Non-Aligned Movement -

Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)

Member countries

Observer countries

CoordinatingBureau

New York, New York,United States

Membership[1] 120 members17 observers

Leaders - Principal decision-

making organConference of Heads ofState or Government ofNon-Aligned Countries[2]

- Secretary-General Mahmoud Ahmadinejad

Establishment 1961 in Belgrade as theConference of Heads ofState of Government ofNon-Aligned Countries

Websitecsstc.org (http://csstc.org)

Non-Aligned MovementFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is a group of states which are not aligned formally with oragainst any major power bloc. As of 2012, the movement has 120 members and 17 observercountries.[1]

The organization was founded in Belgrade in 1961, and was largely conceived by Yugoslavia'spresident, Josip Broz Tito; Indonesia's first president, Sukarno; Egypt's second president, GamalAbdel Nasser; Ghana's first president Kwame Nkrumah; and India's first prime minister, JawaharlalNehru. All five leaders were prominent advocates of a middle course for states in the DevelopingWorld between the Western and Eastern blocs in the Cold War. The phrase itself was first used torepresent the doctrine by Indian diplomat and statesman V.K. Krishna Menon in 1953, at theUnited Nations.[3]

In a speech given during the Havana Declaration of 1979, Fidel Castro said the purpose of theorganization is to ensure "the national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and securityof non-aligned countries" in their "struggle against imperialism, colonialism, neo-colonialism,racism, and all forms of foreign aggression, occupation, domination, interference or hegemony aswell as against great power and bloc politics".[4] The countries of the Non-Aligned Movementrepresent nearly two-thirds of the United Nations's members and contain 55% of the worldpopulation. Membership is particularly concentrated in countries considered to be developing orpart of the Third World.[5]

Members have at times included the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Argentina, the SouthWest Africa People's Organization, Cyprus, and Malta. While many of the Non-AlignedMovement's members were actually quite closely aligned with one or another of the super powers,the movement still maintained cohesion throughout the Cold War. Some members were involved inserious conflicts with other members (e.g., India and Pakistan, Iran and Iraq). The movementfractured from its own internal contradictions when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979.While the Soviet allies supported the invasion, other members of the movement (particularlypredominantly Muslim states) condemned it.

Because the Non-Aligned Movement was formed as an attempt to thwart the Cold War,[6] it has struggled to find relevance since the Cold Warended. After the breakup of Yugoslavia, a founding member, its membership was suspended[7] in 1992 at the regular Ministerial Meeting of theMovement, held in New York during the regular yearly session of the General Assembly of the United Nations.[8][9] The successor states of the

Non-Aligned Movement - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement

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Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia have expressed little interest in membership, though some have observer status. In 2004, Malta and Cyprusceased to be members and joined the European Union. Belarus remains the sole member of the Movement in Europe. Azerbaijan and Fiji are the mostrecent entrants, joining in 2011. The applications of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Costa Rica were rejected in 1995 and 1998, respectively.[9]

The 16th NAM summit took place in Tehran, Iran, from 26 to 31 August 2012. According to MehrNews agency, representatives from over 150countries were scheduled to attend.[10] Attendance at the highest level includes 27 presidents, 2 kings and emirs, 7 prime ministers, 9 vice presidents,2 parliament spokesmen and 5 special envoys.[11] At the summit, Iran took over from Egypt as Chair of the Non-Aligned Movement for the period2012 to 2015.[12] The 17th Summit of the Non Aligned Movement is to be held in Caracas, Venezuela, in 2015.

Contents

1 Origins2 Organizational structure and membership3 Policies and ideology4 Role after the Cold War5 Current activities and positions6 Summits7 Chairperson8 Members, observers and guests

8.1 Current members8.1.1 Africa8.1.2 Americas8.1.3 Asia8.1.4 Europe8.1.5 Oceania

8.2 Former members8.3 Observers

8.3.1 Countries8.3.2 Organisations

8.4 Guests8.5 Presidency

9 See also10 Further reading11 References12 External links


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Origins

The Non-Aligned movement was never established as a formal organization, but became the name to refer to the participants of the Conference ofHeads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries first held in 1961. The term "non-alignment" itself was coined by V.K. Krishna Menon in1953 remarks at the United Nations. Menon's friend, Jawaharlal Nehru used the phrase in a 1954 speech in Colombo, Sri Lanka. In his speech, Nehrudescribed the five pillars to be used as a guide for Sino-Indian relations, which were first put forth by Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai. Called Panchsheel(five restraints), these principles would later serve as the basis of the Non-Aligned Movement. The five principles were:

Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereigntyMutual non-aggressionMutual non-interference in domestic affairsEquality and mutual benefitPeaceful co-existence

A significant milestone in the development of the Non-Aligned Movement was the 1955 Bandung Conference, a conference of Asian and Africanstates hosted by Indonesian president Sukarno, who gave a significant contribution to promote this movement. Bringing together Sukarno, Nasser,Nehru, Tito, Nkrumah and Menon with the likes of Ho Chi Minh, Zhou Enlai, and Norodom Sihanouk, as well as a young Indira Gandhi, theconference adopted a "declaration on promotion of world peace and cooperation", which included Nehru's five principles, and a collective pledge toremain neutral in the Cold War. Six years after Bandung, an initiative of Yugoslav president Josip Broz Tito led to the first Conference of Heads ofState or Government of Non-Aligned Countries, which was held in September 1961 in Belgrade.[13] The term non aligned movement appears first inthe fifth conference in 1976, where participating countries are denoted as members of the movement.[14]

At the Lusaka Conference in September 1970, the member nations added as aims of the movement the peaceful resolution of disputes and theabstention from the big power military alliances and pacts. Another added aim was opposition to stationing of military bases in foreign countries.[6]

The founding fathers of the Non-aligned movement were: Sukarno of Indonesia, Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia, GamalAbdul Nasser of Egypt and Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana. Their actions were known as 'The Initiative of Five'.

Organizational structure and membership

The movement stems from a desire not to be aligned within a geopolitical/military structure and therefore itself does not have a very strictorganizational structure.[2] Some organizational basics were defined at the 1996 Cartagena Document on Methodology[15] The Summit Conferenceof Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned States is "the highest decision making authority". The chairmanship rotates between countries andchanges at every summit of heads of state or government to the country organizing the summit.[15]

Requirements for membership of the Non-Aligned Movement coincide with the key beliefs of the United Nations. The current requirements are that


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The South Africa Conference NAMLogo

the candidate country has displayed practices in accordance with the ten "Bandung principles" of 1955:[15]

Respect for fundamental human rights and for the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations.Respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all nations.Recognition of the movements for national independence.Recognition of the equality of all races and of the equality of all nations, large and small.Abstention from intervention or interference in the internal affairs of another country.Respect for the right of each nation to defend itself singly or collectively, in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations.Refraining from acts or threats of aggression or the use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any country.Settlement of all international disputes by peaceful means, in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations.Promotion of mutual interests and co-operation.Respect for justice and international obligations.

Policies and ideology

Secretaries General of the NAM had included such diverse figures as Suharto, an authoritariananti-communist, and Nelson Mandela, a democratic socialist and famous anti-apartheid activist. Consisting ofmany governments with vastly different ideologies, the Non-Aligned Movement is unified by its commitmentto world peace and security. At the seventh summit held in New Delhi in March 1983, the movementdescribed itself as "history's biggest peace movement".[16] The movement places equal emphasis ondisarmament. NAM's commitment to peace pre-dates its formal institutionalisation in 1961. The Brionimeeting between heads of governments of India, Egypt and Yugoslavia in 1956 recognized that there exists avital link between struggle for peace and endeavours for disarmament.[16]

During the 1970s and early 1980s, the NAM also sponsored campaigns for restructuring commercial relationsbetween developed and developing nations, namely the New International Economic Order (NIEO), and itscultural offspring, the New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO). The latter, on its own,sparked a Non-Aligned initiative on cooperation for communications, the Non-Aligned News Agencies Pool,created in 1975 and later converted into the NAM News Network in 2005.

