50
NON-FERROUS METALS NON-FERROUS METALS

NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals Copper Tin & Bronze Lead & Silver Brass & Zinc Nickel Aluminum & Magnesium Beryllium & Titanium

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals  Copper  Tin & Bronze  Lead & Silver  Brass & Zinc  Nickel  Aluminum & Magnesium  Beryllium & Titanium

NON-FERROUS METALSNON-FERROUS METALS

Page 2: NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals  Copper  Tin & Bronze  Lead & Silver  Brass & Zinc  Nickel  Aluminum & Magnesium  Beryllium & Titanium

Non-Ferrous MetalsNon-Ferrous Metals CopperCopper Tin & BronzeTin & Bronze Lead & SilverLead & Silver Brass & ZincBrass & Zinc NickelNickel Aluminum & MagnesiumAluminum & Magnesium Beryllium & TitaniumBeryllium & Titanium Niobium & ColumbiumNiobium & Columbium Cobalt, Tantalum & ChromiumCobalt, Tantalum & Chromium PlatinumPlatinum

Page 3: NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals  Copper  Tin & Bronze  Lead & Silver  Brass & Zinc  Nickel  Aluminum & Magnesium  Beryllium & Titanium

CategoriesCategories

Precious MetalsPrecious MetalsGold, Silver, PlatinumGold, Silver, Platinum

Base MetalsBase MetalsOld:Old: Iron, Tin, Copper, Zinc, LeadIron, Tin, Copper, Zinc, LeadNew:New: Nickel, Magnesium, Cobalt, AluminumNickel, Magnesium, Cobalt, Aluminum

Specialty MetalsSpecialty MetalsNiobium, Chromium, Beryllium, Titanium, TantalumNiobium, Chromium, Beryllium, Titanium, Tantalum

Pure AlloysPure AlloysBronze, BrassBronze, Brass

Page 4: NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals  Copper  Tin & Bronze  Lead & Silver  Brass & Zinc  Nickel  Aluminum & Magnesium  Beryllium & Titanium

Processing ConsiderationsProcessing Considerations

Melting PointMelting Point Boiling PointBoiling Point Specific GravitySpecific Gravity Atomic BondsAtomic Bonds ReactivityReactivity SolubilitySolubility

Page 5: NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals  Copper  Tin & Bronze  Lead & Silver  Brass & Zinc  Nickel  Aluminum & Magnesium  Beryllium & Titanium

CopperCopper

GeneralGeneralElement, CuElement, CuMelts At 1981Melts At 1981ooFFBoils At 2567Boils At 2567ooFFSpecific Gravity = 8.9Specific Gravity = 8.9Brownish-Red ColorBrownish-Red Color

HistoryHistoryPrehistoric PeoplePrehistoric PeopleEgypt, Asia Minor, China, Cyprus, Crete, Am. Egypt, Asia Minor, China, Cyprus, Crete, Am.

IndiansIndians

Page 6: NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals  Copper  Tin & Bronze  Lead & Silver  Brass & Zinc  Nickel  Aluminum & Magnesium  Beryllium & Titanium

Copper (Continued)Copper (Continued)

PropertiesPropertiesConducts Electricity & HeatConducts Electricity & HeatResists CorrosionResists CorrosionMalleable & DuctileMalleable & DuctileTensile Strength - 60 ksiTensile Strength - 60 ksi

UsesUsesCoinsCoinsWireWireOrnamentalOrnamentalSheathingSheathing

Page 7: NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals  Copper  Tin & Bronze  Lead & Silver  Brass & Zinc  Nickel  Aluminum & Magnesium  Beryllium & Titanium

MetallurgyMetallurgyNative CopperNative Copper

Crushed, Washed, & Cast In BarsOxides & Carbonates Are Reduced With Carbon

Sulfide Ores (Chalcopyrite & Bornite)Sulfide Ores (Chalcopyrite & Bornite)1% < Copper < 12%Reverbatory Furnace Yields Crude Metallic Copper

98%

Electrolysis Produces 99.9% Purity

Copper (Continued)Copper (Continued)

