Nokia BSS Description

BSS Description

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# Nokia Siemens Networks 1 (68)

BSC3153Nokia GSM/EDGE BSS, Rel. BSS13, BSC andTCSM, Rel. S13, Product Documentation, v.4

The information in this document is subject to change without notice and describes only theproduct defined in the introduction of this documentation. This documentation is intended for theuse of Nokia Siemens Networks customers only for the purposes of the agreement under whichthe document is submitted, and no part of it may be used, reproduced, modified or transmitted inany form or means without the prior written permission of Nokia Siemens Networks. Thedocumentation has been prepared to be used by professional and properly trained personnel,and the customer assumes full responsibility when using it. Nokia Siemens Networks welcomescustomer comments as part of the process of continuous development and improvement of thedocumentation.

The information or statements given in this documentation concerning the suitability, capacity, orperformance of the mentioned hardware or software products are given “as is” and all liabilityarising in connection with such hardware or software products shall be defined conclusively andfinally in a separate agreement between Nokia Siemens Networks and the customer. However,Nokia Siemens Networks has made all reasonable efforts to ensure that the instructionscontained in the document are adequate and free of material errors and omissions. NokiaSiemens Networks will, if deemed necessary by Nokia Siemens Networks, explain issues whichmay not be covered by the document.

Nokia Siemens Networks will correct errors in this documentation as soon as possible. IN NOEVENT WILL NOKIA SIEMENS NETWORKS BE LIABLE FOR ERRORS IN THISDOCUMENTATION OR FOR ANY DAMAGES, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO SPECIAL,DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL OR ANY LOSSES, SUCH AS BUTNOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF PROFIT, REVENUE, BUSINESS INTERRUPTION, BUSINESSOPPORTUNITY OR DATA, THAT MAYARISE FROM THE USE OF THIS DOCUMENT OR THEINFORMATION IN IT.

This documentation and the product it describes are considered protected by copyrights andother intellectual property rights according to the applicable laws.

The wave logo is a trademark of Nokia Siemens Networks Oy. Nokia is a registered trademark ofNokia Corporation. Siemens is a registered trademark of Siemens AG.

Other product names mentioned in this document may be trademarks of their respective owners,and they are mentioned for identification purposes only.

Copyright © Nokia Siemens Networks 2008. All rights reserved.

2 (68) # Nokia Siemens Networks DN02229848Issue 5-1 en09/12/2008

BSS Description

Contents

Contents 3

Summary of changes 5

1 BSS description 7

2 GSM network architecture and BSS elements 112.1 GSM network architecture 112.2 Base Station Controller 122.3 Transcoder Submultiplexer 142.4 Base Station 152.4.1 Nokia Flexi EDGE BTS 162.4.2 Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTS 172.4.3 Nokia MetroSite EDGE BTS 202.4.4 Upgrading Nokia Talk-family Base Station sites 212.5 Cellular transmission 232.5.1 BSC transmission 232.5.2 Base station transmission 242.5.3 Microwave Radio Solutions 252.5.4 Cross-connect nodes 282.5.5 Line equipment 292.6 Nokia NetAct™ framework for network and service management 292.6.1 Nokia NetAct™ architecture 312.6.2 Nokia NetAct™ functionality for network and service management 312.7 Power systems 34

3 BSS solutions 37

4 BSS compatibility with NSS 41

5 BSS radio management feature compatibility 435.1 Mixed transmit power, coverage or frequency 445.2 Spectrum capacity features 465.3 FACCH Call Set-up feature compatibility 46

6 BSS interfaces 49

7 GSM system security 53

8 Services for operators 558.1 Planning GSM/EDGE BSS networks 568.2 Deploying GSM/EDGE BSS 568.3 Maintaining GSM/EDGE BSS systems 578.4 Training operator personnel 588.5 Integrating the GSM/EDGE networks 598.6 Optimising networks 598.7 Operating networks 60

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Contents

9 BSS quality 619.1 Equipment 619.2 Software 629.3 Documentation 629.4 Operation 629.5 Services 63

10 Environmental issues 6510.1 Nokia Siemens Networks environmental policy 6510.2 Environmental management system 6510.3 Design for Environment 6610.4 Materials 6610.5 Environmental aspects of networks and sites 6610.6 Take-back information 6710.7 Restriction of Hazardous Substances 68


BSS Description

Summary of changes

Changes between document issues are cumulative. Therefore, the latestdocument issue contains all changes made to previous issues.

Changes made between issues 5-1 and 5-0

In chapter BSS interfaces, information on Gb over IP for SatelliteConnection has been added.


In section Cellular transmission, information on BSC transmission hasbeen added and information on base stations and base stationtransmission has been updated.

Section Power systems has been updated with information on newproducts.

Chapter BSS Solutions has been updated to BSS13 level.

Information on secured IP O&M connections has been added to chapterGSM system security.

Chapters Services for operators and Environmental issues have beenrewritten.


Changes made between issues 4-1 and 4-0 lists the main changes madeto the document after the Nokia GSM/EDGE BSS, Rel. BSS12, SystemDocumentation pilot release. The following changes have been made:

. BSS12 level software solution descriptions have been added in BSSsolutions.

. BTS names have been corrected.

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Summary of changes


BSS Description

1 BSS description

The purpose of this description is to give a general overview of the partsand operations of the GSM network's Base Station Subsystem (BSS). Inaddition, other operational entities and services related to the BSS aredescribed.

In this description, the abbreviation GSM stands for the GSM 800, GSM900, GSM 1800 and GSM 1900 systems. In addition, GSM 800/1900,GSM 900/1800 and GSM 800/1800 for Nokia Flexi EDGE BTS, NokiaUltraSite EDGE BTS and for Nokia MetroSite EDGE BTS are presented.

The BSS solution consists of the base station controller (BSC), transcodersubmultiplexer (TCSM), base station (BTS), cellular transmission (CT),power systems, antenna line, the network service and managementsystem (Nokia NetAct) and network planning. General network elementnames are used for Nokia Siemens Networks equipment here.

Nokia Siemens Networks can provide a complete BSS network including:

. radio network elements: BSC and a wide range of BTSs

. integrated cellular transmission including short-haul and long-haulmicrowave radios, copper-based transmission, PDH cross-connection and SDH products

. integrated and stand-alone power systems, battery backup and sitesupport solutions

. full range of antenna line elements.

. GSM-UTRAN inter-system functionalities.

. management of all the above with Nokia NetAct network service andmanagement system.

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BSS description

Advantages of BSS

The high capacity BSS is based on a fully integrated system approach,offering a unique system solution with built-in intelligence and flexibility.The use of advanced features with the greatest potential for capacity,coverage and quality result in the maximum performance of the GSMnetwork.

The BSC and TCSM have been designed to allow flexible locationingwithin the GSM network. For example, the TCSM can be co-located on thesame site with the BSC or MSC to economise transmission costs.

The modular design of Nokia Siemens Networks equipment has manyadvantages. It facilitates the upgrading of hardware and software, resultingin a minimal disturbance to the network. The modularity also makes theequipment easily expandable. Due to the modularity, the size of the BSC,the TCSM and the BTS is relatively small and compact, which makes themeasy to place and thus assist with providing the possibility for a fast roll-out.

The equipment conforms to the GSM specifications. For more informationon the subject, see Nokia Siemens Networks Statement of Compliance.

The individual BSS network elements are linked together with cellulartransmission (CT) or leased line connection. The integrated transmissionsolution provides an automatic path protection by the formation of loopswith secure radio links. The base station integrated cross-connectionfunctionality reduces the transmission costs between the BTSs and BSCs.

The provision of high quality services to end users is also enabled by thecapability of full mobile services availability, achieved by protecting theBTS against mains voltage breaks and keeping services running. Thepower systems have been specified, tested and optimised to secure theBTS site element functions, ensuring safe DC distribution for BTSs andLTEs.

Prerequisites for the availability of the BSS network elements are simplicityand speed of the servicing procedures, such as fault repair time. In theBSS solution this is guaranteed in many ways. Built-in redundancy andefficient supervision functionalities minimise the time spent inmaintenance. In addition, reliable network elements and automatic faultdetection and recovery procedures cause less need for site visits. As aresult, network maintenance is more economical.


BSS Description

Network Design aids the operator to plan the network to be as cost-effective as possible. The network service and management system(Nokia NetAct) provides the means to implement and modify the networkplans.

Nokia Siemens Networks Customer Operations provides planning,implementation, training and technical support services as a part of thecomplete BSS system solution.

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BSS description


BSS Description

2 GSM network architecture and BSSelements

2.1 GSM network architecture

The GSM network is functionally divided into three elements. Base StationSubsystem (BSS) is one of the main functional elements of the GSMnetwork. The other elements in the GSM network are the networkswitching subsystem (NSS), GPRS core network to SGSN and networkservice and management subsystem (provided by Nokia NetAct).

The main function of the BSS is to connect the mobile subscriber's mobilestation (MS) to the GSM network and provide connections to the mobileswitching centre (MSC), and to GPRS core network, serving GPRSsupport node (SGSN). The BSS also takes care of the mobilitymanagement of the cellular network including, for example, handovermanagement and various measurements.

For more information on the various interfaces, see BSS interfaces.

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GSM network architecture and BSS elements

Figure 1. Nokia Base Station Subsystem in the GSM network

2.2 Base Station Controller

The BSS solution consists of the base station controller (BSC), transcodersubmultiplexer (TCSM), base station (BTS), cellular transmission (CT), thenetwork service and management system (Nokia NetAct) and networkplanning.

The BSC is designed to efficiently use radio resources, and also provideeasy operability and maintainability. Further, it is also designed to gatherand convey comprehensive information about the quality of service.Moreover, it is cost-efficient and has high capacity. The BSC is a stable,mature product, with field-proven high reliability and multivendorfunctionality.

Nokia NetACT

SGSN

MSC TCSM BSC BTS

MS

A Ater Abis Um

Q3/FBPP Gb

MGW

SMLC

Lb

CBC


BSS Description

The main function of the BSC is to control and manage the BSS and theradio channels. It transfers signalling information to and from the mobilesand manages handovers between the cells.