The Non-Aligned Movement espouses policies and practices of cooperation, especially those that are multilateral and provide mutual benefit to allthose involved. Many of the members of the Non-Aligned Movement are also members of the United Nations. Both organisations have a stated policyof peaceful cooperation, yet the successes the NAM has had with multilateral agreements tend to be ignored by the larger, western and developednation dominated UN.[17] African concerns about apartheid were linked with Arab-Asian concerns about Palestine[17] and multilateral cooperation inthese areas has enjoyed moderate success. The Non-Aligned Movement has played a major role in various ideological conflicts throughout itsexistence, including extreme opposition to apartheid regimes and support of liberation movements in various locations, including Zimbabwe and SouthAfrica. The support for these sorts of movements stems from a belief that every state has the right to base its policies and practices with national


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interests in mind and not as a result of relations to a particular power bloc.[5] The Non-Aligned Movement has become a voice of support for issuesfacing developing nations and it still contains ideals that are legitimate within this context.

Role after the Cold War

Since the end of the Cold War and the formal end of colonialism, the Non-Aligned Movement has been forced to redefine itself and reinvent itspurpose in the current world system. A major question has been whether many of its foundational ideologies, principally national independence,territorial integrity, and the struggle against colonialism and imperialism, can be applied to contemporary issues. The movement has emphasised itsprinciples of multilateralism, equality, and mutual non-aggression in attempting to become a stronger voice for the global South, and an instrumentthat can be utilised to promote the needs of member nations at the international level and strengthen their political leverage when negotiating withdeveloped nations. In its efforts to advance Southern interests, the movement has stressed the importance of cooperation and unity amongst memberstates,[18] but as in the past, cohesion remains a problem since the size of the organisation and the divergence of agendas and allegiances present theongoing potential for fragmentation. While agreement on basic principles has been smooth, taking definitive action vis-à-vis particular internationalissues has been rare, with the movement preferring to assert its criticism or support rather than pass hard-line resolutions.[19] The movementcontinues to see a role for itself, as in its view, the world's-poorest nations remain exploited and marginalised, no longer by opposing superpowers, butrather in a uni-polar world,[20] and it is Western hegemony and neo-colonialism that the movement has really re-aligned itself against. It opposesforeign occupation, interference in internal affairs, and aggressive unilateral measures, but it has also shifted to focus on the socio-economicchallenges facing member states, especially the inequalities manifested by globalization and the implications of neo-liberal policies. The Non-AlignedMovement has identified economic underdevelopment, poverty, and social injustices as growing threats to peace and security. Summit, Durban, SouthAfrica, 2–3 September 1998: [1] (http://www.nam.gov.za/xiisummit/chap1.htm)

Current activities and positions

Criticism of US policy

In recent years the organization has criticized US foreign policy. The US invasion of Iraq and the War on Terrorism, its attempts to stifle Iran andNorth Korea's nuclear plans, and its other actions have been denounced as human rights violations and attempts to run roughshod over thesovereignty of smaller nations.[21] The movement's leaders have also criticized the American control over the United Nations and other internationalstructures.

Self-determination of Puerto Rico

Since 1961, the organization has supported the discussion of the case of Puerto Rico's self-determination before the United Nations. A resolution onthe matter was to be proposed on the XV Summit by the Hostosian National Independence Movement.[22]

Self-determination of Western Sahara


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Since 1973, the group has supported the discussion of the case of Western Sahara's self-determination before the United Nations.[23] The movementreaffirmed in its last meeting (Sharm El Sheikh 2009) the support to the Self-determination of the Sahrawi people by choosing between any validoption, welcomed the direct conversations between the parties, and remembered the responsibility of the United Nations on the Sahrawi issue.[24]

Sustainable development

The movement is publicly committed to the tenets of sustainable development and the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals, but itbelieves that the international community has not created conditions conducive to development and has infringed upon the right to sovereigndevelopment by each member state. Issues such as globalization, the debt burden, unfair trade practices, the decline in foreign aid, donorconditionality, and the lack of democracy in international financial decision-making are cited as factors inhibiting development.[25]

Reforms of the UN

The movement has been quite outspoken in its criticism of current UN structures and power dynamics, mostly in how the organisation has beenutilised by powerful states in ways that violate the movement's principles. It has made a number of recommendations that would strengthen therepresentation and power of 'non-aligned' states. The proposed UN reforms are also aimed at improving the transparency and democracy of UNdecision-making. The UN Security Council is the element considered the most distorted, undemocratic, and in need of reshaping.[26]

South-South cooperation

Lately the movement has collaborated with other organisations of the developing world – primarily the Group of 77 – forming a number of jointcommittees and releasing statements and documents representing the shared interests of both groups. This dialogue and cooperation can be taken asan effort to increase the global awareness about the organisation and bolster its political clout.

