryHistoryDiscovered By George Brandt (1735)Discovered By George Brandt (1735)
Swedish Chemist
UsesUsesPermanent Magnets - Cobalt SteelPermanent Magnets - Cobalt SteelTool Bits - Tungsten CarbideTool Bits - Tungsten Carbide
TantalumTantalumGeneralGeneral
Element, TaElement, TaMelts At 5425Melts At 5425ooFFSpecific Gravity = 16.6Specific Gravity = 16.6
HistoryHistoryDiscovered By Baron Jons Jakob Berzelius (1820)Discovered By Baron Jons Jakob Berzelius (1820)
Swedish Chemist
UsesUsesCorrosion Resistance, Compatibility, & ReactivityCorrosion Resistance, Compatibility, & Reactivity
Weights & Lab Ware, Electrical CircuitsHuman Body - Pins & JointsSurgical & Dental Instruments
ChromiumChromium GeneralGeneral
Element, CrElement, CrMelts At 3375Melts At 3375ooFFSpecific Gravity = 7.2Specific Gravity = 7.2
HistoryHistoryDiscovered By Louis Nicholas Vauquelin (1797)Discovered By Louis Nicholas Vauquelin (1797)
French Chemist
UsesUsesCorrosion Resistance, Compatibility, & ReactivityCorrosion Resistance, Compatibility, & Reactivity
Alloy - Hardness, Strength, Corrosion ResistanceStainless Steel
PlatinumPlatinumGeneralGeneral
Element, PtElement, PtMelts At 3222Melts At 3222ooFFSpecific Gravity = 21.45Specific Gravity = 21.45Weight & HardnessWeight & HardnessPowder MetallurgyPowder Metallurgy
HistoryHistoryDiscovered By William Brownrigg (1750)Discovered By William Brownrigg (1750)
UsesUsesChemically Inert - Surgical & DentalChemically Inert - Surgical & DentalJewelryJewelry