Page 8: NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals  Copper  Tin & Bronze  Lead & Silver  Brass & Zinc  Nickel  Aluminum & Magnesium  Beryllium & Titanium

Melted Native CopperMelted Native CopperHeat From Above By Charcoal FireHeat From Above By Charcoal FireLens-Like Ingot In Clay Lined Saucer Beneath Fire Lens-Like Ingot In Clay Lined Saucer Beneath Fire

BedBedForced Draught Or ChimneyForced Draught Or Chimney

Crucible FurnacesCrucible FurnacesVertical Cylindrical Clay ShaftVertical Cylindrical Clay ShaftCrucible Surrounded By Charcoal In ShaftCrucible Surrounded By Charcoal In ShaftFree DraughtFree DraughtUsed For CastingUsed For Casting

Copper (Continued)Copper (Continued)

Page 9: NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals  Copper  Tin & Bronze  Lead & Silver  Brass & Zinc  Nickel  Aluminum & Magnesium  Beryllium & Titanium

Copper (Continued)Copper (Continued)

Earliest Known Crucible Earliest Known Crucible FurnaceFurnace

ReconstructionReconstruction3300 - 3000 BC3300 - 3000 BCChalcolithic SiteChalcolithic SiteAbu Matar, BeershebaAbu Matar, BeershebaPerrot (1951)Perrot (1951)

Natural Draught FurnaceNatural Draught Furnace Remelting Impure Remelting Impure

CopperCopper

Page 10: NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals  Copper  Tin & Bronze  Lead & Silver  Brass & Zinc  Nickel  Aluminum & Magnesium  Beryllium & Titanium

Melting & Casting Native CopperMelting & Casting Native CopperOriginated In Anatolia, Turkey (5000 to 4000 BC)Originated In Anatolia, Turkey (5000 to 4000 BC)Spread From Asia MinorSpread From Asia MinorFirst Copper Artifacts In Sialk, Iran (4500 BC)First Copper Artifacts In Sialk, Iran (4500 BC)Egyptian Artifacts (5000 to 4000 BC)Egyptian Artifacts (5000 to 4000 BC)Supplies Of Native Copper Became Inaccessible Supplies Of Native Copper Became Inaccessible

To Supply DemandTo Supply DemandCopper Artifacts After 3500 BC Contained Base Copper Artifacts After 3500 BC Contained Base

Metal ImpuritiesMetal ImpuritiesThus, Extracted From Ore

Copper (Continued)Copper (Continued)

Page 11: NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals  Copper  Tin & Bronze  Lead & Silver  Brass & Zinc  Nickel  Aluminum & Magnesium  Beryllium & Titanium

Smelting Of Oxide & Carbonate Copper OresSmelting Of Oxide & Carbonate Copper OresEasily Smelted In Primitive FurnacesEasily Smelted In Primitive FurnacesSeparate Copper, Iron & Other Unwanted OresSeparate Copper, Iron & Other Unwanted OresChalcolithic Smelting Furnaces At Timna (3000 Chalcolithic Smelting Furnaces At Timna (3000

BC)BC)No Tap Hole & No Ingots FoundMetal Never Separated From Slag

Egyptians At Timna (1200 BC)Egyptians At Timna (1200 BC)Reached Zenith At Timna (1100 BC)Reached Zenith At Timna (1100 BC)

Smelting Of Sulfide & Arsenic Copper OresSmelting Of Sulfide & Arsenic Copper Ores

Copper (Continued)Copper (Continued)

Page 12: NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals  Copper  Tin & Bronze  Lead & Silver  Brass & Zinc  Nickel  Aluminum & Magnesium  Beryllium & Titanium

Egyptians At TimnaEgyptians At Timna 1200 BC1200 BC Reconstruction Of Reconstruction Of

Remains Of Smelting Remains Of Smelting FurnaceFurnace

Cooper Settles To Bottom Cooper Settles To Bottom Of Furnace Below SlagOf Furnace Below Slag

Plane-Convex IngotsPlane-Convex Ingots

Copper (Continued)Copper (Continued)

Page 13: NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals  Copper  Tin & Bronze  Lead & Silver  Brass & Zinc  Nickel  Aluminum & Magnesium  Beryllium & Titanium