Cultural diversity and human rights

The movement accepts the universality of human rights and social justice, but fiercely resists cultural homogenisation.[citation needed] In line with itsviews on sovereignty, the organisation appeals for the protection of cultural diversity, and the tolerance of the religious, socio-cultural, and historicalparticularities that define human rights in a specific region.[27]

Working groups, task forces, committees[28]

Committee on PalestineHigh-Level Working Group for the Restructuring of the United NationsJoint Coordinating Committee (chaired by Chairman of G-77 and Chairman of NAM)Non-Aligned Security CaucusStanding Ministerial Committee for Economic Cooperation


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Logo of the Sharm El SheikhSummit, 2009

Task Force on SomaliaWorking Group on DisarmamentWorking Group on Human RightsWorking Group on Peace-Keeping Operations

Summits

The conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Countries, often referred to as Non-Aligned Movement Summit is the mainmeeting within the movement and are held every few years:[29]

Date Host country Host city1st 1–6 September 1961 Yugoslavia Belgrade2nd 5–10 October 1964 United Arab Republic Cairo3rd 8–10 September 1970 Zambia Lusaka4th 5–9 September 1973 Algeria Algiers5th 16–19 August 1976 Sri Lanka Colombo6th 3–9 September 1979 Cuba Havana7th 7–12 March 1983 India New Delhi8th 1–6 September 1986 Zimbabwe Harare9th 4–7 September 1989 Yugoslavia Belgrade10th 1–6 September 1992 Indonesia Jakarta11th 18–20 October 1995 Colombia Cartagena de Indias12th 2–3 September 1998 South Africa Durban13th 20–25 February 2003 Malaysia Kuala Lumpur14th 15–16 September 2006 Cuba Havana15th 11–16 July 2009 Egypt Sharm El Sheikh16th 26–31 August 2012 Iran Tehran17th 2015 Venezuela Caracas


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Other meetings (such as the Bali meeting of 23–27 May 2011) are held between the official moments. The Non-Aligned Movement celebrated its50th anniversary in Belgrade on 5–6 September 2011.[30][31]

Chairperson

Between summits, the Non-Aligned Movement is run by the Chairperson elected at last summit meeting. The Coordinating Bureau, also based at theUN, is the main instrument for directing the work of the movement's task forces, committees and working groups.


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Chairperson of the Non-Aligned MovementName Country Party From To

Josip Broz Tito Yugoslavia League of Communists of Yugoslavia 1961 1964Gamal Abdel Nasser United Arab Republic Arab Socialist Union 1964 1970Kenneth Kaunda Zambia United National Independence Party 1970 1973Houari Boumediène Algeria Revolutionary Council 1973 1976William Gopallawa

Sri LankaIndependent 1976 1978

Junius Richard Jayewardene United National Party 1978 1979Fidel Castro Cuba Communist Party of Cuba 1979 1983Neelam Sanjiva Reddy

IndiaJanata Party 1983

Zail Singh Congress Party 1983 1986Robert Mugabe Zimbabwe ZANU-PF 1986 1989Janez Drnovšek

Yugoslavia

League of Communists of Yugoslavia 1989 1990Borisav Jović Socialist Party of Serbia 1990 1991Stjepan Mesić Croatian Democratic Union 1991Branko Kostić Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro 1991 1992Dobrica Ćosić FR Yugoslavia Independent 1992Suharto Indonesia Partai Golongan Karya 1992 1995Ernesto Samper

ColombiaColombian Liberal Party 1995 1998

Andrés Pastrana Arango Colombian Conservative Party 1998Nelson Mandela

South Africa African National Congress1998 1999

Thabo Mbeki 1999 2003Mahathir Mohamad

Malaysia United Malays National Organisation2003

Abdullah Ahmad Badawi 2003 2006

Fidel Castro[32] Cuba Communist Party of Cuba

2006 2008

Raúl Castro 2008 2009


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Hosni Mubarak Egypt

National Democratic Party 2009 2011Mohamed Hussein Tantawi Independent 2011 2012Mohamed Morsi Freedom and Justice Party 2012Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Iran Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran 2012 Present

Members, observers and guests

Current members

The following countries are members of the NAM, arranged by continent, showing their year of admission:[1][33]

Africa

Currently every African country (except South Sudan and Western Sahara) is a member of the Non-Aligned Movement.