The BSC is connected to a BTS via the Abis (CS and PS traffic) interface.CS traffic goes to the core network through the A interface (CS traffictowards MSC). PS traffic goes to the core network through the Gbinterface (PS traffic towards SGSN) over FR or through the optional Gbover IP. Gb over IP provides an optimised way of transporting packet-switched traffic via a flexible and dynamic IP pipe. An integrated LANswitch in BSC3i provides access to the operator's IP network as the firstlevel LAN switch.

The BSC contains several different functional entities. Figure Functionalentities of BSC illustrates these elements in the BSC3i.

Figure 2. Functional entities of BSC

The transcoder (TCSM) is usually installed on the MSC site but viewed asa functional unit of the BSC.

BSC3i

The High Capacity Base Station Controller BSC3i is a solution for all GSMmarkets. The maximum circuit handling capacity of a BSC3i is 2000 TRX,11880 Erl. The BSC3i has a compact one-cabinet or extended two-cabinetdesign; it is also modular in order to enable easy expansion. It has built-in

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IP connectivity for enhanced feature support with IP-based interfaces. Ituses transmission and radio resources efficiently in order to enable aflexible traffic mix between voice and data. It has a swift fault detection andhot standby units to allow minimal system downtime.

Figure 3. High Capacity Base Station Controller, BSC3i

For more information, see Product Description of BSC3i High CapacityBase Station Controller under Product descriptions in the PDF view.

2.3 Transcoder Submultiplexer

The Transcoder Submultiplexer (TCSM) is used on the A interfacebetween the BSC and the MSC or MGW to enable the full use of networkcapacity. The TCSM performs transcoder functions in the base stationsubsystem and provides a submultiplexing scheme that is used betweenthe transcoder and the BSC.


BSS Description

The TCSM units are functional units of the BSC, but can be located eitherat the BSC or MSC site. Submultiplexing is used between the BSC andTCSM to reduce transmission costs. The reduction is greatest when theTCSM is located at the MSC site. Submultiplexing reduces the amount oftransmission capacity needed between the MSC and BSC sites by 75%.

The TCSM converts the 64 kbit/s traffic channels arriving from the MSCinto 16 kbit/s channels and multiplexes these channels to fit the PCM linetime slots going towards the BSC. The same principle in reverse applies tothe other direction (from the BSC to the MSC).

The TCSM performs speech coding according to the speech compressionmethods mentioned in the GSM specifications. It also supports Full Rate(FR), Half Rate (HR), Enhanced Full Rate (EFR), and Adaptive Multi Rate(AMR) codecs. In addition, Acoustic Echo Canceller (AEC), NoiseSuppression (NS), Tandem Free Operation (TFO) and Adaptive GainControl can be used to further improve network speech quality for mobilesubscribers.

For more information on the TCSM, see Product Description of TCSM3iHigh Capacity Transcoder Submultiplexer under Product descriptions inthe PDF view.

2.4 Base Station

The base station (BTS) is connected to the base station controller (BSC)via the Abis interface. The BTS also connects the mobile subscriber'smobile station (MS) to the GSM network through the Radio interface andperforms the radio functions of the BSS.

Nokia Siemens Networks offers a great variety of base station types forboth indoor and outdoor use in different climatic or other environmentalconditions. Micro base station solutions for capacity enhancement andcoverage extension are also available.

The BTSs are fully controllable from Nokia NetAct and the BSC site with aremote connection. The required software can be downloaded either fromthe BSC or from Nokia NetAct through the BSC. Man-Machine Interface(MMI) or Site Wizard enables local commissioning, fast fault localisation,and efficient testing.

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2.4.1 Nokia Flexi EDGE BTS

Nokia Flexi EDGE BTS is a unique and very modular base station forGSM/EDGE capacity and coverage. Its modular design makes siteacquisition and installation easier, reducing the time needed for rolling outnetwork coverage in a new area. Nokia Flexi EDGE BTS allows usingexisting site space sparingly and efficiently. It is the ideal solution for allnetworking scenarios.

Figure 4. Nokia Flexi EDGE BTS

A functional Nokia Flexi EDGE BTS can be built with just two logicalmodules: Nokia Flexi EDGE System Module and Nokia Flexi EDGE SectorModule. The Sector Module is a logical unit consisting of two buildingblocks: Dual TRX Module (DTRX) and Dual Duplexer Module. Typicallyone Sector Module is needed per sector. Sector extensions are done justby adding more Dual TRXs and optional Wideband Combiners (WBCs).Another option is to use the Remote Tune Combiner Module together withDual TRX Modules; the Dual Duplexer Module is then not needed.

Nokia Flexi EDGE BTS is highly integrated. As an example, it supports upto 24 TRXs (12 Dual TRXs) in the volume of a traditional single BTScabinet. There is virtually no limit to site capacity, due to synchronisedNokia Flexi EDGE BTS chaining.


BSS Description

Nokia Flexi EDGE BTS is optimised for high capacity as well as highcoverage for macrocellular applications. It also enables evolution paths byproviding a flexible expansion capability. It is possible to expand sector bysector so that traffic in only one sector is impacted at the time and thetraffic in the whole BTS is not affected.

Nokia Flexi EDGE BTS continues to provide top-of-class RF performancewith balanced link, similar to existing Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTS. Instandard Capacity mode, it provides TRX output power of 47 dBm andsensitivity of -115.5 dBm.

Double Power TRX and coverage features secure an even higherperformance for coverage-limited scenarios. The BSS13 featureBSS20870: Double Power TRX for the Flexi EDGE BTS now extends therange of possible coverage-based solutions that can employed within theSmart Radio Concept (SRC).

In addition, another BSS13 feature BSS20903: Adjustable IntelligentShutdown for Flexi EDGE BTS enables more efficient handling of TRXresources in BTS shutdown in case of Battery Backup Unit mains failure.The solution increases flexibility and assists the operator to retainrevenues.

Nokia Flexi EDGE BTS offers a range of transmission interfacealternatives. The supported interfaces are microwave radio (NokiaFlexiHopper microwave radio family) and wireline interfaces (E1, T1 andEthernet). Nokia Flexi EDGE System Module includes one transmissionslot. Flexi EDGE Transport has been optimized for tail and small chain/loop sites.

2.4.2 Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTS

Triple-mode Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTS is a compact high capacity basestation for multiple standards. Combinations of GSM, EDGE and CDMAconfigurations can exist in the same cabinet. Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTSsupports GSM/EDGE on 800, 900, 1800 and 1900 MHz frequency bandsand it also has capability for 900/1800, 800/1800 and 800/1900 dualbands. Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTS supports sectored and omni-configurations.

Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTS can be housed in indoor or outdoor cabinets.Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTS cabinets can house up to 12 GSM/EDGETRXs, or up to 6 GSM/EDGE TRXs and 6 WCDMA carriers. A 1-6 TRXNokia UltraSite EDGE BTS Midi Indoor and Outdoor and 1-4 TRX NokiaUltraSite EDGE BTS Mini Outdoor are also available.

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Figure 5. Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTS Indoor

Figure 6. Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTS Outdoor

Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTS is optimised for high capacity and widecoverage macrocellular applications. Because of an improved link budgetthe number of sites are reduced, a seamless voice and data coveragearea is provided, and high call quality is maintained.


BSS Description

Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTS provides high capacity with a reduced numberof BTS cabinets and sites. It is a compact, high capacity voice and dataBTS, containing up to 12 TRXs per BTS cabinet. The cabinets can bechained for large configurations with up to 108 TRXs in 9 BTS cabinets.

Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTS can also be used when the existing Talk-familysites need to be expanded. Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTS can be placed sideby side with the Talk-family sites and can be integrated into a Talk-familysite as an extension cabinet.

With the versatile Nokia UltraSite transmission options, the most suitabletransmission media can be used. Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTS can houseup to 4 transmission units. The supported transmission medias aremicrowave radios (Nokia FlexiHopper Microwave Radio and NokiaMetroHopper Radio), wireline (E1/T1) and optical STM-1 interface. A SDHADM or TM multiplexer can be used for optical transmission.

The extremely wide coverage area built by Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTS,with 45.7 dBm (37.15 W output power, combining by-pass), provides awide service area per site and a large user base coverage. Usingintelligent downlink diversity and 4 way uplink diversity with Nokia SmartRadio Concept (SRC), Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTS provides a coveragegain of up to 5 dB in both uplink and downlink direction.

Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTS provides full data support with HSCSD, GPRS,and EDGE compatibility. The soft capacity features, such as IntelligentFrequency Hopping (IFH), are fully supported. Advanced coverageenhancing features, such as Nokia Intelligent Coverage Enhancement(ICE) and the Nokia Smart Radio Concept (SRC) options, are alsosupported.

BSS11134: Antenna Hopping for UltraSite BTS is an application softwaretargeted at optimising capacity and performance. Antenna Hoppingenables the TRXs in an RF hopping BTS to transmit with all the TXantennas in the BTS. Antenna Hopping uses the existing Baseband (BB)hopping functionality in the BTS.

BSS11047: Intelligent Shutdown for UltraSite and MetroSite BTS isanother application software in the UltraSite. It is used to minimise the BTSsite power consumption and optimise the service level if the mains powerfails. By reducing the service level when the mains has failed, the batterybackup power can be made last longer than when using a full service level.

Beyond this, the new feature provided in BSS13, BSS20151: AdjustableIntelligent Shutdown, enables a more efficient handling of TRX resourcesin BTS shutdown in case of Battery Backup Unit mains failure. Thesolution increases flexibility and assists the operator to retain revenues.

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Table 1. Technical information of Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTS

Number ofTRXs

1 -12 per cabinet

108 TRXs per site

can be divided between differentbands

1 - 6 sectors per cabinet combiningby-pass and wideband combining2:1

1 - 3 sectors per cabinet withwideband combining 4:1

1 - 2 sectors per cabinet withremote tune combining

1 sector can have 1 -12 TRXs

2.4.3 Nokia MetroSite EDGE BTS

Nokia MetroSite EDGE BTS is a compact and powerful base station with apleasant appearance that blends easily into almost any environment. Itssmall size makes the site acquisition easier and faster for the operator.

Nokia MetroSite EDGE BTS is an ideal solution for areas where capacity isneeded, such as downtown street corners, shopping centres, andunderground stations, because of its optimised RF performance, highcapacity, compatibility with Nokia soft capacity solution features andversatile installation options.

