N O M E N C L A T U R E by Austin M . Patterson

So-Called "Generic" Names "Degrading" of trade-mark names into common

ones shows need for more generic terms

qpHK problem of applying to chemicals -*- short names of a type called vari­

ously "generic," "nonproprietary," and "coined common," is becoming increas­ingly important. Many chemicals of more or less complicated structure are being produced and marketed as drugs, insecticides, and weed killers, and for other uses. The systematic names of these compounds must be accurate and for this reason are usually too long for everyday widespread use; also, they frequently contain numbers and letters whose meaning is known only to the initiated. The manufacturer of such chemicals coins and registers short names for them, but these trade-mark names are properly used only of his own particular products. There is, therefore, a need for a nonproprietary, or "generic," short name for each chemi­cal entering, or about to enter, the market for general use. The owner of a trade-mark name is interested in the existence of a generic name for his product, because the courts rule that he will lose his trade-mark rights if his name comes to be regarded by the pub­lic as the common name for the chemi­cal (this happened to "aspirin").

The Council on Pharmacy and Chem­istry (CPC) of the American Medical Association was a pioneer in generic names; in 1911, for instance, it intro­duced the term "epinephrine" for the compound trade-marked as Adrennlin. In 1917 the Federal Trade Commission required licensees of U. S. patents on German synthetic drugs to use generic names, such as "barbital" in place of the trade-mark Veronal. In 1920 phar­maceutical firms began coining non­proprietary names for use in connection with their trade-marked terms. Lat­terly, public agencies have taken to coining generic names for pesticides, as "toxaphene" for a chlorinated cam-phene sold also as Phenatox, Penphene, and under other trade-marks. Since April 1947 the CPC has been collab­orating with a government group, the Interdepartmental Committee on Pest Control (ICPC) on unifying and stand­ardizing generic name selection for chemicals used as drugs, as pesticides, or interchangeably for both purposes.

Guiding Principles. It is no easy task to devise good, short, nonproprie­tary names that do not infringe on

trade-marks and do not resemble sys­tematic chemical names too closely. Principles for forming them need to be drawn up , and both chemical nomen-claturists and experts on trade-marks should be consulted. The following basic principles have been adopted and employed by the CPC, the Committee on Pesticides, and the ICPC. They are quoted here by permission from a sepa­rate issue by the CPC, "Use and Abuse of Generic (Coined Common) Names for Pesticides" (available free or in quantities, at cost, from the Secretary of the Council, 535 North Dearborn St., Chicago 10, 111.):

Types of Names Acceptable.—Names that are not in conflict with recognized proprietary or nonproprietary names in the same or other fields of commerce are acceptable. Proposed name should be short and distinctive in both sound and spelling and should avoid confusion with or encroachment on those already in use. Initials and numbers, alone or in combina­

tion as terminal designations, are con­sidered unacceptable. When practicable, common names may conform to accepted scientific terminology; however, rigid conformity to chemical, biological, or otht'r rules of nomenclature, to the ex­clusion of practical considerations per­tinent to the class of compounds involved or the major users affected, is not in­tended.

Types of Compounds Eligible.— Eligible compounds are those that have been defined by the selecting agency identified with the field of commerce in which principal use of the chemical may be expected. The name should apply to the pure basic chemical to avoid mul­tiple and dissimilar names for salts, esters, isomers, homologues, dosage forms, and other variations of the parent compound. When a compound is not sufficiently well known, when it is not widely used, or only holds promise of use, or is otherwise unsuitable for identification by a coined, common name, selection may be deferred or rejected until conditions warrant re­consideration.

Nature and Time of Application.— Proposals for common names may be ini­tiated by manufacturers, formulators, dis­tributors of the basic chemical, or recog­nized noncommercial organizations inter­ested in the proper utilization of the sub­stance. The style of application varies with the selecting agency, which is guided

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NOMENCLATURE-

by the needs of those who will ultimately use it. . . . Common names should be proposed prior to commercial introduction of the chemical. The final selection is based on cooperative consideration by various industrial, scientific, and profes­sional organizations who share a common interest in the employment of the chemi­cal.