Copper (Continued)Copper (Continued)

Timna (1200 BC)Timna (1200 BC) Heated From AboveHeated From Above Copper & Slag Tapped Copper & Slag Tapped

Simultaneously To Bed Simultaneously To Bed Of SandOf Sand

Tap Hole For SlagTap Hole For Slag

Page 14: NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals  Copper  Tin & Bronze  Lead & Silver  Brass & Zinc  Nickel  Aluminum & Magnesium  Beryllium & Titanium

TinTin

GeneralGeneralElement, SnElement, SnMelts At 450Melts At 450ooFFBoils At 4100Boils At 4100ooFFSpecific Gravity = 7.28Specific Gravity = 7.28

HistoryHistoryTombs Of Ancient EgyptiansTombs Of Ancient EgyptiansExported From Cornwall, EnglandExported From Cornwall, England

Page 15: NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals  Copper  Tin & Bronze  Lead & Silver  Brass & Zinc  Nickel  Aluminum & Magnesium  Beryllium & Titanium

Tin (Continued)Tin (Continued)PropertiesProperties

Highly Malleable & Ductile > 212Highly Malleable & Ductile > 212ooFFUsesUses

Tin PlatingTin PlatingTin CansTin CansAlloyingAlloying

Bronze (Tin & Copper)Solder (Tin & Lead)With Titanium

Page 16: NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals  Copper  Tin & Bronze  Lead & Silver  Brass & Zinc  Nickel  Aluminum & Magnesium  Beryllium & Titanium

Metal WorkingMetal Working AnnealingAnnealing

About 5000 BCAbout 5000 BCHeat Up Metal, Hammer, Cool Down (Repeat)Heat Up Metal, Hammer, Cool Down (Repeat)Used Ordinary Wood FiresUsed Ordinary Wood FiresWithout Heat Metal Becomes To Hard & BrittleWithout Heat Metal Becomes To Hard & Brittle

SmeltingSmeltingReduce Copper Ores To CopperReduce Copper Ores To CopperTwo-Chamber Pottery KilnTwo-Chamber Pottery Kiln

AlloyingAlloyingResult of Smelting Process (About 3000 BC)Result of Smelting Process (About 3000 BC)Ores Bearing Different MetalsOres Bearing Different Metals

Page 17: NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals  Copper  Tin & Bronze  Lead & Silver  Brass & Zinc  Nickel  Aluminum & Magnesium  Beryllium & Titanium

BronzeBronze

History - Well Established By 1500 BCHistory - Well Established By 1500 BCArsenic Coppers Decline (3000 BC)Arsenic Coppers Decline (3000 BC)Iran - 2.5% Tin (3000 BC)Iran - 2.5% Tin (3000 BC)Sumeria - 8 to 10% (3000 - 2500 BC)Sumeria - 8 to 10% (3000 - 2500 BC)Egypt - 8 to 10% (2500 - 2000 BC)Egypt - 8 to 10% (2500 - 2000 BC)Thailand - 8 to 10% (2000 BC)Thailand - 8 to 10% (2000 BC)China - 8 to 10% (2800 BC)China - 8 to 10% (2800 BC)England (2200 BC)England (2200 BC)Italy (1850 BC)Italy (1850 BC)Spain (1700 BC)Spain (1700 BC)

Page 18: NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals  Copper  Tin & Bronze  Lead & Silver  Brass & Zinc  Nickel  Aluminum & Magnesium  Beryllium & Titanium

Bronze (Continued)Bronze (Continued)

Uses In Ancient worldUses In Ancient worldWeapons & Cutting ToolsWeapons & Cutting Tools

SwordsSpearsArrowheadsShieldsAdzes & Axes

Bowls & CauldronsBowls & CauldronsFurnishing - Greece & RomeFurnishing - Greece & Rome

Bed & Table FramesTripods & Lamp Stands

Page 19: NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals  Copper  Tin & Bronze  Lead & Silver  Brass & Zinc  Nickel  Aluminum & Magnesium  Beryllium & Titanium

Bronze (Continued)Bronze (Continued)