Nokia MetroSite EDGE BTS can be used to provide coverage formacrocellular networks, such as gaps in the network or roadside sites. Itcan also be used to build fill-in coverage in urban or suburban areas wherethe site locations for conventional base stations are hard to find or a quickroll-out is needed.

Installing MetroSite next to the antennas - either on rooftop or mast-top -will minimise the feeder losses, thus easily providing a similar coveragearea as a traditional macro base station installed on the ground or in abasement. For transmission, Nokia MetroSite supports Nokia FlexiHopperand MetroHopper microwave radios, as well as E1/T1 interfaces. NokiaMetroSite can house one transmission plug-in unit (FC STM-1).

Nokia MetroSite EDGE BTS supports 1-4 TRX per cabinet upto 12 TRXswith cabinet chaining.


BSS Description

2.4.4 Upgrading Nokia Talk-family Base Station sites

A Nokia Talk-family BTS site can be upgraded to EDGE functionality withthe installation of Nokia Flexi EDGE/UltraSite EDGE BTS (housing GSM/EDGE-capable TRXs) as an extension cabinet on the site. Sitecompatibility is achieved by synchronising a Nokia Talk-family BTS andNokia Flexi EDGE/UltraSite EDGE BTS, and by using existing antennaand feeding structures. The synchronised BTSs share a single BCCH (persector) and function in the network as a single cell. The site is then seen asone object by the NMS and the BSC (Multi BCF control). In thisconfiguration, the Nokia Talk-family TRXs support voice, 9.6 kbit/s data,HSCSD, and GPRS.

The Nokia Talk-family and Nokia Flexi EDGE/UltraSite EDGE BTS co-siting solution provides the following benefits to GSM network operators:

. Full capacity. All GSM/EDGE TRX configurations are supported. Depending

on the business and network requirements, operators can usea combination of GSM and GSM/EDGE TRXs.

. Full coverage. Nokia Flexi EDGE/UltraSite EDGE BTS offers a better link

budget of 2 dB; since the received signals are shared withinthe same cell, better coverage is achieved.

. Full functionality. The Nokia Flexi EDGE/UltraSite EDGE BTS solution offers

Dynamic Abis functionality which is an efficient way toenhance the Abis data handling capacity and subscriber datarates.

The figure Co-siting of Nokia UltraSite and Talk-family shows an exampleof Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTS (or Nokia Flexi EDGE BTS) and Nokia Talk-family BTS co-siting.

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Figure 7. Co-siting of Nokia UltraSite and Talk-family

Nokia Flexi EDGE BTS modules can also be installed into the CityTalkcabinet by using the Talk conversion kit EMIA. The inner parts of theCityTalk cabinet are stripped out before the Nokia Flexi EDGE modulesare installed and certain parts of the CityTalk cabinet are replaced withnew parts belonging to the EMIA kit.

BSC BSC BSC

8 TRX

8 TRX8 TRX

BTS-1

Talk-family4+4+4

UltraSite BTS4+4+4

Synchronization

BTS-2

BTS-3

O&M

O&M

Abis interface


BSS Description

The CityTalk cabinet retains its outline dimensions and the mechanicalshape when modified with EMIA. The Nokia Flexi EDGE BTS within themodified cabinet fulfills the Nokia Flexi EDGE temperature and IPrequirements. Nokia Flexi EDGE BTS within the cabinet has only standardEAC control or alarm connections to the cabinet if needed. The cabinet isalso possible to equip with an optional air filter kit. CityTalk cabinet withEMIA supports up to 4+4+4 single band or 2+2+2 dual bandconfigurations.

2.5 Cellular transmission

The Base Station Subsystem cellular transmission system interconnectsthe network components: base stations, base station controllers, andmobile switches.

For more information, see BSS transport solutions in Transport NetworkSolution for Nokia BSS under System descriptions in the PDF view.

2.5.1 BSC transmission

In the backbone transport network, transmission is generally based on theplesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH) technology (E1/T1 over PDH), ormore recently on the synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) technology. TheBSC3i's maximum configuration includes a maximum of 800 PCMconnections used on external interfaces (E1/T1) with ET units or amaximum of 16 optical SDH/SONET interfaces with fibre redundancy.

Because of the growing capacity of the BSC, an optical SDH transmissionis often used between the BSC and the BTSs as well as between the BSCand the MSC. The STM-1/OC-3 interface is the optical interface to theSDH/SONET network. One STM-1 interface can carry 63 E1 PCMs andone OC-3 interface 84 T1 PCMs.

Ethernet can be used as an alternative to E1/T1 lines on the Gb interfacebetween the BSC and the SGSN. Similarly, Ethernet can also be used onthe A interface signalling with IETF signalling transmission (SIGTRAN) asthe SS7 over IP signalling solution between BSC and MSC/MSS.

The Nokia TCSM3i for combined BSC3i/TCSM3i installation optionprovides optical A interface connectivity also towards the core network.With this configuration, BSC3i 1000/2000 and TCSM3i are installedtogether and the maintenance of the optical connections is done by theBSC. The TCSM3i in a combined BSC3i/TCSM3i installation can beshared with several remote BSCs.

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2.5.2 Base station transmission

The BTSs contain a fully integrated cross-connection functionality thatbrings savings in the GSM/EDGE transmission costs. The BTS canoperate as a transmission relay, cross-connect, and add-drop multiplexer(ADM) offering a wide range of different branching, grooming, and add-drop functions. The add-drop functions range from 2Mbit/s level down to8kbit/s level (16 kbit/s in Flexi EDGE BTS). The multidrop function can beused in BTS chains or in loops where several BTSs are connected on asingle 2 Mbit/s line.

The BTS transmission equipment can be managed from Nokia NetActintegrated network management system, which simplifies networkmaintenance and operation.

Nokia UltraSite/MetroSite/MetroHub transmission FXC units withcross-connection

The FXC units include a very powerful cross-connection system with agranularity of 8 kbit/s.

. FXC E1/T1 (4 x 2M/1.5M), symmetric wireline transmission, 120/100Ohm

. FXC E1 (4 x 2M), asymmetric wireline transmission, 75 Ohm

. FXC RRI (16 x 2M), radio link transmission (Flexbus connection for 2outdoor units)

. FXC STM-1: Unit with 2 STM-1 interfaces for fibre optic cable (L-1.1laser interface), SDH standard compliant, add/drop and cross-connection at VC-12 layer, synchronisation functions.

. FXC Bridge: Bridge for the signals between the SDH part of the BTSand the PDH cross-connect of the FXC equipment. Includes Q1management and cross-connection on 8 kbit/s, 16 kbit/s, 32 kbit/sand 64 kbit/s granularity. This unit is always used with the FXC STM-1 card.

Nokia MetroSite transmission FC unit

The FC unit was designed to be used with Nokia MetroSite EDGE BTS.One FC unit is available:

. FC STM-1: a unit with 2 STM-1 interfaces for fibre optic cable (L-1.1laser interface), SDH standard compliant, add/drop and cross-connection at VC- 12 layer, synchronisation functions (only to beused with Nokia MetroSite EDGE BTS, CXM 4.1 SW or later isrequired).


BSS Description

Nokia Flexi EDGE BTS transmission plug-in units

One transmission plug-in card is fully integrated to the Nokia Flexi EDGEBTS System Module. The following variants are available:

. 8 x E1, 2 Mbit coaxial 75 Ohms wireline transmission (FIEA)

. 8 x E1, T1, 2 Mbit/ 1,5 Mbit balanced 120/100 Ohms wirelinetransmission (FIPA)

. 4 x E1/ T1, balanced with 120/ 100 Ohms plus 2 x Fast Ethernet 100BaseT, 1 x Gigabit Ethernet (FIQA)

. 4 x E1, coaxial 75 Ohms plus 2 x Fast Ethernet 100 BaseT, 1 xGigabit Ethernet (FIYA)

. 2 x Nokia Flexbus interfaces 16 x 2Mbit/s (FIFA) for NokiaMicrowave Radio Outdoor Unit

The solution supports grooming down to 16kbit/s and loop protectionwhereas the Nokia Flexi EDGE BTS acts as loop slave. The solution isoptimised for tail and chain sites.

For additional interfaces, media conversion, and hub sites, the NokiaFlexiHub can be used as part of the Nokia Flexi BTS product family.Satellite Abis is also available for sites with limited infrastructure.

2.5.3 Microwave Radio Solutions

The microwave radios are so called split-mount equipment which alwaysconsist of a outdoor mounted microwave part and antenna, and a indoormounted baseband functionality. The indoor solution can be eitherintegrated or standalone. The outdoor and indoor parts are interconnectedwith a single coaxial Nokia Flexbus cable.

The indoor units of the PDH microwave radios, Nokia FlexiHoppermicrowave radios and Nokia MetroHopper radio are integrated into NokiaFlexi EDGE BTS, Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTS, Nokia MetroSite EDGEBTS, and Nokia Talk-family base stations as plug-in units that fit directly tothe base station cabinet.

The Nokia MetroHub standalone TDM cross-connect node also provideshousing for the plug-in indoor units with Nokia Flexbus interfaces for NokiaFlexiHopper and Nokia MetroHopper microwave radios.

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A 19 in. rack-mountable standalone indoor unit (FIU 19E) provides aseparate E1 access to MetroHopper and FlexiHopper microwave radios ifa standalone transmission solution is required.

Nokia PowerHopper, the SDH radio indoor unit, needs a separate 19 in.installation space as well as the external third party SDH multiplexer whichprovides the E1 access to the STM-1 input of the radio.

The microwave radio solutions can be centrally managed by Nokia NetAct.

Nokia FlexiHopper

The Nokia FlexiHopper PDH microwave radio family includes models for 7,8, 13, 15, 18, 23, 26, 28, 32 and 38 GHz frequency bands. The radiotransport capacity of all Nokia FlexiHopper frequency variants is 2x2, 4x2,8x2 or 16x2 Mbit/s. Nokia FlexiHopper radios support the modern 4-levelπ/4-DQPSK and 32 TCM modulation methods allowing an operator tochoose the modulation best suited for a specific hop. Capacity andmodulation options can be commissioned by using the node manager orthe network management system (Nokia NetAct) without any hardwarechanges. The Nokia FlexiHopper radios use forward error correction (FEC)and interleaving to improve signal quality which make them an ideal mediafor transporting E1 traffic carrying the Abis interface.