The International Problem. In this country, when generic names have been agreed on they are protected b y U. S. trade-mark law, but laws of other nations vary greatly in this respect. In 1950 the World Health Organization ( W H O ) adopted a policy of selecting nonproprietary names for drugs. This action was protested by the American Drug Manufacturers Association and the American Pharmaceutical Manu­facturers Association on the ground that such names were not safeguarded and that in some countries they might b e pirated and registered as trade­marks, to the detriment of trade. To meet this protest the W H O in 1953 re­vised its rules as follows : ( 1 ) T h e fact that a nonproprietary name adopted by the W H O does not have any bind­ing legal effect, but is "recommended" only, will be made clear. (2) Such names will be confined to drugs moving in international commerce. (3) A non­proprietary name proposed by t h e dis­coverer or person or firm first develop­ing or marketing a drug will be adopted by the W H O unless there are compell­ing reasons to the contrary. (4) Names proposed by the W H O for adoption will be published. (5) Formal objec­tion to the adoption of a name may be filed within six months of publication. So long as this objection is on file and not withdrawn no recommended inter­national nonproprietary name will be selected by the WHO. In addition, the W H O recognized that the success of the nonproprietary name program de­pends on the prevention of piracy. Eighty countries are members of the W H O and piracy is preventable at present only by their voluntary coop­eration. However, the manufacturer now has a "veto" right for protecting generic names and it is hoped tha t the W H O program will work out.

Nomenclature Committees Should Be Consulted. It would seem that in the past official American committees on chemical nomenclature have been consulted on generic names in a ran­dom manner only, but this should be a regular procedure, as such names be­come perforce a part of the body of chemical nomenclature. The chief no­menclature committee of the ACS is the Committee on Nomenclature, Spelling, and Pronunciation. E. J. Crane, Chemi­cal Abstracts editor, is chairman.

(Continued on page 5143)

5118 C H E M I C A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G N E W S

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CHEMICAL MARKET PRICES ( Continued from page 5140 )

η - B u t y l benzybiebaeate , tanks , wks. lb. 0 . 5 6 ^ ί c . l . a n d l . c . l lb. 0 . 5 8 K - O . 5 9 K

p - H y d r o x y b f n z o a t e (buty lpara-s e p t ) , pur. , 1 OO-lb. d r u m s , %... lb. 2 . 3 0

Lactate , tanks and c.I. % E a s t . . . . lb . 0 . 3 3 - 0 . 3 Ô M e t h aery lut •·. 400- lb . drums,

wks lb. O.70 Oleat»·, rt-f., drums, t n u k and

l.c.l . . t lb. 0 . 3 7 - 0 3 8 Peroxide . <lit«'itiary. 9 8 - l h . drums

Tech . , s a m e basis lb. 0 . 3 1 0 . 3 2 Peroxide , di tert iary. 9 8 - l b . drums

nearest r a i l d e l y . point , l .c. l . . . . lb . 2 . (JO P h e n y l a c e t a t e , d r u m s lb. \ . ."iO-4 6 0 Stéarate , tech. . dr. e. l . and l .c . l .

t E a s t l b . 0 .21 0 .21 H Cosmet i c , c.I.. l.c.l l b . 0 . 2 4 - Ο 24 ^

B u t y l a m i n e , mono- , drum», c.I. a n d l.c.l..t η·. υ..-,ό-ο OU

tanks , t lb. 0 .">.'* eec -Buty lben/e iw. dr. . c.I.. l .c. l . .

wks lb. D.Oti 0 Ο? n-ButyliiiaKiiesiuiii elUoride, in

ethyl ether lb. 2.ΛΟ p-lerf-Hutylplieiiul. 1 OO-lb. ba^s.

c . I . . l . c . l . . w k s lb. 0 . 2 7 4 - 0 28 »2 Butyra l . l ehvde . e.l . . l .c . l . . t l lvd.

lb. 0 . 2 1 U - 0 . 2 2 »·2 tank>. dlvtl lb. 0 19' ·^

* N o m i n a l . % Freight al lowed, f F fright equal ized .

WEEK'S PRICE CHANGES (Continued from page 5131 )

is now 42 cents per gal.; 95'Λ, 39.75 cents; and 9 1 ' ί , 37.5 cents, the changes taking effect Nov. 16.

Armour & Co., 1355 West 31st St., Chicago 9, is offering two new un­saturated secondary amines, Armeen 2 S and Armeen 2 T , produced from tallow and sova—43 cents per lb. for 2 S and 40 cents, 2 T.

NOMENCLATURE (Continued from page 5118)

Bug in the Malafhion The item on "Malathion" in the

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(Continued on page 5149)

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(Continued from page 5143) error crept in, leaving tne double-O ex­pression lower case italic o's. The capi­tal O's are necessary, of course, to in­dicate oxygen rather than ortho.

