non-alignment/Liberation non-alignment/Liberation movementsmovements

AlignmentAlignment

• Go to page 249 in your textbookGo to page 249 in your textbook

• How do these maps relate to geographic How do these maps relate to geographic influences on politics?influences on politics?

USA InterventionUSA Interventiono SALT I – signed with SovietsSALT I – signed with Sovietso Part of treaty agreed to respect newly emerging nations Part of treaty agreed to respect newly emerging nations

independence, but respect for the agreement doesn’t lastindependence, but respect for the agreement doesn’t last

o Intervention in Iran, Guatemala, Lebanon, Grenada, Intervention in Iran, Guatemala, Lebanon, Grenada, Panama, Dominican Republic, Chile, Nicaragua, Panama, Dominican Republic, Chile, Nicaragua, Vietnam etc. to prevent communist take overVietnam etc. to prevent communist take over Iran-Contra affairIran-Contra affair

Sell weapons to Iran for Sell weapons to Iran for funds to support rebels funds to support rebels in Nicaragua without in Nicaragua without permission from Congress permission from Congress

Alignment: Who is Alignment: Who is whose ally?whose ally?USA

(Democratic/Capitalists

Political: Political: Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine

Economic: Economic: Marshal PlanMarshal Plan

Military: Military: NATO (Europe&NA)NATO (Europe&NA)

ANZUS(Aust/ANZUS(Aust/NZ/US)NZ/US)

NORAD (US& NORAD (US& Can.)Can.)

USSR (Communist/CPE)• Political: Political: CominformCominform

• Economic: Economic: ComeconComecon

• Military: Military: Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact

Non-alignmentNon-alignment Many newly independent nations wanted to pull away Many newly independent nations wanted to pull away

from spheres of influence of any kindfrom spheres of influence of any kindo 1955 Bandung Conference1955 Bandung Conference

promote cooperation and oppose any imperialist intentions promote cooperation and oppose any imperialist intentions ““If we have to stand alone, we will…We do not agree with If we have to stand alone, we will…We do not agree with

the communist teachings, we do not agree with the anti-the communist teachings, we do not agree with the anti-communist teachings, because they are both based on wrong communist teachings, because they are both based on wrong principles” (Nehru)principles” (Nehru)

““Third World” – not aligned with either First or Second Third World” – not aligned with either First or Second world.world.

““Third World”Third World”

YugoslaviaYugoslaviao Marshall Tito – did not need Soviet Marshall Tito – did not need Soviet

help to defeat Nazis = not under help to defeat Nazis = not under Stalin’s thumbStalin’s thumb

o Establishes a communist government Establishes a communist government outside the Soviet bloc that traded with outside the Soviet bloc that traded with the Westthe West

o Stalin tries to punish by exiling them Stalin tries to punish by exiling them from Cominform/Cominternfrom Cominform/Comintern

o Yugoslavia survives and becomes an Yugoslavia survives and becomes an example for independence movements example for independence movements in the Soviet bloc.in the Soviet bloc.

Rejection of Communist Rejection of Communist RuleRule

Liberation movements within the Warsaw PactLiberation movements within the Warsaw Pact

Liberation movementsLiberation movements Khrushchev comes to power in 1956Khrushchev comes to power in 1956

o Peaceful co-existence with the WestPeaceful co-existence with the Westo De-StalinizationDe-Stalinizationo Strengthen ties with socialist governments in Warsaw Strengthen ties with socialist governments in Warsaw

Pact by accepting diversityPact by accepting diversityo Focusing on developing nations Focusing on developing nations

that were gaining independence that were gaining independence Africa, Middle East, Latin America Africa, Middle East, Latin America

and Asiaand Asia

Consequences Consequences o Increased nationalism in Increased nationalism in

satellite statessatellite stateso People in Soviet bloc expected People in Soviet bloc expected

he could solve the problems he could solve the problems created by communismcreated by communism

o Sino-Soviet relations declineSino-Soviet relations decline

HungaryHungary

Poland (1956)Poland (1956)o Labor unrest – USSR allows for greater independenceLabor unrest – USSR allows for greater independence

Khrushchev needs Polish support as it was a buffer state with Khrushchev needs Polish support as it was a buffer state with Germany.Germany.

Hungary (1956)Hungary (1956)o Events in Poland signal to Hungarians that they can also Events in Poland signal to Hungarians that they can also

demand more freedomsdemand more freedomso Imry Nagy given some latitude until he announces a withdrawal Imry Nagy given some latitude until he announces a withdrawal

from Warsaw Pactfrom Warsaw Pact Soviets cannot lose face to NATOSoviets cannot lose face to NATO

Tanks roll in – war lasts less than a weekTanks roll in – war lasts less than a week 20,000 killed, 20,000 imprisoned, 200,000 emigrate (many to Canada), 20,000 killed, 20,000 imprisoned, 200,000 emigrate (many to Canada),

millions in damage to homes and businesses; Nagy executedmillions in damage to homes and businesses; Nagy executed demonstrated that the Soviet bloc was held together by force, not demonstrated that the Soviet bloc was held together by force, not

ideology (although Moscow began to soften their control of the satellite ideology (although Moscow began to soften their control of the satellite states to maintain cooperation)states to maintain cooperation)

CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia Brezhnev replaces Khrushchev – return to hard-line ruleBrezhnev replaces Khrushchev – return to hard-line rule

Czechoslovakia (1968)Czechoslovakia (1968)o Alexander Dubcek introduces liberal reforms (eg, opposition Alexander Dubcek introduces liberal reforms (eg, opposition

parties, more freedom of speech and of the press, freedom to parties, more freedom of speech and of the press, freedom to travel, increased democracy) = Prague Springtravel, increased democracy) = Prague Spring

o Soviets fear the loss of a buffer state and fall of Communist Soviets fear the loss of a buffer state and fall of Communist blocbloco Send in troops – memories of Hungary in 1956 = less resistanceSend in troops – memories of Hungary in 1956 = less resistance

Brezhnev doctrine: if socialism is Brezhnev doctrine: if socialism is threatened, the Soviet bloc armies can threatened, the Soviet bloc armies can intervene to protect the ideals of intervene to protect the ideals of collectivism.collectivism.

The beginning of the endThe beginning of the end

• Poland – 1980Poland – 1980• Reliance on subsidies = recession; Reliance on subsidies = recession;

government debt = higher prices = strikesgovernment debt = higher prices = strikes• Shipyard workers start the strikes – led by Shipyard workers start the strikes – led by

Lech Walesa: SolidarityLech Walesa: Solidarity• Soviets too distracted with Afghanistan, tell Soviets too distracted with Afghanistan, tell

Polish gov to deal with itPolish gov to deal with it• US and Catholic Church support for strikers US and Catholic Church support for strikers

leads gov to accept strikers demands leads gov to accept strikers demands • First crack in the communist damFirst crack in the communist dam