The maximum feasible hop length of the Nokia FlexiHopper depends onthe frequency and required target for unavailability. When the radios areset to a lower capacity or larger antennas are used, the hop lengths can beeven longer.

Nokia MetroHopper

The capacity of the Nokia MetroHopper PDH radio is 4x2 Mbit/s. It uses a58 GHz frequency band, which does not require co-ordinated frequencyplanning and thus minimises the approval and planning procedure. The 58GHz band has the unique natural characteristic of additional oxygenabsorption. This attenuation limits feasible hop lengths to less than 800 m(depending on climate conditions). Nokia MetroHopper is an optimalsolution for the GSM/WCDMA microcellular access.

Due to a special characteristic of the 58 GHz band, Nokia MetroHoppercan be installed without any of the conventional delays caused by applyingfor a license for a microwave link. Administrative paperwork is eitherminimized or eliminated. The operator does not need to do sophisticatedinterference calculations because of the automatic channel selectionfunctionality implemented in Nokia MetroHopper. Nokia MetroHopper isfast and easy to install due to its small size and lightweight structure.


BSS Description

Nokia PowerHopper Vario

Nokia PowerHopper Vario is an SDH radio that provides STM-1 (155 Mbit/s) transmission capacity. It consists of an outdoor unit and a 19 in. rack-mountable standalone indoor unit. The interconnection between these twounits is made by using a single coaxial cable that also feeds power to theoutdoor unit. The STM-1 interface of the indoor unit can be connecteddirectly to the STM-1 interface of an external SDH add-drop multiplexerwhich can provide various smaller capacity interfaces to be transportedover STM-1. The Nokia PowerHopper SDH microwave radio is availablefor 7, 8, 15, 18, 23, 26 and 38 GHz frequency bands. The protectionmethod against equipment faults is 1+1 HSB.

Nokia FlexiHopper Plus

The Nokia FlexiHopper Plus introduces 16-level modulation to theFlexiHopper family.

Nokia FlexiHopper Plus is made to fulfil both the latest customer andregulator requirements. As in many countries available frequenciesbecome very congested, the demand for more efficient modulationincreases.

Nokia FlexiHopper Plus' 32 TCM mode provides a double capacity inexisting channel bandwidth thus increasing the spectrum efficiency. Thenew modulation supports 16x2 Mbit/s (14 MHz channel spacing) and 8x2Mbit/s (7 MHz channel spacing) transmission capacities.

FlexiHopper Plus is fully compatible with current indoor units as well as airinterface compliant with Nokia FlexiHopper with 4-state modulation.

Nokia FlexiHopper XC

Nokia FlexiHopper XC offers transmission capacities of 2 x 2 Mbit/s, 4 x 2Mbit/s, 8 x 2 Mbit/s or 16 x 2 Mbit/s in 4-state modulation (QPSK) and 8 x 2Mbit/s, 16 x 2 Mbit/s or 40 x 2 Mbit/s in 16-state modulation (16-QAM).

FlexiHopper XC is available for 7, 15, 18, 23, and 38 GHz frequencybands. It is especially suitable for any radio link where the expected growthin capacity may exceed 16 x E1, but can be used also for any link from 2 xE1 to 40 x E1.

The indoor unit of FlexiHopper XC, FlexiHub Node, provides six slots forplug-in units and one slot for a fan unit.

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InterLink

InterLink is a long haul SDH radio for backbone applications with multipleSTM-1 connections, for example 3+1 or 4+1 configuration. InterLink isavailable for 4, 5, L6, U6, 7, 8 and 11 GHz frequency bands. It is an all-indoor unit solution that provides an SDH connection to areas where nofibre-optic cable is available.

2.5.4 Cross-connect nodes

The BSS Abis transport is based on PDH or SDH technology. The mainaspect in implementing the BSS transport network is that the BSC ET portallocation meets the desired BTS and that the BSC synchronisation can bedelivered through the network to the BTSs. The optimisation andmanagement of the transport network capacity is made by using cross-connection devices. The BTSs provide inbuilt cross-connection andgrooming functionalities for capacity optimisation and traffic (loop)protection. The BSC supports the Q1-managed DN2 and MetroHub,providing polling functionality also for other network elements not polled bythe BTS. The loop protection functionality of MetroHub and DN2 matcheswith the BTSs, which are usually used as loop slaves. Other standard PDHcross-connection devices can be used as transparent PDH layers.Transparent layers refer to devices that provide the bit stream andsynchronisation, but which Nokia BSS does not specifically support.

MetroHub Transmission Node

Nokia MetroHub Transmission Node is a dynamic 2 Mbit/s digital cross-connect, which is developed especially to support radio link based BSStransport networks. Its main traffic protection software is the loopprotection. MetroHub provides a flexible, expandable and cost-effectivesolution for the purposes of the GSM/EDGE operator. The maximumcross-connection capacity of MetroHub is 56x2 Mbit/s with switchinggranularity of 8 kbit/s. MetroHub has integrated transmission interfaces forE1, T1, STM-1, and Flexbus. Nokia Flexbus is an optimised interface forthe Nokia FlexiHopper and MetroHopper radio link products. Every NokiaUltraSite EDGE BTS contains a “virtual” MetroHub, which can be used fordecentralised traffic collection, media change and grooming. This is helpfulparticularly when network configurations evolve towards WCDMA.


BSS Description

DN2

Nokia DN2 is a dynamic 2 Mbit/s digital cross-connect, which also hasadd-drop, primary multiplexing, and various protection softwares. DN2provides a rack-based alternative for MetroHub. The maximum interfacecapacity of DN2 is 40xE1 connections. When the capacity exceeds thelimit, multiple DN2s can be used. The switching granularity of Nokia DN2 is8 kbit/s.

2.5.5 Line equipment

Optical line equipment

If there is a need for SDH transmission for capacity reasons and there arefibres available, Nokia Siemens Networks is able to provide the worldleading SDH and Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM)solutions.

Furthermore, capacities of up to 2 Mbit/s can be transmitted throughcopper pair cables for distances of up to several kilometres using HDSLbaseband modems. This is an economical solution in the access network,especially if existing copper cables can be used.

2.6 Nokia NetAct™ framework for network and servicemanagement

Nokia NetAct™ is a network and service management framework thataddresses the operator's challenges to handle larger networks, greatercomplexity, more network elements, and the explosive growth in traffic anddata expected in future networks. In an increasingly multivendor,multiservice and multi-technology environment it is even more important tohave a single controlling OSS system. Openness, efficiency, modularity,and scalability are key issues of Nokia NetAct. Nokia NetAct provides apre-integrated management solution that can be implemented quickly andcost-efficiently. This reduces the operator's time-to-market and allowsthem to focus on their core business.

The same evolving Nokia NetAct will support all existing and futurenetwork technologies and related services, thus providing a securedgrowth path for IP-based networks.

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Nokia NetAct consists of functionality areas, such as Monitor and Reporterthat provide management capabilities grouped together according to themost relevant operator processes. A unified mediation and adaptationlayer serves as the interface towards different types of networks andnetwork elements. It hides the network complexity and allows easyinteroperability with various technologies and 3rd party systems.

The cornerstones of the Nokia NetAct management solution are:

. The entire network can be accessed and viewed with one system,Nokia NetAct. A clear view of the network and QoS indicators isalways available.

. Open interfaces enable easier integration and allow operators tobuild the most suitable solution for their needs.

. Modularity and flexibility of architecture.

Figure 8. Nokia NetAct manages different network technologies


BSS Description

2.6.1 Nokia NetAct™ architecture

Nokia NetAct consists of a common core, a number of functionality areasand 3rd party tools that interface with each other via a common messagingbus. The core includes, for example, a common network model, networktopology and standard interfaces. The centralised servers are high-endmachines with sufficient capacity to handle the necessary number ofinteractive users. The Unified Mediation and Adaptation (UMA) layerprovides scalability for the whole system.

Hardware solution

Nokia NetAct's hardware solution consists of one or more server clustersand operator seats. Regional clusters manage a specific region, whileglobal clusters are intended for centralised network management tasks.When distributing the operations between regional and nationalmanagement centres, the regional server clusters and 3rd partymanagement systems are connected to the global cluster via a DataCommunication Network (DCN). The hardware contains the following:

. High-availability servers (HP-UX)

. Application servers (Windows and HP-UX)

. Operator seats

. Storage Area Network (SAN) with disk array

. DCN backbone

2.6.2 Nokia NetAct™ functionality for network and service management

Nokia NetAct's functionality areas provide management functionality thatis available network-wide. The adaptation layer interfaces with themanaged network and provides services for higher-level systems.

Nokia NetAct Planner

The purpose of Nokia NetAct Planner is to provide the best possiblestructure for a network, taking into account the coverage, capacity andquality requirements. An advanced tool set is provided for planning, forexample, radio and transmission networks and microwave links. The closeco-operation between NetAct Planner, other Nokia NetAct areas, and radionetwork elements enables fluent interworking and reduces significantly theeffort in transferring information between applications.

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Nokia NetAct Multiradio Planner provides planning for all types of GSMradio networks. It includes the planning of both real time and non-real timeservices that support the network evolution path from GSM to GPRS andultimately the next generation EDGE technologies.

Nokia NetAct Link Planner provides efficient and flexible microwave linkplanning. It offers an advanced solution for line-of-sight checking, linkfrequency allocation, interference analysis, logical routing, linkperformance, and quality calculation.

Nokia NetAct Transmission Planner enables the planning of transmissionand datacom networks, including dimensioning and network architecturecomparisons. It covers the 2G and 3G Cellular, ATM/IP, and PSTNnetworks.

Nokia NetAct Quality Planner for field measurement analysis is anintelligent software package that provides automated detail and trendanalysis of test mobile measurement files. It also produces diagnosticreports to resolve radio network problems.

Nokia NetAct Rollout Planner is a site acquisition and project processtracking tool for network roll-out and expansion projects, providing fullvisibility of project milestones, progress and productivity.