Algeria (1961)1. Angola (1964)2. Benin (1964)3. Botswana (1970)4. Burkina Faso (1973)5. Burundi (1964)6. Cameroon (1964)7. Cape Verde (1976)8. Central African Republic (1964)9. Chad (1964)10. Comoros (1976)11. Democratic Republic of the Congo (1961)12. Djibouti (1983)13. Egypt (1961)14. Equatorial Guinea (1970)15. Eritrea (1995)16. Ethiopia (1961)17. Gabon (1970)18. Gambia (1973)19.

Ghana (1961)20. Guinea (1961)21. Guinea-Bissau (1976)22. Ivory Coast (1973)23. Kenya (1964)24. Lesotho (1970)25. Liberia (1964)26. Libya (1964)27. Madagascar (1973)28. Malawi (1964)29. Mali (1961)30. Mauritania (1964)31. Mauritius (1973)32. Morocco (1961)33. Mozambique (1976)34. Namibia (1979)35. Niger (1973)36. Nigeria (1964)37. Republic of the Congo (1964)38. Rwanda (1970)39.


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São Tomé and Príncipe (1976)40. Senegal (1964)41. Seychelles (1976)42. Sierra Leone (1964)43. Somalia (1961)44. South Africa (1994)45. Sudan (1961)46.

Swaziland (1970)47. Tanzania (1964)48. Togo (1964)49. Tunisia (1961)50. Uganda (1964)51. Zambia (1964)52. Zimbabwe (1979)53.

Americas

Antigua and Barbuda (2006)1. Bahamas (1983)2. Barbados (1983)3. Belize (1976)4. Bolivia (1979)5. Chile (1973)6. Colombia (1983)7. Cuba (1961)8. Dominica (2006)9. Dominican Republic (2000)10. Ecuador (1983)11. Grenada (1979)12. Guatemala (1993)13.

Guyana (1970)14. Haiti (2006)15. Honduras (1995)16. Jamaica (1970)17. Nicaragua (1979)18. Panama (1976)19. Peru (1973)20. Saint Kitts and Nevis (2006)21. Saint Lucia (1983)22. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (2003)23. Suriname (1983)24. Trinidad and Tobago (1970)25. Venezuela (1989)26.

Asia

Afghanistan (1961)1. Bahrain (1973)2. Bangladesh (1973)3. Bhutan (1973)4. Brunei (1993)5. Cambodia (1961)6. India (1961)7. Indonesia (1961)8. Iran (1979)9.

Iraq (1961)10. Jordan (1964)11. Kuwait (1964)12. Laos (1964)13. Lebanon (1961)14. Malaysia (1970)15. Maldives (1976)16. Mongolia (1993)17. Myanmar (1961)18.Nepal (1961)19.


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North Korea (1976)20. Oman (1973)21. Pakistan (1979)22. Palestinian territories (1976)23. Philippines (1993)24. Qatar (1973)25. Saudi Arabia (1961)26. Singapore (1970)27. Sri Lanka (1961)28.

Syria (1964)29. Thailand (1993)30. Timor-Leste (2003)31. Turkmenistan (1995)32. United Arab Emirates (1970)33. Uzbekistan (1993)34. Vietnam (1976)35. Yemen (1961)[35]36.

Europe

Azerbaijan (2011)1. Belarus (1998)2.

Oceania

Fiji (2011)1. Papua New Guinea (1993)2. Vanuatu (1983)3.

Former members

Argentina (1973-1991) [36][37]1. Cyprus (1961-2004) [7][37]2.

Malta (1973-2004) [7][37]3. Yugoslavia (1961-1992) [7][37] (including FR

Yugoslavia[38])4.

Observers

The following countries and organizations have observer status:[1]

Countries

Argentina1. Armenia2.

Bosnia and Herzegovina3. Brazil4. China5.


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Costa Rica6. Croatia7. El Salvador8. Kazakhstan9. Kyrgyzstan10. Mexico11.