Casting TechniquesCasting Techniques Rocking CrucibleRocking Crucible 1600 - 1200 BC1600 - 1200 BC Greek IslandsGreek Islands Sinai RegionSinai Region

Page 20: NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals  Copper  Tin & Bronze  Lead & Silver  Brass & Zinc  Nickel  Aluminum & Magnesium  Beryllium & Titanium

Chinese BronzesChinese Bronzes

Shang Dynasty (1500 BC) Shang Dynasty (1500 BC) to Ch’in Dynasty (206 BC)to Ch’in Dynasty (206 BC)

Artistic VesselsArtistic VesselsSnakes, Dragons, Etc.Snakes, Dragons, Etc.

Angyang (1400 - 1027 BC)Angyang (1400 - 1027 BC) Weight > 1.6 tonsWeight > 1.6 tons Multi-part MoldMulti-part Mold

Pre-fired Clay SegmentsPre-fired Clay Segments

Page 21: NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals  Copper  Tin & Bronze  Lead & Silver  Brass & Zinc  Nickel  Aluminum & Magnesium  Beryllium & Titanium

LeadLeadGeneralGeneral

Element, PbElement, PbMelts At 662Melts At 662ooF, Boils At 3164F, Boils At 3164ooFFSpecific Gravity = 11.34Specific Gravity = 11.34

HistoryHistoryObtained From The Ore GalenaObtained From The Ore GalenaAlso From Cerussite & AnglesiteAlso From Cerussite & AnglesiteAnatolian - 6500 BCAnatolian - 6500 BC

UsesUsesBatteries, Cable Sheathing, X-Rays, Shielding Batteries, Cable Sheathing, X-Rays, Shielding

Radioactive MaterialRadioactive Material

Page 22: NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals  Copper  Tin & Bronze  Lead & Silver  Brass & Zinc  Nickel  Aluminum & Magnesium  Beryllium & Titanium

SilverSilver

GeneralGeneralElement, AgElement, AgMelts At 962Melts At 962ooFFBoils At 2212Boils At 2212ooFFSpecific Gravity = 10.5Specific Gravity = 10.5

HistoryHistoryExtracted From Lead (About 4000 BC)Extracted From Lead (About 4000 BC)Silver-Rich Lead - Aegean AreaSilver-Rich Lead - Aegean AreaValuable Material Till Roman EmpireValuable Material Till Roman Empire

Page 23: NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals  Copper  Tin & Bronze  Lead & Silver  Brass & Zinc  Nickel  Aluminum & Magnesium  Beryllium & Titanium

Silver (Continued)Silver (Continued)PropertiesProperties

Lustrous (High Polish)Lustrous (High Polish)Most Malleable & DuctileMost Malleable & DuctileExcellent Electrical ConductivityExcellent Electrical Conductivity

UsesUsesJewelryJewelryElectrical ComponentsElectrical Components

ProcessingProcessingSmelting Silver OresSmelting Silver OresChemically Precipitating Metallic SilverChemically Precipitating Metallic Silver

Page 24: NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals  Copper  Tin & Bronze  Lead & Silver  Brass & Zinc  Nickel  Aluminum & Magnesium  Beryllium & Titanium

BrassBrassOrigins Are Uncertain (Like Bronze)Origins Are Uncertain (Like Bronze)Accidentally From Smelting Process Of Zinc-Accidentally From Smelting Process Of Zinc-

Bearing Cooper OresBearing Cooper OresZinc Not Naturally Found With CopperZinc Not Naturally Found With CopperArtifactsArtifacts

Cyprus (2000 BC)Cyprus (2000 BC)Copper, Zinc (4%), & Tin

China (2000 BC)China (2000 BC)Copper & Zinc (5%)

China (1200 BC)China (1200 BC)Copper & Zinc (10%)

Page 25: NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals  Copper  Tin & Bronze  Lead & Silver  Brass & Zinc  Nickel  Aluminum & Magnesium  Beryllium & Titanium

ZincZinc

GeneralGeneralElement, ZnElement, ZnMelts At 788Melts At 788ooFFBoils At 1665Boils At 1665ooFFSpecific Gravity = 7.14Specific Gravity = 7.14Silver-White ColorSilver-White Color