Nokia NetAct Planner runs on the PC/Windows platform using Oracle 8database.

Nokia NetAct Radio Access Configurator

Nokia NetAct Radio Access Configurator covers management functionalityfor both radio access packet core networks. The objective of Radio AccessConfigurator is to provide full support for network roll-out, expansion andoptimisation. Network-wide configuration management is an optimalsolution for plan manipulation and regional border area handling, forexample, automated handling of inter-regional dependencies.

Nokia NetAct Optimizer

NetAct Optimizer is provided for statistical and/or network-wideoptimisation of the managed network in order to deliver optimumperformance and quality targets set by the operator. It offers detailedanalysis methods and effective algorithms for solving performanceproblems in 2G, 3G and multi-technology networks.


BSS Description

Nokia NetAct Monitor

Nokia NetAct Monitor provides a set of tools for pre-processing, storingand displaying real-time alarm and performance information from thenetwork. The constant visibility of the network status enables efficient faultdetection and analysis. The same monitoring tools can be flexibly used forregional and global monitoring needs.

Nokia NetAct Traffica complements the monitoring solution by allowing theoperator to monitor both the quality of service and the quality of network.NetAct Traffica is a versatile application for various operator processes,providing end-user specific information about successful and unsuccessfulcall attempts.

Nokia NetAct Tracing

Nokia NetAct Tracing offers efficient means to manage, collect and viewdata from different network elements related to a specific subscriber ormobile phone in GSM, GPRS and 3G networks. It is possible to follow theprogress of a phone call by collecting data and presenting it textually orgraphically.

Nokia NetAct Service Quality Manager

Nokia NetAct Service Quality Manager enables the operator to work in aproactive manner by showing the impact of network problems on end-userservices. Service Quality Manager can calculate and display servicelevels, prioritise fault investigation, provide customer care information, andtrack important customer segments. All service relevant information that isavailable in the operator environment can be collected. With monitoringpackages operators can monitor, for example, 3G services.

Nokia NetAct Inspector

Nokia NetAct Inspector enables the operator to carry out proactive serviceverification through actively measuring the end-user services such asSMS/MMS and network communication protocols based on IP. Theservices are verified by using collection agents probing the services atregular intervals.

Nokia NetAct Reporter

With Nokia NetAct Reporter a network-wide view of the network andservice performance is always available. Operators can analyse andinterpret data coming from multiple sources. Raw data becomesmeaningful information that is visualised in various textual and graphical

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reports accessible via the Internet. These reports can reflect a variety ofaspects, such as QoS or traffic profiles. Performance data for variousvendors can be stored in a dedicated global database. Long-term data canbe displayed in trend reports.

Nokia NetAct Administrator

Nokia NetAct Administrator incorporates a centralised place for carryingout network-wide administrative tasks, such as system security, systemcapacity, backups, and the hardware and software configurationmanagement of network elements. Inventory Manager can handle bothactive network elements and passive parts, such as spares and racks.

2.7 Power systems

Power systems delivered by Nokia Siemens Networks provide essentialbattery backup for a variety of GSM and WCDMA base stations and BSC(RNC) configurations, including indoor and outdoor versions. In addition,power systems also provide space for transmission, customer equipment,and base station modules based on the Flexi platform.

Micro power supply system, Outdoor and Indoor

Micro power supply system is used as Battery Back-up Unit (BBU) forNokia Flexi EDGE and WCDMA base stations, Nokia MetroSite (GSM,EDGE, WCDMA) base stations, and Nokia MetroHub Transmission Node.

Micro BBU provides versatile mounting options such as pole, wall or floormounting. The maximum output power is 6 kW with up to 100 Ah batterycapacity.

Macro OEM power supply systems, Outdoor

Outdoor power supply system series can be used either as a traditionalBBU with batteries or as a Site Support System (SSS) with some 19-inchunits mounted. Power supply systems support Nokia UltraSite EDGE andWCDMA, Flexi EDGE and WCDMA, and Talk-family base stations.

The modular systems consist of a cabinet with space for rectifiers, acontroller unit, DC distribution, and batteries. Various optional kits are alsoavailable, for example, to provide space for transmission, customerequipment, or Flexi BTS modules.


BSS Description

The maximum output power is up to 16 kW with up to 680 Ah batterycapacity in one cabinet. Specific configuration for the customer equipmentprovides space up to 13HU with a battery capacity of 510 Ah or 6HU withup to 680 Ah. Having Flexi BTS modules mounted up to 12HU still allowsfor installing up to 510 Ah battery capacity and with full 21HU configuration340 Ah.

Macro OEM power supply systems, Indoor

Indoor power supply system series are battery back-up systems for NokiaUltraSite Indoor (GSM, EDGE, and WCDMA), Flexi EDGE and WCDMA,and Intratalk base stations and BSC (RNC).

The modular system consists of a cabinet with space for rectifiers, acontroller unit, DC distribution unit and batteries. The small footprintsolution provides an output power of up to 16 kW with up to 680 Ah batterycapacity. Indoor systems also have various optional items available tocomplement the solution. Specific configuration allows the installation ofFlexi BTS modules up to 21HU with a battery capacity of 340 Ah or with12HU configuration 510 Ah.

FRMA/FRMB/FRMC Flexi Rectifier Module 6000

OEM-based Flexi rectifier module is 3HU-high and 19-inch wide compactmodule housing up to three rectifier units, a controller and DC distribution.FRMA/B/C is used in Flexi BTS applications but can be used with otherBTS types as well.

FRMA is intended for indoor applications only, whereas FRMB and FRMCmeet the IP rating requirements for outdoor environment. The modules canbe placed in multiple locations such as FCIA, FCOA, FCSA, wall, pole, andstack.

WPUB/C Integrated BBU

WPUB/C is a 19-inch wide 3HU-high modular power supply unit thathouses a maximum of four rectifier units, a controller, and DC distribution.WPUB/C is used with Nokia UltraSite Optima Compact and Flexi EDGEand WCDMA base stations (in Flexi's indoor and outdoor cabinets, FCIAand FCOA). When used in FCOA, WPUB/C is placed inside the Flexi sitesupport module FCSA to provide the required IP rating.

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BSS Description

3 BSS solutions

The BSS13 realises advantages for all operators, combining the bestnetwork performance and service quality, whilst simultaneously holdinginvestment levels to a minimum. The following benefits (amongst others)are provided:

. Enhanced speech and data service quality, maintaining and indeedenhancing end-user satisfaction levels

. Advanced GSM/EDGE-WCDMA/HSDPA interworking solutions,enabling an improved end user service experience and an enhancedutilisation of the existing network resources

. Operability features, saving both operational and maintenance costs

. Coverage solutions which reduce both CAPEX and OPEXinvestments

BSS13 operator value

. BSC & TSCM Solution

The BSS13 builds upon the existing BSS12 solution, introducing atripling of the maximum transcoder channel capacity in combinedinstallations, with up to 34074 channels in ETSI and 34272 channelsin ANSI configurations.

Furthermore, new optional cabling panels are introduced for bothBSC3i and TCSM3i, reducing the amount of site cabling by 50%.

. BTS Solution

With the release BSS13, the Flexi EDGE BTS supportsenhancements to the Extended Cell capabilities of the BSS solution.Further, through a new plug-in module, support for a direct interfacefor IP/Ethernet Abis connectivity is provided, enabling cost reducedand flexible networking.

. Radio Network Performance

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BSS solutions

The BSS13 provides significant extensions to the already wideranging AMR solution. New features reduce CAPEX throughincreasing coverage, improve the end user experience throughreducing the Dropped Call Rate, and improve networkingpossibilities through enabling flexible thresholds.

Enhanced coverage solutions can enable both CAPEX and OPEXsavings through reducing the total number of sites required in anetwork design. The Double Power TRX feature (for the Flexi EDGEBTS) provided in BSS13 now extends the range of possiblecoverage based solutions that can be employed within the SmartRadio Concept (SRC).

. Operability

The BSS13 solution provides a wide range of operabilityenhancements, increasing OPEX savings for operators. In addition,features such as PCU2 Pooling enable a more efficient use of PCUresources; Adjustable Intelligent Shutdown enhances the controlover TRXs in emergency scenarios; while others extend the range ofcounters and monitoring possibilities.

. Packet Switched Data

The Extended Cell for GPRS/EDGE feature enhances the continuityof service through providing support for these services in theextended area of a cell. Multipoint Gb now provides a similarlyflexible networking solution as is already provided for the A-interfacethrough the Multipoint A feature.

. Multi-radio Interworking

BSS13 also provides enhancements for 2G-3G interworking,improving service continuity; further optimising the use of networkresources and improving the cell re-selection success rate.

. End User Services

BSS13 also provides further enhancements to the Lb interfacecapability.

The BSS13 software package consists of basic software and applicationsoftware features. The basic software component provides the basicfunctionality of a release (including feature enhancements) and applicationsoftware provides a higher level of value-added capability. Note that thepreviously used "operating software” has now been exchanged with theterm “basic software”.

For more information, please refer to the following:


BSS Description

. BSS11.5 Existing Features and BSS12 New Features

Introduces the supported BSS features.

. BSS13 Features Under Development

Introduces the new features provided with BSS13 and describes thebenefits.

. GSM/EDGE BSS, BSC and TCSM Documentation (NED)

Provides feature and functional descriptions for all supported BSSfeatures and functionalities. Each description explains thefunctionality in the BSC, its benefits and requirements, and also therelated alarms, counters, parameters, and MML commands.Selected feature descriptions contain a BSS-level description andsystem impact. Instructions for the activation, deactivation, andtesting of the features in the BSC are also included.

. Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTS, MetroSite EDGE BTS and Flexi EDGEBTS Product Documentation (NED)

Provides descriptions explaining the features implemented in theBTS, along with their benefits and requirements, and the relateduser interface.

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BSS solutions


BSS Description

4 BSS compatibility with NSSNokia Siemens Networks BSS and NSS

There are several benefits of having both Nokia Siemens Networks BaseStation Subsystem (BSS) and Network Switching Subsystem (NSS) in thesame GSM network. For example, Nokia NetAct can handle the wholeNokia GSM and GPRS Core networks, resulting in operational costsreduction and overall cost-efficiency. All BSS and NSS network elementsare compatible with each other and are designed to support each other.This becomes more and more important with the advanced GSM features,such as data services.