Montenegro12. Paraguay13. Serbia14. Tajikistan15. Ukraine16. Uruguay17.

Organisations

African Union1.Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organisation2.Arab League3.Commonwealth Secretariat4.Hostosian National Independence Movement5.

Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front6.Organisation of Islamic Cooperation7.South Centre8.United Nations9.World Peace Council10.

Guests

There is no permanent guest status,[39] but often several non-member countries are represented as guests at conferences. In addition, a large numberof organisations, both from within the UN system and from outside, are always invited as guests.

Presidency

NAM's chairman changes every three years. Iran is the current President of the Non-Aligned Movement and hosted the 16th NAM summit between26 and 31 August 2012, after which the presidency was handed to Ahmadinejad on 1 September. The latest move by the NAM Chairman has been toorganise a NAM filmmakers' meeting in order to discuss the establishment of a NAM filmmakers' union. The meeting is to be held in February 2013,concurrently with the 31st Fajr International Film Festival in Tehran.[40]

See also

Asian–African ConferenceFive Principles of Peaceful CoexistenceG-77New World Information and Communication OrderNorth–South divide


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Role of India in Non-aligned movementSouth-South CooperationThird World

Further reading

Hans Köchler (ed.), The Principles of Non-Alignment. The Non-aligned Countries in the Eighties—Results and Perspectives. London: ThirdWorld Centre, 1982. ISBN 0-86199-015-3 (Google Print (http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0861990153&id=WlaLuBO-YBMC&printsec=frontcover) )

References

^ a b c d "NAM Members & Observers" (http://www.nam.gov.ir/Portal/Home/Default.aspx?CategoryID=27f3fbb6-8a39-444e-b557-6c74aae7f75f) . 16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement,Tehran, 26–31 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012.

1.

^ a b "The Non-Aligned Movement: Background Information"(http://www.nam.gov.za/background/background.htm) . Government ofZaire. 21 September 2001. Retrieved 23 April 2011.

2.

^ Ma'Aroof, Mohammad Khalid (1 January 1987). Afghanistan in WorldPolitics: (a Study of Afghan-U.S. Relations) (http://books.google.com/?id=v2pFvh9crtEC&pg=PA75&lpg=PA75&dq=krishna+menon+coined+non+alignment#v=onepage&q&f=false) .ISBN 978-8-121-20097-4.

3.

^ Fidel Castro speech to the UN in his position as chairman of thenon-aligned countries movement 12 October 1979 (http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/cb/cuba/castro/1979/19791012) ; "Pakistan & Non-AlignedMovement" (http://www.pakboi.gov.pk/I_Agreements/pakistan___non-aligned_movemen.html) . Board of Investment – Government of Pakistan.2003.

4.

^ a b Grant, Cedric. "Equity in Third World Relations: a third worldperspective". International Affairs 71, 3 (1995), 567–587.

5.

^ a b Suvedi, Sūryaprasāda (1996). Land and Maritime Zones of Peacein International Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: OxfordUniversity Press. pp. 169–170. ISBN 978-0-198-26096-7.

6.

^ a b c d "The Non-Aligned Movement: Member States"7.

(http://www.nam.gov.za/background/members.htm) . XII Summit, Durban,South Africa, 2–3 September 1998. Retrieved 24 August 2012.^ Lai Kwon Kin (2 September 1992). "Yugoslavia casts shadow overnon-aligned summit" (http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/yugoslavia-casts-shadow-over-nonaligned-summit-1548802.html) . TheIndependent. Retrieved 26 September 2009. "Iran and several otherMuslim nations want the rump state of Yugoslavia kicked out, saying itno longer represents the country which helped to found the movement."

8.

^ a b Najam, Adil (2003). "Chapter 9: The Collective South inMultinational Environmental Politics" (http://books.google.com/?id=eCVZ5Vir2e0C&pg=PA233#v=onepage&q=&f=false) . In Nagel,Stuard. Policymaking and prosperity: a multinational anthology.Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. p. 233. ISBN 0-7391-0460-8. Retrieved10 November 2009. "Turkmenistan, Belarus and Dominican Republic arethe most recent entrants. The application of Bosnia-Herzegovina andCosta Rica were rejected in 1995 and 1998."