Spanish Translation Published A 90:-page pamphlet, "Beglas de

Nomenclatura de la Quimica Orgânica y de la Quimica Biologica segun la Union Internationale d e Chimie Pure et Appliquée," by José Pascual Vila, has been published in Barcelona. It is a translation of the organic "Definitive Report" with comments [/. Am. Chem. Soc, 55, 3905-25 ( 1933 ) ], a s amended and amplified by later decisions, and also of rules on the nomenclature of amino acids and carotenoids. The translator, who is professor of organic chemistry in the University of Bar­celona and director of the department of organic chemistry of the Institute> "Alonso Barba" de Quimica, has added comments on adaptation of the wording of the rules to Castilian (standard Spanish). The translation should make the IUPAC decisions on organic no­menclature better known i n Spanish speaking countries.

INDEX TO ADVERTISERS

A l p h a C o r p 5 1 0 0 Alrose C h e m i c a l C o 5 1 5 0 A m e r i c a n C y a n a m i d Co 5 0 6 5 A m e r i c a n I n s t r u m e n t Co. Inc 5 1 1 2 A m e r i c a n P o t a s h & Chemica l C o r p . . . 5 0 7 9 A p p l i e d R e s e a r c h Laborator ies 5 0 3 8 At la s P o w d e r C o 51 2 9

Baker & C o . Inc 5 1 3 6 Baker Castor Oil C o 5 0 5 1 Baker & A d a m s o n Products , General

C h e m . D i v i s i o n , A l l i ed Chemica l & D y e C o r p 3rd Cover

B e c k m a n Ins truments , I n c 5 0 9 3 Bell T e l e p h o n e Laboratories , 5 0 4 2 Black, Si v a i l s & Bryson, Inc 5 0 9 9 B l a w - K n o x C o 5 1 2 3 Blockson C h e m i c a l C o 5 1 2 7 Brosites M a c h i n e C o . Inc 51 17

Carb ide & Carbon Chemica l s C o . , A D i v . of U n i o n C a r b i d e & Carbon Corp 5 0 5 7 : 4th Cover

C e l a n e s e C o r p . of A m e r i c a 5 0 4 1 Central Sc ient i f ic C o 5 0 9 8 C h e m i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g C a t a l o g 5 0 5 0 C h e m i c a l Materia ls Catalog 5 0 5 5 C h e m i c a l Process C o 5 0 9 2 C h i c a g o B r i d g e & Iron C o 5 1 2 6 C l a y - A d a m s , Inc 5 0 5 3 C o l f m a n I n s t r u m e n t s , Inc 5 1 1 0 C o m m e r c i a l S o l v e n t s Corp. 2 ^ 4 4 C o m i n g C l a s s W o r k s 51 1 4

D a v i s o n C h e m i c a l Corp 5 1 1 3 D e w e y & A l m y C h e m i c a l Co 5 1 0 9 Dis t i l l a t ion P r o d u c t s industr ies , Div .

E a s t m a n Kodak Co. 5 1 2 4 D o w C h e m i c a l Co 5 0 3 9 du Pont d e N e m o u r s & Co. ( I n c . ) ,

E . 1 5 0 8 9

Elec tr ic Stee l F o u n d r y C«> 5 1 3 3 Ethyl C o r p 5 0 3 2

F ires tone Plast ics C o . . . 506O 5 0 6 1 Fisher Scient i f ic C o . 5 0 6 6 F o o t e Minera l Co 5 0 5 6

General Mil l s . Inc 5 0 8 1 G l y c e r i n e P r o d u c e r s ' Associat ion . . . . 5 1 3 5 G o o d y e a r Tire & Rubber i'n 5 0 3 4

H a r d i n g e C o . Inc 5 0 9 0

Indoi l C h e m i c a l C o 5 0 8 2

Ke lco C o 5 0 7 6 K e l l o g g & C o . , M. \V 5 1 1 9 Koppers C o . Inc 5 1 1 6

Laboratory F u r n i t u r e Co . Inc. . . . 5 0 6 2 Lei tz , Inc . . Ε 5 0 7 3

M a t h i e s o n C h e m i c a l Corp 5 0 5 9 : 5 0 6 7 : 5 0 7 X : 2ml Cover

Metal H y d r i d e s . I n c 5 0 7 5 M o n s a n t o ChemicaJ O» 50 >6 5 0 3 7 Murdock C o 5 1 3 4

Nat iona l Ani l ine D i x . . Xllied C h e m i ­cal & D y e Corp 5 1 2 1

Nat iona l Research Corp. 5 1 1 1 Nat ional Starch P r o d u c t s . Inc 5 0 8 3 N e v i l l e C h e m i c a l C o 5 0 9 6 Niagara Alka l i C o 5 0 9 1 N i c h o l s o n & Co . , W . Η 5 1 3 4 North A m e r i c a n A v i a t i o n , Inc 5 0 9 5 Norton C o 5 1 0 1