Substantial savings can be made when using Nokia Siemens Networksequipment throughout the network. Firstly, common components andspare parts can be used in several Nokia Siemens Networks equipment.Secondly, uniform platforms and software reduce the efforts in employeetraining and make the network easier to operate. Thirdly, the network isvery flexible in operations and planning as expansions are made whenneeded. The network investments are also made only according to realrequirements.

The network also saves costs. For example, the compact Nokia SiemensNetworks equipment enables the use of small sites, optimising the siteusage. Due to many system solutions that enhance the coverage andcapacity of traditional BSS sites with Nokia Siemens Networks equipment,less sites are needed.

Other NSSs and GPRS Core networks

The BSS is not only compatible with the Nokia Siemens Networks NSS butalso with other suppliers' NSSs. In addition, the BSS is fully compatiblewith the network service and management system (Nokia NetAct) andother support equipment. Compatibility issues have been taken intoconsideration for the system design of the BSS and its network elements.The BSS compatibility is defined per release level.

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BSS compatibility with NSS

Nokia Siemens Networks BSS is based on the GSM/EDGE specificationsset by the 3GPP. These specifications are designed to guarantee theinteroperability of equipment from different manufacturers in the sameGSM network.

As a company, Nokia Siemens Networks is committed to the idea of openinterfaces. In the GSM network, the interface between the MobileSwitching Centre (MSC) and the Base Station Subsystem (BSS), the so-called A interface, can be considered such an open interface. NokiaSiemens Networks has carried out extensive testing concerning the Ainterface. Nokia Siemens Networks BSS has been tested with all of themajor switch suppliers on the market for a number of years. Nokia MSChas also been proved to interwork with other manufacturers' BSSs. At themoment Nokia Siemens Networks BSS is successfully operating in livenetworks around the world with Alcatel-Lucent, Motorola, Ericsson, andNortel MSCs.

In BSS multivendor integration Nokia Siemens Networks follows the so-called ladder model when introducing new software releases. It means thatwhenever Nokia Siemens Networks produces new software, it is thedriving force in ensuring compatibility on specification level. Furthermore,Nokia Siemens Networks is active in making the required verificationarrangements.


BSS Description

5 BSS radio management featurecompatibility

BSS radio management feature interactions

Certain radio management features interact with one another, whichimpacts the simultaneous use of some of the features. The featuresconcerned are the following:

ICE Intelligent Coverage Enhancement, cells withdifferent Tx power sharing the same coverage area

ICE+ Cells using High and Low power TRXs, with 1 BCCH

HSCE Handover Support for Coverage Enhancements(HSCE) is the BSC feature that supports ICE+.

ECFH Enhanced Coverage by Frequency Hopping. Mobilesthat require the best coverage are allocated to ahopping TRX.

Dual Band Support for 800/1800, 800/1900, or 900/1800, inseparate cells (2 BCCHs)

Common BCCH Support for 800/1900 or 900/1800, in a single cell (1BCCH)

IUO/IFH Intelligent Underlay Overlay / Intelligent FrequencyHopping

FACCH Call Set-upWhen all SDCCH channels are allocated, the BSCcan allocate TCH and use its FACCH for call set-up.

Dynamic SDCCH When SDCCH loading is high, the BSC can re-configure a TCH channel as a set of SDCCHchannels.

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BSS radio management feature compatibility

5.1 Mixed transmit power, coverage or frequency

Many BTS configurations have TRXs that differ in power, coverage, and/orfrequency band serving the same general coverage area.

ICE, ICE+, HSCE

The ICE feature used separate cells (separate BCCHs) for high and lowpower TRXs. The ICE+ configuration extended the ICE feature, so that thehigh and low power TRXs could be put in a single cell (a single BCCH) byusing the HSCE feature in the BSC to allocate mobiles to suitable (lowpower or high power) TRX.

Only the ICE+ configuration (single BCCH) should now be used innetworks.

. HSCE uses the same code and parameters as the ECFH feature(see below). It is not possible to set up both HSCE and ECFH withinthe same cell.

. HSCE can be used with Dual Band.

. HSCE/ICE+ can be used with Common BCCH. Direct Access to thesuper reuse layer is only supported inside the BTS_Object with theinitial SDCCH, which must be in the BCCH band.

. HSCE/ICE+ cannot be used with IUO/IFH.

. HSCE can be used with FACCH Call Set-up and Dynamic SDCCH.

ECFH

The ECFH feature was specified so that the mobiles using Full Rate (FR)speech and needing maximum coverage were allocated to RF HoppingTRXs - not the BCCH TRX - in cells where all TRXs had the same Txpower.

. ECFH uses the same code and parameters as the HSCE feature(see above). It is not possible to set up both HSCE and ECFH withinthe same cell.

. ECFH can be used with Dual Band.

. ECFH can be used in the BCCH BTS_Object (sector) of a Common-BCCH cell.

. ECFH cannot be used with IUO/IFH.

. ECFH can be used with FACCH Call Set-up and Dynamic SDCCH.


BSS Description

Dual Band

The Dual Band feature uses separate cells (separate BCCHs) for differentfrequency TRXs, with the Direct Access to Desired Layer/Band feature tofacilitate call set-up.

Dual Band can be used for the Macrocell/Microcell network control (aseparate band for each layer), or for the controlling of the Macrocellnetwork using two frequency bands.

For Macrocell sites with the TRXs of both bands synchronised, theCommon BCCH feature is now recommended in place of Dual Bandbecause only a single BCCH is needed. Dual Band can be used with thefollowing features:

. ICE+/HSCE

. ECFH

. Common BCCH

. IUO/IFH

. FACCH Call Set-up

. Dynamic SDCCH

Common BCCH/Multi BCF Control

The segment features Common BCCH and Multi BCF Control enable ageneral way to set up a cell (a single BCCH) with TRXs of different bandsand in different cabinets.

. HSCE/ICE+ can be used with Common BCCH; however, the directaccess functionality of HSCE/ICE+ is not supported.

. ECFH can be used in the BCCH BTS_Object of a Common BCCHcell.

. Dual Band can be used with Common BCCH.

. IUO/IFH can be used with Common BCCH, but with restrictions; seeIUO/IFH.

. FACCH Call Set-up can be used in the BCCH BTS_Object ofCommon BCCH.

. Dynamic SDCCH can be used in the BCCH BTS_Object of CommonBCCH.

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FACCH Call Set-up and Dynamic SDCCH can also be used in a CommonBCCH BTS_Object which is in the same frequency band and is of thesame site type as the BCCH BTS_Object.

Channel allocation to BTS_Objects within one BCF that are for the sameband but different power levels does not take into account the differentpower levels.

With Common BCCH using two frequency bands, the BCCH should belocated in the lower band for best performance.

5.2 Spectrum capacity features

IUO/IFH

The Intelligent Underlay Overlay (IUO) feature is designed to allow tighterreuse of radio frequencies in the network.

IFH is an IUO with the possibility of frequency hopping in both regular layerand super-reuse layer IUO TRXs.

. IFH/IUO cannot be used with HSCE/ICE+ feature.

. IFH/IUO can be used in Dual Band.

. IFH/IUO can be used with Common BCCH with restrictions:. The Child Cell concept is not supported in BSC with Common

BCCH.. Direct Access to the super reuse layer is only supported inside

the BTS_Object with the initial SDCCH, which must be in theBCCH band.

Note that the initial SDCCH is usually in the BCCHBTS_Object.

. IFH/IUO can be used with FACCH Call Set-up.

. IFH/IUO can be used with Dynamic SDCCH.

5.3 FACCH Call Set-up feature compatibility

FACCH Call Set-up and Dynamic SDCCH can be used on radio channelswhich use the Cell Allocation (CA) broadcast as a part of the BCCHSys_Info messages.


BSS Description

FACCH Call Set-up and Dynamic SDCCH can be used with:

. HSCE (ICE+)

. Dual Band (within each cell)

. Common BCCH, within the BTS_Object which includes the BCCHTRX, and also in a Common BCCH BTS_Object that is in the samefrequency band, and is of the same site type as the BCCHBTS_Object

. IUO/IFH

FACCH Call Set-up and Dynamic SDCCH cannot be used with:

. Common BCCH BTS_Object(s) that are of different frequency band,or of different site type than the BCCH BTS_Object.

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BSS Description

6 BSS interfaces

GSM standard open interfaces as well as Nokia Siemens Networksspecific interfaces are used in the BSS.

Figure 9. Interfaces in Nokia Base Station Subsystem

A interface

The interface between the mobile switching centre (MSC) or MultimediaGateway (MGW) and the base station controller (BSC) is implementedaccording to the GSM specifications.

Nokia NetACT

SGSN

MSC TCSM BSC BTS

MS

A Ater Abis Um

Q3/FBPP Gb

MGW

SMLC

Lb

CBC

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BSS interfaces

The Transcoder Submultiplexer (TCSM) is located normally at the MSCsite, because of the superior transmission savings possible withsubmultiplexing between the TCSM and the BSC. A physical A interfaceconsists of PCM lines or optical lines between network elements.

Lb interface

The Lb interface is used to connect a stand-alone SMLC to a BSC.Furthermore, the Lb interface contains a controlling functionality for theallocation of location requests between Position Based Services in theBSC and the external stand-alone SMLC.

The Lb interface is application software in the BSC. Its optionality iscontrolled with the 2nd class parameter LB_USAGE.

Ater interface

Ater interface has a Nokia Siemens Networks specific implementation. It islocated between the TCSM and the BSC. The Ater implementationsupports submultiplexing to achieve transmission savings. Also SatelliteAter is optionally available. A physical interface consists of PCM lines oroptical lines between network elements.

Abis interface

The Abis interface telecommunication part between the BSC and the BTSis implemented according to the GSM specifications. The physicalinterface is normally a PCM line. Satellite Abis is also supported. EDGEdynamic Abis is used to enable high data bit rates and for efficient usage ofAbis transmission.

The Abis operation and maintenance (O&M) part is Nokia SiemensNetworks specific and supports alarm consistency, remote transmissionequipment management, and BTS database management.