9.

^ NAM summit will raise Iran’s profile in the international arena(http://www.mehrnews.com/en/NewsDetail.aspx?NewsID=1680391)

10.

^ NAM summit kicks off in Tehran (http://www.tehrantimes.com/component/content/article/100839)

11.

^ Southern Africa: Media Briefing By Deputy Minister Ebrahim EbrahimOn International Developments (http://allafrica.com/stories/201208150290.html)

12.

^ "Belgrade declaration of non-aligned countries"(http://www.webcitation.org/5y9nJiTzr) . Egyptian presidency website. 6September 1961. Archived from the original (http://www.namegypt.org

13.


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/Relevant%20Documents/01st%20Summit%20of%20the%20Non-Aligned%20Movement%20-%20Final%20Document%20(Belgrade_Declaration).pdf) on 23 April 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2011.^ "Fifth conference of heads of state or Government of non-alignednations" (http://www.webcitation.org/5y9sSWils) . Egyptian presidencywebsite. 6 September 1961. Archived from the original(http://www.namegypt.org/Relevant%20Documents/5th%20Summit%20of%20the%20Non-Aigned%20Movement%20-%20Final%20Document%20(Sr.pdf) on 23April 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2011.

14.

^ a b c "Meeting of the Ministerial Committee on Methodology of theMovement of the Non-Aligned Countries, Caratagena de Indias, May14–16, 1996" (http://www.nam.gov.za/background/methodology.htm#METHODOLOGY) . Head of State and Governmentof the Non-Aligned Countries. Government of Zaire. 14–16 May 1996.Retrieved 24 April 2011.

15.

^ a b Ohlson, Thomas; Stockholm International Peace Research Institute(1988). Arms Transfer Limitations and Third World Security. Oxford:Oxford University Press. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-198-29124-4.

16.

^ a b Morphet, Sally. "Multilateralism and the Non-Aligned Movement:What Is the Global South Doing and Where Is It Going?". GlobalGovernance: A Review of Multilateralism and InternationalOrganizations. 10 (2004), pp. 517–537.

17.

^ Putting Differences Aside (http://www.ipsterraviva.net/TV/Noal/en/default.asp) , Daria Acosta, 18 September 2006.

18.

^ Staff (7 August 2009). "Profile: Non-Aligned Movement"(http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/2798187.stm#facts) . BBC News. Retrieved24 August 2012.

19.

^ XII Summit, Durban, South Africa, 2–3 September 1998: FinalDocument (http://www.nam.gov.za/xiisummit/chap1.htm) , no. 10-11.

20.

^ Staff (16 September 2006). "Non-Aligned Nations Slam U.S."(http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2006/09/16/nonalign.html) . CBC News.Retrieved 23 August 2012.

21.

^ Transcript (14 July 2009). "No Alineados preparan apoyo a la libredeterminación de Puerto Rico – El texto se presentaría al cierre de lacita del NOAL en Sharm el Sheij" (http://www.cooperativa.cl/prontus_nots/site/artic/20090714/pags/20090714083311.html) (inSpanish). Radio Cooperativa. Retrieved 23 August 2012.

22.

^ "3162 (XXVIII) Question of Spanish Sahara. U.N. General assembly28th session, 1973" (http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/282/34/IMG/NR028234.pdf?OpenElement) (PDF format;

23.

requires Adobe Reader). United Nations.^ XV Summit of heads of state and government of the Non AlignedMovement – Final Document. Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt.16-04-2009.(http://www.namegypt.org/en/RelevantDocuments/Pages/default.aspx) Seepoints 237, 238 & 239.

24.

^ Statement on the implementation of the Right to Development(http://espana.cubanoal.cu/ingles/index.html) , 7 January 2008.

25.

^ XII Summit, Durban, South Africa, 2–3 September 1998: FinalDocument (http://www.nam.gov.za/xiisummit/chap1.htm) , no. 55.

26.

^ Declaration on the occasion of celebrating Human Rights Day(http://espana.cubanoal.cu/ingles/index.html) .

27.

^ XII Summit, Durban, South Africa, 2–3 September 1998: TheNon-Aligned Movement: Background Information 2.4.(http://www.nam.gov.za/background/background.htm#2.4.) .