HistoryHistoryOres Known Since 1000 to 2000 BCOres Known Since 1000 to 2000 BCElement - Andreas Sigismund Marggraf (1746)Element - Andreas Sigismund Marggraf (1746)

German Chemist

Page 26: NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals  Copper  Tin & Bronze  Lead & Silver  Brass & Zinc  Nickel  Aluminum & Magnesium  Beryllium & Titanium

Zinc (Continued)Zinc (Continued)

PropertiesPropertiesBrittleBrittleInsoluble In WaterInsoluble In WaterSoluble In Alcohol, Acids, AlkaliesSoluble In Alcohol, Acids, Alkalies

UsesUsesProtective CoatingProtective CoatingGalvanizingGalvanizingAlloying With CopperAlloying With CopperDie CastingsDie Castings

Page 27: NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals  Copper  Tin & Bronze  Lead & Silver  Brass & Zinc  Nickel  Aluminum & Magnesium  Beryllium & Titanium

Zinc (Continued)Zinc (Continued)

Transform Ores To Transform Ores To Oxides By High TempOxides By High Temp

Zinc Boils & Distills In Zinc Boils & Distills In RetortRetort

Also Can Be Subjected Also Can Be Subjected To Sulfuric Acid And To Sulfuric Acid And ElectrolyzedElectrolyzed

Page 28: NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals  Copper  Tin & Bronze  Lead & Silver  Brass & Zinc  Nickel  Aluminum & Magnesium  Beryllium & Titanium

Zinc Zinc (Continued)(Continued)

Page 29: NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals  Copper  Tin & Bronze  Lead & Silver  Brass & Zinc  Nickel  Aluminum & Magnesium  Beryllium & Titanium

NickelNickel

Paktong - ChinesePaktong - ChineseUnknown Composition Till 1822 (Fyffe)Unknown Composition Till 1822 (Fyffe)

Cupro-Nickel AlloyCopper, Zinc, & Nickel

Chinese Used In 1st Century ADChinese Used In 1st Century ADUsed In Coins & CutleryUsed In Coins & CutleryShipped To England 1700s In Ingot FormShipped To England 1700s In Ingot FormUnable To Produce In EnglandUnable To Produce In England

Nickel Was Not Identified

Page 30: NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals  Copper  Tin & Bronze  Lead & Silver  Brass & Zinc  Nickel  Aluminum & Magnesium  Beryllium & Titanium

Nickel (Continued)Nickel (Continued)

GeneralGeneralElement, NiElement, NiMelts At 2651Melts At 2651ooFFBoils At 2730Boils At 2730ooFFSpecific Gravity = 8.9 (Same As Copper)Specific Gravity = 8.9 (Same As Copper)Silver-White ColorSilver-White Color

HistoryHistoryDiscovered By Axel Cronstedt (1751)Discovered By Axel Cronstedt (1751)Isolated Metal From Niccolite OreIsolated Metal From Niccolite Ore

Page 31: NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals  Copper  Tin & Bronze  Lead & Silver  Brass & Zinc  Nickel  Aluminum & Magnesium  Beryllium & Titanium

PropertiesPropertiesHardnessHardnessMalleable & DuctileMalleable & DuctileMagnetic Below 653Magnetic Below 653ooFF

AbundanceAbundanceLargest Supplies In Quebec, CanadaLargest Supplies In Quebec, CanadaCuba (Meteors), Soviet Union, China, & AustraliaCuba (Meteors), Soviet Union, China, & AustraliaNo Reserves In USNo Reserves In US

Nickel (Continued)Nickel (Continued)

Page 32: NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals  Copper  Tin & Bronze  Lead & Silver  Brass & Zinc  Nickel  Aluminum & Magnesium  Beryllium & Titanium

Nickel (Continued)Nickel (Continued)

UsesUsesCoating - Protective & OrnamentalCoating - Protective & Ornamental

Iron & SteelElectrolysis In Nickel Solution

AlloyAlloySteel - Hardness & StrengthAutomobile Parts - Axles, Crankshafts, Etc.Armor Plate