Radio interface (Um)

The radio interface is implemented according to the GSM specifications.The BTS forms the radio interface through air to the mobile station (MS).

Q3 interface

The implementation of Q3 interface is based on the O&M framework of theITU-T and the International Standards Organisation (ISO). It is locatedbetween the BSC and the network service and management system(Nokia NetAct).


BSS Description

The BSC provides the following types of interfaces between Nokia NetActand the BSC, depending on the network operator's requirements:

. an X.25 connection via a semipermanent time slot on the A interface

. a Local Area Network (LAN) interface

File Based Plan Provisioning

File-based plan provisioning enables the operator to download radionetwork configuration plans from Nokia NetAct to the BSC by using the filetransfer protocol (FTP). If FTP is not available, File Transfer, Access andManagement (FTAM) can be used.

Q1 interface

The Q1 interface is a Nokia Siemens Networks specific interface. It is atransmission management bus connecting Nokia NetAct with the PDHtransmission elements. Transmission Unit (TRU) and Hopper microwaveradios are also connected to Nokia NetAct via the Q1 interface.

Gb interface

The Gb interface is an open interface between a BSC and a ServingGPRS Support Node (SGSN). It is implemented using Frame Relay (FR)and IP transmission. Frame Relay can be either point-to-point (PCU-SGSN) or there can be a frame relay network located between the BSCand SGSN. The protocol stack comprises of BSSGP, NS, and L1. Thephysical layer is implemented as one or several PCM lines with G.703interface.

The Gb over IP interface's subnetwork is constructed with a UDP/IP stack.When the Gb interface is based on IP, an NS-VL is a UDP/IP address inthe 2G SGSN and an NS-VC is a pair of UDP/IP addresses: one UDP/IPaddress in the BSS and one UDP/IP address in the 2G SGSN. That is, anNS-VC is composed by IP endpoint addresses, one IP endpoint address inBSS and other IP endpoint address in the SGSN.

With Gb over IP, a satellite connection is also supported.

CBC interface

The BSC Cell Broadcast Centre Interface provides an interconnectionbetween the BSC and Cell Broadcast Centre (CBC). The implementationis according to GSM specifications and permits the open interconnectionbetween BSC and CBC.

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BSS Description

7 GSM system security

In the GSM system much attention has been paid to the security and callprivacy. Both the speech and equipment are secured against misuse asstated in the GSM specifications.

Call security

Ciphering is one of the security procedures designed to protect thesubscriber's identity and data. It is an optional procedure in GSM. Whenthe ciphering is active, all information exchanged between the mobile andthe network on the dedicated radio channels is encrypted. A keypreviously set between the network and the mobile station (MS) is used toencipher and to decipher the encrypted information. The encryptionalgorithms applied to a GSM network are extremely sophisticated andmake it virtually impossible to break the code.

The Transcoder Submultiplexer (TCSM) performs speech codingaccording to the speech compression methods mentioned in the GSMspecifications. It restricts tapping into the radio network. The GSM systemalso applies temporary caller identities in the course of a call, which makesit impossible for an outsider to trace the call.

Operation and Maintenance security

To ensure security in the DX 200 system, that is, for the Base StationController and the Transcoder Submultiplexer, a number of precautionshave been designed to minimise security risks. There is, for example, aspecial authority system in the man-machine interface (MMI) system foroperation and maintenance.

To avoid external misuse, the MMI system can be operated only by aperson with a defined user ID and password. Internal security is ensuredby restricting the rights of the users, that is, some users may use onlycertain man-machine language (MML) commands.

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Furthermore, with the new BSS13 feature, BSS20980: Secured O&M IPConnections, the MMI session and FTP usernames and passwords can beencrypted.

The users may also be divided into groups, usually according to theirexpertise. The groups are given certain profiles that define whichcommands the users can use according to their need. If the MML terminalsare situated in a place with open access, profiles may be defined also forthem.

The login to Nokia NetAct system is password protected. For more safety,the password is allocated only for a specified period of time and cannot beused after it has expired. Generally the login to Nokia NetAct and itsapplications can be controlled by the NMS system administrator. It ispossible to define, for example, separate user groups for certaingeographical areas or for certain applications only.

At the base station site, external alarms can be used to indicateoverheating, excess humidity, or vandalism, for example.


BSS Description

8 Services for operators

Nokia Siemens Networks offers a wide range of support services,solutions, and tools to help network providers differentiate in today’s fast-changing business environment. The services are focused on importantaspects of the customer’s business cycle helping them to:

. plan the network evolution path for a smooth and well-managed roll-out of new technologies

. deploy the networks by synchronising the entire network deliveryprocess for fast time to profit

. maintain the network's targeting service availability and protect thenetwork investment

. train personnel to improve their performance and efficiency andsupport a smooth technology evolution

. integrate commercially successful IP-based mobile services

. optimise network and service performance levels

. operate the network efficiently and effectively.

Nokia Siemens Networks' comprehensive service support combines aglobal partner network, an experienced and committed staff andconsultants worldwide, and Nokia Online Services, which provides round-the-clock support via the Internet. Nokia Siemens Networks uses globallyconsistent processes and tools to provide high quality and efficient servicesupport, facilitating customers to realise the full potential of their networkinvestment.

All Nokia Siemens Networks services are planned and deployed taking theenvironmental aspects into consideration. The services are createdaccording to an active, open and ethically sound approach toenvironmental protection; hence they are compatible with the NokiaSiemens Networks environmental policy.

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Services for operators

8.1 Planning GSM/EDGE BSS networks

Network Design service product provides operator with the servicesolution that matches their business situation, enabling the operator toachieve CAPEX and OPEX savings through careful analysis of the needsand providing complete and optimum solution for radio, access,transmission, and IP network roll-outs and renewals.

Network Design covers the entire planning process, from network designin pre-acquisition, bidding, and negotiation phase to pre-planning, detailedplanning and tuning. It covers all the technologies from radio access, fixednetwork access, transmission and IP backbone to core networks as wellas cases where Nokia Siemens Networks replace own or other vendor’sequipment. It also covers the related network management system and thedata communication network.

Network Design for Roll-out service supports operator to transfer therequirements derived from their business plan into the technicalrequirement of the network.

Network Design for Modernization service looks forward, focusing onpreparing the network to meet the operator’s future needs. The serviceprovides the operator with a complete and optimum solution for networkrenewals. The service divides into three solutions: network design forreplacement, network architecture evolution, and network design for newfeature introduction.

Network Design for In-Building (special mobile network business) supportsoperator to properly plan and prepare for implementation of an indoor/in-building mobile communications system for high traffic spots such asairports, commercial centres or shopping malls. Professionally designedand implemented in-building coverage and capacity facilitate smooth andtransparent end user service availability and continuity inside buildingsand premises where vast majority of the traffic is today generated.

8.2 Deploying GSM/EDGE BSS

Nokia Siemens Networks offers a full range of network deploymentservices to ensure smooth network roll-out. Nokia Siemens Networkschooses the right partners and subcontractors to help customers reachtheir goals for intelligent network strategy, rapid roll-out, and cost-effectivenetwork operations. In the area of project management, for example,Nokia Siemens Networks is backed up by a global network of


BSS Description

internationally recognised implementation partners and keysubcontractors. These partnerships provide significant competences,experience, and resources for flexible and cost-efficient implementation ofthe networks.

Nokia Siemens Networks offers the following deployment solutions:

. Managed Deployment Solution is a roll-out management solution inwhich Nokia Siemens Networks takes full responsibility for projectmanagement of a deployment project.

. Network Build Solution provides the opportunity for fast networkbuild-up and smooth introduction of new technologies.

. Network Consolidation Solution involves optimisation of existingequipment, replacement of aging equipment, and evolution on boththe site and network level.

. Turn Key Solution consists of Network Planning, Site Deployment,Logistics, and Project Management.

. Outside Plant Solution covers passive network infrastructure withintelecommunication projects, and enables the handling of thecomplexity in installing or upgrading (fiber-optic or copper) cable-based networks.

8.3 Maintaining GSM/EDGE BSS systems

Nokia Siemens Networks Care Services ensure that the network keepspace with technological advancement, while securing service availability.Once the network is up and running, the service support combines thebenefits of Nokia Siemens Networks' end-to-end customer care model andNokia Online Services, which provide 24/7 support via the Internet.Working with the mobile operator, Nokia Siemens Networks helps todevelop maintenance plans, track service performance, handle reporting,and make proposals for network enhancement activities.

The Nokia Siemens Networks Care Services portfolio covers the followingservices:

. Network Maintenance

. Advanced Network Maintenance

. Care Service Management

. Preventive Care

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. Solution Care

. Serviceability Assurance

. Software Change Management

. Expert Support

. Repair & Return

. Spare Part Management

. Spare Part Supply

. Asset Recovery

. Life Extender

In addition to the Care Services portfolio, Nokia Siemens NetworksEquipment Take Back Solution manages the end-of-life treatment ofobsolete products and ensures environmentally sound business.

8.4 Training operator personnel

Competence Development Services identifies competence developmentneeds and creates customized learning solutions to match and realize thefull potential of customer resources as technologies and markets change.The services include the following:

. Instructor Led Learning

. E-learning Services

. Competence Management Services

. Managed Learning Services

Competence Development ensures that you have the right know-how inplace at the right time. As the technology evolution continues, this will playan important part in enhancing your competitiveness and helping youmake the most of new opportunities. For a full list of training opportunitiesavailable, please see Nokia Online Services global training catalogue.


BSS Description

8.5 Integrating the GSM/EDGE networks

Consulting and Systems Integration enables the operators to improveoperational efficiency and successfully launch and maintain optimal andsecure end user services based on Nokia Siemens Networks andcomplementary 3rd party products. We offer services in the areas ofbusiness and process consulting, competence development, network andservice optimization, security solutions as well as integration andcustomisation of our own and complementary 3rd party products; driving asolutions approach.

8.6 Optimising networks

Nokia Siemens Networks provides a comprehensive set of NetworkPerformance Improvement Services for voice and data applications tosupport the operator to safeguard that the new services and technologies,together with the existing networks, form an integrated platform for theirbusiness. Nokia Siemens Networks offers a complete end-to-end NetworkOptimisation Service covering the radio access network, core network,switching network, and transmission network. Furthermore, NokiaSiemens Networks can also support the customer in an advisory capacityduring every step of the optimisation process.