28.

^ XV Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Sharm El Sheikh, 11–16July 2009: Previous Summits (http://www.namegypt.org/en/AboutName/PreviousSummits/Pages/default.aspx)

29.

^ Non-aligned again in Belgrade (http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/9/Politika/950474/Nesvrstani+ponovo+u+Beogradu.html)

30.

^ Secretary-General's Message to Additional Commemorative Meeting ofthe Non-Aligned Movement (http://www.un.org/sg/statements/index.asp?nid=5488)

31.

^ Fidel Castro, having recently undergone gastric surgery, was unable toattend the conference and was represented by his younger brother, Cuba'sacting president Raúl Castro. See "Castro elected President ofNon-Aligned Movement Nations" (http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200609/16/eng20060916_303402.html) . People's Daily. 16 September2006.

32.

^ Cahoon, Ben. "Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)"(http://www.worldstatesmen.org/International_Organizations2.html#NAM). World Statesmen.org. Retrieved 4 September 2012.

33.

^ In a joint letter to the UN Secretary-General sent just prior tounification, the Ministers of Foreign affairs of North and South Yemenstated that "All treaties and agreements concluded between either theYemen Arab Republic or the People's Democratic Republic of Yemenand other States and international organizations in accordance withinternational law which are in force on 22 May 1990 will remain in effect,and international relations existing on 22 May 1990 between the People'sDemocratic Republic of Yemen and the Yemen Arab Republic and otherStates will continue."Bühler, Konrad (2001). State Succession andMembership in International Organizations (http://books.google.ca

34.


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/books?id=Ty7NAG1Jl-8C&dq=State+Succession+and+Membership+in+International+Organizations&source=gbs_navlinks_s) . Martinus Nijhoff Publisher.^ Yemen Arab Republic is one of the founders in 1961. People'sDemocratic Republic of Yemen joined in 1970. In 1990 both were unifiedinto the present day Republic of Yemen, that accepted responsibility forall treaties of its predecessors.[34]

35.

^ La Nación – Opinión – Pág. 19: Los No Alineados ("TheNon-Aligned") (http://prensa.cancilleria.gov.ar/noticia.php?id=13561259), for Lucio Garcia del Solar, 10 October 2006 (in Spanish).

36.

^ a b c d Final Document of the 7th Summit of the Non-AlignedMovement -(New Delhi Declaration) (http://www.namegypt.org

37.

/Relevant%20Documents/07th%20Summit%20of%20the%20Non-Aligned%20Movement%20-%20Final%20Document%20(Ne.pdf)^ Kin, Lai Kwok (2 September 1992). "Yugoslavia Casts Shadow overNon-Aligned Summit" (http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/yugoslavia-casts-shadow-over-nonaligned-summit-1548802.html) .Reuters (via The Independent. Retrieved 24 August 2012.

38.

^ XII Summit, Durban, South Africa, 2–3 September 1998: TheNon-Aligned Movement: Background Information 4.4.(http://www.nam.gov.za/background/background.htm#4.4.)

39.

^ "Iran plans to organize NAM filmmakers’ meeting"(http://www.mehrnews.com/en/newsdetail.aspx?NewsID=1761303) ,Mehr News, 9 December 2012

40.

External links

Official Site: 16th Summit (http://www.nam.gov.ir) – Sixteenth Non Aligned Movement Summit, (Tehran August 26–31, 2012)Official Site: 15th Summit (http://www.namegypt.org/en/Pages/default.aspx) – Fifteenth Non Aligned Movement Summit, (Sharm el SheikhJuly 11–16, 2009)Official Site: 14th Summit (http://www.cubanoal.cu/ingles/index.html) – Fourteenth Non Aligned Movement Summit, (Havana, September11–16, 2006)Non-Aligned Movement (http://www.nam.gov.za) – South African government NAM siteInternational Institute for Non-Aligned Studies (http://www.iins.org/) – International Organization for Non-Aligned MovementThe Cold War International History Project's Document Collection on the NAM (http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=va2.browse&sort=Collection)

Videos

Non-Aligned Movement Summit in Tehran (http://www.presstv.com/Program/259314.html) - PressTV (2012)Iran’s NAM presidency (http://presstv.com/Program/262425.html) - PressTV (2012)

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