Coins - 25% Nickel, 75% CopperCoins - 25% Nickel, 75% CopperBatteriesBatteries

Nickel-Cadmium

Page 33: NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals  Copper  Tin & Bronze  Lead & Silver  Brass & Zinc  Nickel  Aluminum & Magnesium  Beryllium & Titanium

Nickel (Continued)Nickel (Continued) ProcessingProcessing

Ores Are Smelted In Blast FurnaceOres Are Smelted In Blast Furnace Ingot Of Copper & Nickel Sulfide

Electrolytic ProcessElectrolytic ProcessCopper & Nickel Are SeparatedDifferent Voltage To Different Electrolyte

Mond Process (Ludwig Mond, England, 1889)Mond Process (Ludwig Mond, England, 1889)Copper Removed In Dilute Sulfuric AcidNickel Residue Becomes Impure Metallic NickelCarbon Monoxide Added to Produce Nickel CarbonylGas Heated To 392oF, DecomposesProduces Pure Metallic

Page 34: NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals  Copper  Tin & Bronze  Lead & Silver  Brass & Zinc  Nickel  Aluminum & Magnesium  Beryllium & Titanium

AluminumAluminumGeneralGeneral

Element, AlElement, AlMelts At 1220Melts At 1220ooFFBoils At 4473Boils At 4473ooFFSpecific Gravity = 2.7Specific Gravity = 2.7Silver-White ColorSilver-White Color

HistoryHistoryIsolated By Hans Christian Orsted (1825)Isolated By Hans Christian Orsted (1825)

Danish Chemist

Chemical Process Involving Potassium AmalgamChemical Process Involving Potassium Amalgam

Page 35: NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals  Copper  Tin & Bronze  Lead & Silver  Brass & Zinc  Nickel  Aluminum & Magnesium  Beryllium & Titanium

PropertiesPropertiesMalleable & DuctileMalleable & DuctileExtremely ReactiveExtremely Reactive

Aluminum OxideResists CorrosionNo Tarnish Or Rust

AbundanceAbundanceMost Abundant Metallic Compound In The WorldMost Abundant Metallic Compound In The WorldNever Found PureNever Found Pure

Aluminum SilicatesBauxite (Impure Hydrated Aluminum Oxide)

Aluminum (Continued)Aluminum (Continued)

Page 36: NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals  Copper  Tin & Bronze  Lead & Silver  Brass & Zinc  Nickel  Aluminum & Magnesium  Beryllium & Titanium

Uses - US (1989)Uses - US (1989)Containers & Packaging, 31%Containers & Packaging, 31%Building & Construction, 20%Building & Construction, 20%Transportation, 24%Transportation, 24%Consumer Products, 9%Consumer Products, 9%Miscellaneous, 16%Miscellaneous, 16%

Production - 4 Million tons (1989)Production - 4 Million tons (1989)Cost - $1 Per PoundCost - $1 Per Pound

Aluminum (Continued)Aluminum (Continued)

Page 37: NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals  Copper  Tin & Bronze  Lead & Silver  Brass & Zinc  Nickel  Aluminum & Magnesium  Beryllium & Titanium

ProcessingProcessingElectrolytic Processing (1850s to 1870s)Electrolytic Processing (1850s to 1870s)

Required Large Amounts Of Electrical PowerDecomposing Compounds Depended On Atomic

BondsMoist Dissimilar Metals Sort Into Well Defined

Voltages

Hall & Heroult Simultaneously Discovered Hall & Heroult Simultaneously Discovered Electrolytic Process For AluminumElectrolytic Process For Aluminum

Bayer ProcessBayer Process

Aluminum (Continued)Aluminum (Continued)

Page 38: NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals  Copper  Tin & Bronze  Lead & Silver  Brass & Zinc  Nickel  Aluminum & Magnesium  Beryllium & Titanium

Charles Martin HallCharles Martin Hall 18861886 Alumina Dissolved In Fused Alumina Dissolved In Fused

Cryolite (Natural Fluoride of Cryolite (Natural Fluoride of Al & Na)Al & Na)

Sugar In Water SolutionSugar In Water Solution Alumina/Cryolite Solution Is Alumina/Cryolite Solution Is