Nokia Siemens Networks Quality Benchmarking and PerformanceAnalysis Service provides valuable information about the network quality,allowing proper control of this multi-dimensional KPI "space". It is essentialthat the complexity of the multi-service environment is taken into accountin the integrated optimisation approach. Nokia Siemens Networksunderstands the need for operators to offer, in turn, high quality services totheir customers in order to maintain a successful business. Nokia SiemensNetworks helps to achieve this goal by ensuring that the mechanism-based standards of Quality of Service (QoS) are implemented in all of themobile network's domains.

. Network Evolution Path Service

. Network Optimisation Service

. Network Performance Analysis Service

. Network Planning Process Development Service

. Network Quality Benchmarking Service

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8.7 Operating networks

Nokia Siemens Networks’ services for network operations cover mostmobile operators’ needs, from practical support to routine operations,consultative operations development for improving efficiency, andmanaged services offering - including even the outsourcing of the existingnetwork operations organisation.

Nokia Siemens Networks offers the following Care packages:

. Basic Care is the minimum support package for network elementsand provides the basis for a high network availability and operability.This package delivers the minimum reactive daytime support servicefor network elements.

. Essential Care is the recommended support package for networkelements. It provides 24h/7d on-call services and dedicated Careelements. Many optional services are available.

. Advanced Care is the recommended support package forcustomized network solutions and provides a high networkavailability and operability through preventive maintenance forsolutions. This package keeps network services running andfocuses on solution maintenance with the best level of support.Many optional services are available.

. Complete Care is the recommended support package for network’slifetime maintenance, providing a high network availability andoperability, and accelerating the speed of new end user servicesintroduction. This package keeps network services running,including software upgrades and their implementation. Optionalservices are available.

Nokia Siemens Networks' core competence and strengths in deliveringthese services are based on the experience in operating networks onbehalf of the customers, a leading mobile system knowledge, and anextensive OSS know-how. Nokia Siemens Networks is a highly competentglobal service organisation, which is complemented by global and localpartners.


BSS Description

9 BSS quality

All Base Station Subsystem (BSS) network elements and their softwareare planned and produced according to specific quality standards. TheBSS consists of reliable high-quality network elements and transmission.The high quality of service is improved by efficient supervision functions,reliable alarm system, automatic recovery, and redundancy functionalities.In order to run the network effectively, that is, to minimise costs andmaximise the service quality to the mobile subscriber, the operator needsto know certain characteristics about the performance and the servicelevel of the BSC and the radio network.

9.1 Equipment

The stable, reliable, and high-quality BSS equipment reduces operationand maintenance costs. To achieve these characteristics, the bestcommercially available components and the latest cutting-edgetechnology are used in the BSS equipment. The equipment also goesthrough a comprehensive integration and system testing before leaving forthe customers.

Quality, reliability, and availability are enhanced in many ways in the BSS.The DX 200 network elements use 2N or N+1 redundancy on all criticalfunctional elements. There are also several standard and optionalredundancy possibilities available for the BTSs. In the transmission,network redundancy can be achieved by loop protection. In addition, themodularity of the equipment and the use of a hot standby unit in the eventof a failure enhances equipment reliability.

Built-in redundancy functionalities and efficient supervision functions in theBSS network elements minimise the time spent in maintenance. Inaddition, the reliable network elements and the automatic fault detectionand recovery procedures result in less site visits. As a result, the networkmaintenance is more cost-effective.

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BSS quality

The BSS equipment also has an accurate alarm generation, as well asmonitoring, statistics, and fault recovery systems. With the aid of thesesystems less time is consumed in fault localisation and recovery.

9.2 Software

The quality of the software in the BSS equipment is ensured by severalprocedures in its development. The software development is run as aprocess, constructed of many phases such as software design,implementation, and different types of testing. In addition tocomprehensive testing, the quality of the software is ensured by reviewsand inspections.

The phases of the software product processes are supported by methods,tools, and procedures, which follow set quality standards. Many GSMstandards are also used in the software specification and designingphases.

The modularity of the software in the BSS equipment also enables highquality control.

9.3 Documentation

The quality of the BSS documentation is ensured by testing andinspections. The terminology used in the documentation is based on therecommendations of ITU-T and the applicable standards of ETSI, ICE,ISO, and GSM.

Refer to Guide to GSM/EDGE BSS, BSC and TCSM Documentation formore information on the delivery channels and formats and their use aswell as identification and versioning system and methods for reportingproblems in documentation or giving feedback on documentation.

9.4 Operation

The quality of service, as observed by the mobile subscribers, is one of themost important areas to successful GSM network operation. Nokia NetActhelps the operator to detect, for example, service-related problems byproviding the means to analyse measurements dealing with call attempts,dropped or blocked calls, and handover failure rates in real time.


BSS Description

Nokia NetAct also provides the operator with tools to manage the qualitylevel of services. With the tools it is possible to set objectives for thedesired level of quality and measure the quality of service by monitoringreal-time data and long-term trends. There are also tools for planning andimplementing corrective actions, so that the operator's network meets themarket requirements.

9.5 Services

After the network launch, one of the most demanding tasks is to managethe fast growing and continuously changing network. To maintain the highquality of service and good network performance under all circumstances,Nokia Siemens Networks provides its clients with a comprehensive set ofassessment, analysis, and development services. For more information,see Services for operators.

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BSS Description

10 Environmental issues

10.1 Nokia Siemens Networks environmental policy

Nokia Siemens Networks strives through the creation of innovativeproducts to improve the quality of life the world over and maximize thebenefits of Information and Communication Technology (ICT).

As a global company we are facing special responsibility for worldwidelong-term challenges and take seriously our responsibility forenvironmental protection and resource stewardship.

Sustainability is the key to securing our company’s future. Central to thisthinking is meeting the demands of business in an ecologically and sociallyprogressive manner. A demonstrated commitment to environmentalprotection will increase the competitive advantage of businesses and ourcustomers and lay the foundation for a successful future.

Our global system for managing environmental protection ensurescontinuous improvement of our environmental performance. We design,develop, manufacture and market our products and services in a mannerthat meets or exceeds applicable regulations and minimizes the impact onnatural resources.

Our management and employees act in accordance with this policy andobserve the relevant regulations. We are taking also extended companyresponsibility and are requiring our contractors to act according to thispolicy.

10.2 Environmental management system

Nokia Siemens Networks is increasingly concerned with achieving anddemonstrating sound environmental performance by controlling theimpacts of their activities, products and services on the environment.

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Therefore ISO 14001 international standard covering environmentalmanagement, provides Nokia Siemens Networks with the elements of aneffective management system. Additionally all manufacturing sites ofNokia Siemens Networks are certified by an external body according toISO 14001.

10.3 Design for Environment

Design for Environment (DfE) means the systematic integration ofenvironmental objectives into product design. The purpose of DfE is tosatisfy the requirements of customers and other stakeholders in a way thatcauses less environmental impact. In practice, DfE uses design practicesleading, for example, to:

. minimised material and energy use

. maximised reuse and recycling

. minimised use of environmentally relevant materials

The DfE objectives have an impact on the product design specificationalong with other product features, such as performance, quality, usability,and cost effectiveness. In Nokia Siemens Networks, environmental issuesare an integral part of product processes.

10.4 Materials

Nokia Siemens Networks has compiled a Substance List based onregulatory requirements and reasonable facts. The Substance Listidentifies substances that Nokia Siemens Networks has banned, restrictedor targeted for reduction in products/components delivered to NokiaSiemens Networks.

10.5 Environmental aspects of networks and sites

Nokia Siemens Networks supports the customers by enabling fast andeasy site acquisition in an environmentally responsible way. In practise thismeans that Nokia Siemens Networks:


BSS Description

. supports the customer in minimising the total impact of the networkon the landscape and the environment.

. provides the customer with information about electromagnetic fields.

. assists the customer in dealing with local authorities andcommunities by providing material, advice, and training onelectromagnetic fields.

. aims to offer low impact antenna and mast solutions systematicallyas options.

10.6 Take-back information

Nokia Siemens Networks customers can contract with Nokia SiemensNetworks for environmentally responsible end-of-life treatment of obsoleteequipment. The purpose is to recover the material and energy content ofthe obsolete products and to ensure safe treatment of substances that cancause harm to people or the environment, if disposed of untreated. In alife-cycle perspective, EoL treatment can compensate for some of theenvironmental impacts of the earlier stages of the product’s life cycle.

Nokia Siemens Networks Equipment Take Back Solution provides NokiaSiemens Networks customers with an end-to-end service that includes theremoval of end-of-life products from the customers' network and ensuresend-of-life treatment in an environmentally responsible way. The NokiaSiemens Networks Equipment Take Back Solution is offered in severalmodules representing end-to-end work flow of the process:

. Removal

. Collection

. Recycling

. Project Management

In Nokia Siemens Networks or Other Vendor HW Replacement, that is,SWAP cases Take Back Solution brings in Collection and RecyclingService as Removal and Project Management are already included. Thepricing is scalable according to the modules.

If customer chooses not to procure Nokia Siemens Networks EquipmentTake Back Solution from Nokia Siemens Networks, customer agrees todispose of any such equipment in a sound environmental manner, incompliance with all applicable laws.

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Product collection and disposal within European Union, WEEEdirective

Figure 10. Crossed-out wheeled bin

10.7 Restriction of Hazardous Substances

Nokia BSS system including products such as BSC, BTS, and Transcodercomplies with the European Union RoHS Directive 2002/95/EC on therestriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical andelectronic equipment. The directive applies to the use of lead, mercury,cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls (PBB), andpolybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) in electrical and electronicequipment put on the market after 1st July 2006.

For materials usage information of Networks Electronic InformationProducts imported or sold in the People’s Republic of China, see thedocumentation of individual network elements.

Product collection and disposal within the European Union

Do not dispose of theproduct as unsortedmunicipal waste. Thecrossed-out wheeledbin means that at theend of the product’slife it must be takento separate collection.

Note: this is applicable onlywithin the European Union(see WEEE Directive 2002/96/EC)

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BSS Description

Documents

Nokia BSS Description