O h a u s S c a l e Corp _ . 5 1 1 2

Pfaudler C o . 5 125 Process Contro l s D i v . , Ba ird Asso­

c ia tes , I n c _ . 5 0 3 1

Keinhold P u b l i s h i n g Corp 5 0 5 0 : 5 0 5 5 Rochester Mfg . Co . I n c - . 5 0 5 5 R o h m & H a a s C o . 5 0 4 3 R u b b e r Corporat ion o f A m e r i c a . . . _ . 5 1 3 1

Schle icher & Schuel l Co. , C a r l . . . . . . 5 0 4 0 S c h w a r z Laborator ie s , Inc _ . 5 1 1 0 S indar C o r p _ . 5 122 Snel l , Inc . . Foster D _ . .-> 1 15 S tepan C h e m i c a l C o _ . 5 139 Stokes Machine Co. . F. J . 5 0 8 3

T e x a s Gulf Sulphur < In . 5 0 6 9 T h o m a s C o . . Arthur Η . 5 0 9 7

U n i o n Carbide & Carbon C o r p . , Car­b i d e & Carbon C h e m i c a l s D iv . . . .

5 0 5 7 : Îrth Cover U . S . K!ectrie;il Motors, I n c - . 5 1 2 8 U. S. Industrial C h e m i c a l s Co. . Div.

N a t i o n a l Disti l lers Products Corp».. . . 5 0 7 1 Univers i ty of Texas Press _ . 5 1 1 5

Vaut o n P u m p a n d E q u i p m e n t Corp. 5 1 0 0 Virginia S m e l t i n g C o . 5 1 2 2

W a l l a c e & Tiernan P r o d u c t s , I n c . . 5 IIS W e b b e r M f g . C o . I n c . 5 0 7 7 W e s t v a e o Chemica l D iv . , F o o d Ma-

chinerv t\ C h e m i c a l C o r p _ . 5 0 7 2 Wietrand C o . . E d w i n L . 5 0 5 8 Wiuthrop-Su.trris , , I n c 5 0 7 0

DIRECTORY

Chemicals Exchange 5141 Aldr ich Chemica l Co . I n c . A n s u l C h e m i c a l C o m p a n y B e r s w o r t h C h e m i c a l Co. B i o s Laborator ies , Inc. D e l t a C h e m i c a l W o r k s F i n e O r g a n i c s , I n c . G e n e r a l B i o c h e m i c a l s , I n c . M o n o m e r - P o l y m e r , Inc. S e a p l a n t C h e m i c a l Corp .

Equipment Mart 5142, 5143 A . C. T a n k C o . BrookHeld E n g i n e e r i n g Laboratories, I n c . B r o o k l y n Thermometer C o . Cargi l l e Laborator ies , I n c . , R. P. C l e v e l a n d Mixer C o . G l a s s E n g i n e e r i n g Laboratories Penf ie ld Mfg. Co. Inc. Super ior Air Products C o . U e h l i n g Ins trument Co. U . S. Industrial Sales C o . Inc.

T e c h n i c a l S a l e s 5 1 4 3 Bjorksten Research Laboratories Clark Microana ly t i ca l Laboratory C o n s o l i d a t e d E n g i n e e r i n g Corp. E v a n s R e s e a r c h & D e v e l o p m e n t d o r p . E x p e r i m e n t , Inc . F o o d Research Laborator ies , Inc. L a W a l l & Harrisson Pen ick & C o m p a n y , S. B . P e n n i m a n & B r o w n e , I n c . S c h w a r z k o p f Microanalyt ica l Lalioratorx T r u e s d a i l Laboratories , Inc. W i s c o n s i n A l u m n i Research Foundat ion

R E I N H O L D P U B L I S H I N G C O R P O R A T I O N Advertising Management for the American Chemical Society Publications

Merald Lue, Advertising Sales Manager, American Chemical Society Publication* 3 3 0 W . 4 2 n d Street , N e w Y o r k 3 6 , Ν. Y.

A D V E R T I S I N G S A L E S R E P R E S E N T A T I V E S / / . Victor Drumm, Advertising Sales Manager

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s o n Seatt le 4 — M c D o n a l d - T h o m p s o n , N a t i o n a l BIdg . , 1 0 0 8 W e s t e r n A v e . , ELliott 3 7 £ 7 ; Harry

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