Good ConductorGood Conductor Current Maintained Current Maintained

TemperatureTemperature Separated By Electric Separated By Electric

Current & CooledCurrent & Cooled

Aluminum (Continued)Aluminum (Continued)

Page 39: NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals  Copper  Tin & Bronze  Lead & Silver  Brass & Zinc  Nickel  Aluminum & Magnesium  Beryllium & Titanium

Paul Louis HeroultPaul Louis Heroult 18861886 Same Process As Hall Same Process As Hall

Except He Added HeatExcept He Added Heat Heat Not NecessaryHeat Not Necessary Cryolite Is Not ConsumedCryolite Is Not Consumed

Aluminum (Continued)Aluminum (Continued)

Page 40: NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals  Copper  Tin & Bronze  Lead & Silver  Brass & Zinc  Nickel  Aluminum & Magnesium  Beryllium & Titanium

MagnesiumMagnesium

GeneralGeneralElement, MgElement, MgMelts At 1200Melts At 1200ooFFBoils At 2025Boils At 2025ooFFSpecific Gravity = 1.74Specific Gravity = 1.74Lightest Stable MetalLightest Stable MetalSilver-WhiteSilver-White

HistoryHistoryIsolated By Sir Humphry Davy (1808)Isolated By Sir Humphry Davy (1808)

British Chemist

Page 41: NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals  Copper  Tin & Bronze  Lead & Silver  Brass & Zinc  Nickel  Aluminum & Magnesium  Beryllium & Titanium

Magnesium (Continued)Magnesium (Continued)

PropertiesPropertiesMalleable & Ductile When HeatedMalleable & Ductile When HeatedReactive With AcidsReactive With AcidsReacts With Oxygen Above 1472Reacts With Oxygen Above 1472ooFF

AbundanceAbundance6th Most Abundant Metallic Compound In The 6th Most Abundant Metallic Compound In The

WorldWorldFound In Carnallite, Dolomite, & MagnesiteFound In Carnallite, Dolomite, & Magnesite

Page 42: NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals  Copper  Tin & Bronze  Lead & Silver  Brass & Zinc  Nickel  Aluminum & Magnesium  Beryllium & Titanium

UsesUses““Milk Of Magnesia”Milk Of Magnesia”Textiles - Refractory & Insulating MaterialTextiles - Refractory & Insulating MaterialEpsom SaltEpsom SaltCosmeticsCosmeticsAlloysAlloys

CastingsArtificial LimbsLawn Mowers

PurePureFlash Powders, Incendiary Bombs, Signal Flares

Magnesium (Continued)Magnesium (Continued)

Page 43: NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals  Copper  Tin & Bronze  Lead & Silver  Brass & Zinc  Nickel  Aluminum & Magnesium  Beryllium & Titanium

Similar To Aluminum Similar To Aluminum ProcessProcess

Molten Magnesium Is Molten Magnesium Is Lighter Than ElectrolyteLighter Than Electrolyte

Magnesium (Continued)Magnesium (Continued)

Page 44: NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals  Copper  Tin & Bronze  Lead & Silver  Brass & Zinc  Nickel  Aluminum & Magnesium  Beryllium & Titanium

BerylliumBerylliumGeneralGeneral

Element, Be, Melts At 2349Element, Be, Melts At 2349ooFFSpecific Gravity = 1.85 (Lightweight)Specific Gravity = 1.85 (Lightweight)Called Glucinium (Sweet Tasting)Called Glucinium (Sweet Tasting)

HistoryHistoryDiscovered By Frederick Wohler (1828)Discovered By Frederick Wohler (1828)

UsesUsesHigh Strength Per WeightHigh Strength Per WeightCorrosion Resistance At High TemperatureCorrosion Resistance At High TemperatureSpace Applications - Structure & PropellantSpace Applications - Structure & PropellantNuclear Reactors - Captures NeutronsNuclear Reactors - Captures Neutrons

Page 45: NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals  Copper  Tin & Bronze  Lead & Silver  Brass & Zinc  Nickel  Aluminum & Magnesium  Beryllium & Titanium

TitaniumTitaniumGeneralGeneral

Element, TiElement, TiMelts At 3020Melts At 3020ooFFSpecific Gravity = 4.5Specific Gravity = 4.5Also Called MenachiteAlso Called Menachite

HistoryHistoryDiscovered By William Gregor (1791)Discovered By William Gregor (1791)

British Clergyman

UsesUsesPure Titanium Is Very Brittle When ColdPure Titanium Is Very Brittle When ColdAerospace ApplicationsAerospace Applications

Page 46: NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals  Copper  Tin & Bronze  Lead & Silver  Brass & Zinc  Nickel  Aluminum & Magnesium  Beryllium & Titanium

Niobium Or ColumbiumNiobium Or Columbium GeneralGeneral

Element, NbElement, NbMelts At 4474Melts At 4474ooFFSpecific Gravity = 8.57Specific Gravity = 8.57Steel-GraySteel-Gray

HistoryHistoryDiscovered By Charles Hatchett (1801)Discovered By Charles Hatchett (1801)

British Chemist

UsesUsesAlloying Metal For Stainless SteelAlloying Metal For Stainless SteelCorrosion Resistance At High TemperatureCorrosion Resistance At High Temperature

Page 47: NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals  Copper  Tin & Bronze  Lead & Silver  Brass & Zinc  Nickel  Aluminum & Magnesium  Beryllium & Titanium

CobaltCobalt

GeneralGeneralElement, Co, Melts At 1495Element, Co, Melts At 1495ooFFSpecific Gravity = 8.9Specific Gravity = 8.9Low Strength, Low Ductility, HardnessLow Strength, Low Ductility, Hardness

HistoryHistoryDiscovered By George Brandt (1735)Discovered By George Brandt (1735)

Swedish Chemist

UsesUsesPermanent Magnets - Cobalt SteelPermanent Magnets - Cobalt SteelTool Bits - Tungsten CarbideTool Bits - Tungsten Carbide

Page 48: NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals  Copper  Tin & Bronze  Lead & Silver  Brass & Zinc  Nickel  Aluminum & Magnesium  Beryllium & Titanium

TantalumTantalumGeneralGeneral

Element, TaElement, TaMelts At 5425Melts At 5425ooFFSpecific Gravity = 16.6Specific Gravity = 16.6

HistoryHistoryDiscovered By Baron Jons Jakob Berzelius (1820)Discovered By Baron Jons Jakob Berzelius (1820)

Swedish Chemist

UsesUsesCorrosion Resistance, Compatibility, & ReactivityCorrosion Resistance, Compatibility, & Reactivity

Weights & Lab Ware, Electrical CircuitsHuman Body - Pins & JointsSurgical & Dental Instruments

Page 49: NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals  Copper  Tin & Bronze  Lead & Silver  Brass & Zinc  Nickel  Aluminum & Magnesium  Beryllium & Titanium

ChromiumChromium GeneralGeneral

Element, CrElement, CrMelts At 3375Melts At 3375ooFFSpecific Gravity = 7.2Specific Gravity = 7.2

HistoryHistoryDiscovered By Louis Nicholas Vauquelin (1797)Discovered By Louis Nicholas Vauquelin (1797)

French Chemist

UsesUsesCorrosion Resistance, Compatibility, & ReactivityCorrosion Resistance, Compatibility, & Reactivity

Alloy - Hardness, Strength, Corrosion ResistanceStainless Steel

Page 50: NON-FERROUS METALS. Non-Ferrous Metals  Copper  Tin & Bronze  Lead & Silver  Brass & Zinc  Nickel  Aluminum & Magnesium  Beryllium & Titanium

PlatinumPlatinumGeneralGeneral

Element, PtElement, PtMelts At 3222Melts At 3222ooFFSpecific Gravity = 21.45Specific Gravity = 21.45Weight & HardnessWeight & HardnessPowder MetallurgyPowder Metallurgy

HistoryHistoryDiscovered By William Brownrigg (1750)Discovered By William Brownrigg (1750)

UsesUsesChemically Inert - Surgical & DentalChemically Inert - Surgical & DentalJewelryJewelry